m The system of language or a reflection of

a language at a particular time.

m You do not need grammar to learn a
language but grammar helps you to learn
a language more quickly and more
efficiently.
m Grammar is something good, positive and
something that can help you find your way.
hat are nouns?
m iimple Terms: Nouns are ³things´
m iimple definition : a person, place or thing.
× Person: man, woman, teacher, Michael, Alice
× Place: home, office, town, countryside, America
× 6
ng: table, car, banana, money, music, love, dog

Question to ponder:
Why is ³love´ consider a noun?
m jnding
m Position
m function
m Àertain word endings show that a word is a
noun
× a ity : nationality
× a ment : appointment
× a ness : happiness
× a ation : relation
× a hood : childhood
m Nouns often come after a determiner (a, an, the,
this, my, such)
× A rel
ef
× An afternoon
× The octor
× My ouse
× This @or
× iuch stup

ty
m Nouns often come after one or more adjectives
× A great rel
ef.
× A peaceful afternoon.
× This difficult @or.
× My brown and white ouse.
× A tall, handsome octor.
× iuch crass stup

ty.
m Nouns have certain functions in a sentence:
× iubject of verb: Ôoctors work hard.
× ëbject of verb : He likes coffee.
× iubject and object of verbs: 6eac ers teach
stuents.
Àountable Nouns
m Things that we can count
× Dog, cat, animal, man, person.
× Bottle, box, litre.
× Àoin, note, dollar.
× Àup, plate, fork.
× table, chair, suitcase, bag.
m Àan be singular or plural
× My og
s hungry.
× My ogs are playing.
m Àan use the indefinite article a/an with
countable noun
× 3 dog is an animal.
m iingular countable noun is use with
an/a/the/my/this
× ^ want an apple (not ^ want apple)
× here is my bottle? (where is bottle?)
m Plural countable noun is use alone.
× ^ like oranges.
× Bottles can break.
m Àountable nouns can use µsome, any, a few ,
many´:
× iome, any, a few, many
× ^ ve got some dollars.
× Have you got any pens?
× ^ have got a few dollars.
× ^ haven t got many pens.
m iubstances/concepts that we cannot
divide into separate elements.
× Music, art, love, happiness
× Advice, information, news
× Furniture, luggage
× Rice, sugar, butter, water
× jlectricity, gas, power
× Money, currency
m Treated as singular
× 6
 
 

 
×      

m Do not usually use the indefinite article (a/an)

× A piece of news instead of a news.
× A bottle of water instead of a water.
× A grain of rice instead of a rice.
m ¦se ³some´ & ³any´
× ^ have got some money.
× Have you got any rice?

m ¦se µa little´ & ³much´

× ^ ve got a little money.
× ^ haven t got much rice.

¦ncountable nouns are also know as mass

nouns.
Àountable Uncountable

Dollar Money

iong Music

iuitcase Luggage

Table Furniture

Battery jlectricity

Journey Travel

Job ork
 Àountable Uncountable
6  

  Ha
r    


6  
 
 L
g t  
6 
   
 
       No
se 

  


  

  

  Paper    

 
 


    Room    


!   
   6
me  
 


"  
 Work   
 
  
m A proper noun is the special word (or name) that
we use for a person, place or organization.
m jg: John, Marie, London, France, iony
m Proper nouns have special rules.
Àommon Noun Proper Noun

man, boy John

woman, girl Mary

country, town jngland, London

company Ford, iony

shop, restaurant Maceys, McDonalds

m e do not use ³the´ with the names of people.
× First names : Bill (not *the Bill), Hilary
× iurnames : Àlinton, Gates
× Full names : Hilary Gates
m e do not normally use ³the´ with the names of
company.
× Ford, iony
× General Motors, Air France, British Airways
× arner Brothers, Brown & ion Ltd
m e do not normally use ³the´ for shops, banks,
hotels etc named after a founder or other
person.
× ihops : Marks & ipencer
× Banks : RHB Bank
× Restaurants : Joe s Àafé, McDonalds
× Àhurches : it John's Àhurch
m e do not use µthe with names of places:
× Towns : ashington (not *the ashington),
Paris, Tokyo.
× itates, regions : Texas, Kent, jastern, jurope.
× Àountries : jngland, ^taly, Brazil.
× Àontinents : Asia, jurope, North America.
× ^slands : Àorsica.
× Mountains : jverest.
m e do not use ³the´ with ³President / Doctor /Mr.
etc + Name´:
× The president, the king : President Bush.
× The captain, the detective : Àaptain Kirk,
Detective Àolombo.
× The doctor, the professor : Doctor ell,
Professor Dolittle.
× My uncle, your aunt : ¦ncle Jack, Aunt Jill.
× Mr. Gates (not * the Mr. Gates), Mrs. Àlinton,
Miss Black.
m e do not use ³the´ with ³Lake/Mount + Name´:
× The lake : Lake Victoria.
× The mount : Mount jverest.
m e do not normally use ³the´ for roads, streets,
squares, parks etc.
× itreets : ëxford itreet, Trenholme Road, Fifth Avenue.
× iquares : Trafalgar iquare, ëundle Place, Piccadilly
Àircus.
× Parks : Àentral Park, Kew Gardens.
m e normally use "the" for country names
that include "itates", "Kingdom",
"Republic´.
× itates : the ¦nited itates of America.
× Kingdom : the ¦nited Kingdom.
× Republic : the French Republic.
m e normally use "the" for names of canals, rivers,
seas and oceans.
× Àanals : the iuez Àanal.
× Rivers : the River Nile.
× ieas : the Mediterranean.
× ëcean : the Pacific ëcean.
m e normally use "the" for plural names of people
and places
× People : the Àlintons.
× Àountries : the Philippines, the ¦nited itates.
× ^sland groups : the Virgin ^slands, the British ^sles.
× Mountain ranges : the Himalayas, the Alps.
m e normally use ³the´ with the following sorts of
names:
Hotels, Restaurants the Ritz Hotel, the Peking Restaurant

Banks the National estminster Bank

Àinemas, Theatres the Royal Theatre, the ABÀ Àinema

Museums the British Museum, the National Gallery

Buildings the hite House, the Àrystal Palace

News a ers the aily Telegra h, the Sunday Post

ërganisations the ¦nited Nations, the BBÀ, the juro ean ¦nion
m e normally use "the" for names made
with "of":
× the Tower of London
× the Gulf of iiam
× the Tropic of Àancer
× the London ichool of jconomics
× the Bank of France
× the itatue of Liberty
m hen we want to show that something belongs to
somebody or something, we usually add rs to a
singular noun and an apostrophe r to a plural
noun:
× t e boyrs ball (one boy)
× t e boysr ball (two or more boys)
m e very often use possessive rs with names:
× This is Mary's car.
× here is Ram's telephone?
× ho took Anthony's pen?
m iome nouns have irregular plural forms without s
(man > men). To show possession, we usually add
rs to the plural form of these nouns
× my children's dog
× the men's work
× people's clothes
m Noun is a person, place or thing and an adjective
is a word that describes a noun.
m iometimes we use a noun to describe another
noun.
m ^n that case the first noun ³acts as´ an adjective.
× History teacher
× Ticket office
× Race horse
m 6 e "noun as a ect
e" al@ays comes f
rst
× a race orse is a orse that runs in races
× a orse race is a race for horses
× a boat race is a race for boats
× a loe story is a story about love
× a @ar story is a story about war
× a tenn
s ball is a ball for playing tennis
m 6 e "noun as a ect
e"
s s
ngular

R
g t 

Ô
 
 Ô
 
  Ô
 

Ô
 

 Ô  Ô  Ô
Ô
  
   
    

  


 
 
 
  
 





m A few nouns look plural but we usually treat
them as singular (for example news, billiards,
and athletics).
m hen we use these nouns "as adjectives" they
are unchanged:
× a news reporter, three news reporters
× one billiards table, four billiards tables
× an athletic trainer, fifty athletics trainers
m hen we use certain nouns "as adjectives"
(clothes, sports, customs, accounts, arms), we
use them in the plural form:
× clothes shop, clothes shops
× sports club, sports clubs
× customs duty, customs duties
× accounts department, accounts departments
× arms production
m e write the "noun as adjective" and the real
noun in several different ways:
× two separate words (car door)
× two hyphenated words (bookacase)
× one word (bathroom)
m For pronunciation, we usually stress the
first word:
× s oe shop
× boatarace
× bat room
m Yes. Just like adjectives, we often use more than
one "noun as adjective" together.
m Àar prouct
on costs: we are talking about the
costs of producing cars

p
p p
p p
p

 

„


„
 „

„ 
„
 „

m jnglan football team coac : we are talking
about the coach who trains the team that plays
football for jngland

p
p  p
p  p
p  p
p


 
 

„
„


 „
„



  
 „
„

  

  
 „
„

m Newspapers often use many nouns together in
headlines to save space. Look at this example:

m  RÔ Hj3L6H Rj
j3RÀH ÀjN6Rj MURÔjR

MY
6jRY

m To understand headlines like these, try reading

them backwards. The above headline is about a
MYiTjRY concerning a M¦RDjR in a ÀjNTRj
for RjijARÀH into the HjALTH of B^RDi.
m Note, too, that we can still use a real #
 to
qualify a "noun as adjective" structure:
× 
 coffee jar
×  car salesman
× 

 dog food
× 

 car production costs
×   jngland football team coach
m An a ect
e is a word that tells us more about a
noun.
m An adjective "qualifies" or "modifies" a 
× A b
g 
× $ Ôeautiful, French  
× $ tall

× $ solid 
 
m ords that describe/modify another person or
thing in the sentence.
 m hen do we say "t e dog" and when do we say
"a dog"?
m 6 e and a/an are called "articles". e divide them
into "definite" and "indefinite³
Ôef
n
te: the
nef
n
te: a, an

m e use "definite" to mean sure, certain.

m e use "indefinite" to mean not sure, not certain.
m hen we are talking about one thing in particular,
we use t e. hen we are talking about one thing
in general, we use a or an.
m This little story should help you understand the
difference between t e and a, an:

3  a   

 %

The   a   

a
 
  the 
 the
 
&'(
the  



a  )* a 
 '
m iome, Any
× ¦se with either countable or uncountable nouns
0 6 are some cookies
 #  (countable)
0 6 is some water  (uncountable)
m Much, Many
× ¦se muc only with uncountable nouns.
0 much money 

0 uch effort 
)


 .
Ê ¦se many only with countable nouns.
‡ How many c
lren do you have?
‡ There are so many books that they had to stack them in the hall.
m A lot of, Lots of
× iubstitutes for much & many
0 Lots of effort will be required to solve this problem.
(uncountable)
0 3 lot of Americans travel to jurope each year. (countable)
m Little, Quite a little, Few, Quite a few
× ¦se little & quite a little only for uncountable nouns, few &
quite a few only for countable nouns.
0 e had a little ice cream after dinner
0 3 few doctors from the hospital play on the softball team.
m A little bit of, Quite a bit of
× ^nformal phrases for uncountable nouns.
m jnough
× Modifies both countable & uncountable nouns
0 ^ don t have enough potatoes to make the soup.
0 e have enough money to buy a car.
m Plenty of
× Modifies both countable & uncountable nouns.
0 There are plenty of mountains in iwitzerland.
0 ihe has plenty of money in the bank.
m No
× Modifies both countable & uncountable nouns.
0 There were no squirrels in the park today.
0 e have no time left to finish the projects.
R basic position for adjectives:
m Before the noun
m After certain verbs (be, become, get, seem, look,
feel, sound, smell, taste)
m iometimes more than one adjective is use before
the noun:
× ^ like big black dog.
The correct order for two or more adjectives:
1. The general order: opinion, fact:
× A nice French car
R. The normal order for fact adjectives is size, age,
shape, colour, material, origin
× A big, old, square, black, wooden Àhinese table
Î. Determiners usually come first:
× Articles (a, the)
× Possessives (my, your«)
× Demonstratives (this, that«)
× Quantifiers (some, any, few, many«)
× Numbers (one, two, three)
jxample:
× Two nice, old, round, red candles
m An adjective can come after some verbs, such as:
+ ++++ + +
m jamples:
subject  a ect
e

× Ram
 jngl
s .
× Because she had to wait, she  
mpat
ent.
× ^s it 
 ark?
× The examination did not  
ff
cult.
× Your friend  n
ce.
× This towel  amp.
m e can use comparative adjectives when talking
about two things.
m ëften comparative adjective is followed by ³than´
Formation of Àomparative Adjectives
R ways to form comparative adjectives:
m ihort adjectives: add ³aer´
m Long adjectives: use ³more´

ort a ect
es
1asyllable adjectives old, fast
Rasyllable adjectives ending in ay happy, easy
Normal rule: add "aer" old > older
Variation: if the adjective ends in ae, just add ar late > later
Variation: if the adjective ends in consonant, vowel, big > bigger
consonant, double the last consonant
Variation: if the adjective ends in ay, change the y to i happy > happier

jcept
on:
m good > better

m well (healthy) > better

m bad > worse

m far > farther/further

m jxpresses the extreme or highest degree of a
quality.
m To describe the extreme quality of one thing in a
group of things.
m e use superlative adjectives when talking about
three or more things
Œormat
on of
uperlat
e 3 ect
es
m ihort adjectives: add ³aest´
m Long adjectives: use ³amost´

ort a ect
es
1asyllable adjectives old, fast
Rasyllable adjectives ending in ay happy, easy
Normal rule: add "aest" old > the oldest
Variation: if the adjective ends in ae, just add ast late > the latest
Variation: if the adjective ends in consonant, vowel, big > the biggest
consonant, double the last consonant

Variation: if the adjective ends in ay, change the y to ^ happy > the happiest

jcept
on:
good > the best
bad > the worst
far > the furthest
m pronoun table.docx
m jxamples:
Pronoun
ub ect
e l
kes ome@ork.
ëbject The teacher gave me some
homework.
Possessive This homework is yours.
Reflexive John did the homework himself.
Possessive Adjective The teacher corrected our
homework.