53

Ý Âîäîïîäãîòîâêà è âîäîî÷èñòêà

504.7:543.422.8:543.61:546.4: 574.635

(Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr)

. . , .
. . . , ,
. . , . .- .
. . . , ,

Âïåðâûå óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî áèîãåííûé äåòðèò, îáðàçîâàâøèéñÿ çà 8 ìåñ â ýêñïåðèìåí-

òàëüíûõ ñèñòåìàõ (ìèêðîêîñìàõ ñ Viviparus viviparus è Ceratophyllum demersum), ñîäåðæàë
ñëåäóþùèå ìåòàëëû: Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr. Èõ êîíöåíòðàöèè èçìåðåíû ìåòîäîì àòîì-
íî-àáñîðáöèîííîé ñïåêòðîìåòðèè (ÀÀÑ) è ðàñïîëàãàëèñü â ñëåäóþùåì ïîðÿäêå (îò áîëåå
âûñîêèõ êîíöåíòðàöèé ê ìåíüøèì): Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd > Cr. Èññëåäîâàíî,
÷òî ïîñëå äîáàâëåíèÿ â ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûé ìèêðîêîñì ñìåñè íåñêîëüêèõ ìåòàëëîâ êîí-
öåíòðàöèÿ ïîñëåäíèõ â îñàäêå áèîãåííîãî äåòðèòíîãî ìàòåðèàëà áûëà áîëåå âûñîêîé, ÷åì
â êîíòðîëå. Îïðåäåëåíî, ÷òî íàèáîëåå çàìåòíîå óâåëè÷åíèå ñîäåðæàíèÿ ìåòàëëîâ â äåò-
ðèòå â ìèêðîêîñìàõ ñ äîáàâëåííûìè ìåòàëëàìè ïðîèçîøëî äëÿ Cd (ïðåâûøåíèå êîíöåí-
òðàöèè áîëåå ÷åì â òðè ðàçà ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ êîíòðîëåì) è Cr (ïðåâûøåíèå êîíöåíòðàöèè
áîëåå ÷åì â 100 ðàç ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ êîíòðîëåì). Íîâûå äàííûå ïîäòâåðæäàþò òåîðèþ ïî-
ëèôóíêöèîíàëüíîé ðîëè áèîòû â êîíòðîëå êà÷åñòâà âîäû è åå ñàìîî÷èùåíèè (ÄÀÍ,
2004. Ò. 396. Ñ. 136—141) è âíîñÿò âêëàä â ðàçðàáîòêó âîïðîñîâ ðåìåäèàöèè âîäíûõ ýêî-
ñèñòåì.
: , , , , ,
.

— -
- ,
-
. ).
- Viviparus viviparus
, . , . , -
. - , Ceratophyllum demersum L. —
*
- . , . .
( ). - ( . 1)
, 5- , -
[1], - ( ). -
, 1 4,7 6,7 (
[2]. - ), 2— 4,1 6,7 .
[3]. - 14.08.07 -
( ) . -
[4—6], Cu [5, 6] Cd . 2 (5 ) -
[4]. - ( ). -
- *
-
. . . . . .

© . ., . ., 2010
54

[7]. ( -2 ; Pb, Cd, o, Cr —

1 ) . -
( . 2). -Z. . -
0,01 0,05 . -
10 . -
. , - ( ) -
, - NIST SRM 2976 —
" ". - mussel tissue. C
Fe,
. - Mn, Zn, Cu, Co, Cr, Pb 5—8 %; d — 10 %.
50 - -
(ultra pure MERCK) 25 - (8 .).
. ( 5 ) -
, - -
. .
. ( 2),
( 1, ).
. -
30—50 . - . 3.
, 3
1
(ultra pure MERCK), 0,5 30%-
H2O2 0,1 HF.
MWS-2 1( ) 2( )
Viviparus
120 C . viviparus, . 6 6
Viviparus
). viviparus, , 14,2 12,7
Cerato-
1 phyllum demersum ( ),
-
2,0 (16,3) 1,2 (15,1)
1 2 C. demersum (
) ) ), 0,28 0,13
Viviparus viviparus, . 6 6
Viviparus viviparus,
( ), 33,7 31,6
-
Ceratophyllum demersum , -
), 16,3 15,1
,
, 5 5 . -
-
2 — -
, " ", ( 1) ( 2)
.
. 4 ,
1
( 2 (
1 ) .
,
),
Fe 2 (SO4)3 9 H2O 40 40
Pb 1 2
K2Cr2O7 40 40 . -
Cd (CH3COO)2 2H2O 20 20 , (Pb
MnSO4 5 H2O 40 40 ).
CuSO4 5H2O 40 40 Cd Cr .
ZnSO4 40 40 , -
-
- . , Cd
( ). - Cr ,
: Fe, Mn, Zn Cu — Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu.
4
,

,
Cd Pb Cr Fe Mn Zn Cu
2( ) 2,25 12,25 56,00 5788 4729 2501 592
1( ) 0,62 11,75 0,32 4830 3233 1398 293

3,63 175 1,46 1,79 2,02

 55

, -
(
) , 1. Carr G. M., Neary J. P. Water Quality for Ecosystem and Human
Health. 2006. — Burlington: United Nations Environment Programme
Cd Cr. Global Environment Monitoring System / Water Programme. — 132 .
2. . ., . ., . .,
. . N -
// . 2007. . 26. 8. . 46—53.
, 3. . . : . — .:
, , 2007. — 224 .
- 4. . ., . . -
[8, 9—11]. -
// : . 2007. 3. C. 68—77.
, - 5. . ., . ., . ., . .,
- . .
[8], -
. // : . 2007.
4. . 54—68.
6. . ., . ., . ., . .,
. ., . .
// .
2008. 1(5). . 54—61.
7. . . -
1. , , -
8 - //Ecological Studies, Hazards, Solutions (ESHS). 2007. V. 12.
( ), P. 78—81.
8. . . -
- , . // ( ). 2004.
. - . 396. 1. . 136—141.
( - 9. Ostroumov S. A. Biological filtering and ecological machinery for
): Fe > Mn > self-purification and bioremediation in aquatic ecosystems: towards a
holistic view//Rivista di Biologia/Biology Forum. 1998. V. 91. P. 221—
> Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd > Cr. 232.
2. , - 10. Ostroumov S. A. Inhibitory analysis of top-down control: new
, - keys to studying eutrophication, algal blooms, and water self-
purification//Hydrobiology. 2002. V. 469. P. 117—129.
11. Ostroumov S. A. Biological Effects of Surfactants. — Boca Raton,
( - London, New York: CRC Press. Taylor & Francis, 2006. — 279 p.
) Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cd Cr. 12. . .
3. // : . 2007. 1. . 63—
- 68.
13. . . 80- .
( ) " "// . 2007. . 16(3).
Cd Cr. . 135—143.
4. Cr 14. Ren R.-L., Liu M.-S., Zhang J.-M., Zhang M., Xu M. Self-
purification ability of a water-carrying lake//Chinese Journal of Ecology
2007. No. 26 (8). P. 1222—1227.
Cr , 15. Chatzinikolaou Y., Ioannou A., Lazaridou M. Intra-basin spa-
Cr . tial approach on pollution load estimation in a large Mediterranean ri-
5. ver. — Desalination. 2010. V. 250. Issue 1. P. 118—129.
16. Dafforn K. A., Glasby T. M., Johnston E. L. Links between es-
- tuarine condition and spatial distributions of marine invaders//Diversity
and Distributions. 2009. V. 15 (5). P. 807—821.
[8—11], 17. Vaughn C. C., Nichols S. J., Spooner D. E. Community and
[12—23]. - foodweb ecology of freshwater mussels//Journal of the North American
Benthological Society. 2008. No. 27 (2). P. 409—423.
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. . 2007. 2. . 70—71.
- 19. Stabili L., Licciano M., Longo C., Corriero G., Mercurio M.
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). , - 20. Licciano M., Terlizzi A., Giangrande A., Cavallo R.A., Sta-
bili L. Filter-feeder macroinvertebrates as key players in culturable bac-
, teria biodiversity control: A case of study with Sabella spallanzanii (Poly-
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rio M., Marzano C.N., Corriero G. Filtering activity of Spongia officinalis
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56

Heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr) in biogenic detritus
in microcosms with aquatic organisms
S. A. OSTROUMOV
M. V. Lomonosov, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
L. L. DEMINA
Institute of Oceanology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

Metals were measured in the biogenic detritus that accumulated over 8 months in the micro-
cosms with Viviparus viviparus and Ceratophyllum demersum. Their concentrations were measured
using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The concentrations decreased in the order: Fe > Mn >
> Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd > >Cr. Following the addition of the metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr)
into the water of the microcosm, those metals were found in the sedimented detritus at concentra-
tions higher than in the control. The most pronounced increase was found for Cd (the increase by
the factor of over 3), and for Cr (the increase by the factor of over 100). The new data confirm
the recent theory of the polyfunctional role of the biota in water quality control and water self-
purification.
Keywords: monitoring, water systems, heavy metals, detritus, freshwater microcosms, aquatic organisms.

, -
.
E-mail: ar55@yandex.ru
, .
E-mail: l_demina@mail.ru

628.311

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Ïðèâåäåíû ðåçóëüòàòû ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûõ èññëåäîâàíèé ïî èíòåíñèôèêàöèè òåõíîëî-

ãè÷åñêîãî ïðîöåññà ïðîìûâêè ôèëüòðîâ îáåçæåëåçèâàíèÿ ïîäçåìíûõ âîä ñ àíàëèçîì îñíîâ-
íûõ ôàêòîðîâ, âëèÿþùèõ íà ýôôåêòèâíîñòü ïðîìûâêè êàê òåõíîëîãè÷åñêîãî ïðèåìà.
Ïîêàçàíî, ÷òî òåõíîëîãèÿ êðàòêîâðåìåííî-èìïóëüñíîé ïðîìûâêè ôèëüòðîâ ïîçâîëÿåò ñî-
êðàòèòü îáúåì âîäû, ðåçåðâèðóåìîé íà ïðîìûâêó ôèëüòðîâàëüíûõ ñîîðóæåíèé íà ñòàíöè-
ÿõ îáåçæåëåçèâàíèÿ ïîäçåìíûõ âîä è, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, ñîêðàòèòü îáúåì çàãðÿçíåííûõ
ïðîìûâíûõ âîä, òðåáóþùèõ îáÿçàòåëüíîé î÷èñòêè ïåðåä ñáðîñîì â îòêðûòûå âîäîèñòî÷-
íèêè èëè äëÿ ïîâòîðíîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ.
: , , .

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© . ., . ., 2010