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qk;H pmtkyw f tkyf jzpfayonf? wcg h h h
TpmtkyYf tpOftvmtm;jzifh ,lqvmcJo h nfh t,ltqrsm;ukd &J&0J 0hH hH awmfveS f
xm;ayonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh xkwjf y&v#i-f --rm&fewfqo dk nfrmS em;uif;=u;D ESiw hf u,frh ;dk ay:
uewf=uD;[k ,lqaeonfh tpOftvmukd awmfveS yf pfvu dk o f nf? Tpmtkyt f vkt d & rm&f
ewfqo dk nfrmS aumif;aomtvkyu f dk vky&f mI zsuv f zdk suq f ;D vkyo f nfh rdrt d wGi;f pdwu f dk wif
pm;ac:xm;jcif;jzpfonf [kqx dk m;ygonf? xked nf;wlyif o[r`wjd A[Rmqko d nfrmS vnf;
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twGi;f pdwu f dk wifpm;ac:xm;jcif;jzpfonf[k qkyd gonf?
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“ rZPsrd yÉdy'g ”
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yifzh w d x f m;avonf? qGr;f pm;jyD;aomtcg olu ar;av#mufavonf?
“ t&Sib f &k m;/ okcukd okcjzifrh &ekid b f ;l r[kwaf vm/ okcukd 'kujQ zifo h m &ekid o f nf
r[kwaf vm”
igu jyefajymjyonf?
“ bk&ifo h m;awmf/ tp yxrwke;f u igvnf; ,if;uJo h @kd yif xifjrif,q l rdco hJ nf?
ok@d jzpfI igonf vSyonf=h uif,mESihf pnf;pdrpf onfudk pGe@f vw $ cf o
hJ nf? tVm& umvmr.txH
ok@d oGm;jyD;v#if tusiw hf &m;ukd usi=hf uHtm;xkwcf o hJ nf? xk@d aemuf O'NuxH oGm;cJah vonf?
ol@xw H iG v f nf; igw&m;tusiu hf dk usi=hf uHtm;xkwcf o hJ nf? olw@dk xw H iG f igock ukd r&&Scd ?hJ xkd
tcg igonf xyfjyD; 'kuu Q dk cHcahJ vonf? tylxw J iG 4f if;/ tat;xJwiG 4f if;/ touf&j_ cif;ukd
&yfjyD; =uD;pGmaom'kuu Q dk cHcahJ vonf? tpmrpm;bJ aecJo h nf? xk@d a=umifh igonf csnehf @J ydef
csK;H oGm;jyD;v#if xvku d o f nfEiS w hf pfjyKdief uf xk;d usomG ;onf? uk, d uf m,vnf; rnf;eufnpf
EGr;f oGm;onf? xkrd #avmuf 'kucQ cH ahJ omfvnf; okcukd r&&Scd ?hJ xkt d cg tqifjcif tpOf;pm;
Om%fr&Sb d J rvkt d yfonf'h u k rQ sK;d ukd cHpm;jcif;jzifh okcudrk &&SEd idk ?f okctwGuf csKyfwnf;r_om
vkt d yfonf? 'kucQ zH @dk rvd[ k k igem;vnfoabmaygucf ahJ vonf? aumif;aomtusi. hf vrf;r
Y tu,fI'kuaQ y:ayguv f mv#if xk'd u k rQ sK;d ukd &ifqidk of ifah omfvnf; tusK;d r&So d nfh 'kurQ sK;d ukd
cHjcif;tm;jzifh aumif;usK;d rjzpfxeG ;f Ekid af y ”
ig. w&m;pum;uked m;=um;&I bk&ifo h m;awmfonf auseyfEpS o f rd o
hf mG ;jyD;v#if Oy
oum jzpfomG ;avonf?
vlrsm;onf tb,fah =umifh “ tvGef ”0g'rD sm;jzpfae=uonfrod? b,favmuf wpf
zufpeG ;f ok@d a&mufae=uonfrod? wpfcgwpf&w H iG f olw@dk onf okctwGuf 'kuaQ emuf vku d af e
=uonf? oifah vsmaf vsmufywfonfh okcukv d nf; raumif;r_[k txifrw S f rSm;ae=uonf?
wpfcgwpf&w H iG f vkt d yfonf'h u k u Q v dk nf; rcHcsi=f uay? qifjcifpOf;pm;I tvkyrf vkyv f =dk uay?
tqifjciftpOf;pm; uif;rJo h nfh 'kurQ sK;d jzifh okc&rnfqv dk #if wd&p>meftm;vk;H onf okcESihf
jynfph o Hk rl sm; jzpfae=uvdrrhf nf? ,ae@wiG rf l Ttwkid ;f jzpfae=uonf? vltrsm;onf okct
wGuf 'kuu Q jdk rifawG@v=dk uonf? ok@d jzpfI rsm;pGmaomvlw@dk onf &aoh&[ef;toGiaf qmifjyD;
rvdt k yfonf'h u k rQ sm;ukd cHae=uonf? tqifjcif tpOf;pm; uif;rJjh cif;a=umifh twGi;f okcukd
rl olw@dk &&Sv d rd rhf nf r[kwaf y? tjyifock ukrd l rnfonfh tajctaeYrqkd raumif;r_[k xifrw S f
,lq=uonf? ,if;ok@d tm;jzifh w&m;"rRudk ta=umif;jyKI 'kucQ sn;f uko d mv#if jrifawG@ae&
onf? ,if;raumif;r_udk z,f&mS ;ypf&eftvk@d iSg igonf rZPsrd yËdy'gjzpfonfh tv,ftvwf
vrf;pOfudk wDxiG jf cif;jzpfavonf? yg&*l
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1921-2011
yg&*l (1921-2011)
1? trnf&if; - OD;vS}udKif
2? rdb trnf - OD;bapm - a':arwkwf
3? arG;ouU&mZf - 1921 ckEpS /f Ek0d ifbmv 10 &uf
4? arG;zGm;&ma'o - [oFmw c&kid /f oEGo H aemh aus;&Gm
5? uavmif trnfcrJG sm; - 0dZm… / vS}udKif/ yk¾&du
uk d , f a &;jzpf p Of
q&m=uD yg&*l o nf oEG H o aem&G m rl v wef ; ausmif ; Y pwk w ˆ w ef ; txd
ynmoif = um;cJ h o nf ? 12 ES p f o m;t&G , f w G i f oEG H o aembk e f ; awmf } uD ; ausmif ; Y
uk,d &f if0wfonf? bG@J trnfrmS &Siyf ¾ k &du jzpfonf? 14 ESpf t&G,w f iG f [oFmw+rdK@ jrpfauG;
ausmif;wkdufY ynmoifonf? &Sifyk¾&du bGJ@trnfukd &Sifyg&*lbGJ@ trnfajymif;onf?
15ESpt f &G,w f iG f oefvsi+f rKd @e,f v[m&uf&mG yxrjyef pmoifwu dk rf S tpk;d & yxrjyefpmar;yGJ
yxri,fwef; atmifjrifonf? 16ESpf tEG,fwGif yxrvwfwef;/ 17ESpf tEG,fwGif
yxr}uD ; wef ; wk d @ uk d atmif j rif o nf ? xk d E S p f u [H o m0wD wc&k d i f v k H ; yxr}uD ;
ESpyf g;wnf;atmifjrif&m wyg;rSm&Siyf g&*l jzpfonf? yxrjyef pmar;yGo J rkid ;f Y xkEd pS f xkt
d csed x
f d
17ESpEf iS hf yxr}uD; atmifjrifoEl pS yf g; wnf;om &S&d mwyg;rSm &Siyf g&*l jzpfonf?
1939 ckEpS w f iG f rsK;d !Ge@f E,
G t f rnfjzifh wk;d wufa&;r*~Zif;/ omra% &Siyf g&*ltrnfjzifh
'*kef r*~Zif;wk@d wiG f aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;onf? 1940 jynfEh pS w f iG f &efuek +f rdK?Y usi;f yaom tpk;d &
"rRmp&d,pmar;yGw J iG f *k%x f ;l ok;H usr;f jzifh atmifjrifonf? wk;d wufa&;r*~Zif;wGif bke;f }uD;
ausmif;om;trnfjzifh 0dygu0f wˆKESihf &ifaoG;0wˆKwd@k udk a&;onf?
1942ckEpS w f iG f jrpfauG;ausmif;wku d f pwkwq ˆ &mawmf OD;ynm0Houkd OyZPsm,f q&m
t&m xm;+yD; b}uD;awmfol OD;bk;d oD/ a':apmav; wk@d u &[ef;'g,umjyKvsuf Oyor`uH
aqmif yOPi;f tjzpf a&muf&cdS o hJ nf? 1944ckEpS w f iG f oefvsi+f rdK@ *syefpmoifausmif; (,cifped f
pm
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1921-2011
a*sm*suf)Y *syefpm ESpfESpfoifonf? jrefrmwEkdifiHvkH;&Sd *syefpmoifausmif;rsm;twGuf

xkwaf 0aom *syefpmapmifY *syefbmom aqmif;yg;a&;onf?
tdE, dN olaX;}uD; AD&vm. t&d"rRynmawmfoifqjk zifh 1947ckEpS w f iG f tdE, dN Ekid if H
Am&m%oD+rdK? Am&m%oD [dELN wuUov dk /f tk&d ,D rfw,faumvdyYf [dEEDN iS hf ouUwoifonf?
xkdtcsdefwGif rd*'g0kef r[maAm"dtoif;u xkwfa0aom [dENDbmom "rR'lw pmtkyfY
[dEb DN mom aqmif;yg; a&;onf? *sme,fausmYf vnf; a&;onf? 1952wGif jrefrmEkid if o H @dk
jyefvmonf? 0dZ…mtrnfjzifh aAmfv*grS **F gokd@ ('kwd,ykdif;) a&;onf? 1954ckESpfwGif
yg&*ltrnfjzifh Ak'p< um; a&;onf? 1955 ckEpS w f iG f vl0wfvo J nf?
1956 ckEpS w f iG f e,l;a'vD+rKd @ tm&Spma&;q&mrsm; nDvmcHtwGi;f a&;rSL; tzG@J o@dk
jrefrmpma&; q&m uk, d pf m;vS,t f jzpf wufa&mufonf? 1957 - 61txd jrefrmEkid if &H d S tdE, d N oH&;H k
jyef=um;a&; bmomjyeft&m&St d jzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifco hJ nf? 1958 rS 1961 txd jrefrmEkid if H
pma&;q&mtoif;wGif tr_aqmif wm0efxrf;aqmifonf? 1963 ckEpS w f iG f okE&N meENac: nDawmf
rif;eefpmtkyjf zifh tEkynmqkid &f m bmomjyefpmayqk cs;D jri‡ jhf cif; &H onf?
1963 rS 1965txd jrefrmEkid if H pma&;q&mor*~ toif;tr_aqmif/ jrefrmEkid if pH may
jyefymG ;a&;toif; tr_aqmif/ 1971rS 1975 txd jrefrmpmaumfr&Sit f zG@J tzG@J 0if wm0ef rsm;ukd
xrf;aqmifcJhonf? 1985ckESpfwGif jrefrmEkdifiHaumvdyfESifh wuUokdvfrsm;. ta&S@wkdif;
pmayoif=um;a&; tzGJ@tzGJ@0iftjzpf pwifaqmif&Gufonf? tdENd,EkdifiH Am&m%oD+rdK@
[dEb DN momjzifh xkwaf 0aom tm*sf (AJ) ae@pOfowif;pmwGif yg&*ltrnfjzifh Am&mrmuDusw d dW
(jrefrmjynfrS ay;pmrsm;) a&;aom yifwidk af qmif;yg;&Sif jzpfonf? u&mcsrd S t*Fvyd b f momjzifh
xkwaf 0aom ,leufpukd e,l;pfvufwm;wGif vS}uKd it f rnfjzifh jrefrmEkid if H pmay,Ofaus;r_
owif;aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;onf?
1986wG i f a*g&D p mtk y f j zif h 1986ck E S p f trsKd ; om;pmay bmomjyef q k
cs;D jr‡ijhf cif;cH&onf? 1989 ckEpS w f iG f jrefrmjynf w*k;d toif; OuUÏ/ jrefrmjynf [dEt DN oif;
OuUÏ/ 1998ckEpS f jrefrmEkid if H ,Ofaus;r_ wuUov dk yf nma&;tzG@J tzG@J 0if/ tjynfjynfqidk &f m
"rR*&D d 0dy\emtzG@J ("rR aZmwd) tr_aqmif/ r*FvmAsL[m y&[dw tzG@J OuUÏ wm0efrsm;
xrf;aqmifco hJ nf?
2000 jynfEh pS wf iG f jyef=um;a&;0ef}uD;Xme jrefrm&nf!e$ ;f usr;f pDpOfa&;tzG@J tzG@J 0if/
aemf a0;a&muf tdENd,trsdK;om;rsm; t*Fvdyf - [dEND ESpfbmomjzifh xkwfa0aom
o#w H 'd w l r*~Zif; .t=uHay; wm0efxrf;aqmifonf?
2001 ckEpS /f yckuLU OD;tke;f az. woufwm pmayqk cs;D jreifjh cif; cH&onf? q&m=uD;
yg&*lonf 2001 ckEpS f touf (80)jynfch sed w f iG f vk;H csi;f pmtkyf 100txd ykEH ydS x f wk af 0cJo h nf?
2011 ckEpS /f {+yDv 9&uf/ eHeuf 9em&D 55 rdepf tcsed cf ef@u tm&Sawmf0if yk*v ~ u d aq;&Hw k iG f
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1921-2011
ESv;Hk a&m*gjzifh uG,v f eG cf o

hJ nf? 2004ckEpS rf aS e uG,v
f eG cf sed t
f xd q&m=uD;yg&*lonf a&$ayg
uU+H rdK@opf 16&yfuu G f OD;yknvrf; trSwf 988 / 990 wGi&f adS om yg&*l &Sew f ed ad uwef pm=unfh
wdu k rf mS aexdik of mG ;cJo
h nf?
q&m}uD;yg&*l a&;om;xkwaf 0cJah om pmtkyrf sm;
1? uAsmq&m. toku d f - 2000 jynfEh pS f
2? um"rŠ&ED iS hf tjcm;0wˆKrsm;
3? use;f rma&; o0%fvm$
4? uGejf rLepf0g' omv#if tb,fa=umifh
5? acgr'\eynm&Sif - 1996 ckEpS f
6? *gr%d
7? *grwD
8? a*g&D - 1985 ckEpS f
9? **F gEiS hf {&m0wD - 1995 ckEpS f
10? *sv&mrf
11? iSu"f rRobif - 2000 jynfEh pS f
12? pu& - 1999 ckEpS f
13? pum;ajymaom &kyw f rk sm; - 1990 jynfEh pS f
14? pmayc&D;onf - 1998 ckEpS f
15? pdw&W avcg - 1979 ckEpS f
16? qk&d n S v f pf0g' - 1964 ckEpS f
17? qnf;qm=u,fEiS hf tjcm; 0wˆKwkrd sm;
18? psiAf 'k b < mom
19? nDawmfrif;eef - 1989 ckEpS f
20? w*k;d . wHv#yaf &xif a&$orifOyrmESihf tjcm;0wˆKwkrd sm; -
21? w*k;d . &mZukrm&DEiS hf tjcm;0wˆKwkrd sm;
22? w*k;d . 0wˆKwkd aygi;f csKyf - 1975 ckEpS f
23? w*k;d . 0wˆKwkrd sm; - 1997 ckEpS f
24? w*k;d . oHo,ESihf tjcm; 0wˆKwkrd sm;
25? w&m;a&pD;a=umif; - 1990 ckEpS f
26? awmfveS af om tawG;tac:rsm;
27? wrŠyÀd- 1999 ckEpS f
28? '*kef OD;xGe;f jrifh
29? 'dAsm
pm
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yg & *l
30? a'opm&D a0omvD 1921-2011
31? a'g%. twWuxm (yxrwG)J - 1995 ckEpS f
32? a'g%. twWuxm ('kw, d wG)J -
33? 'k[
d m"rR uAsm - 1990 ckEpS f
34? "rRpum; - 1974 ckEpS f
35? "rR b0wav#mufaeoGm;enf; twwfynm - 1980 ckEpS f
36? eDwd ykjH yifrsm; - 1993 ckEpS f
37? ae&mESihf tjcm;0wˆKrsm;
38? ae&l;. orD;xHay;pm
39? Ekid if aH &; '\e
40? edAmŠ ef - 1969 ckEpS f
41? ESpq f ,fEh pS &f mpk
42? y&uxm (waphwapmif; pma&;q&mrsm; ta=umif;) - 1989 ckEpS f
43? yavwkd
44? yD,'\D - 1985 ckEpS f
45? yk*H c&D;onf
46? yk*H c&D;onf (t*Fvyd )f
47? yk*aH ps;ESihf tjcm;0wˆKwkrd sm;
48? yOPwE &W - 1965 ckEpS f
49? yOPmuxm - 2001 ckEpS f
50? yÀdwuxm - 1997 ckEpS f
51? yef;ykq&m
52? azmfr[ hJ oFm - 1994 ckEpS f
53? AmAm'k[ d m
54? aAmfv*grS **F go@dk (OD;qef;xGe;f ESi)hf
55? aAmfv*grS **F go@dk ('kw, d ykid ;f )
56? Ak'*< % k 0ENem
57? Ak'p< um; - 1954 ckEpS f
58? Ak''< idk , f m&D - 1964 ckEpS f
59? Ak'E< iS hf qk&d ,S vf pf0g'
60? Ak'b < momESihf rmhupf 0f g'
61? Ak'j< rwfpmG - 1995 ckEpS f
62? Ak', < Ofaus;r_ jyZmwfrsm; - 2001 ckEpS f
63? Ak'o < moem pnfyif jyef@yGm;yko H rkid ;f
pm
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1921-2011
64? b0c&D;onf - 1996 ckEpS f

65? b0r*Fvm
66? bk&m;ausmif; wHjrufvn S ;f orm;ESihf tjcm;"rR0wˆKrsm;
67? r[mc&D;onf
68? r[m vlom;Ak'< - 1989 ckEpS f
69? rif;ESihf jynfol
70? rZ<srd yÉdy'gEiS hf "rR0wˆKwkrd sm; - 1995 ckEpS f
71? jrefrm oD&v d uFm omoemqufo, G af &;
72? ,,mwD
73? a,m*D. b0*gxm - 1992 ckEpS f
74? &mZmESihf bdou d f - 1982 ckEpS f
75? &mZmESihf omoem
76? &m[kvmoHupd n P ;f - 1977 ckEpS f
77? a&pD;a=umif; (pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_) - 1993 ckEpS f
78? vl@abmifopf
79? v,fwyD Àdw OD;armif}uD; - 1995 ckEpS f
80? a0wmv 0wˆK - 1980 ckEpS f
81? a0'em
82? a0omvD
83? 0wˆKork'&N m - 1966 ckEpS f
84? omv0wESihf tjcm;0wˆKwkrd sm; - 1990 ckEpS f
85? om;awmf &m[kvm - 1970 ckEpS f
86? oDayg. ra[oD - 1972 ckEpS f
87? oD[aoemywd
88? olvv dk l - 1981 ckEpS f
89? od'w < I - 1964 ckEpS f
90? [dawmya'o - 1955 ckEpS f
91? tnrn oabmw&m;ESihf Ak't < bd"rRm
92? t&pPww dk ,f - 1995 ckEpS f
93? tarhcH c&D;onf - 1977 ckEpS f
94? trŠygvD - 1976 ckEpS f
95? tdE, dN c&D;onf - 1996 ckEpS f
96? tdE, dN &kyw f Ek iS hf jrefrm&kyw f k pum;aqG;aEG;cef; 97? OwW& c&D;onf
A Ak'b< momESi@f tm%m&Si pf epf
armifomrn
“&k&SvlrsKd;awG[m tvGefcGifhv$wfonf;cHwwfw,fwJh//
tkycf sKyfwhJ tpd;k &a-umifh bmyJjzpfaeae a&iHEk w+ yf wd jf yD;
cGivhf w$ of nf;cHaewmyJw/hJ / yxrawmh tmvl;awG aysmuf
oGm;w,fwJh// tmvl;awG aysmufoGm;ayr,fh tmvl;
r&dvS nf; jzpfw,f”
tydkif;(4)
jrefrmekdifiHrSm aexkdif=uwJh vlOD;a& udk;q,f &mE_ef;avmuf[m Ak'<
bmom0ifrsm; jzpf=uygw,f? onf Ak'b < mom0ifrsm; edp"P 0l qkawmif; aewJt h &muawmh
edAŠmef qdkwJh vGwfajrmufr_yg? vGwfajrmufrSKudk wzGzGqkawmif;ae=uwJh Ak'Ghbmom0if
trsm;tjym; aexkid &f m jrefrmekid if [ H m tm%m&Sipf epfatmufu rvGwaf jrmuf ekid af o;bJ
tusOf;tusyf tcsKyftaESmif trsKd;rsKd;atmufrSm eSpfaygif;rsm;pGm wnfae&wmuawmh
uH=urRm&JŒ avSmifajymifr_ (Irony of Fate)vdk ah jym&ygvrd rfh ,f?
Ak'j< rwfpmG toufxif&mS ;&Spd Ofu 'Dru kd a&pDpepfusio hf ;kH wJh a0omvDeikd if u
H kd eSpo
f uf
oabmuswt hJ a=umif; ajymcJw h mawGukd ydÉuwfpmayxJrmS awG eh idk yf gw,f ? Ak'z< ŒJG pnf;cJw h hJ
oHCmtzGŒJ udk avhvm=unfrh ,f qd&k ifvnf; 'Dru kd a&pDqefwhJ usiphf OfawG trsm;tjym; yg0if
wmudk awG h&ygvdrfhr,f? 'gayr,fh jrwfAk'<&Jh w&m;awmfrsm;eJ h oHCmawmfrsm;&JŒ
qH;k roGeo f ifra_ tmufrmS &Sad ew,fqw kd hJ jrefrmedik if o
H m;awGuawmh 'Dru kd a&pDeJ t h a0;}uD;
a0; aeqJjzpfygw,f?
'gukd raxmufrnSm jyefo;kH oyf=unhrf ,fq&dk if Ak'b < mom0if jrefrmedik if oH m; awG[m
ud, k u
hf ,
kd uf ,
kd f Ak'< bmom0iftjzpf owfrw S x f m;ayrJh wu,fAh 'k b < mom&J h teSpo f m&[m
bmvJ/ wu,fhAk'<bmom&JŒ usifhpOfawG [m bmvJqdkwmudk tav; teufxm;jyD;
avhvmoif,=l u&JŒvm;/ yDyjD yifjyif usi}hf uH=u&Jv h m;qdw k m ar;cGe;f xkwpf &myg?
,cifaqmif;yg;rSm wifjycJw h hJ umvrokweW w f &m;qd&k if bmoma&;udk avhvm
vku d pf m;wJh acwfynmwwfwcsKŒd uom od=uayr,fh trsm;pkuawmh od=urSm r[kwyf gb;l ?
od = uol a wG u vnf ; onf w &m;ud k vk d u f e m usif h } uH a umif ; rS usif h } uH = uygr,f ?
ydÉuwfusrf;pmxJrSm ygw,fqdk+yD; trSefvkd@ r,HkvkdufeJ@/ udk,fhq&morm;u ajymwm/
&[ef;or%u ajymwmqd+k yD; trSev f Œdk r,lvu kd ef @J pojzifh tqifjcifrw hJ hJ t&rf;,Hk tuef;,Hk
(Blind Faith)udk wm;jrpf+yD; b,ft&mudrk qdk ynmeJ ah 0zefprf;oyfy;D rS aqmifz@dk a&Smifz@kd
owday;cJw h hJ umvmr w&m;awmfukd tav;teuf vku d ef mol &Sm;yg; ygvrd rhf ,f?
pmwvH;k bk&m;wqlqw kd hJ t,ltqu jrefrmjynfrmS xGe;f um;aejy;D bke;f }u;D wyg;
w&m;a[m&if em;rvnf ayr,fh om"kac:zdkŒawmh tqifoifh jzpfae wwfwJh "avhudk
axmufq&if umvmrokwu f ajymwJh &J&&J if&h ifh a0zefrr_ sK;d &Sm;yg;w,fvdk h aumufcsucf s
&rSmyg? em;rvnfbJeJ hem;vnfoa,mif [efaqmif+yD; aumif;avpG aumif;avpGvdk@
vkyw f mrsK;d / oHo,&Sad eygvsuf oHo,udk zH;k uG,+f yD; axmufcpH um; ajym=um; wmrsK;d [m
Ak'<bmom usifhpOfr[kwfygbl;? tm%m&Sifpepf&Jh vufnSKd;axmif acgif;jidwf"avhom
jzpfygw,f?
vGwfvyfpGmawG;ac:,lqcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm a0zefajymqdkcGifhawGudk vHk;0ydwfyif
wm;jrpfaewJh tm%m&Sif pepfatmufrSm eSpfaygif;rsm;pGmaexdkifcJh&wm jzpfwJhtwGuf
&J&J&ifh&ifha0zefa&;qkdwJh Ak'<bmom ,Ofaus;r_[m aysmufuG,foavmuf jzpfaeyg+yD?
trdeŒf [lorSsemcH=uqdw k hJ tm%m&Sif t&dik ;f "avhu v$r;f rd;k ae+yDvm;vdk h Ak'b < mom0if rsm;
jyefvnf ppfaq;oihyf g+yD?
Ak'b < momw&m;udk jywfjywfom;om; rusio fh ;kH Edik =f uvdŒk tm%m&Sipf epfu v$r;f rd;k /
tm%m&Sifpepfu v$rf;rdk;vdk@ Ak'<bmomw&m;awG wdrfaum/ Ak'<bmom w&m;awG
wdraf umaysmufu, G vf Œkd tm%m&Sipf epfu yd+k yD; tm;aumif;/ 'Dvedk J jh refrm ekid if rH mS tm%m&Sif
pepf tjrpf wG,+f yD; pnfyif}uD;xGm;aecJ&h wmvdk h qdek ikd yf gw,f?
umvmrokweW w f &m;udk Ak'b < mom0ifawG arhaysmufypf=uyHek J yh wfouf+y;D oD&v d uF
Edik if rH mS jyKvkycf w hJ hJ ppfwrf; wckta=umif; ajymjycsiyf gw,f?
wuUov kd af usmif;om; oH;k &mwufa&mufwhJ tpnf;ta0;wckrmS umvmr okweW u f kd
odol b,fEaS ,muf &So d vJ qdw k m ppfwrf;aumuf,cl w hJ myg? y&dowfo;kH &m xJrmS &[ef;
tyg;eSpq f ,fvnf; yg0ifygw,f?
ppfwrf;t& odwo hJ ul oHCmwpfyg; vlEpS af ,muf pkpak ygi;f rS oH;k OD;yJ &Syd gw,f?
odoloHk;OD;udk aoaocsmcsm ar;=unhfawmh vnf; umvmrokwWefw&m;&J h qdkvdkcsuf
teuft"dyg` ,u f kd vH;k aphywfaph em;rvnfa=umif; awG@ &ygw,f?
Ak'b < mom tvGef xGe;f um;w,fqw kd hJ oD&v d uFmEdik if rH mS onfvkd ur?mausmf
Ak'<w&m;udk od&Sd&aumif;rSef;rod/ vkdufemusifh}uH&aumif;rSef;rodjzpfaewmuawmh
pdwrf aumif;p&myg? oD&v d uFmedik if &H ŒJ vlO;D a& ckepS q f ,f &mcdik f ESKef;avmufu Ak'b < mom0if
awG jzpfygw,f?
Ak'b < mom0if oD&v d uFmedik if o H m;awG[m Ak'w < &m;awmfawGukd av;av;eufeuf
vdu k ef musio hf ;kH jcif; r&S=d uawmh wJt h wGuf oD&v d uFmedik if rH mS vlŒtcGit hf a&; csK;d azmufra_ wG
t=urf;zufrKS awG xGe;f um;vmaewmvdŒk ppfwrf; aumuf,w l hJ olu aumufcsucf sygw,f?
jrefrmekid if rH mS vnf; onfw&m;udk od&u dS sio fh ;kH ol trsm;tjym;&Sad =umif; taxmuf
txm; rawG &h ygb;l ? onfw&m;eJ yh wfouf+yD; a[m=um;xm;wmawG a&; om; xm;
wmawGukd tenf;tusO;f yJ awG &h ygw,f? rdom;pk aetdraf wGe@J pmoifcef; awGrmS vnf;
a0zefa&; ,Ofaus;rSK rxGef;um;ovdk Ak'<w&m;awmfrsm;udk oif=um;a[majymaewJh
bk&m;ausmif;uefrsm;rSmvnf; a0zefa&; ,Ofaus;r_ukd us,u f s,jf yef jh yef h rawG@&ygb;l ?
a0zefa&;vdŒk qdv k u kd wf meJŒwDuq kd m;eJŒwdŒk vdu k o f vdrk sK;d wGeŒf oGm; &GŒH oGm; awmh wm
ygy?J wa,mufeJ w h a,muf wzG@J eJ@wzGJ h r[kwrf w&m; pGypf yJG w k cf wf ajymqdw k m rsK;d udk
a0zef a &;vk d Œ owf r S w f a e=uwmyJ r sm;ygw,f ? Ak ' G h b mom a[mn$ e f c J h w J h wu,f h
a0zefa&;,Ofaus;rSKudk rsuu f ,G jf yKcJ=h uwJt h wGuf todynm&S&d dS a0zefwmrsK;d / tusK;d oifh
ta=umif;oifh a0zefwmrsK;d / arwWmjzifh a0zefaxmufjywmrsK;d udk rvkyw f wfawmh oavmuf
jzpfaeygjyD?
Ak'<tvdkus a0zefa&;rsdK;eJŒ todOm%fzGifhay;wJh tvkyfudk vkyfwJholrsm; usjyef
awmhvnf; tm%m&Sifrsm;u rvkdvm;=ujyefbl;? a0zefa&;pmayawG a&;om; xkwfa0
edik jf cif;r&daS tmif pmaypDppfa&;Xmersm; zGiv hf pS +f yD; wm;qD;ovdk pmaypDppfa&;udk ausmf vGe+f yD;
a0zefa&; vkyw f o
hJ al wGuv kd nf; zrf;qD;axmifcs aeygw,f?
tusO;f axmifxrJ mS ESp&f n S af xmif'%f uscaH e=uwJh &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;/ Edik if aH &;
orm;rsm;/ pma&;q&m owif;pmq&mrsm; tp&do S al wG[m tm%m&Sipf epf&ŒJ qd;k 0g;yHak wGukd
apwemeJŒ&J&&J if&h ifh axmufjy a0zefwm a=umifh onfvt kd jypf'%frsm; uscaH e&wmyg?
'ga=umifh tm%m&Sipf epf[m Ak'b < mom&JŒ wu,fh w&m;aumif; w&m;jrwfawGukd
zsufqD;ypf aew,fvdk@ ajym&wmyg? vuf&dStaetxm;udk jyef=unfhvdkufr,fqdk&if
tm%m&Sipf epf[m Ak'b < mom e,fy,fukd vnf; xifovdk cs,v f ,S af e+yv D @kd yif ajymedik yf gw,f?
&[ef;oHCmrsm;yifvsS if jynfov l x
l ek nf;wl tm%m&Sipf epf&ŒJ atmufrmS vGwv f wG v f yfvyf
vSKyf&mS ;vdŒk r&Edik af tmif tzdEydS cf aH e&+yD jzpfygw,f?
Ak ' < o moemawmf u d k w nf w H h j yef Œ yG m ;atmif vk y f r ,f v d k @ a=uG ; a=umf a ewJ h
omoemh0h efxrf; wcsKd Œ[mvnf; tm%m &Siaf wG eJŒ aygi;f rdomG ;yD; tm%meJ@ omoem
jyKr,fq f wkd hJ txd t,l&ikd ;f awG 0ifaeygw,f? tm%meJ@ omoem jyKr,fqw kd hJ t,l&idk ;f a=umihf
bmoma&;ppfyaJG wG jzpfcw hJ m ordik ;f rSm txift&Sm; &Syd gw,f?
vlah vmu}uD; jidr;f csr;f om,mzdŒk twGuf ud, k u f ,
kd w f ikd v
f nf; ormw&m; awGukd
usi}fh uv H u kd ef m&rSmjzpfovdk vlom;awGuv kd nf; ormw&m; awG usi}hf uH tm; xkwf vmatmif
oGefoifjyoay;zdk@yJ &Sdygw,f? wjcm; enf;vrf;awG[m ppfrSefwJh +idrf;csrf;a&; udk
azmfaqmifEikd jf cif; r&Syd gb;l ?
'gayr,hf jrefrmEdik if u H omoemh0efxrf;wcsKŒd uawmh tm%m&Sit f vdu k s tm%meJ@
+idr0f yfyjd ym;atmif vkyzf @kd tm;ay;tm;ajrSmuf vkyaf e=uygw,f?
jrwfA'k v < rf;n$ecf whJ hJ w&m;awmfawGukd wefz;kd xm;&r,ft h pm; tm%m&Siaf wGu
ay;wJh bGŒJ vufrw S af wGukd yd+k yD;wefz;kd xm;olu xm;ae=uyg+yD? vGwv f yfjcif; 0drw
k &dW o xuf
tm%m&S i f u ay;wJ h a usmif ; uef r sm;ud k yd k + yD ; wyf r uf o l u wyf r uf ae=uygjyD ?
vGwv f yfpmG ajymqdck iG hf aqG;aEG;cGihf a0zefciG ahf wGukd t}u;D tus,f ydwyf if aewJh pmay pDppfa&;vdk
todynm zsuq f ;D a&;vkyif ef;rsm;rSmyif tm;wufoa&m yg0ifou l yg0if aeyg+yD?
tm%m&Sifu csD;jrSihfwJh bGJ@xl;*k%fxl; qkwHqdyfawGeJ@ vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mudk
wyfruf,pfrl;+yD; omoma&;tm%m&Sifrsm;b0rSm auseyfaeolawG&Jh ta&twGuf
renf;vSwmudk =unf&h if tm%m&Sipf epfu Ak'b < momudk b,favmuf twdik ;f twmtxd
zsuq f ;D ae+yDvq J w kd m tvG,ef J h wGucf suEf ikd yf gw,f?
tydik ;f f (5)
tm%m&Sifpepfqdkwm vlwa,muf odk@r[kwf vlwpku wdkif;ol jynffom;
vltrsm;udk trde@f tm%mawGe@J tkycf sKyfjyD; *kwaf oG;pkyw f hJ pepf jzpfygw,f? vlvcl si;f
tqif@twef; cGjJ cm;jyD; tm%m&So d u l tm%mrJ@olukd rw&m; toH;k csw@J pepfjzpfygw,f?
onfvdk tjrwfxkwf aoG;pkyfEdkifzdk@twGuf wdkif;oljynfom;awGudk tcdkif;tap b0rsKd;/
aus;uGseb f 0rsK;d a&mufatmif ESrd @f csxm;ygw,f? tm%m&Siu f ocif jzpfjyD; tm%mrJu h
useG jf zpfae&wJh pepfyg? 'ga=umifh tm%m&Sipf epfqw kd m aus;useG pf epf wrsKd ; jzpfygw,f?
vlawGukd tedrq hf ;kH tqifah &mufatmif yd@k aqmifay;wJh pepfv@kd ajym&ygr,f?
ocifu aus;useG u f kd tydik tf Edik x
f ed ;f csKyfxm;ovdrk sKd ; wdik ;f oljynfom; awGukd vH;k 0
xde;f csKyfxm;Edik af tmif tm%m&Siu f pepfwus pDrH xm;ygw,f? vufeufawG trde@f tm%m
awGeJ@ +cdrf;ajcmuf xdef;csKyfxm;ovdk pm;0wfaea&; pD;yGm;a&; tcGihftvrf;awGeJ@
rufv;kH ay;jyD;vnf; xde;f csKyfxm;ygw,f?
aus;useG af wG[m olw@kd ocifaus;G rS pm;&ovdrk sKd ; jynfov l x
l uk kd olw@kd aus;G rS
pm;&r,f@ b0rsKd ; a&mufatmif vkyx f m;ygw,f? xrif;0wJo h l xuf Adu k qf maewJo h u l kd
tkyfcsKyfvdk@ ydkvG,f ulw,fvdk@ tm%m&Sifrsm;u cH,l=uygw,f? 'ga=umifh tm%m&Sif
pepfatmufrmS ae&wJo h l awG[m qif;&Jae=uygw,f? pm;&rJrh hJ aomuf&rJrh hJ jzpfae=u ygw,f?
tvkyfvufrJh trsm;tjym;jzpfatmif vkyfxm;wm[m tm%m&Sif pepf&JŒ
enf;AsL[m wrsKd ;yg? vlawG tiwfiwf tjywfjywf jzpfaeav tm%m&Sif rsm; vkycf si&f m
vkyEf ikd af vygy?J tm%m&Sipf epfukd wif;jynfh usyjf ynfh usio hf ;kH cJw
h hJ oufO;D qHyidk f bk&ifpepf
=uD;pd;k cJ@wJ@ acwfumvudk jyef=unfh &if 'gukd tvG,ef @J jrifEikd f ygw,f?
tm%m&SifawG[m vlawGudk &kyfydkif;qdkif&mtm;jzifhom aus;usGefjzpfatmif
vkyfaewmr[kwfbJ todOm%fykdif; tm;jzifhvnf; aus;usGefjzpfatmif vkyfaeygw,f?
wdik ;f oljynfom;rsm;udk xm;&mae ap&moGm; t=uGi;f rJh emcHoal wGjzpfatmif yHo k iG ;f &mrSm
todynm qif;&JapwJhenf;[m t"duuswJh enf;vrf;jzpfygw,f? todynm &SdwJholudk
jcd r f ; ajcmuf z k d @ cuf o vd k tvG , f w ul v nf ; zsm;a,mif ; vd k @ vnf ; r&Ed k i f b l ; qd k w m
tm%m&Sirf sm; odaeygw,f?
tm%m&SifawG udk,fwdkifuvnf; todynmrJ@olrsm; jzpfaejyD; todynm&JŒ
qef@usib f ufjzpfw@J rdu k uf sihf rdu k }f uHrsm;eJ@ tm%m&vmwmjzpfwt hJ wGuf todynmudk
wefzdk;rxm;wwfovdk todynm&Sifudk a=umufvnf; a=umuf/ rkef;vnf; rkef;ygw,f?
tm%m&Sipf epfatmufu wdik ;f jynfreS o f rSsrmS ynm&Si&f mS ;yg;jyD; ynma&;pepf ysupf ;D aewm
rxl;qef;wJh obm0yg?
todynmuif;rJhjyD; trdkufarSmif zHk;v$rf;wJ@ae&m[m aus;usGefpepf 'grSr[kwf
tm%m&Sipf epftwGuf blrd eufoef jzpfygw,f ? 'ga=umifh tm%m&Sirf sm;[m jynfov l x l k
xHrmS pD;yGm;a&;a&m ynma&;yg qif;&J csKŒd wJ@atmif &nf&, G cf su&f &dS dS (wenf;ajym&&if)
pDru
H ed ;f eJ@ aqmif&u G yf gw,f? vlawG nHzh si;f avav aus;useG pf epfukd wnfaqmufz@kd vG,f
avavyg?
tm%m&S i f [ m aus;usG e f p d w f 0 if o G m ;ol a wG x J u vl r d k u f x d y f a cgif a wG u d k
pd w f } ud K uf a &G ; cs,f j yD ; tm%m&S i f p epf & J Œ ,E W & m;xJ r S m acG ; oG m ;pd y f r sm;tjzpf
xnfyh gw,f?tm%mwpdww f ydik ;f ay;jy;D tcsi;f csi;f tEdik u
f siw
hf ehJ nf;awGe@J &yfwnfcifkd ;f ygw,f?
vmbfay;vmbf,lenf;awGeJ@ 0rf;pm &Smapygw,f? rormwJh enf;awGeJ@ 0ifaiG&atmif
zefw;D ygw,f? Edik &f mpm; pdw"f mwf[m tm%m&Sipf epfatmufrmS xGe;f um;aewJh pdw"f mwf
jzpfygw,f?
vmbfay;vmbf,lawG vkyfEdkifatmif rw&m;wJh trdef@awG/ ta,mifaqmif
Oya'awGukd xkwjf yefay;ygw,f? ae&mwum tuef@towfawG tcsKyt f cs,af wGukd csrw S jf y;D
aiG&mS uGuaf wG zefw;D ygw,f? omref jynfol jynfom;awG[m onftuef@towfawG/
tcsKyftcs,af wG/ trde@f awG/ Oya'awG=um;rSm toufarG;Edik zf @kd twGuf tm%mydik rf sm;udk
vmbfay;&ygw,f? vmbfay;vmbf,rl _ tusiyhf suf jcpm;r_awG[m tm%m&Sif pepf&ŒJ "av@
p&duk rf sm; jzpfygw,f?
Ed k i f & mpm; pd w f " mwf e J @ tusif h y suf j cpm;wJ h "avh p &d k u f r sm;[m acwf o pf
aus;useG pf epfwpfrsKd ;jzpfwhJ tm%m&Sif pepf=uD; vnfywfaezd@k twGuf avmifpm qD ozG,f
tm;jznfah y;aeygw,f?
tm%m&Sifpepf&JŒ ,E W&m;xJrSm yg0if&wJholawG[m rormwJh enf;awGeJ@
touf a rG ; ae&wJ h t wG u f ol w d k @ txuf u tm%m&S i f tay: jyef r vS e f E d k i f
awmhygb;l ?tm%m&Sief @J w*d% k ;f wnf;jzpfvmjy;D tm%m&Sif cdik ;f aporSs udk vdu k ef m vkyaf qmif
vm&ygw,f? jynfov l xl tk ay: nSi;f yef;ESyd pf ufw@J vufr&GŒH rsm;tjzpf o&kyaf qmif =u&ygw,f?
onfvekd @J jynfojl ynfom; tcsi;f csi;f =um;rSm ESyd pf ufoel @J ESyd pf ufc&H ol/ vdrv f nfoel @J vdrv f nf
cH&ol/ tEdik u f si@f ole@J tEdik uf si@f cH&ol qdjk yD; pdw0f rf;uGjJ ym;r_awG v$r;f rd;k aeyg awmhw,f?
wa,muf u d k wa,muf ajymif v d r f & wmawG / ajymif v S n f h y wf & wm awG /
ajymiftEdkifusifh&wmawGa=umifh tm%m&Sif pepfatmufrSm wa,muffudk wa,muf
&efoal wGvkd jrifae=uygw,f? &efbufawGvkd jyKrq l ufqef aeygw,f? tdr=f uufcsi;f td;k rJow k yf ;D
cGycf ikd ;f wJ@ enf;eJ@ tm%m&Siu f wdifk ;f ol jynfom;awGukd cGjJ cm; tkycf sKyf aewmyg?
tm%m&Sipf epf/ Edik &f mpm;pdw"f mwf/ tusiyhf sujf cpm;"avhp&du k /f pdw0f rf;uGjJ ym;r_/
acwfopfaus;useG b f 0 onfvkd a=umif;usK;d qufpyf aewmjzpfygw,f?
jrefrmEdik if rH mS jzpfaewJ@ onfvkd pdw"f mwfrsK;d awG / onfvkd "av@ p&du k rf sK;d awG[m
Ak'<bmom0ifawGrSm &Sd&r,fh pdwf"mwfawG "avhp&dkufawGeJ@ vHk;0 jcm;em;aeygw,f?
pdw0f rf;uGrJ a_ wG ywdyuQawG[mvnf; Ak'b < mom0if tcsi;f csi;f =um;rSm jzpfymG ;&rJh t&mawG
r[kwyf gb;l ? aus;useG v f kd b0awG [m vnf; Ak'b < mom0ifawGe@J vm;vm;rS rqdik w f hJ b0awGyg?
Ak'j< rwfpmG u ol@&ŒJ w&m;awmfawGukd usio hf ;kH &if OwW&rd Ek\ vd@k ac:wJh tjrifjh rwfq;kH
vl o m;rsm;tjzpf o d k @ {uef a &muf & S d & r,f v d k @ ajymcJ h y gw,f ? jrwf A k ' < a [mn$ e f w J h
ormw&m;awmfawG[m tjrifq h ;kH *k%&f nf awGukd &&m&a=umif; tusiahf wG jzpfv@kd ygy?J
Ak'b < momrSm vlom;rsm; usi}hf uHtm;xkwpf &m tjzpf orRm w&m; (8)yg; udk
a[mn$eyf gw,f? orRmw&m;qdak wmh q&m,k'oef bmomjyefomG ;wJh c&pf,ef orRmusr;f pm
bdik bf ,fvf (Bible) eJ@ a&maxG; p&mvdv k kd jzpfomG ; w,f? wu,fawmh q&m,k'oef[m
Ak'b< mom xJu tESpo f m&t&Sq d ;kH ta&;ygq;kH pum;vH;k udk t&,lomG ;Edik w f hJ olygy?J 'ga=umifh
'Dae@ Ak'< bmom 0if rsm;[m orRmw&m;qd&k if c&pf,ef bdik b f ,fvu f sr;f xJu w&m; awGukd
ajym wmvm;vd@k Za0Z0gyif jzpfwwf=uygw,f? wu,f awmh Ak'< bmom w&m; awGuo kd m
orRm w&m;awGv@kd ac:oifyh gw,f?
vGwaf jrmufvw kd hJ vlom;rsm;taeeJ@ usio fh ;kH &r,hf w&m;awG[m orRmw&m; rSwyg;
tjcm;r&Sb d ;l vd@k Ak'u < ,fkd wf ikd uf twdtvif; ajyma[m oGm;wma=umihyf g? olu, kd wf ikd f vnf;
orRmw&m;udk od&SdusihfoHk;jyD;rS vGwfajrmuf jyD vdk h a=uG;a=umfoGm;cJhwm jzpfygw,f?
orRmw&m;awGudk udk,fwdkif od&SdusifhoHk;jyD; wJhaemufrSmrS orRmorŠK'< qdkwJh bJGŒxl;udk
cH,v l u kd w f myg? onfb@JG x;l u orRmw&m;udk ud, k w f ikd f od&o dS vl kd h teufxu G yf gw,f?
orRmw&m;qdkwm pif=u,fjrifhjrwfwJh tqifhudk a&mufzdk@twGuf vlom; rsm;
usi&hf r,f@ t&mawG jzpfygw,f? tawmftwef A[kow k &Sw d hJ Ak'< bmom0ifawGu r*~i&f pS yf g;vd@k
odxm;wJh t&mawG[m orRmw&m; awG ygy?J
a&S;u Ak'<bmom0ifjrefrmvlrsdK;awG[m 'Dpum;vHk;udk jrefrmr_jyKcJh =uygw,f?
ormw,f rormbl;qdw k hJ jrefrm@ toH;k tESe_ ;f [m Ak'b < momvm orRm qdw k @J ygVpd um;vH;k udk
jrefrmrSj_ yKjyD; oH;k pGcJ @J wJ@ toH;k tESe_ ;f jzpfygw,f?
ormwJh tjrif/ ormwJh tawG;/ ormwJh tajym/ ormwJh tvkyf/ ormwJh
toufarG;r_/ ormwJh tm;xkwrf /_ ormwJh owd/ ormwJh wnf=unfr_ qdw k hJ ormw&m;
&Spyf g;[m Ak'b < mom0ifv@kd ud, fk ufh , kd uf kd owfrw S xf m; olwikd ;f usi&hf r,f@ t&mawG jzpfygw,f?
ud,k u fh , kd u f , kd f Ak'b
< mom0if wa,mufvkd o h wfrw S cf , H x l m;yg vsuf onform w&m;awGukd
rod&dS rusio hf ;kH bJ tjcm;wyg; tusi@f t=uHawGukd pGjJ rJusi@f oH;k ae&if [efaqmif yefaqmif
trnfcAH 'k b < mom0ifwa,mufom jzpfygvrd rhf ,f?
vlwa,muf[m rormrSa_ wGukd a&Smif&mS ;yD; orm w&m; awGuykd J usio hf ;kH r,fq&kd if
ormorwfuswhJ tjrifq h ;kH vlom;( OwW&rd Ek\) jzpfvmr,fv@kd Ak'a< [mn$ecf w hJ thJ wdik ;f
Ak'b < mom0ifawGu tav;teuf cH,cl =hJ uygw,f?
wrsdK;ajym&r,fqdk&if vlwa,muf[m rormr_awGudk a&Smif&r,fh tpm;
usifhoHk;r,fqdk&if rormolawG jzpfvmjyD; vl@avmurSm atmufydwf qHk; t,kwf
edrq hf ;kH tqihu f kd usa&mufomG ;r,fvkd ch , H x l m; cJ=h uwmyg?
Ak'b < mom&JŒ aywHe@J =unfv h u kd rf ,fq&kd if tm%m&Sipf epfukd usio hf ;kH aeolrsm;[m
ted r f h q H k ; vl o m;awG x J r S m yif atmuf q H k ; tqif h r S m &S d a eol awG v d k @ jrif & ygr,f ?
ud, k u f , kd w f ikd v f nf; rormr_awGukd tcsed &f o dS a&GŒ usio hf ;kH ae=uovdk wdik ;f oljynfom;awGuv kd J
rormr_awG usio hf ;kH vmatmif wGe;f xd;k tm;ay;aevd@k ygy?J
Ak'b < mom0if ud;k q,f &mESe_ ;f avmuf&w dS hJ jrefrmEdik if rH mS wu,f xGe;f um; ae&rSmu
ormw&m;awGyg? 'gayrJ@tcktcsed rf mS awmh tm%m&Sif pepfu zefw;D wJ@ romrSa_ wGuykd J
vdu k v f u kd af vsmavsm usio hf ;kH ae=uygw,f? ol@tvSnrhf mS olpm; / ig@tvSnrhf mS igpm;r,fqw kd hJ
Edik &f mpm;pdw"f mwfawGyJ v$r;f rd;k aeygw,f?
Ak'b < mom0ifawG[m tm%m&Siaf wG zefw;D xm;wJh Edik &f mpm; avmu=uD; xJrmS
epfreG ;f ae&rSm r[kwyf gb;l ? tusi@f ysujf cpm; avmu=uD;xJrmS usiv f nfae&rSm r[kwyf gb;l ?
todynmrJ@wJ@ aus;uGsefb0rsKd; ta&mufcH&rSm r[kwfygbl;? 'Dvdk tusif@p&dkufqdk;awG
b0qd;k awGukd wGe;f vSejf yD; tjrif@jrwfq;kH vlom;rsm; tjzpf a&mufatmif Ak'b < momu
vrf;n$ef xm;wJh ormw&m;awGukd usi@f =uH tm;xkw&f rSmom jzpfygw,f?
Ak'b < mom0if jrefrmEdik if o H m;awG taeeJ@ tm%m&Siaf wG&ŒJ rormr_ ausmu h iG ;f
axmif a csmuf a wG x J u d k r0if b J jrwf A k ' < a [m=um;cJ h w J h orm w&m;awmf a wG u d k
av;av;eufeuf vdkufemusifhoHk;zdk@ vdktyfygw,f? onfvdk ormwJh w&m;awGudk
usio hf ;kH jcif;onfyif tm%m&Sirf sm;eJ@ vrf;cGJ jcif; jzpfygw,f?
tm%m&S i f a wG & J Œ rormwJ h ,E W & m;twG i f ; rS m 0if a &muf trS K rxrf ; bJ
aejcif;onfyif ormtmZD0w&m;udk usi@f o;kH jcif; jzpfjyD; tm%m&Sif pepf &JŒ atmufu
vGwaf jrmufz@kd yxrqH;k ajcvSr;f jzpfw,fqw kd m owd pGjJ rJz@kd vdyk gw,f?
ormwJ h t jrif / ormwJ h t }uH / ormwJ h t vk y f pwJ h ormw&m;awG u d k
tyDtjyifusio hf ;kH &if acwfopfaus;uGsef pepfukd azmfaqmifaewJh tm%m&Si, f E &W m;xJu
vG w f a jrmuf E d k i f r S m jzpf o vd k jrif h j rwf p if = u,f w J h vl o m;rsm; tjzpf e J @ avmu&J Œ
xdyw f ef;tqifu h v kd nf; wufvrS ;f Edik rf mS jzpfygw,f?
tydik ;f (6)
Ak'b < mom0if jrefrmvlrsK;d rsm;[m cGiv hf w $ f onf;cHjcif;w&m;udk tvGew f efz;kd xm;=u
ygw,f// cGiv hf w $ jf cif;qdw k hJ OayuQmw&m;eJ@ onf;cHjcif;qdw k hJ cE w DW &m;rsm;[m jrwfpmG bk&m;
a[mn$ew f hJ w&m;awG jzpfovdk bk&m;avmif;rsm; usi@f wJ@
yg&rD q,fyg;xJu ta&;ygwJh yg&rDusifhpOfrsm; jzpfw,f qdk+yD; txGwftjrwf
xm;=uygw,f / / 'ga=umif h ud k , f u d k , f w d k i f v nf ; onf ; cH c G i f h v $ w f E d k i f a tmif }ud K ;pm;
tm;xkw=f uygw,f? onf;cHciG v hf w
$ Ef ikd o f al wGuv kd nf; tm;ay; cDs;rGr;f =uygw,f//
'gayr,f@ cGiv hf w$ of nf;cHjcif;qdw k m b,fvt kd &mvJ? jrwfA'k < a[m=um;wJh OayuQm
w&m; qdkwm bmvJ// 'gawGudk todynmeJ@ aoaocsmcsm a0zefoHk;oyf wmrsKd;awmh
awmfawmf&mS ; ygw,f//
olwyg;u rw&m;vky&f if bmrS rwH@k jyefbJ }udwrf w Sd cf w H mrsK;d / trSm;usL;;vGeo f u l kd
bmrS tjypf jyefray;bJ vGwf+idrf;cGifhay;vdkuf wmrsKd;/ aumif;aumif;qdk;qdk; b,fvdk
tr_rsK;d udrk qdk vspv f sK&_eikd f wmrsK;d / ud, k u hf kd owfjzwfr,fq&kd ifaomfrS rwH@k jyefbJ iH@k cw H mrsK;d /
onfvt kd usirhf sK;d awGukd cGiv hf w$ f onf;cHjcif;w&m; jzpfw,fv@kd cH,u l sio hf ;kH aewwfygw,f/
/ }udwrf w Sd o f nf;cHwwfwt hJ usiehf @J bmudrk qdk vspv f sL&_wwfwhJ tusiahf wGa=umifyh J
tqdk;qHk; tnpfqHk; tvdrfqHk; taumufqHk; *k%foduQmtrJhqHk;vdk@ qdkEdkifavmufwJh
ppftm%m&Sipf epf[m jrefrmedik if rH mS tjrpf pJaG ewmyg// olrsm;vkyo f rSs iH@k cw H wfwhJ tusiu hf kd
aumif;wJhtusifh jrwfwJhtusifhvdk@ vJGvGJrSm; rSm; cH,laeavawmh 'Dvdk iHk@cHwwfr_udk
tcGifhaumif;,ljyD; tjrwfxkwf wwfwJh ppftm%m&Sifrsm; twGuf rsufjzLqdkufav
q&m}udKufav jzpfaeygawmhw,f//
wu,fawmh jrwfA'k a< [m=um;wJh OayuQmw&m;eJ@ t&mcyford ;f cGiv hf w $ o f nf;cHjcif;
eJ@ wjcm;pDyg// olrsm;vkyforSs iHk@cHwmrsKd;/ tjypfusL;vGefwmawGudk bmrS ta&;r,l
vspv f sL&_wmrsK;d [m Ak'j< rwfpmG a[mn$ew f hJ OayuQmw&m; eJ@ bmrS rqdik yf gb;l // jrwfA'k <
ud,k w f ikd uf ol &h w hJ ynfo h m;ajr;awGukd bmvkyv f yk f onf;cHciG v hf w $ cf ahJ vovm;// 'grrS [kwf
ynmygyge@J rSerf eS u f efuef ta&;,l wH@k jyefcahJ v ovm;// 'gukd jyefqef;ppfzkd v h ykd gw,f//
Oyrm jy&&if oHCmudk oif;cJcG w hJ hJ a'0'wfukd jrwfA'k [ < m cGiv hf w $ o f nf;cHcjhJ cif;
r&dyS gb;l // vspv f sL r&Sc_ yhJ gb;l // bmrS ta&;r,lbJ ay,smvuH rxm;cJyh gb;l // Ak'b < mom
oHCmtzGJ &h hJ t}uD;qH;k jypf'%f jzpfwhJ yumoed,uH eJ h ta&;,lcyhJ gw,f// oHCmhtzJG eh @J
vHk;0 rouf qdkifwJh olwOD;jzpf a=umif; vlod&Sif=um;a=unm+yD; oHCmhtzJG hxJu
xkwyf ,fypfvu kd w f myg// Ak'j< rwfpmG [m r[kww f m vkyo f u
l kd vkyw f t hJ jypfe@J tnD ta&;,lw@kH
jyefco hJ jl zpfygw,f//
'gukd axmufq&if Ak'< a[m=um; wJh OayuQmw&m;qdw k m bmrqdck iG v hf w $ o f nf;cHjy;D
vspf v sL&S _ w J h tusif h r sKd ; r[k w f a=umif ; xif & S m ;ygw,f / /OayuQ m w&m;qd k w mu
r[kww f mvkyw f o hJ u l kd r[kww f mvkyw f t hJ wdik ;f / [kww f m vkyw f hJ olukd [kww f mvkyw f t hJ wdik ;f
bufvdkufjcif;r&dSbJ ta&;,lwHk hjyefjcif;om jzpfygw,f// b,fbufudkrS rvdkufbJ
w&m;Oya'twdik ;f qH;k jzwfp&D ifwwfwhJ w&m;ol}u;D aumif;rsm;&JŒ pdwaf epdwx f m;eJ@ wlw,fv@kd
ajym&ygvrd rhf ,f//
w&m;ol } uD ; aumif ; qd k w m Oya'twd k i f ; jypf r _ e J @ jypf ' %f u d k rS s watmif
ajzmifhajzmifhrwfrwf qHk;jzwf ay;& ygw,f// cdk;r_twGuf jypf'%fu axmifwvqdk&if
cd;k r_usL;vGeo f l rnfou hl rkd qdk axmifwv cs& ygr,f// cspo f jl zpfv@kd w&ufyJ uscaH p/ rke;f oljzpfv@kd
weSpu f scaH p pojzihf qH;k jzwfwwfwhJ ol[m t*wdvu dk pf m;olom jzpfvkd h w&m;ol}uD;ppfppf
r[kwyf gb;l ?
cGifhv$wfjcif;qdkwm[m jrwfAk'< a[m=um;wJh OayuQmw&m; jzpfwma=umifh
cd;k wJoh u l kd cGiv hf w
$ v f ukd w f mtaumif;qH;k yJv@kd w&m;ol=uD;u qH;k jzwf&if b,forl S vufcrH mS
r[kwyf gb;l // cGiv hf w $ w f m aumif;w,fqjkd yD;awmh olc;kd "m;jyawGukd bmtjypf'%frS ray;wJh
w&m;ol=uD;udk b,fou l rS axmufcrH mS r[kwyf gb;l //
w&m;ol=uD;rsm;tygt0if wdik ;f oljynfom;awGtm;vH;k cd;k r_ owfr_ pwJh &mZ0wf
jypf r _ a wG u d k cG i f h v $ w f o nf ; cH & if aocsmwm uawmh wd k i f ; jynf r S m cd k ; r_ o wf r _ a wG
wd;k yGm;rsm;jym;vmygvrd rhf ,f// pnf;rJu h rf;rJh vkycf si&f m vkyw f hJ uaomif;ueif; avmu}uD;
jzpfvmygvrd rhf ,f//
Ak'b < momu a[mn$ew f hJ onf;cHciG v hf w$ jf cif;w&m; OayuQm w&m;[m onfvkd
avmuqd;k =uD;udk jzpfay:apr,fh w&m;rsK;d r[kwyf gb;l //
cGifhv$wfonf;cH vspfvsL&S_wJh "avhp&dkufeJ@ ywfouf+yD; &k&S uAsmq&m}uD;
,ufAw f &l iS uf kd u tufaq;wyk'f a&;cJzh ;l ygw,f//
wae@awmh uAsmq&m}uD;[m ol@rdwfaqGwa,muftdrfudk oGm;yg w,f//
rdwaf qGtrd f rSm taygi;f toif;awGp+k yD; tvkyo f rm;ae@ txde;f trSwef @J pm;aomufyaGJ v;
wck vky=f urvd@k yg// pm;aomuf yJt G wGuf wa,mufu *sK, H v l mw,f// aemufwa,mufu
aAmh'*gt&uf,lvmw,f// wjcm;wa,mufu tmvl;,lvm ygw,f/// udk,fhrSm &dSwJh
pm;p&maomufp&mav;awG ,lvm+yD; tvkyo f rm;ae@ atmifyu GJ kd usi;f y=uzd@k yg//
'gayr,fh tJonfae@u wa,mufrS ,lrvmedik w f hJ ypPn;f wck &daS eygw,f// tJ'gu
o=um;yg// &k&jS ynf=uD;wckv;kH o=um;jywfaewJt h wGuf b,forl S ,lrvmedik cf w hJ myg//'DtcgrmS
td r f & S i f t rsKd ; orD ; u ayguf u J G j yD ; ol h & J Œ tjrif u d k xk w f a jymygw,f / / &k & S v l r sKd ; awG
cGiv hf w$ o f nf;cHpw d f arG;aewJt h wGuf aemufq;kH 'Dvkd iwfjywf&wJh taetxm;udk a&muf&wm
vd@k emem=unf;=unf;ajymwmyg//
'gukd uAsmq&m ,ufzw f &l iS uf kd u tvGerf eS u f efw,fv@kd axmufcH &Si;f jyygw,f//
&k&SvlrsKd;awG[m tvGefcGifhv$wfonf;cHwwfw,fwJh// tkyfcsKyfwJh tpdk;&a=umifh
bmyJjzpfaeae a&iHke_wfydwfjyD; cGifhv$wfonf;cHaewmyJwJh// yxrawmh tmvl;awG
aysmufoGm;w,fwJh// tmvl;awG aysmufoGm;ayr,fh tmvl;r&dSvnf; jzpfw,f/ 'gudk
onf;cHeikd w f ,fqjkd yD; vspv f sL&_aecJwh ,fw/hJ / aemufawmh o=um;awG aysmufomG ; jyefw,fw/hJ
/onftcgrSmvnf; o=um;aysmufwm bmr_p&m &dSovJ qdk+yD; tom vspfvsL&_
aevdu k w f myJw/hJ / bmypPn;f awG aysmufaysmuf &k&v S rl sK;d rsm;uawmh cGiv hf w
$ of nf;cHrKS tjynfeh @J
vspv f sL&Sa_ ecJw h ,fw/hJ /
vloHk;ypPnf;awG aysmufoGm;wJh aemufrSm vlawG aysmufukefawmhwmyJwJh//
tm%m&Sif tpd;k &u ESyd pf uf zrf;qD;rSKawGa=umifh &k&v S rl sK;d awG oef;eJ@csD +y;D aysmufu, G cf whJ myg/
/ tmvl;awG o=um;awG &Sm;yg;aysmufu, G cf w
hJ ek ;f u cGiv hf w$ o f nf;cHcw hJ hJ &k&S vlrsK;d rsm;[m
vlawG aysmufu, G u
f ek af wmhvnf; bmrS xl;jyD; rcHpm;&awmhygb;l wJ/h /
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q&m}uD;ukd tmcHxu G x f m;wJh a*go h rdef Apdef wd@k &ŒJ aemufvu kd f Adv
k af e0if; jzpfaeygw,f?
'Dae@tcgrmS +ird ;f csr;f a&;tzG@J awG&xm;wJh +ird ;f csr;f a&;[m q&m}u;D oufpeG @f }uKd ;yrf;
aqmif&u G cf w
hJ /hJ arSsmrf eS ;f cJw
h hJ +ird ;f csr;f a&;rsK;d r[kwaf o;a=umif;bJ usaemfawmh ajymcsiyf gw,f?
usaemfw@kd q&m}uD;&JŒ r+yD;ao;wJh vkyif ef; pOf/ q&m}uD;&JŒ arSsmrf eS ;f csuaf wGtwGuf quf+yD;
trsm;}uD; vky&f OD;rSm&Syd gao;w,f?
tJ'h D 64 ckEpS w f ek ;f u q&m}uD;&JŒpsmyeudk usaemf wufcyhJ gw,f? usaemftaeeJ@
q&m}uD;udk touf&n S v f suf a&m/ toufrhJ cE<mud, k tf jzpfe@J a&m usaemf t}udr}f udrf
uefawmhzl;ygw,f? tck ol@arG;ae@rSm usaemf tckvdk *g0&jyK&wmudk tifrwefrS
0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om =unfE;l rdygw,f?wcsed w f nf;rSm usaemfv@kd yJ q&m}uD;&JŒ aus;Zl;udo k /d
q&m}u;D udk =unfnKd av;pm; olawGukd txl;owd&rdyg w,f? 'Dae@tcgrmS usaemfw@kd Edik if rH mS u
q&m}uD;udk =unfnKd av;pm;a=umif; azmfjy&wmudyk J rif;jypfrif;'%f oifah wmhr vdv k jkd zpfae
wm usaemf tm;vH;k odygw,f?
b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf q&m}uD;&JŒarG;ae@ 'gr[kwf q&m}uD; uG,fvGefwJhae@awGrSm
q&m}uD;udk usaemfwdk@ *k%fjyK=u &if; wcsdefwnf;rSm q&m}uD; arSsmfrSef;wJh +idrf;csrf;wJh
EdkifiH}uD;wnfaqmufEdkifa&;twGuf usaemfwdk@ qufvuf +yD;awmh csDwuf=u&r,fvdk@
xifygw,f?aemufqHk;taeeJ@ usaemfajymcsifwmu 1955 ckESpf pufwifbmv 18
&ufae@wke;f u uAsmq&mtoif;csKyf&ŒJ oif;vH;k uGswt f pnf;ta0;rSm q&m}uD; ajymcJw h hJ
pum;awGuykd J ud;k um;jyKcJyh gawmhr,f?
“wd@k Armjynf[m trSet f m;jzifh raumif;wJah cwfy/J wd@k wawG urBmysufcgeD;rSm
vlvmjzpf&ovdyk ”J
(http://oothandar.blogspot.com rSul;[laz: jyygonf?) &Jabmf zd;k oHacsmif;
Edik if aH &;orm;
ESifh
pma&;q&m
'*kefwm&m
“okd jh zpf&m
Edik if aH &;orm;ESihf pma&;q&monf wlonf? rwl”
(1)
EdkifiHa&;orm;ESifh pma&;q&mudk rE_dif;,SOfrD EdkifiHa&;orm;qdkwmbmvJ/
pma&;q&mqdw k m bmvJukd ¶Si;f jyzd@k vdak yvdrrhf nf?
k mbmvJ?
Edik if aH &;qdw
Edik if aH &;qdo
k nfrmS pD;yGm;a&;awmif;qdck suu f kd vlxt k iftm;jzifh v_y¶f mS ;r_jyKjcif;yif
jzpfonf?
pmayqdw k mbmvJ?
pmayqdo k nfrmS vl@b0ta=umif;t&mudk pmzwfol &oay:atmif zGŒJ EGŒJ xm;aom
ta&;tom;jzpfonf?
EdkifiHa&;aqmif¶Gufolonf EdkifiHa&;orm;jzpfonf? pmaya&;om;olonf
pma&;q&m jzpfonf? Todk@ t=urf;zsif;od&onf? onfhxuf wif;jynfhusyfjynfh
t"dym` ,fjzifq h &kd vSsif Edik if aH &;udk rdrb d 0Y jrêKyfEuHS m Edik if aH &;wpfcw k nf;udok m aqmif¶u G of ul kd
EdkifiHa&;orm;[k ac:oifhayonf? pmayudk rdrdb0Y jrêKyfESHum pmaywpfckwnf;udkom
a&;om;olukd pma&; q&m[k ac:oifah yonf?
,if;t"dym` ,fziG q hf ckd sut
f wdik ;f twdtus owfrw S &f efr[kwaf y? Edik if aH &; oufouf/
pmayoufouf aqmif¶Gufolrsm;¶Sdovdk a&maESmaqmif¶Guf=uolrsm;vnf; ¶Sday onf?
avmuY owfowf[lI r¶SdEdkifay? odk@aomf ,if;tiftm; trsm;qHk;¶Sdoludk wdkif;wmI
ac:a0:rSw, f =l ujcif;omvSsif jzpfayonf?
Tae&mY EdkifiHa&;orm;oufouf/ pma&;q&moufouf[lI E_dif;,SOfvdkjcif;
r[kwfbJ EdkifiHa&;orm;ESifh pma&;q&mvkyfief; ESpf&yfudkom E_dif;,SOfvkdjcif;jzpfI
a¶SŒquf=uaytH?h
(2)
Edik if aH &;ESihf pmay rnfonfah e&mY wl-uovJ ?
EdkifiHa&;onf pD;yGm;a&;awmif;qdkcsufESifh oufqdkifovdk pmayonf vl@b0ESifh
oufqikd of nf? a[m wl=uay+yD?
pD;yGm;a&;qdo k nfrmS pm;0wfaea&;yif r[kwaf vm? vl@b0qdo k nfrmS vnf; pm;0wf
aea&;yifr[kwaf vm? Edik if aH &;a0g[m&tm;jzifh odyu H` sus pD;yGm;a&;[kac: =uonf? pmtkyf
oHygyg/ wuUov kd [
f efygygjzifh ac:vSsif abm*aA'[kvnf; wenf;ac:Edik af o;onf? vl@b0[k
pmqefqefac:vSsiv f nf; &onf? uAsmq&mwd@k u b0[k vSvu S av; ac: =uayonf?
pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vl b
h 0 tESpo f m&csif; twlwyl if r[kwaf yavm?
pD;yGm;a&;ta=umif;ajymvSsif vl@b0yg&rnf? vl@b0ta=umif;ajymvSsif vlawG.
pD;yGm;a&; yg&rnf? rygIrjzpf? vl@b0onf pD;yGm;a&;awmif;qdck sujf zifh v_y¶f mS ;aeaom b0
jzpfonf? +idro f ufaeaom b0r[kwaf y? vl@b0. toufonfyifvsS if pD;yGm;a&;awmif;qdk
csuf jzpfayonf? pD;yGm;a&;awmif;qdck surf ¶Sv d sS if vl@b0onf aoaejcif;yif?
vl@b0onf rnfo@kd ¶So d vJ? vl@b0onf vlwef;pm;rsm;jzifh ydik ;f jcm;pdwjf zmvsuf
¶Sad yonf? pD;yGm;a&;awmif;qdck suo f nf vlwef;pm;u awmif;qdak om pD;yGm;a&;awmif;qdck suf
omvSsif jzpfayonf? Edik if aH &;onfyifvsS if vlwef;pm;Edik if aH &; jzpfayonf? vlwef;pm;rS
uif;aom Edik if aH &;[lonf r¶SEd ikd af y?
(3)
Edik if aH &;onf pD;yGm;a&;awmif;qdck suf/ pmayonf vl b h 0udak &;om;jcif;?

pD;yGm;a&;udk rnfo@kd awmif;qdo k vJ/ vlxt
k iftm;jzifh v_y¶f mS ;umawmif;qdo k nf?
a[m… Edik if aH &;Y vlxt k iftm;udk awGŒ¶S&d ay+yD?
vl@b0udk rnfo@kd a&;om;ovJ/ pmzwfo&l oay:atmif zGŒJ EGŒJ onf? a[m… pmayY
pmzwfou l kd awGŒ ¶S&d ay+yD?
Edik if aH &;Y vlxt k iftm;/ pmayY pmzwfol twlwyl ifjzpfonf? pum;vH;k tac:
uGJ aomfvnf; tESpo f m&tm;jzifh twlwyl ifjzpfayonf? pmzwfo/l pmzwfy&dowfonf vlxk
jzpfonf? wenf; tao;pdwf twdtusq&kd vSsif pmzwfoo l nf vlxt k pdwtf ydik ;f wpf&yf
jzpfayonf?
Edik if aH &;orm;onf vlxrk ygbJ r&yfwnfEikd /f pma&;q&monf pmzwforl ygbJ r&yf
wnfEikd ?f Edik if aH &;orm;ESihf pma&;ESpOf ;D pvH;k vlxYk tjrpfw, G vf sS u¶f o
dS nf?
vlxYk tajcrpdu k af om Ekid if aH &;onf usq;kH rnfjzpfI pmzwfov l x
l Yk tajcrpdu k f
aom pmayonfvnf; wdraf um&rnfom jzpfayonfr[kwaf vm?

(4)
pma&;q&m.vkyif ef; tb,fenf; ?
pma&;q&monf tEkynmvkyif ef;udk aqmif¶u G o f nf? olonf vl@b0udk xdawGŒ
cHpm; ¶_jrifo;kH oyfI tvSynmjzifh zGŒJ EGŒJ onf? ol. twwfynmonfum; ol. pmzwf y&dowf
(0g) vlxpk w d Yf pGv J rf;uyf+idatmif/ ESpo f uf,=kH unfatmif/ &ocHpm;atmif a&;om;&aom
twwfynmjzpfonf? pmzwfy&dowfu ol.pmayudk ESpo f ufcpH m;jcif; ¶So
d avmuf ol.
pmaytiftm;onf }uD;rm;vmayonf? ol.tEkynmonf atmifjrif onf[k qd&k ayrnf?
Edik if aH &;orm;. vkyif ef;um; tb,fenf; ?
Edik if aH &;orm;onf vlxv k y_ ¶f mS ;r_vyk if ef;udk aqmif¶u G of nf? olonf vlwef;pm;
wkd@jzifh jyGrf;aom vl@b0udk wdk;a0S@avhvma0zefum EdkifiHa&; abm*aA'ynm/ EdkifiHa&;
tbd"rRmwd@k jzifh aqmif¶u G o f nf? Edik if aH &;tm%m&atmif tm;xkwo f nf? ol.wpfenf;qd&k
aom ol@ygw. D Edik if aH &;0g'/ vrf;pOfrsm;udk vlxu k vufcEH pS o f uf/ ,H=k unfwuf=uv G m atmif
ajyma[mv_y¶f mS ; aqmif¶u G &f onf? ol.twwfynmum; ol@Eikd if aH &;ygw. D 0g'/ vrf;pOfukd
vlxu k ESpof ufvufc/H ,H=k unfwuf=uv G matmif jyKvyk af om twwfynm jzpfonf? vlxu k
,if;EdkifiHa&;0g'/ vrf;pOfudk ESpfoufvufcHjcif;¶Sdoavmuf ol. EdkifiHa&; tiftm;onf
}uD;rm;vmayonf? ol.aemufygY vlx¶k rdS S atmifjrifonf[k qd&k ayrnf?
Edik if aH &;orm;onf vlxEk iS n hf Eêd id_ ;f I Edik if aH &;v_y¶f mS ;r_ukd aqmif¶u G &f onf? pma&;
q&monfvnf; pmzwfy&dowf(vlxt k pdwyf idk ;f wpf&yf)ESihf nêEd id_ ;f I a&;om;&onf? vlx. k
qENEiS hf nêI d raqmif¶u G v f sS if ,if;Edik if aH &;orm;onf usq;kH ovdk pmzwfy&dowf. qENEiS hf
nêI d ra&;om;aom pma&;q&monfvnf; usq;kH &rnfjzpfayonf?
Edik if aH &;orm;wd@k rnfonf vlx. k a¶SŒrS ausmw f ufaeIvnf;r&/ aemufuse&f pfae
Ivnf;r&/ vlxkeSifhwpfom;wnf; wpfajy;wnf; ae&ayrnf? vlxk.qENt&omvSsif
Edik if aH &;orm;u vlxu k , kd pf m; apyg;aqmif¶u G jf cif;jzpfayonf? Edik if aH &;orm;u oufouf/
vlxu k oufouf r[kw&f ay? pma&;q&monfvnf; xk@d twlyifjzpfonf? pma&;q&monf
vl x k . cH p m;r_ u d k xif [ yf a zmf j y&ayrnf ? ol . pmayonf vl x k c H p m;r_ a0'emud k
xif[yf&ayrnf? pma&;ol.cHpm;r_ESifh pmzwfy&dowf. cHpm;r_onf udkufnD&ay rnf?
pma&;q&monf a&mr+rdKŒ}uD; rD;avmifaepOf wa,mxk;d jy&ef r[kwaf y?
EdkifiHa&;orm;onf vlxkudkcsOf;uyf&mY vrf;rSefurf;rSefjzifhom ajzmifhrwf
wnf=unfpmG csO;f uyf&ayrnf? vlxt k m; vdrv f nfvn S zfh sm;I rcsO;f uyf&ay? pma&;q&m
onffvnf; xkd@twlyif? pma&;q&monf pmzwfy&dowf. t}udKufudk tvdkvdkufum
pdwu f ;l ,Ofpmay/ b0xGuaf jy;r_pmaywd@k jzifh rSed ;f ,pfatmif a&;om;&rnfr[kwaf y?
Edik if aH &;orm;onf tajctaerSeu f dk vlxt k m; wifjy&ayrnf? pma&;q&monf
vnf; wu,fjzpfysuaf eaomacwfukd o¶kyaf zmf&ayrnf?
Ed k i f i H a &;orm;tm; tqH k ; jzwf a y;&monf v nf ; aumif ; / pma&;q&mtm;
tqH;k tjzwfay;&monfvnf;aumif; vlxyk ifjzpfonf?
(5)
jynfo@l tusKd ;aqmif Edik if aH &;orm;. &nfreS ;f csuo f nf xm0pOf +idr;f csr;f a&;yif
jzpfonf? +idr;f csr;f rS aysm¶f i$ rf nf/ wd;k wufrnf/ om,mrnf? jynfo@l tusKd ;aqmif pma&;q&m
. &nfreS ;f csuo f nfvnf; +ird ;f csr;f a&;yifjzpfonf? tEkynmonf +ird cf sr;f rS tpGr;f ukef tvSq;kH
yGizhf ;l Ekid af yrnf?
Edik if aH &;orm;onf Edik if aH &;vkypf m;vSsif (0g) ud,k u
f sK;d &SmvmvSsif ysupf ;D avawmh
onf? pma&;q&monfvnf; aiGa=u;twGuv f u
kd u
f m pma&;vmvSsif rSed vf mawmhonf?
Edik if aH &;orm;onf tm%m&,la&;twGuf enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh aqmif¶u G o f jl zpf&m
aovSsiaf jr}u;D / ¶Siv f sS iaf ¶$x;D vkyw
f wfonf? &ufpufonf? pma&;q&mu El;nHo h rd af rGŒ onf?
a0'emcHpm;r_Y xufjrufonf? qGwfysHŒonf? wpfpHkw&mudk pdppfa0zefawG;ac:+yD;rS
vufcw H wfonf? Edik if aH &;orm;onf rSm;vSsijf yifrnf[al om oabmxm;ESihf wd;k vkyw f wf
onf? pma&;q&mum; trSm;enf;&ef }udK;pm;onf? opPmw&m;udk ¶SmazGonf? tjzLay:
trnf;wifI ur`n;f xd;k &oljzpf&m owd}uD;pGmxm;onf?
xd@k a=umifh wpfcgw&H Edik if aH &;orm;ESihf pma&;q&monf roifrh wifh jzpfwwfonf?
yÉdyuQjzpfwwfonf?
ok@d jzpf&m Edik if aH &;orm;ESihf pma&;q&monf wlonf? rwl?
pm+yD;ESpf 1968
“pmvHk;/ aq;puf/ apmif;}udK;ESifh uwDWygum;vdyf” rS
tawG;tjrif trSwf (206) / 2009 arv '*kefwm&m
“zdwfac:tyfygonf”
EdkifiHa&;/vlra+ &;/pD;yGg;a&;tawG;tjrif aqmif;yg;rsm;
a0zefa&; aqmif;yg;rsm;
uAsm/0wˆKwd/k umwGe;f /yef;csD rsm;udk
rnforl qdk vGwv f yfpmG ay;ydk Eh ikd yf gonf//
pmrlrsm;ud(k 15)&ufae h
aemufq;kH xm;jyD; ay;ydŒk }uyg&ef
arwWm&yfct H yfygonf//
jidrf;csrf;a&;orm;
'Drdkua&pD wdkufyGJacgif;aqmif
&ky&f iS rf if;om;MuD;
OD;xGe;f a0
armifpGrf;&nf
“udxk eG ;f a0&J th rlt&m[m/ arhvefzef;eJ h wlovdyk ?J toHuvJ wlw,f” vdk h ajymrdawmh/ “usaemfu
arvefzef;eJ h tdref ;D csif;rdk h ol th rlt&mawGukd pGcJ zhJ ;l w,f” vdk jh yefajymzl;ygw,f? arhvefzef;eJ th rd ef ;D csif;
jzpfczhJ ;l wmu/ uHaumif;w,f qd&k ayrJ/h A vkd af e0if;eJ h tdref ;D csif; jzpfc&hJ wmuawmh/ uHq;kd w,fvkd h
ajym&ygr,f”
&ky&f iS =f u!hf y&dowfu/ &ky&f iS rf if;om;wOD;&J@ trnfrmS / a&S@u “OD;” “ud”k ponf
x!f+h yD;/ ac:avhr&Syd g? cifarmif&if/ bwif/h ausmaf qG/ jrwfav;/ xGe;f a0-- ponfjzihf
ac:avh&ydS gw,f? rif;om;xGe;f a0udk vlcsi;f cifpu/ olrsm;eJ@a&m+yD;/ udx k eG ;f a0 vd@k yJ usaemf
wd@k ac:ygw,f? aemufrS ol@touf *k%0f gukd av;pm;or_e@J OD;xGe;f a0vd@k ac:ygw,f?
OD;xGe;f a0eJ@ &if;ES;D wJh rE aW v;om;awGuawmh/ a&$ref; xHpk t H wdik ;f / “av;av;” vd@k ac:
=uav&J@? usaemfvJ wcgw&H “av;av;” vd@k yJ ac:ygw,f? OD;xGe;f a0uvJ oabmus
ygw,f?
&ky&f iS af vmueJ@ usaemfe@J vH;k 0ywfouf qufpyfwm r[kwv f @kd / usaemftaeeJ@
&ky&f iS af vmuom;awGu/kd od&&dS if;ES;D r_ vH;k 0r&Scd yhJ gb;l ? &ky&f iS f 'g&u kd w
f m 0if;azeJ@ armifr;kd ol
wd@k ukd odu|r;f &if;ES;D wmu/ rE aW v; wuUov kd rf mS / ausmif;aezuf oli,fcsi;f awG jzpfcv hJ @kd ?
rif;om; jrwfav;udak wmh/ ausmif;om;or*~ udpaP wGe@J ywfoufwt hJ jyif/ olu rE aW v;
b%fwu kd w
f ckrmS tvkyv f yk cf zhJ ;l vd@k ? aumvdy*f sif ae0if;qdw k muawmh/ ausmif;om;
or*~awGuvkyw f yhJ aJG wmfawGrmS tm;upm;orm;tjzpf/ omrefyJ odc&hJ +yD;rS/ &efuek u f kd
usaemf a&mufvmwJt h cg/ q&m '*kew f m&mqDukd r=umc%oGm;awmh/ q&mwm&meJ@twl
aeol udak e0if;eJ@vJ r=umc% awG@qrkH =d uvd@k // 'g&u dk w
f m OD;okcqd&k if OD;av;vlxOk ;D vSe@J
rdwaf qGa&mif;&if;/ oli,fcsi;f awG jzpf=uvd@k ? tJovdk ta=umif;trsKd ;rsKd ;awGe@J olw@kd eJ@
cifrif&if;ES;D aecJ=h uwm jzpfygw,f? &ky&f iS ef @J vH;k 0rywfoufcyhJ gb;l ?
&ky&f iS rf if;om;}uD; OD;xGe;f a0eJ@ odu|r;f &if;ES;D cJ=h u&wmuvJ/ &ky&f iS ef @J vk;H 0rywf
owf? ol@udk q&m}uD; ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f &J@wy!f/h jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&; v_y&f mS ;r_awG&@J
a&S@wef;&Jabmf}uD;wOD;tjzpfe@J qufpyf odu|r;f vmcJ&h wm jzpfygw,f? ol@ukd tjyifrmS
“t&Siv f wfvwf” awG@ jrifz;l wmu rE aW v;rSmusi;f ywJ/h rE aW v; ajcmufc&dik /f jynfwiG ;f
+ird ;f csr;f a&; csw D uf qENjyyG}J u;D (1963) rSm/ obmywdtjzpf aqmif&u G cf v
hJ @kd ygy?J tJ'w D ek ;f u
tdraf wmf&m q,fah v;cef; Z&yf}uD;rSm/ tqH;k owf qH&k yftjzpf/ vlxpk nf;a0;yG}J uD; usi;f y
ygw,f? armifr;kd olu tcrf;tem;r_; vkyyf gw,f? +idr;f csr;f a&; v_y&f mS ;r_rmS ckvykd g0ifw,f
qkw d m/ rif;om;}uD;twGuf rvG,yf gb;l ? tpk;d &u rkcs +idK +iifrmS jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh
ol[m q&m}uD;r_id ;f &J@ vuf&if;wy!ft h jzpfe@J woufv;kH *k%, f l aexdik f usi}hf uH aqmif
&Guo f mG ;cJyh gw,f?
tm;vHk;od=uwJhtwdkif; rif;om;xGef;a0qdkwm o&kyfaqmifr_udk tm;udk;wJh
“obm0 rif;om;}uD;” wOD;jzpfygw,f? txl;ojzifh rif;om;xGe;f a0eJ@ rif;om;jrwfav;
wd@k [m pum;ajymaumif;wJh “rif;om;awGtjzpf”vJ xif&mS ;ygw,f? Zmwfum; wum;xJrmS
“'kuyQ gyJ” qkw d mudk wvH;k csi;f ajymvdu k w f hJ ol@trlt&m[m/ y&dowfu pGpJ &m jzpfomG ;
+yD;/ ol@vkd wky ajymqdck =hJ uwmud/k usaemf owdjyKcJrh zd ;l ygw,f? wu,fu ol[m rlvu
owif;pmorm;/ owif;axmuf wa,mufyg? “Zifrify”kd ac: tm&k%f owif;pm&J@ owif;
axmuftjzpfe@J rE aW v;rSm usiv f nfczhJ ;l ol jzpfygw,f? &ky&f iS f &du k af wmhvJ rE aW v;rSm
t=um}uD; aecJw h ma=umif/h ol@ukd rE aW v;om;tjzpf xifrw S =f uwm awG@c&hJ zl;ygw,f? ol
&ky&f iS af vmuudk 0ifawmh/ usaemfw@kd tv,fwef;ausmif;om;t&G,f avmufyJ &Syd gao;w,f?
om"k&@J 0wˆK “waZmufuef;” xifw,f? “waZmufuef;”0wˆK udk “Adv k jf r'if” trnfe@J
&kyf&Sif&dkufawmh/ rif;om; xGef;a0udk y&dowf pGJcJhygw,f? usaemfu om"k 0wˆK udk
zwfz;l wma=umih/f “waZmufuef; ” &ky&f iS u f /kd jrif;+cH &ky&f iS &f kH wckrmS wrwfwef;u
oGm;xdik +f yD; =u!fch zhJ ;l wmudk owd&aeygw,f? aemufawmh rif;om; xGe;f a0 ygw/hJ Zmwf
um;awGq&kd if rvGww f rf;avmuf =u!fch yhJ gw,f? 1957 touf (3&) ESprf mS / tu,f'rD
&cJw h ,f? tu,f'rD ESpx f yfurG ;f &zl;ygw,f?
udx k eG ;f a0[m omref owif;axmuf wa,muf r[kwyf gz;l ? "gwyf q kH &m jzpfv@kd
"gwyf kH owif;axmuftjzpf vlord sm;+y;D / “"gwyf q kH &m” vd@k ac:avmufatmif u|r;f olwOD;vJ
jzpfygw,f? &ky&f iS 'f g&u kd wf m jzpfcsiv f @kd / &ky&f iS af vmueJ@ eD;pyfomG ;&mu/ &ky&f iS rf if;om;
tjzpf/ 'g&u kd wf mawGu rsupf u d swm cH&+y;D / &ky&f iS o f &kyaf qmif jzpfomG ;cJ&h wmvd@k od&ygw,f?
a=u;pm; "gwyf q kH &m tjzpfe@J / vlxk pD;u&uf ukr% R D jyuQ'ed f rsuEf mS zH;k awG[m/ udx k eG ;f a0&J@
vufprG ;f jyawG jzpfygw,f? usaemfwt kd aeeJ@ txl; trSww f & jzpfc&hJ wJ/h "gwyf u kH awmh
“uGrf;tpfwvHk; a,mifwxHk;”eJ@ 'l;wzufaxmif/ wzufcs xkdifaewJh/ tzkd; ocif
ud, k af wmfrid_ ;f &J@ "gwyf kH jzpfygw,f? “uGr;f tpfwvH;k a,mifwxH;k eJ@/ &ifz;kH tuFsD zsiyf ifeeD @J /
a,m*Dyq k ;kd rifa=umifx;kd eJ@/ tzd;k u0d ynm&S/d /” pwJh wifr;kd &J@ vuf&mrGef “tzd;k u0d”
uAsm[m/ "gwyf kH q&m rif;om;xGe;f a0&J@ vuf&mrGef "gwyf ekH @J wGzJ ufjzpfygw,f? “wifr;kd ”
u “xGe;f a0” &J@ "gwyf kH udk =u!f&h c_ pH m;+yD; uAsmzG@J cJw h myg? ocifu, kd af wmfrid_ ;f *lArd mef
&efyakH iG&mS zd@k / yd@k pu'f xkwaf wmhv/J rif;om;xGe;f a0&J@ "gwyf akH wGe@J ay:OD;ouf&@J yef;csaD wGukd
toH;k jyKcJyh gw,f? usaemfu uAsma&;ay;cJ&h vd@k / udx k eG ;f a0eJ@ usaemfe@J vJ wGcJ &hJ w,f vd@k
trSww f & jzpf&ygw,f?
udx k eG ;f a0u ol@&@J b0jzpfpOfu/kd usaemfu h kd ajymjyzl;ygw,f? usaemfu aemifrmS
ol@ta=umif;udk a&;r,fq+kd y;D / rSwpf v k yk x
f m;ayrJ/h ckawmh &Smr&awmhygb;l ? olu w&kwjf ynf
&Se[ f ikd ;f (ol@toHxu G u f “&Se@f [dik f” wJ)h rSm arG;zGm;cJ+h yD;/ w&kyjf ynfo@l wyfrawmfrmS
i,fpOfu tr_xrf;cJzh ;l owJ?h ol@tudt k a=umif; usaemhu f kd ajymjywJ/h 1975-80 ckEpS f
twGi;f avmufrmS / t+ird ;f pm; Adv k rf ;_ wa,muftjzpf/ ouf&x dS if&mS ; &Sad eao;owJ?h e,fpyf
rSm wHwm;jzwfausmcf iG /hf aiGusyw f q,f ay;+yD;/ oGm;awG@awmh/ nDtudk ESpaf ,muf/ w
a,mufukd wa,muf zuf+yD;/ t=um}uD; idak =uG;cJ=h uzl;owJ?h tJ'rD mS ol@&@J yxr tdraf xmif
u orD;eJ@vJ tquftoG,&f vd@k “bmvdck sio f vJ” ar;wJt h cg orD;u wDAw DG vH;k 0,fcsif
w,f qdw k meJ@ aiGay;cJzh ;l a=umif;vJ ajymjyygw,f? 'gayrJh 'DorD;u tazudak wG@&wm/
cifrifykH r&yJ/ zH;k quf+y;D aiGawmif;wm c%/ c%yJv@kd nnf;!_ &Smygw,f? tJ'v D kd w&kwjf ynf
udk oGm;cJw h ek ;f u ae@csi;f jyef qd+k yD;/ aiGwq,f ay;cJ&h wm/ ae@csi;f jyefrvm&if ta&;,l
cH&r,f qdak yrJ/h tuk}d uD;eJ@ awG@&wma=umif/h bmyJjzpfjzpfq+kd yD;/ rjyefyJ &uftwef=umaecJ&
zl;ygw,fw?hJ ppfrx _ rf;wmuawmh/ tazu t&G,af &muf&if ppfrx _ rf;&r,fq+kd yD; cdik ;f vd@k
armfpw D ek ;f wd@k &@J jynfow l yfrawmfrmS ppfrx _ rf;wmyg?
ArmjynfrmS udx k eG ;f a0 aecJw h mu/ “ayguaf cgi;f ” rSmwJ?h Adv k af e0if;eJ@ tdref ;D csi;f ?
av; ig; tdrf jcm;w,fv@kd xifyg&@J ? Adv k af e0if;a&m/ udx k eG ;f a0a&m w&kw-f Arm ujym;awG
yg? udx k eG ;f a0u tazu w&kw/f tar Armyg? tazu ppfrx _ rf;acs qdw k mu/ Armjynf
uae w&kwjf ynfukd v$w+f yD;/ ppfrx _ rf;cdik ;f wmyg? ol@udk arG;wke;f u/ &Se[ f idk ;f rSmqdak wmh/
i,fpOfb0rSm/ w&kwjf ynf&@J emrnft}uD;qH;k / w&kwf rif;orD;}uD;/ “arhvefzef;” eJ@vJ tdrf
eD;csi;f aecJ&h zl;owJ?h arvefzef;[m Armjynfu “atmifAv” vd/k a,mufsm; rif;orD;yg?
usaemfu w&kw&f yk &f iS ef @J w&kwf owif;um;awGrmS / arhvefzef;&J@ &kyt f rlt&m/ toHtrl
t&mawGukd jrifz;l vd@k / “udx k eG ;f a0&J@ trlt&m[m/ arhvefzef;eJ@ wlovdyk ?J toHuvJ
wlw,f” vd@k ajymrdawmh/ “usaemfu arvefzef;eJ@ tdref ;D csi;f rd@k ol@trlt&mawGukd
pGcJ zhJ ;l w,f” vd@k jyefajymzl;ygw,f? arhvefzef;eJ@ tdref ;D csi;f jzpfczhJ ;l wmu/ uHaumif;w,f
qd&k ayrJ/h Adv k af e0if;eJ@ tdref ;D csi;f jzpfc&hJ wmuawmh/ uHq;kd w,fv@kd ajym&ygr,f?
Adv
k af e0if;eJ@ udx k eG ;f a0wd@k u tdref ;D csi;f awGqakd wmh/ vly*k Kd~ vfcsi;f &if;ES;D w,fv@kd
qd&k rSmyg? udx k eG ;f a0 emrnfausmf &ky&f iS rf if;om; jzpfvmawmh/ Adv k af e0if;u wy!fah rG;
csiyf kH &ygw,f? wcgawmh vly&dowfxrJ mS oGm;&if; vm&if;eJ@/ “a[h--armifxeG ;f a0
tqifajy&J@vm;? tultnDvw kd m&S&d if ajym?”vd@k vSr;f ajymowJ?h 'Dawmh udx k eG ;f a0u
“tqifajyygw,fcifAs?” vd@k yJ jyefajymvdu k rf od wJ?h Adv k af e0if;u 'grsKd ; r}udKufz;l ? “[kwf
uJh cifAs/ Adv k cf sKyf}uD;udk usaemfvmawG@ygrh ,f cifAs ”vd@k / ysmysmovJ vkyrf S }udKufwmwJ?h
“tqifajyygw,f” vdk@ ajzvdkufwm[m/ “tultnDrvdkygbl;” vdk@ jiif;y,f&m
uswma=umihf Adv k af e0if; pdwcf o k mG ;yH&k ygw,fv@kd udx k eG ;f a0u ajymjyzl;ygw,f? wu,f
awmh udx k eG ;f a0eJ@ Adv k af e0if;wd@k [m/ jy'g;wvrf;/ oHwvrf; qd&k rSmyg? udx k eG ;f a0u
“w&kwef D ” uvmwmqdak wmh/ vuf00J g'awG&@J ADZ ygvmyH&k ygw,f? ol yxrOD;qH;k q&m
wifwmu/ OD;ode;f azjrifyh g? OD;ode;f azjrifu h pmay/ &ky&f iS /f Edik if aH &; oH;k avmueJ@ tusKH ;
0ifoyl g? udx k eG ;f a0u OD;ode;f azjrifu h kd tJ'v D kd oH;k avmueJ@ a&S@wef; yk*Kd~ vf}uD;tjzpfe@J
av;pm; cifrifykH &ygw,f? tpd;k & t&m&Srd sm;eJ@ ta&mw0ifaew,fv@kd r=um;&zl;ygb;l ?
+idr;f csr;f a&; v_y&f mS ;r_ qdw k muvJ/ tpd;k &u }udKufwhJ tvkyrf sKd ; r[kwyf gb;l ? OD;xGe;f a0u
q&m}uD; ocifu, kd af wmfrid_ ;f eJ@ twl/ w&kwjf ynf urBm@ +idr;f csr;f a&;nDvmcHukd pum;jyef
tjzpfe@J vJ vdu k yf gz;l ygw,f (1952)? +idr;f csr;f a&; zcif/ q&m}uD; ocifu, kd af wmfrid_ ;f udk
qnf;uyfu;kd uG,w f ,f qd&k ifv/J tpd;k & qef@usio f l pm&if;0ifvkd jzpfvm+yD;/ axmufvrS ;f
a&;u aemufu vdu k wf m cH&wwfygw,f? 'Dvekd @J udx k eG ;f a0[m &ky&f iS v f yk if ef; vkyu f ikd cf iG hf
eJ@wuG/ o&kyaf qmifciG yhf g qH;k &H;_ cJ&h ygw,f?
udx k eG ;f a0 &ky&f iS v f yk if ef;vkyaf wmh/ “&efuif;&ky&f iS ”f vd@k ukr% R D emrnfcyH gw,f?
+rdK@xu J ukeo f nfvrf;ay:rSm wdu k cf ef;wcef; 0,fxm;+yD;/ &H;k cef;zGix hf m;ygw,f? &ky&f iS &f ;kH cef;
[m rE aW v;om;awG&@J qH&k yfwckvkd jzpfvmygw,f? rE aW v;u q&mawmfukd yifv h m&if
tJ'rD mS yJ owif;oH;k ygw,f? udx k eG ;f a0u qGr;f uGr;f 'umcHygw,f? &H;k cef;udk ol@vufaxmuf
wa,mufxm;ayrJ/h yxr t+rJ &H;k xdik o f u l / rE aW v;u jrefrmh&;kd &m yef;csD 'DZikd ;f q&m
OD;at;jrifh jzpfaeygw,f? 0if;az/ ay:OD;ouf pwJh rE aW v; yef;cst D yk pf /k +rdK@r pEN&m;q&m
odr;f armif pwJh rE aW v; *Dwtkypf /k armifr;kd ol/ wifr;kd / armifprG ;f &nf pwJh rE aW v; pmay
tkypf ak wG[m &efuif;&ky&f iS rf mS yJ qHak vh&ydS gw,f? tJ'rD mS usm;xd;k ol xd;k =uygw,f? qmcsed f
wef&if rsuaf pmif;xd;k &S/d cspw f ;D xrif;qdik u f kd oGm;pm;=uygw,f? udx k eG ;f a0u trsm;pm;zd@k
oGm;a&pm 0,fwt hJ cg/ 0,fvmwwfygw,f? wa,mufe@J wa,muf rSmp&m&Sw d mawGukd
&efuif; &ky&f iS rf mS yJ/ rSm=um;xm;cJw h wfygw,f? a&rd;k csKd ;csiv f J &ygw,f? usaemfu usaemf
&H;k jzpfwhJ ajcmufxyf&;kH eJ@ odyrf a0;vSv@kd tm;wdik ;f a&mufygw,f? rE aW v; usK&Siq f &mawG
eJ@vJ qHw k wfav&J@? tm;vH;k u ol@ukd “av;av;” vd@k ac: =uygw,f?
udx k eG ;f a0&J@ tdru f “jynfom,m abmufaxmf” bufrmS yg? ol@trd 0f if;rSm
tkwf eH&H umxm;+yD;/ twGi;f bufu wdu k uf yfyifav;awG pdu k x
f m;ygw,f? *dwaf yguu f kd
w&kwf yHkpH t0dkif;}uD;vkyfxm;ygw,f? {!fhcef;rSm yef;csDausmfawG&J@ vuf&mawG
csw d xf m;ygw,f? tdr0f if;xJrmS ausmufp&pf tvH;k av;awG cif;xm;ygw,f? {!fch yH v JG yk &f if
vl (100- 150) awmh qef@r,fxifygw,f? OD;av; vlxOk ;D vS qH;k +y;D p / a':a': vlxak ':trm
&efuek q f if;vmawmh tJ'+D cHxrJ mS {!fch yH v JG yk +f yD; “vlxk OD;vS trSww f & *k%jf yK yG”J wck
vk y f z l ; ygw,f ? tJ ' D & yf u G u f x J r S m yef ; csD 0if ; az/ om; *sme,f a usmf rd k ; [d e f ; eJ @
umwGe;f jriho f ed ;f wd@k tdraf wG &Syd gw,f? tJ'D tdraf wGukd usaemf vnfywfavh&aSd yrJh
usaemfaewJh urm&Gwef @J a0;vGeaf wmh a&mufcyJ gw,f? 'gayrJh om;*sme,fausmf rd;k [de;f &J@
orD;eJ@ Aefarmfwifatmif&@J om;wd@k ukd jrefrmpmusL&Sijf yay;&awmh wywfEpS &f uf a&mufomG ;
wwfygw,f? udx k eG ;f a0&J@tdru f awmh vrf;}uHKvd@k xGucf vkw0f ifcvkwyf gy?J udx k eG ;f a0&J@
tdref @J wpfac:awmifra0;wJh ta&S@zufem;rSm udx k eG ;f a0&J@ tvky&f &kH ySd gw,f? toGm;tjyef
udx
k eG ;f a0udk jrifwikd ;f 0ifomG ;avh&ySd gw,f? tJ'rD mS jcifaq;acG(qifjzLawmfwq H yd )f eJ@ ajrjzLawG
xkwv f yk yf gw,f? usaemft h rd rf mS uav;&dv S @kd qd+k yD; jcifaq;acGrjywfatmifay;avh &dyS gw,f?
udx k eG ;f a0u Edik if aH &;udk rsuaf jcrjywfoyl g? w&kwb f mom eJ@ Edik if aH &; pmtkyaf wGe@J
ordkif;pmtkyfawGvJ zwfygw,f? w&kwfaq;usrf;awGvJ avhvmygw,f? usaemfhrSm
qD;ausmufw,fa&m*gjzpfw,f qdak wmh w&kwaf q;awG 0,fay;zl;ygw,f? aq;bl;rSm yHyk gw,f?
aq;&Gufuav;awGuxkwfvkyfwmvdk@ oluajymygw,f? oHrEdkifausmufrEdkif aqjym;eJ@
wlygw,f? olu, kd w f ikd u
f awmh vrf;av#mufw,f? tpm;taomuf tvGeq f ifjcifygw,f?
'gayrJh aq;vdyf(pD;u&uf) tvGefaomufygw,f? jzwfzdk@ }udK;pm;ayrJh enf;enf;awmh
aomufaewmygy?J rE aW v;udk vlxak ':trmarG;ae@wikd ;f usaemfw@kd omG ;=uawmh udx k eG ;f a0eJ@
t+rJq&kH ygw,f? olu ociford ;f armif(0g;c,fr)/ ociftek ;f jrif/h avxD; OD;tke;f wif pwJh
q&m}uD; ocifudk,fawmfrd_if;&J@ wy!fh EdkifiHa&;orm;awGeJ@ twlqHkvmavh&dSygw,f?
udkxGef;a0[m tarvlxka':trmudk cspfcifav;pm;ol jzpfygw,f? vlxkwdkufudkoGm;&if
a':a':a&S@rSm udx k eG ;f a0[m arsmufi,fav;vdyk gy?J a':a':uvJ “udx k eG ;f a0 &Si/f aq;vdyf
rjywfao;bl;vm; tjywfjzwfvu kd yf g”pojzifh cyfaiguaf iguf ajymavh&ySd gw,f? 'DtcgrmS
udx k eG ;f a0[m rsuEf mS i,fuav;eJ@ “[kwu f hJ a':a':”qd+k yD; acgi;f iHck yH gw,f? usaemfh OD;av;
t&G,f tazt&G,fvdk@ qdkEdkifwJh rif;om;}uD;[m “tr}uD;a&S@u armifi,fav;ozG,f”
awG@&awmh u&k%moufp&maumif;wJhtjyif armifESrawG@qHkcef;av;wck tjzpfeJ@vJ
=unfE;l p&m aumif;vSygw,f?
awmiforef;tif;apmif;u q&mawmf udyk nm&J@ausmif;[m Armjynfwjynfv;kH u
tEkynm&Siaf wG&@J pk&yfwckjzpfygw,f? rE aW v;/ &efuek /f rH&k mG / tif;0 pwJh te,fe,ft&yf&yfu
pma&;q&m/ yef;csq D &m pwJh tEkynm&Siaf wG[m rE aW v;udak &muf&if awmiforef;tif;apmif;
u awmifav;vH;k q&mawmf OD;ynm&J@ ausmif;udk ra&mufr&dyS gb;l ? ypPn;f av;yg; 'g,umvdk
jzpf a eygw,f ? awmif a v;vH k ; ausmif ; xJ u bk & m;ausmif ; uef / Z&yf a wG jyif p &m/
xk;kH o%Fe;f uyfp&mponfh vdt k yfwmawG&&Sd ifvJ OD;xGe;f a0u 'umcHwwfygw,f? a':a':
vlxak ':trm arG;ae@ /a'guw f moef;xGe;f arG;ae@ pojzifh }uHK}udKuf&if te,fe,ft&yf&yfu
pmaytEkynm orm;awG[m wjcm;ae&mrSm qHkcGifh r}uHK=uvdk@ 'Dae&mav;rSmyJ
at;at;aq;aq; qHkavh&dSygw,f? awmiforeftif;eJ@ awmiforefwHwm;wdk@vJ&dSawmh
ywf0ef;usiu f vJ om,mrd@k qH&k yfaumif;av;jzpfaewma=umifh udx k eG ;f a0 oabmuswhJ
ae&mav;wckygy?J
&efuek rf mS vJ q&mrif;ok0%f&@J arG;ae@ txdr;f trSwyf u JG kd ESppf Ofusi;f yavh&cSd yhJ gw,f?
arG;ae@yrJG wdik cf if q&mhtrd u f kd usaemfu }uKd wifomG ;+y;D “q&m bmpDpOfrvJ/ bmvkyaf y;&rvJ”
oGm;ar;avh&ySd gw,f? rE aW v;pma&;q&mrsm; (Ek;d / rd;k / EGr;f ponf)eJ@ q&mh&;kH u wynft h csK@d
pkaygif;+yD;awmhvJ ueffawmhavh&dSygw,f? q&mrif;ok0%fuawmh rif; +rdK@xJoGm;+yD;
“AsKd;[pfay;uGm”vdk@ cdkif;avh&dSygw,f? usaemfu 33vrf;udk oGm;+yD; zdwf&iftukefvHk;
zdw+f y;D om; jzpfygw,f? q&mrif;ok0%f rarhravsmrh mS avh&w Sd mu “[dk w&kwo f wif;axmuf
uav;udv k J zdwjf zpfatmif zdwaf y;ygumG ”wJ?h q&meJ@ udx k eG ;f a0 b,fvq kd ufpyfaerd=uovJ
rpl;prf;cJhrdygbl;? w&kwfowif;axmufuav;qddkwm udkxGef;a0udkyJ qdkvdkwmjzpfygw,f?
“[dkuGm--- &kyf&Sifrif;om; jzpfoGm;wJh "gwfyHkowif;axmufuav;uGm zdwfjzpfatmif
zdwaf y;yg”wJ?h usaemfu udx k eG ;f a0udk zdwaf y;zd@k wm0efukd ESppf Of,cl &hJ ygw,f?
udkxGef;a0[m &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHkrSmawmh vlxka&S@udk xGufvmcJhygw,f?
a':atmifqef;pk=unf vlxak &S@arSmufukd xGuw f hJ a&$w*d ukH ek ;f awmf w&m;yGeJ @J a':cif=unf&@J
psmye tcrf ; tem;wd k @ rS m OD ; xG e f ; a0u a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf & J @ tpf u d k } uD ; ozG , f
a&S@urm;rm;&yf+yD; obmywdtjzpf aqmif&u G cf yhJ gw,f? jynforl sm;eJ@ 'Dru kd a&pDorm;rsm;u
rif;om;}u;D udk ydrk cdk spcf ifav;pm; vmoavmuf tpd;k &uawmh ydrk +dk iKd jiifvmcJyh gw,f? usaemfw@kd
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vufcsufeJ@ aoqkH;oGm;wJh
ta&twGufuawmh 1848
44 a,muf&cdS yhJ gw,f?
a=umuf v ef @ jcif ; uk d r arh
atmifv@dk w/hJ iv#iq f rl m=wm;
u uk d , f h u k d h wcgjyef v nf
touf 0ifatmif vkyfay;
vkduf ygw,f? 'Dwcgawmh
t&rf;&rf;ukd a=umufoGm;
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vrf;ysu/f wHwm;ysu&f EHk iS w hf if rauseyfEikd af o;bJ qlemrDudk 3xyfwu dk x f d a&mufatmif
vkyEf idk wf mukd jrif&awmh a&ul;wwfwv hJ v l J rjzpfcsiaf wmhovk/d a&a=umuf wwfwhJ a=umifvJ
e*kda=umufwJhtwkdif;bJ &Sdygapawmh? bmjzpfvkd@vJ ar;rvkd@vm;? a&ul; wwfvnf;
ok H ; xyf w k d u f u aeawmh 'k d i f A if r xk d ; csif v k d @ yg? ql e mrD u k d a wmh a=umuf v G e f ; vk d @ /
uHuydk cHk svu dk yf gawmhr,f? t&rf;ukad =umufomG ;jyD qlemrD&,f?
'Dawmh a&v_id ;f (qlemrD)ESihf a0;a0;rSmbJaewmaumif;r,f? a0;avaumif;avyJ?
jrKd@=uD; vlolawGrrsm;wJhawmjrKd@av;rSmbJ &&mtvkyf =uKd;pm;vkyf&if; qlemrDESifha0; o
xufa0;atmif vpfjyDAsK@d ? iv#iv f y_ yf gO;D awmh uk, d tf wGuaf wmh rr_aygi?f
'DvEdk iS hf ----
jyuQ'defawG a&v_dif;=uD;(qlemrD)aemufygoGm;wm =umyga&mvm;? tckqkd 7ESpf
awmif&o dS mG ;jyDy?J
ZeD;acsmuvnf; em;wJ&h ufr[kwv f m;? aumif;avpG/ aumif;avpG? om,mvku d w
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tvkyef m;wJ&h ufqadk wmh tdyv f udk Of ;D rSb/J
---- iv#iu f “v_yv f y_ f v_yv f y_ ”f eJ@ tdycf siaf ewm tdyv f @dk vnf; r&ygvm;? ab;
em;u ZeD;acsmu em;jiD;aewmuk;d cufygjyD? puUe@f 20- 30-40-50- 1rdepf=umwJt h xd
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'kub Q J ukad &” ZeD;acsmu a=umufv@dk toHxu G v f mjyD?
“ 'Dred ;f ruvnf; ylwwf&efaumuGm? 'Div#iu f c%ae&yfomG ;rSmygu/G ”
ajymomajymae&wm iv#ipf v_yu f wnf;u tckqdk 1rdepfawmifjynfv h @dk aeygjyD?
“ ylwwfw,f vkyrf aeeJ@/ [krd mS qlemrD awGwufvmaejyD ”
ZeD;acsm&J@toHu (TONE) cyfjrifjh rif?h
-- “Aka'<g” &Spd rk phJ k qHyifav;awG axmifuek w f ,f? vmjyefjyDvm;/ 'D qlemrD/ olrvm

wm awmfawmf=umoGm;jyD?
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xdawmh wufrvmygb;l aemf” vk@d wkew f ek &f &D ED iS hf bJ ZeD;ukd tm;ay;vku d yf gw,f?
“ [kwd cgjzpfwmu tif'edk ;D &Sm;uG/ tck *syefqadk wmh udprP &Syd gb;l ? *syefawGu =uKw d if
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“Aka'<g”aemufwcg?
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rxl;qef;yg bl;vk@d rajym&Jawmhyg?
urf;em;u trk;d jymjymESihf *kad 'giw f vk;H &J@ acgirf ;dk txd a&utwdygyv J m;? uk, d af ewJh
wku
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ydwvf u dk f ygjyD?
uk,d wf @dk ta0;=uD;bJ r[kwv f m;vk@d a=umufvef@w=um;jzpfaewJh pdwu f dk ua&mif
ajcmufjcm;ESifh xdrf;uGyfjyD;
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w,f? touf&w _ m rvGwf
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=unfah v?

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“ uDvrdk wD m 30twGi;f jrKd@rsm; ajymif;a&$@&ef trde@f xkw”f
“ toD;t&Gurf sm;wGif a&'D,"kd gwo f wW=d uG+'yfrsm;awG@”
“ tdro
f ;Hk a&rsm;wGif a&'D,"dk gwo f wW=d uG+'yfrsm;awG@” wJ?h
rpm;&J/ raomuf&/J avawmif r&_&o J avmufb?J
uJ -- 'Dtcsed rf mS uk, d t
hf wGub
f J pOf;pm;jyD; ywfa&Smif[;D emrnfcrH vm;?
-- iv#iaf b;'kuo Q nfawGtwGuf wckcv k yk rf vm;?
-- uHuydk cHk sjyD; xkid af ervm;?
'Dae@ b,fEpS &f ufae@ ygvrd ?hf

tckrb S J jyuQ'ed f =unfrh ad wmhw,f?
2011ckEpS f rwfv 11&ufae@ygvm;?
wk;d [k;d uk 'kid ;f &Si;f qkid 'f %f (Touhoku Daishinsai) cHpm;cJ&h aom
'kuoQ nfrsm;tm; tm;ay;v#u?f
aZmf0if;xGÉ&f @J rif;wa,mufwnf;r[kwb f ;l oDcsi;f xJuvkq
d &dk ifawmh
-- pdw"f gwv f J usraeeJ@
-- bmrSvJ tm;ri,fe@J
-- jzpfcsiwf mawG rjzpfwu hJ rBmxJ
-- rif;wa,mufwnf;r[kwb f ;l ?
wurBmvkH;uvlawG wkd;[kd;uk 'kdif;&Sif;qkdif'%f(Touhoku Daishinsai)
cHpm;cJ&h aom'kuo Q nfawGe@J xyfwx l yfr#cpH m;&jyD;/ twl&adS eygw,f?
v#aH &'Darmif
20 &mpkudk tm&SwdkuftaeESifh t"dy`m,fzGifhqdk&rnfqdkvSsif e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;
trsKd ;om;vGwaf jrmufa&; v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;. &mpkEpS [ f I l om qdx k u
kd yf gonf? pifppftm;jzifh &mpkEpS f
tcsKd Œ =umjrifch o
hJ nfh tm&SrS trsKd ;om;toD;oD; jynforl sm;. e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &;v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;
a=umifh yxrqH;k aom vGwaf jrmufa&;toD;tyGiu hf kd awG@jrifc=hJ u&onfrmS ESpaf ygi;f (110)wdik =f um
anmif;cJ+h yjD zpf.? twdtustm;jzihf 1898 ck ZGev f (12) &ufae@/ zdvpfyikd Ef ikd if /H reDvm+rdKŒ.
awmifbuf&dS u0pf KAWIT (,cif Cavite AI Viejo) a'owGif zdvpfyikd v f rl sKd ;
AdkvfcsKyf}uD; tDrDvD,dk t*GDe,fvf'dk (Emilio Aguinaldo) u e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;
jynfo@l vw G f ajrmufa&; v_y&f mS ;r_. yxrqH;k tcsuaf y;aoewfou H kd ypfazmufcjhJ cif;jzpfonf?
tqdkygae@ wGif zDvpfydkiftrsdK;om;wpf&yfvHk;wdk@onf pydefudkvdkeDwdk@. ESpfaygif;
(333)ESpfwdkif zdESdyf/ aoG;pkyf tkyfcsKyfr_atmufrS yxrqHk; ¶Hk;x tHk=uGawmfvSefvdkuf=u+yD
jzpfa=umif;udk t*GDe,fvf'dku twdtvif; oabmxm; xkwfjyefa=unmvdkufonf?
taemufwdkif; udkvdkeDtkyfpdk;r_wdk@ ESpf0uf ausmf=um wkef@jyefwdkufcdkuf+yD;aemuf 1899 ck
Zefe0g&v D wGif yxrqH;k zDvpfyikd Ef ikd if .
H vGwv f yfa&;udk a=unmay;Edik cf o hJ nf? od@k jyif tm&Swu kd f
trsKd ;om;jynforl sm;xJrS zdvpfyikd f Edik if u H yxrqH;k vGwv f yfa&;. t&omudk jrnf;prf;cGihf
&cJoh nfrmS 2009 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v D qdv k sS if ESpaf ygi;f (110) wdwd wdik cf +hJ yDjzpfygonf?
aoG;ESiahf cGs;jzifh
&if;cJ&h onfh “21 &mpkwiG f
tm&Sordkif;oifcef;pm tm&SwdkuftaeESifh
pd;k aX; trsdK;om;a&;rSonf
od@k aomf zdvpfyikd Ef ikd if .
H yxrqH;k tcsKyftjcm 'Drdkua&pDa&;ESifh
tm%mydkifcGifh&Sdaom vGwfvyfa&; oufwrf;rSm (2)
ESpfcef@om =umanmif;cJhonf? aemufydkif;wGif udkvdkeD zGH _h zdK;a&;
t&Sio f cifa[mif; pydef wd@k . t¶du k t
f &mudk vufopf
udvk ekd D tar&duefw@kd u v$aJ jymif;qufccH jhJ yefonf? od@k jzifh vrf;a-umif;twdkif;
zdvpfydkifjynfolrsm;taeESifh 1946 ckESpfwdkif &mpkESpf
wpf0ufausmfrSs e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;wdkufyGJudk qifE$J+yD;/ csDwufvukd yf g-u&OD;rnf
tcsKyftjcmtm%mydik Ef ikd if t H jzpf xlaxmifEikd &f ef vH;k yrf;
wdkufcdkufcJh=u&onf? zdvpfydkifEdkifiHu pwifypfazmuf
jzpfygonf”
tcsufay;vdkufaom vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ rD;usnf. xdefnD;awmufypGm vrf;jycJhaom
tvif;a&mifatmufwGif tjcm;aom tm&SnDtudkrsm;u vnf; qufvufvdkufyg
avSsmufvrS ;f cJ=h uonf? od@k jzifh 'kw, d urBmppf. aESmif;ydik ;f tcsed rf pS +yD; tm&SEikd if t H rsm;pk
tcsKyftjcmtm%mydik Ef ikd if t H jzpf vGwv f yfa&; &vmcJ=h uonf?
1924 ckEpS w f iG f rGe*f v kd ;D ,m;/ jynfo@l orRwEdik if u H kd w&m;0ifxal xmifEikd cf o hJ nf?
1945 ckEpS w f iG f ud&k ;D ,m;/ AD,uferf/ tif'ekd ;D &Sm;wd@k vGwv f yfa&;&cJ=h uonf?
1946 ckEpS w f iG f zdvpfyikd w f @kd vGwv f yfaom tcsKyt f jcmtm%mydik Ef ikd if H jzpfvmcJo h nf?
1947 ckEpS w f iG f tdE, dN ESihf ygupPwefEikd if w H @kd vGwv f yfa&; a=unmEdik cf o hJ nf?
1948 ckESpfwGif jrefrm/ oD&dvuFmESifh rav;&Sm;wdk@ tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif
vGwv f yfaom Edik if rH sm; jzpfvmcJo h nf?
1949 ckEpS w f iG f w¶kwjf ynfo@l orRwEdik if u H kd xlaxmifEikd cf =hJ uonf?
xd@k aemuf 1997 ckrmS a[mifaumifuseG ;f / 1999 ckwiG f rumtdek ,fajrwd@k ukd jynfvnf
v$aJ jymif;&,lEikd cf o hJ nf? xd@k a=umifh vGwv f yfaom tm&Suek ;f ajr}uD; xlaxmifEikd af &;twGuf
e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &;/ trsKd ;om;vGwaf jrmufa&;v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;udk ESpaf ygi;f (100) wdik f vH;k yrf;
wdu k cf u
kd cf =hJ u&onf? tm&SEikd if rH sm;pGmwd@k vGwv f yfa&;&cJ=h uonfrmS &mpkEpS 0f ufcef@ =umanmif;
cJ+h yDjzpfaomfvnf; tm&Swu kd w f pfwu kd v f ;kH udv k ekd xD rf;yd;k atmufrmS vGwv f w G u f sw G u f sw
G f
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om;vGwv f yfa&;ESihf tcsKyftjcmtm%mydik rf u _ kd jyefvnf&,lEikd cf o hJ nfwh ikd f taemufwikd ;f .
tawG;tac:/ Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_t& v$r;f rd;k }uD;pd;k xm;r_ toGif
o¾mef trsKd ;rsKd ;wd@k atmufrS ¶ke;f xGuEf ikd &f ef qufvuf}udK;yrf; tm;xkwaf e&qJyifjzpfonf?
wpfcsed w f nf;rSmyif *vdb k ,fvu kd af Z;&Si;f jzpfpOfwiG f trsKd ;om;tusKd ;pD;yGm; xde;f odr;f umuG,f
&if;/ zG@+H zdK;wd;k wufatmifjrifa&;twGuv f nf; vH;k yrf;wdu k cf u kd af e&onf?
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h nfh tm&Sp;D yGm;a&; tusyt f wnf;umv (1998) twGi;f tm&SEikd if rH sm;
&ifqikd }f uHKawG@cJ&h aom tajctaeu taemufOa&myESihf tar&duefEikd if w H @kd . Edik if w H um
b¾ma&;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;tay: rnfrsS }uD;pd;k v$r;f rd;k Edik pf rG ;f &So d nfukd a&mifjyef[yf jyvSsu&f o dS nf?
xdkpOfu tar&duefEdkifiH b&ufwef0k'ftpnf;ta0;rS arG;xkwfcJhaom urBmhb%fESifh
aiGa=u;&efyakH iGtzG@J (IMF) }u;D wd@k . jc,fv, S rf a_ tmufwiG f tif'ekd ;D &Sm;/ xdik ;f ESihf ud&k ;D ,m;Edik if w H @kd .
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todynmrsm;tvif; tvsiEf e_ ;f jzifh urBm}uD;udk vSnyhf wfaeaom ynmacwfor,rsKd ;wGif
t&m&mrSm ynmomvSsif tc&mjzpfygvrd rhf nf?
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trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJ atmifyGJcHEdkifa&;twGuf ‘ynm’ESifhtwl
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l .
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tav;rxm;wwf=uay? omrefjynfov l x l k rsm;taeESiv hf nf; ynmwwfrsm; tonf;toef
aqG;aEG;jiif;ckef=uavh&Sdaom oD0&D/ oabm w&m; t,ltqrsm;tay: pdwf0ifpm;r_
enf;yg;vSonf? T‘ynm’ESihf ‘jynfo’l jy\emudk rSeu f efpmG rajymif;Edik yf gu awmfveS af &;udk
atmifyq JG oD @kd yd@k aqmifay;Edik pf &m ta=umif;tcsuf rjynfph EkH ikd af wmhay?
w¶kwjf ynfawmfveS af &;umv 1921 ckEpS u f armfpw D ;kH onf w¶kwjf ynfueG jf rLepfygwD
xJo@kd 0ifa&mufco hJ nf? xdpk Ofu ,leefv,form;olyek af ygupf udk ynmwwf A[dak umfrwD
trsm;pku oabmrus=uay? armfpw D ;kH uvnf; Edik if jH cm;jyef ynmwwfrsm;. oabmw&m;
t,ltqrsm;udk vufrcHEikd af y? qdAk , D ufjyef ynmwwf oabmw&m;q&mrsm;. jynfyrS
wifoiG ;f aom vrf;pOfvyk if ef;rsm;. rSm;,Gi;f r_a=umifh armfpw D ;kH . usiu f ef;ref; v,form;
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pyfyakH zmfxm;jcif;jzpfonf?
xdok @kd ynmESihf jynfou l kd tEkynmajrmufpmG aygi;f pyfay;Edik o f jzifh armfpwD ;kH tawG;
tac:[lI jzpfvm+yD; w¶kwfjynfawmfvSefa&; atmifyGJcHEdkifcJhjcif;jzpfonf? tm&Swdkuf.
tawG@t}uHKt& ynmESihf jynfo@l jy\emudk rSeu f efpmG rajz&Si;f Edik cf o hJ jzifh uarBm'D;,m;
awmfveS af &; &H;_ edr+hf ydKuGcJ &hJ jcif;jzpfonf? v,form;olyek af cgi;f aqmif crmeDrsm; tm%m&
vmcsed rf mS ynmwwfrsm;tay: tjrifoabmxm;vGrJ mS ;um ESyd u f yG of wfjzwfc=hJ u ojzifh
oef;ESichf sI D aocJ=h u&onf? crmeDawmfveS af &;vnf; +ydKuGyJ supf ;D cJ&h onf? xdo k nfrmS tm&S.
aoG;ESi&hf if;ES;D &,lc&hJ aom oifcef;pm}uD; jzpfayonf?
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k cf sKyfatmifqef; ponfh tqdyk gy*k Kd~ vf}uD;rsm;
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k kd
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l pfO;D yifjzpfonf? olw@kd onf
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tdE,dN trsKd ;om;acgi;f aqmif}uD; *EN. D t=urf;rzufa&;vrf;pOfa=umifh jynfov l xl k
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S /f owfjzwf/
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vH;k . toJEv S ;kH udk odr;f usKH ;qGaJ qmif v$r;f rd;k Edik cf ohJ nf? xd@k a=umifvh nf; *EN. D ‘qm;wdu k yf ’JG
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jy\em’udk tm&Swu kd u f ‘ynm’ESihf ‘jynfo’l aygi;f pyfjcif;jzifh ajz&Si;f cJo h nf?
(4) xuf o ef j rif h r m;aom trsd K ;om;a&;pd w f " mwf

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D @kd a&muf&cdS jhJ cif;jzpfonf? tdE, dN rS
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*ENo D nf udv k ekd b
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xd@k a=umifv h nf; *EN/D [dck srD if;/ Adv
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rarh/ urBm}uD;uvnf; rarhEikd cf =hJ uay?
rnfo@dk yifjzpfap ,ae@uo hJ @kd aom uvdb k ,fvu kd af Z;&Si;f acwfor,rsKd ;wGif trsKd ;
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qH;k jzwfco hJ nf? ,if;.tusKd ;quftjzpf q,fpEk pS w f pfct k wGi;f rSmyif wrD;vfusm; (Tamil
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rnf?
ESpaf ygi;f (110) wdik cf +hJ yDjzpfaom tm&S. e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &;ESihf trsKd ;om;vGwf
ajrmuf a&; ordik ;f pOfu tpOfwpdu k /f tav;teufjyKum av;pm;vdu k ef mtyfaom oifcef;pm
(4)&yfukd xdo k @kd xkwEf w _ af ygi;f csKyfay;cJ+h yD jzpfygonf? ?wd@k rSm -
(1) ynmwwfrsm; arG;xkwyf g
(2) vlxt k jrif pdu
k xf yl g
(3) acgi;f aqmifru _ kd xlaxmifyg
(4) trsKd ;om;a&; tav;*&kjyKyg
21 &mpkwiG f tm&Swu kd tf aeESihf trsKd ;om;a&;rSonf 'Dru kd a&pDa&;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;
vrf; a=umif;twdik ;f csw D ufvu kd yf g=u&OD;rnf jzpfygonf? Tc&D;pOfwiG v f nf; trsKd ;om;vGwf
ajrmufa&;wdkufyGJu aoG;/ acsG;/ toufrsm;pGm paw;I &,lcJh&aom oifcef;pmrsm;rSm
qufvuftoH;k 0if &Sio f efaeOD;rnfom jzpfygonf? ,cktcg e,fcsŒJ udv k ekd q
D ufqaH &;wd@k
acwfukefwdrfaumoGm;onfhwdkif zGH@+zdK;+yD;ESifh zGH@+zdK;qJwdk@t=um; aps;uGuft&if;tESD;ESifh
enf;ynmudk ta=umif;jyKI jzpfay:vmaom tusdK;pD;yGm;cGJa0r_qdkif&m wef;wla&;ESifh
w&m;rSswa&; wdkufyGJu qufvufwnf&SdaeOD;rnfom jzpfonf? tm&SwdkuftaeESifh
*vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif; acwfor,wGif ay:aygufvmrnfh wdkufyGJyHkpHopfrsm;udk ordkif;u
tarGay;cJo h nfh oifcef;pm rsm;udk qkyu f ikd &f if; pnf;vH;k nD!w G pf mG &ifqikd Ef ikd &f ef toifjh yifxm;zd@k
txl;vdt k yfaecsed jf zpfonf?
pd;k aX;
pHy,fjzL r*~Zif;/ trSwf (1) Zefe0g&/D 2009 pmrsuEf mS (214- 219)
Ref: Asiaweek June- 1998

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ewfosS iaf emif ponfw@dk . ta=umif;rsm;udk yH0k wˆKozG,f vG,u f l &Si;f vif;onhf pum;vH;k wk@d jzihf
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paomyHw k u kd av;rsm;udk jyifopf bmomrS t*Fvyd b f mom ok@d jyefqcdk ahJ v&m/ t*Fvyd pf mwwf
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taumif;qH;k vuf&m jzpfI xif&mS ;vSayonf? aomrwfonf uav;rsm;tzd@k aysmaf wmfquf
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(http://www.maukkha.org rSul;,laz: jyygonf)

tvif;tdrf 5 ESpfjynfh txdrf;trSwf 0w¬Kwdk jydKifyGJ
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0wˆKtrnf oyGwt f ikd f
trnf&if; rif;rif;ode;f
uavmiftrnf aumhom;
“ud,
k af &;tusO;f ”
pma&;oltm; &efuek w f ikd ;f / aumhrLS ;+rdK eh ,f / ocGwyf ifaus;&GmY tz
OD;aomif;a&$ / trd a':tkef;jrifhwdk hrS 1976 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;cJhygonf//
&efuek wf uUov dk f v_id ef ,fajr wGif 'kw, d ESpf "gwak A' bmom&yfjzifh 1996
'DZifbmvtxd ynmoif,cl o hJ nf// *syefEikd if o H @kd a&muf&+dS yD; 2005 ckEpS rf pS I
pmayavmuxJodk h0ifa&mufvmcJhonf// *syefEdkifiHwGif xkwfa0 onfh
rdk;aomuf=u,f *sme,fwGif “jynfaxmifpkzGm; aoG;csif;rsm;odk h” trnf&Sd
aqmif;yg; udk “aumhom;” uavmiftrnfjzifh a&;om;ay;ydk ch hJ &m yxrqH;k
azmfjyjcif;cH&onf // xdk ah emuf tvif;tdrf r*~Zif; / opPm awmfveS af &;pmay
r*~Zif; / a&$&wk pmapmifwkd w h iG f aqmif;yg; / 0wˆKwdk / tufaq; / oa&mfpm
rsm;udk a&;om; cJoh nf// ,cktcg tvif;tdrrf *~Zif;&Jabmfwa,muftaejzifh
pmaywm0ef rsm;udk xrf;aqmifvsu&f ydS gonf//

e0rt}udrfajrmuf aus;&Gm OuUX a&G;cs,fyGJ twGuf oyGwftkdif &Gmom;wdk@
pdwaf pmae=u.// oyGwt f ikd &f mG qdw k m ES,Ef ,
S &f &&GmrS r[kww f m / [d;k t&if udv k ekd aD cwfwek ;f u
uGr;f +cHuek ;f 'dp}wdwt f ydik x f u J &Gm}uD;wpf&mG // tckawmh aumhrLS ; +rdK@e,f tydik jf zpfomG ;+yD //
&efuek jf rpfukd ar;wif wnfxm;wJh &Gmjzpfwma=umifh wHigvyk if ef;eJ h v,fvyk if ef;udk t"dxm;
touf arG;0rf;a=umif;jyK=u&w,f //
rSwfxm;rdwmuawmh vGefcJhwJh tESpf ESpfq,ftwGif;rSm aus;&GmOuUX(12)
a,mufajymif;oGm;cJ+h yD / eJovm; / trsm; qH;k cH (2) ESpf / wcsKd q h kd (6) v (7) v / wcsKd u h
(1)ESpfavmufyJ cH=uw,f// &Gmvl}uD;qdk+yD; xif&mqdkif; axmifaxmifvkyfvdk huawmh
oyGwt f ikd &f mG om;awG pkaygi;f vufrw S x
f ;kd wdik yf pfwm Edik if aH wmft}u;D tuJ txda&mufr,fv@kd
omrSwf / a&mufqkd oyGwt f ikd f qdw k m ol&aJ umif;pkpak EG;wdk &h mG eJ h we,fxJ / b,facgi;f iHk ch vH rd rhf vJ
/ olO;D olaqmf / ud, k Of ;D ud, k af qmfe@J &Gmvl}u;D awG ajymif;ajymif;oGm;vdu k =f uwm tck (13)
a,mufajrmuf OuUX a&G;awmhrmS h h eh 0rt}urd f eJ h (13) a,mufajrmufjzpf&wmu 'Dvkd h h /h
vlo&d iS =f um; tpnf;ta0;vky+f yD;
tqdw k ifou l wif / axmufco H u l
axmufceH J h vkyw f mu (9) a,muf //
+rdK eh ,fuae wdu k &f u kd t f rdef t h m%meJ h cef w h mu
(3) a,muf // 'gah =umifh (9) }udref J h (12) a,mufjzpfomG ;&wm //
trdef eh J w h u kd &f u
kd cf ef v h u kd f
wJh OuUX awGv=J um=um
rcHvu kd b f ;l //
oyGwt f idk &f mG vlxu k
nDw,f // wOD;u

OD;aqmifvu kd &f if w&GmvH;k ygvmwm// tckvJ e0r t}udraf &G;=ujyef+yD // ta&;ta=umif;qdk
&Gmta&S hydkif;u pmoifausmif;udkyJ tm;udk;&wm // ausmif;ydwfxm;wJh &moDqdkawmh
tpnf;ta0;rSeo f r# tJo h nfrmS yJ vky=f uw,fav // ausmif;zGix hf m;wJh &moDq&kd ifawmh
awmifausmif;u OykwZf &yfrmS vky=f uw,f/ 'Dwcg OuUX&mxl;twGuf wpfajy;aewm uawmh
&Gmta&S yh ikd ;f urf;em;vrf;rSmaewJh qHyifnyS q f &m OD;[ef}uD;wJh // ud, k x hf rif; ud, k pf m;+yD;
at;at; aq;aq;aecsiw f ohJ al wG / rywfoufcsiw f o hJ al wGuawmh OuUXtjzpf tqdw k ifoiG ;f
vdu k wf ,f qd&k ifbJ ta=umuftuef jiif;awmhwm // vufEpS b f ufaxmifjy+yD; h h h
“trav; h h h rvkyv f u
kd yf geJ Ah sm h h h tawmf=um [dv k }l u;D u ac:usrd ;f vdu k f 'Dppfom;u
ac:ql vdu k ef @J usKyfbmomusKyf a&cJw;kH zifc+k yD; xrif;=urf;cJ ,ufcwfpm;yg&apAsm”vd@k
t&$e;f azmuf+yD; tpnf;a0;rSm xajymawmh oyGwt f ikd &f mG ;om;wdk h wtH;k tH;k eJh yGu J somG ;av&J@/
'Dawmh oyGwt f ikd &f mG rSm vl}u;D vkyrf o hJ l &Sm;&Sm; vmw,f // olwkd ah &S u h vkyo f mG ;wJh OuUX awGvJ
vlawmxJ rwd;k &JwhJ txd i&kwo f ;D eJ ah ygi;f =uufoeG yf g taxmif;cHvu kd w f hJ b0awGyikd q f ikd f
oGm;&+yaD v //
t&ifwek ;f uawmh aiGa&; a=u;a&; acsmifvnfwhJ olawGukd OD;pm;ay;a&G;cJyh gw,f
/tpawmh [kwfrvdkeJ h aemufus awmh “&av vdkav tdkwap>” awGjzpfvmawmh
&GmuvufrcHwJhtqHk; jyKwfukefw,f// wcg bJG h&ynmwwf &GmcHvltcsdK hudk OuUX
tjzpfa&G;=ujyefw,f// b,fcHvdkufrvJ // “tcGifhta&;rSefor# vufarmif;wqHk;Ed_ufwJh”
tusifhu razsmufbl;// ynmwwf wdkif; todw&m;&SdwmrS r[kwfwm // +yD;cJhwJh ESpf
em*pfrek w f ikd ;f wdu k w f ek ;f uyJ=unhf // te,fe,ft&yf&yfu tvSL&Siaf wGvm +yD; ypPn;f awG
vSL=uw,f// ,Hk=unfvdk hyHkay;cJhwJhypPnf;awGxJu aumif;wmav;awG udk OuUX u
a&G;,lxm;vdu k w f ,f // usew f mudk cGjJ yefawmh vlwikd ;f r&jyefb;l //
“eifwdk hu csrf;omwmyJ 'g h h hr&SdwJh vlawGudkay;zdk h” qdk+yD; vufAvmeJ@
jyefcikd ;f vdu
k w f ,f// 'gukd rauseyfwo hJ al wGxJ rSm urf;em;ydik ;f u rdcidk ef J rh Ed k wdk u h tqd;k qH;k //
+y;D awmh OuUX qdw k mu ausmif;wufwek ;f uwnf;u oli,fcsi;f awGav// 'Dawmh OuUX tdraf &S@
oGm;+yD; “ 'DrmS h h Oh uUX}uD;&J h &Sit hf b em*pfu ydu k q f &H wdS ohJ l r&Sw d o hJ l qd+k yD; a&G;wdu k f
oGm;wmr[kwb f ;l // w&GmvH;k twlwcl &H wmygawmf h h h tck[mu ydu k q f &H w dS ikd ;f vJ 0,fv@kd
csr;f vdk rh &wm t&yfu tod h h h 'gukd 'if;u usKyfwkd u h kd vdck sirf suaf ph&w dS ,f r&bl; bmnmeJ@
ajymawmh 'if;,lxm;wJ[ h mawGukd tckvufnKdS ;xd;k jyr,f h h h trav; udak &$OuUX}uD;&J ”h
qd+k yD; tdraf &S v h rf;ay:uae oGm;csyJ pfwm// r=umygb;l h h h OuUX tdraf emufaz; pyg;usx D rJ mS
zGux f m;wJh abxkyaf wG t&yfu 0dik ;f azmf+yD; zrf;vdk h OuUX (3) vavmuf tcsKyfcv H u kd &f ao;
w,f?
onf[mawGudk oifcef;pm,l+yD; oyGwftdkif&Gmom;awG acgif;csif;wdkuf+yD;
aqG;aEG;=ujyefw,f// t&if[mawGuawmh ody[ f efrusvaS ybl; h h h tcke0rt}udrrf mS awmh
ydkufqHr&Sd&ifvJaeygap// bJG hawG 'D*&DawG r&Sd&ifvJaeawmh// &dk;om;+yD; ormtmZd0eJ h
toufarG;wJo h u l kd a&G;bdk h qH;k jzwfvu kd =f uw,f// aemufq;kH Zumwifa&G;vdu k w f muawmh
&Gmta&S hydkif;urf;em;vrf; xJu qHyifnSyfq&m OD;[ef}uD; jzpfw,f// xHk;pHtwdkif;
tpnf;ta0;rpcifuwnf;u tqdw k ifoel J ah xmufco H l pnf;0g; udu k x f m;+yD; vl=um;xJ
csjyvdu k af wmh e0rt}udrt f pnf;ta0;u (13)a,mufajrmuf oyGwt f ikd f OuUX OD;[ef}uD;
jzpfvmw,f/
OD;[ef}uD; qdw k mu oyGwt f ikd &f mG &J h wpfO;D wnf;aom qHyifnyS q f &mjzpfw,f//
&if;ES;D olawGuawmh OD;av;[efvkd h yJ ac: =uw,f// ol rh mS xGe;f +idr;f qdw k hJ vlysKd od;k }uD;t&G,f
om;wpfa,muf&w dS ,f// oluawmh ol t h azeJ rh wljyefb;l // t&yfwum vS@J +yD; toHcsJ @puf
tiSm;vdu k w f ,f // bke;f }uD;ysH wdk h r,fawmfysH wdk q h &kd if awm"av t h & veJ ch sx D m;wm
qdak wmh ol u h rkd iSm;cif uwnf;u }udKa&mufae+yD; aomifwifaeawmhwmyJ// tca=u;aiG
wdwdusus&,fvJr[kwfygbl;// ay;oavmuf,l+yD; xef;&nf 0dkif;av;zGJ hae&&ifawmf+yD //
ol@0goemud;k // OD;av;[ef&J h rde;f r a':Ek uawmh bmtvkyrf S rvkyyf gb;l // a':Ek&J rh b d awG
vufxufuwnf;uaqmufcJhwJh (2)xyfysOfaxmiftdrf}uD;rSm ae=uwm// &GmrSmawmh
ajymprSwfwck&Sdw,f // “armif[efwdk h vufa=um rwif;yHkuawmh a,mufcrtdrf
+ydKuswt hJ xdaew,f” qdw k hJ pum;yg// 'guykd J OD;av;[efukd &d;k *k%w f yf+yD; vl}uD;tjzpfa&G;
vdu k w f myg// tckawmh oyGwt f ikd &f mG OuUX OD;[ef}uD; jzpfomG ;yg+yD//
&GmrSmu oma&;yJjzpfjzpf / ema&;yJjzpfjzpf toHcsJ @puf oH;k r,fq&kd if OuUX qDrmS
toH;k jyKcGiyhf grpf,&l w,f// ygrpfwpf apmifukd t&ifwek ;f u (5) usyyf J ay;&wm// tckak wmh
2000 awmifjzpfae+yD // acwftvdu k f ajymif;oGm;wmxifygh // vl}uD;awG ajymwmuawmh
ygrpf qd k w m tck r S pwmr[k w f b l ; wJ h // tJ ' D p epf u d k usih f o H k ; vmwm &mpk E S p f
w0ufavmufawmif&Sd+yDqdkyJ// 'Dawmh ygrpf pepfeJ htHudkufae+yDaygh // OD;av;[efvJ
&GmOuUXjzpfvma&m “bmtwGuyf jJ zpfjzpf ygrpf,&l if ydu k qf aH y;p&m rvdk bl;a[h” qdak wmh
oyGwt f ikd f &Gmom;awG oabmacG =h uwmayg/h / 'gwifruao;bl; // &GmawGrmS umvom; /
umvorD; ypPn;f qd+k yD; oma&;/ ema&;awGrmS toH;k jyKzdk h td;k cGuyf *k H / zsmawG &Sw d ,f//
ypPn;f iSm;&rf;ctjzpf r*Fvmaqmifq&kd if vufzJG ah iG q,f&mcdik Ef e_ ;f ay;&w,f// tjcm;oma&;/
ema&; qd&k ifawmh owfrw S x f m;wJh aiGuykd aJ y;&w,f// tckawmh bmiSm;iSm; tcrJh jzpfomG ;+yD/
/ ol hvkyf&yfawGa=umifh OuUXOD;av;[ef &J howif;u oyGwftdkif&Gm wifr[kwfbl; /
&GmeD;pyfcsKyfawGtxdysH Eh HS o h mG ;w,f oyGwt f ikd &f mG ta=umif; aumif;aumif;odaewJh +rd@K
e,fv}l uD;awGvJ ol o h wif;a=umifh auseyf=uw,f//
wcsdK h=ujyefawmhvJ taumif;rjrif=ujyefbl;// a0zef=ujyefw,f// ygrpfzdk;
ydu
k q f rH ,lwm ol o h m;toHcsJ ph ufy+kd yD;iSm; &atmifw/hJ / olwkd ah jymvJ ajymcsipf &m // tckqkd
vlq,fa,mufavmuf pkrdwmeJ h toHcsJ hpufiSm;oHk;ae=u+yD // b,fol hudkrSvJ cGifhwdkif
p&mrvdo k vdk udx k eG ;f +ird ;f qdw k muvnf; ay;oavmuf,w l ohJ /l / wcsKd u
h awmh ypPn;f iSm;wJu h pd P
twGuf ajym=ujyefw,f 'DypPn;f awGu olyikd yf pPn;f rS r[kww f m // &Gmvl}uD; tqufquf
pm&if ; tif ; eJ h twd t us ud k i f w G , f v m=uwm// ol u tck v d k tcrJ h iS m ;aeawmh
aemuftopf0,f&if ol yh u kd q f eH J 0h ,frmS rdk v h kd vh m; // ponfjzifh b0ifruswo hJ al wGv&J w dS ,f//
aocsmwmu awmh ypPn;f iSm;wJo h al wG ydrk sm;vmwmyJ // ta&S ch Ek pS t f rd /f taemufcEk pS t f rd f
avmufzw d +f y;D vkyw f hJ uav;acgi;f aq; utp td;k cGuf yk*aH wGukd OuUXtdrrf mS oGm;iSm;=uw,f/
jyeftyfwJhtcg=uawmh arhusefwmeJ h uGJ&SukefwmeJ h qdkawmh umvom;/umvorD;
ypPn;f awGvJ wjznf;jznf;eJev J mw,f//taumif;ruseaf wmhb;l // tpkwt f +yJ eJ h tyJt h &G@J
awGyu J seaf wmhw,f// jyeftyf&if aoaocsmcsmppf+yD; r,lawmh ydq k ;kd wmayg/h / oyGwt f ikd &f mG rSm
tvSLtwef;qd&k if t&ifwek ;f uxdyw f ef;jzpfayrJh ckawmhtvSL&Si&f J x h rif;udk pm;zd@k xrif;yk*H
apmif&h wJh 'kuu Q vnf; rao;vSb;l //
tck q d k & if oyG w f t d k i f & G m td r f w d k i f ; eD ; yg;rS m umvom;/ umvorD ; ypP n f ;
(trsm;ydik yf pPn;f ) av;awG wpfcrk [kwf wck &Sad ewwfw,f// olwkd t h csi;f csi;f vJoad e=uw,f/
/ b,fo@l tvSLrSm/ b,fou l / bmawGu/kd bmeJ x h o hJ ,fomG ;w,f qdw k mtxd odae=uw,f/
“tar h h h h [dkrSm OD;rsdK;}uD; qGJoGm;wJhcsdKif hav;ab;rSm u hvh o vdk@
a&;xm;w,fawmh”
“trav; h h h nD;uomajymae h h h nD;vJ tvSLwke;f u usecf w hJ hJ uGr;f tpfukd
tckxjd yefrtyfao;bl;”
“[m h h h taruvJ olrsm;awGvJ ,lxm;=uwmyJ [mudk h h h ”
“at; h h ah t; h h h aumif;w,f // nD;tazuawmif toGm;tyfcikd ;f aewm //
jrefjrefomG ;tyfvu kd yf gat”
onfupd eP J yh wfouf+yD; wcsKd u h OuUXOD;av;[efukd ajymjyayrJh ol &h @J vufo;kH
pumuawmh h h h
“[ h h h xm;vdu k yf g[m // ig tqifajywJh tcgus&if topfjyef0,fxyhJ grh ,f //
jynfoyl ikd yf pPn;f qdw k m wdk yh ikd wf hJ ypPn;f yJaygh h h h tvum;ae tbdpm> rsm;raeygeJ u h mG //
rif;vJ ydik w f ,f h h h olvyJ ikd w f myJ // vdck siv f @kd ,lwm aeygapuGm”wJ/h /
OuUX odatmifw;kd wd;k vmajymwJo h vl J rodrom auseyfvu kd &f w,f // pdwx f rJ mS awmh h h h
“tif; h h h igah c|;r arG;vdk h uav;acgi;f aq;vky&f ifawmh awG =h uao;wmayg ”h vd@k
pdwx f rJ mS used ;f 0g;&if; jyefomG ;&w,f//
t&if OuUXawGvufxufwek ;f u &GmrSm csx J eD J Eh pS v
f ;kH xD udik x f hJ 'dik q
f wkd mr&Sb d ;l //
ta&mif;pma&;av;awG awmh&Sdw,f/ &Juif;eJ h&Gmvl}uD;tzGJ hudk vpOftvSLaiGxJh+yD;
wd;k wd;k wdww f w d ef J ah &mif;ae=uwm// OuUXOD;av;[efuawmh ol u h akd iGvmay;vJ r,lb;l //
bmwcGe;f rSvJ 0ifrajymbl;// olaewwfovdyk aJ ew,f// olajymwmu h h h
“ at; h h h 'DtvkyfawGu avmif;upm;r_ajrmufw,fvdk h =um;zl;wmyJ //
=unhfvkyf=uayghuGm// jy\emjzpfvm&ifawmh ighudkqGJrxJheJ h// udk,fjzpf udk,fcHyJa[h” [k
avajyav;jzifh ajymwwfw,f/ /tckawmh oyGwt f ikd &f mG rSmwif 'dik }f uD; (2) 'dik f awmif&v dS m+yD/
&Gmawmifyikd ;f OD;aZmf}uD; 'kid f eJ h &Gmajrmufyikd ;f OD;rd;k Edik 'f idk w f /hJ / olwkd u h vJ w&m;r0ifvyk af e&vd@k
om // ol x h uf ig t+ydKiftqdik /f OuUX tm;ud;k vJygwmayg/h / OD;rd;k Edik 'f ikd f u b,favmufawmif
tuGujf rifovJq&kd if bke;f }uD; vSLwJx h rJ mS awmif (2) vH;k xDukd xJ@vSLwm// vSLwmqdak wmh
bke;f bke;f awGvJ vufc&H wmaygh //
OuUX OD;av;[ef u pmwwfaywwfr[kwaf yrJh jzwfx;kd Om%fawmh aumif;w,f /
/ t&if OuUXawG jy\emjzpf jyKwfuek w f mawGukd oloifcef;pm,lxm;w,f// ol v h ufxufrmS
tJ'grsdK;awG xyfrjzpfatmif a&Smifw,f// v,form;/ wHigawG udkvJypfrxm;bl;//
v,f,majrqdkwm w&m;0ifta&mif;t0,f vkyfvdk hr&bl;// em;vnfr_eJ hvkyf&wm //
t&ifvl}uD;awGwkef;u tJh'Dw&m;r0ifbl;qdkwmudk ta=umif;jy+yD; v,fwpf{uudk
b,favmufq+kd yD; awmif;=uw,f// a&mif;ol / 0,forl mS yg Oya'eJ@rvGwu f if;bl;// OD;av;[ef
uawmh b,fol q h uD rS wjym;wcsyrf rS ,lb;l // 'grsKd ;awG +uHKvm&ifv“J oGm; h h o h mG ; h h h igu
v,form;r[kwaf wmh odyrf odb;l // a&mif;ol 0,fot l qifajy&if+yD;a&m h h h pma&;}uD; eJ@
nSvd yk v f u dk =f u ”[k qdu k m acgi;f a&Smifvu dk wf ,f// OuUX u acgi;f a&Smifvu kd af wmh pma&;}uD;
xGe;f xGe;f 0if; tuGuu f swmaygh // ESpb f ufv;kH qDu &wJv h ufbuf &nfz;kd u ol v h pmxuf
rsm;vmw,f// t&ifOuUX awGwkef;u rdk;OD;usump wpfvudk jrpfxJ ig;zrf;cGifhydwfayrJh
ol@vufxuf rSm awmh rodcsiaf ,mifaqmifaevdu k w f ,f// ig;awG Ocswt hJ csed f rzrf;bdk h
tpd;k &ud, k w f ikd u
f Oya'xkwx f m;ayrJh OD;av;[efu wmjrpfjcif;r&Sad wmh wHigawGuvnf;
ol u h akd usZ;l wif=uw,f// oyGwt f ikd rf mS wm0efuswhJ q&mawG q&mrawGuvnf; ynmwwf
awGqakd yrJh OuUX}uD; OD;av;[efukd uvefuqef rvky=f ubl;// olwkd v h pmeJ rh avmufvkd h
tyd0k ifaiGav;&atmif usL&Sio f ifwm Oya'eJ +h idpeG ;f ayrJh OD;av;[ef u wmjrpfyw d yf ifwm
r&Sad wmh vGwv f yf=uw,f//
'Dvekd J o
h yGwt f ikd &f mG rSm oufwrf;t&Snq f ;kH OuUX}uD;tjzpfeJ h (2) ESpaf usmf vdk h (3)
ESpx f J awmif 0ifvm+yD// wae ah wmh h h h h
“b}uD; +idr;f a& h h h b}uD; +idr;f ”
“bmvJ[ h h ah rmifnKd & h h h rif;[mu a&;}uD;xdwjf zm jzpfvu kd w f m h h h 'g ah =umifh
rif;acgi;f tar$;wpfyifrS rayguw f m”
“[m h h h b}uD;+idr;f uvJ ta&;ta=umif;qdk usaemfah cgi;f yJ cvkww f ukd af ewm h h h
tck urf;em;qdyrf mS &efuek u f vmwJh armfawmfuyfawmh &efuek v f rf;rawmfu ig;'dik yf ikd &f iS f
w&kw}f uD;awG ig;a,muf ygvmw,f”
“trav; armifnKd &,f w&kwaf wG ygwm txl;tqefvyk v f kd h vrf;rawmfqw kd m
w&kwaf wGyikd w f mbJ// tJ'rD mS 'dk Ah rm awGu ulvv D yk af e&wm Asmh h h ”h
armifnKd u ol ah cgi;f udk vufjzifh yGw&f if h h h
“olwkd eh J t
h wl ydu k q f aH wG qmvmtdw}f uD;eJ h 2 vH;k awmifygvmw,f // usaemf eJ h
tHah rmf (2)a,muf wpfa,muf wpftw d x f rf;+yD; OuUXOD;av;[efwkd t h rd u f kd ydk ah y;cJw h m //
w&kw}f uD;awGu usaemfwkd u h kd ulvcD wpfa,muf wpfaxmifpaD wmif ay;vdu k af o;w,f h h
'DrmS awG v h m; ” [kq&kd if; topfcsycf |wf wpfaxmifwefukd axmifjyvdu k w
f ,f// tusKd ;ta=umif;
ra&r&m jzpfaepOf b}uD;+idr+f cHxu J kd OD;av;=unfw;kd 0ifvmw,f//
“[ h h h tndK rif;u igh xuf owif;OD;atmif vmay;w,fayg”h
tndKujyefrajzbJ +yHK;jyvdu k w f ,f// ta=umif;pHu k kd b}uD;+idr;f u ar;awmh h h h
“[kww f ,f b}uD;+idr;f a& h h h usaemfrae u h aomufwm enf;enf;rl;+yD; &efjzpfvkd h
OuUX uac:awG hwmeJ hoGm;wm// bm rSawmifrajym&ao;bl;// w&kwf}uD;ig;a,muf
a&mufvmw,f // OuUX}u;D vJ tdraf emufaz;xGu+f y;D urf;pyfu "edawm vufnKS ;d xd;k jyaewm
awG w h ,f// ol rh ed ;f r rrEk u usaemfu h akd jymw,f// 'dk yh ikd w f hJ aemufaz;urf;pyfu "edawmudk
ode;f 500 eJ@ a&mif;vdu k wf mwJh // ol wdk u h ykZeG af rG;rSmwJh // usaemfvJ bmjyefajym&rSe;f awmif
rodjzpfomG ;w,fAsm// rae u h aomufxm; wJh t&Sed af v;awmif ajyoGm;w,f h h h ” rsuEf mS udk
vufjzifyh w G &f if; ajymvdu k w f ,f//
“ a[ h h h [kwv f m; // ol ubmydik v f kd ah &mif;&wmvJ// rif;wdk rh arG;cifuwnf;u
'D"edawm}uD; vlwdkif;0ifckwfaewm b,folydkifw,fvdk hvJ wcgrS r=um;bl;aygifAsm//
ckwaf v"edyifawG ayguaf veJ h w&GmvH;k b,forl sm; "edwzspf 0,fr;kd &vdk w h ek ;f / tckusrS 'if;u
armifydkifpD;+yD; vkyfvdk hcHr,fhaumifrsm;rSwfaevm; h h h odef; 500 eJeJaemaemvm; h h h
tdyrf ufxrJ mS awmif rjrifz;l bl; // at; h h h nae txdapmif=h unfrh ,f h h 'h o D wif;+idro f mG ;+yD
qd&k if awmh nus&if igeJ ah wG +h yDvkd w h mrSwf h h h awmuf h h h &m&m ppuGm h h ” tem;wGi&f adS om
b}uD;+idr;f ZeD; bGm;av;r_H u h h h
“&Sirhf mS vJ cs*J %ef;xGuw f m =uaewmyJ h h h +idraf tmif nufatmifapmif&h tH;k r,fwhJ
tck[m &Siahf &S rh mS ajymaewm/tckjzpfaewm u &Gmta&S yh ikd ;f rSm // 'Dx h ufaocsm wmawmh
r&Sb d ;l // wu,fwJ ae ah &G /h na&G eh J h tcGiahf umif;&ifajrwdik ;f aewmeJ@ tckawmh olrsm;u
a&mif;pm;oGm;+yD ”
vrf;rawmfu w&kwaf wG armfawmfimS ;+y;D jyefomG ;+yv D kd o
h wif;&wmeJ h b}u;D +ird ;f vJ
obufav; ykc;kH ay:wif+yD; &Gmta&S@ ydik ;f urf;em;vrf;udx k uG v f mcJw h ,f// tdraf &S ah &mufw,f
qd&k ifbJ OuUXOD;av;[ef&J @toHxu G v f mw,f//
“vm h h h b}uD;+idr;f vm h h h tdrx f u
J =kd uGyg h h h qHyifnyS &f atmifvmcJw h mvm; cifAs”
“at; h h h at; h h h [kwb f ;l uG // owif;&vdk h h h h vmcJw h myJ // aemufaz;u "edawm
ode;f 500 eJ h a&mif;vdu k wf ,f qd”k
“a=omf h h h b}uD;+idr;f a& usaemfvJ ra&mif;csiaf o;ygb;l // 'gayrJh ESp&f n S rf xm;
Edik v
f @kd ESaS rsmarsmeJ yh aJ &mif;vdu k &f wmygAsm”
“[ h h h aeygt;kH armif&if&J h 'Djrpfurf;pyf"edawmu b,foyl ikd v f kd h armif&ifu
a&mif;vdu k &f wmwke;f // 'Dawm [m igw@kd i,fi,f rif;a,muQr}uD;awGeJ t h wlwl "edcw k f
ig;&Sm / zm;&SmeJ v h yk v
f mwmyg// OD;ydik q f w kd mr&Sb d ;l // 'g&mG ajryJ // armif&if oabm eJ@ armif&if
a&mif;w,fqdk&ifawmh tvGJoHk;pm;r_eJ h usKyfwdk h&Gmu pk+yD; w&m;pGJ&vdrfhr,f h h h
oyGwt f ikd &f mG ta=umif;vJ armif&if aumif;aumif;odygw,faemh”
OD;av;[efu t+yHK;rysuf cyftyk t f yk af voHeJ h
“b}uD;+idrf;&,f h h h aocsmvJpOf;pm;ygtHk; // tvGJoHk;pm;r_eJ hw&GmvHk;udk
w&m;pG&J rJah umif u 'Daumif}uD;ygAs // a[mh'D aumif}uD;yg// usaemfwikd v f u kd &f if w&GmvH;k
axmifus wef;usawGjzpfukefrSmqdk;vdk h aewwfovdkaecJhwm h h h aemufqHk; ukef
ukeaf jymvdu k rf ,f bke;f }uD;awmifruseb f ;l ”
“[ h h h w,fv[ J wk yf gvm; h h h armif&ifu w&GmvH;k bke;f }uD;yg rusew f &m;pGv J @kd
&w,fqakd wmh h h h at;uGm h h h w&Gm vH;k tomxm;tH;k armif&ifu usKyfukd bmtr_eJ rh sm;
w&m;pGrJ vdk w h ek ;f ”
“'Dvakd r;awmhvJ xJw h ;kd bJajzvdu k af wmhr,f // b}uD;+idr;f tvSLrSm bke;f }uD;awGukd
(2) vHk;xDxdk;+yD; vufrSwfawGuyfwm Oya'abmifeJ hvGwfr,frsm;xifaeovm;// tJ'g
avmif ; upm;r_ a jrmuf w ,f / / tenf ; qH k ; axmif (3) ES p f t xd c svd k h & w,f / / aemuf
jynfoyl ikd yf pPn;f qdw k modvm;// tckb}u;D +ird ;f tdrrf mS wnfxm;wJh uGr;f tpfu trsm;ydik yf pPn;f /
/ tJ'v D kd trsm;ydik yf pPn;f udk ,lo;kH +y;D ckxjd yefrtyfwm cd;k r_ajrmufw,f // jynfoyl ikd yf pPn;f qdw k m
ae rh ajymeJ n h bufvrf;rSmawG &h ifawmif oufqikd f &mudk csucf si;f tyf&w,f// vufxrJ mS
xm;&if cd;k r_ / rouFmr_awGeJ &h u J zrf;csKyfxm;vdk &h w,f odvm; b}uD;+idr;f // Edik if aH wmfu
xkwjf yefxm;wJh Oya'awGukd ravhvmbJ usaemfukd tckvpkd w G q f aJG ewm toa&ysurf _ /
ydik ef ufusL;vGerf e_ J h tckcsucf si;f zrf; csKyfvu kd v
f kd &h w,fqw kd m rarhygeJ ”h
“a[ h h h [kwv f m; h h h armif&ifwkd Oh ya' awG bmawGqw dk mu wEdik if v H ;kH b,forl S
rvdu k ef mEdik w f mawGxw k +f yD; tcGihf }uHKawmh 'D[mawGeJ u h ikd u
f ikd af yguaf eygvm;uG// a[ h h h
aeygt;kH armif&if&J /h / usKyftrd rf mS &Sw d hJ bmrSrwefwhJ uGr;f tpf=uawmh jynfoyl ikd f ypPn;f
av;bmav;eJ h armif&if vufnSdK;xdk;a&mif;pm;vdkufwJh a[m'D igwdk htzdk; tbGm;ydkif
'Dawm}uD;eJ Eh i_d ;f awmh &mZ0ifrsm;&dik ;f &mrusaybl;vm; h h h vlyt kH v,frmS csjy=unhyf gt;kH
armif&if&J ”h
“'DrmS b}u;D +ird ;f oyGwt f ikd &f mG rSm usaemfcsjy&r,fo h l wpfa,mufrS r&Sb d ;l // w&GmvH;k
Oya'eJ hrvGwfuif;wJh (2)vHk;xD csJxD awGvkyf=uw,f// 'gwifruao;bl; umvom;/
umvorD;ydik yf pPnaf wG tdrw f ikd ;f vdv k rkd mS &Sad ew,f// ausmif;q&mawGu Oya'eJ@ rvGwu f if;wJh
usL&Sio f ifw,f// wHigawGu Edik if aH wmfu xkwjf yefxm;wJh wm;jrpfred f ah wGukd csKd ;azmuf=uw,f/
v,f orm;awGu v,f,mOa'awGudk rvdkufem=ubl;// &Gmpma&; EdkifiHh0efxrf;u
vm'fpm;w,f//tukev f ;kH wtdted J h w&m;Oya' tjyifbufukd a&mufae=uwm b}uD;+idr;f
odvm;// 'Dvdk Oya'tjyifbufu vlawGu usaemfvdk Oya'abmiftwGif;u vludk
pdeaf c:vd@k uawmh cg;awmif;r}udKufb;l 'Dtwdik ;f vdu k cf rhJ ,f odvm;// 'DrmS =unfh vGecf w hJ J h (2)
ESpfuwnf;u 'Dawm}uD;udk usaemftcGefaqmifvmcJhwm// 'DrSm usaemfh emrnfeJ@
ajrpm&if;Xmeu xkwaf y;xm;wJh ajypm h h h ” b}u;D +ird ;f qdw k muvnf; ES,Ef , S &f &rSm r[kww f m
// OD;av;[ef xkwjf ywJh pm&Guu f kd aocsm,l=unhw f maygh // OD;ydik t f rnfrmS awmh OD;[ef}uD; //
trsKd ;tpm; qdw k ahJ e&mrSmawmh "edawmwJh // ESppf Of tcGef awmfaiG ae&mrSmawmh 1500
usyw f hJ h h b}uD;+idr;f rsuv f ;kH xJ rD;0if;0if; awmufomG ;w,f//
“xGD h h h yg;pyfoevdu k w f m [ef}uD;&m h h h rif;u aiGav; 3000 aqmif+yD; vl yh gpyfu
acG;pum;awG xGuaf ewm oew,fa[ h // oew,f // tckacwfoal wmif;pm;ay;&ifawmif
axmifwefay;&w,f// ta=uG&Sm;vdk huGodvm;// xGD h h hrif;vdkaumifrsdK; u &m&mppuGm
awmuf”b}u;D +ird ;f awmufacgu+f y;D tdraf y:uqif;vmcJw h ,f// &ifxu J a'gotylu b}u;D +ird ;f
rsuEf mS rSm txif;om;ay:aew,f// tdrrf jyefcsiaf o;wmeJ h urf;em;wef;xJu ta&S@h ausmif;
q&mawmfqo D mG ;zdk h ajcOD;wnfv h u
kd w f ,f// ausmif;rk'Of ;D 0a&mufw,fq&kd ifbJ h h h ausmif;xJu
xGuv f mwJh cst J a&mif;pma&;Anm; u h h h
“[m h h h b}uD;+idrf; h h h 0rf;omp&myJAsK d hb}uD;+idrf;tvSLrSm vSLvdkufwJh
(2)vHk;xDaygufvdk@ tckav;wifyJ q&mawmf qD 0wWKaiG 3aomif; vmuyf+yD; tjyef
b}uD;wd@k trd f vSn0hf ifrvd@k As h h h [J h h [ h J h h h usaemfv h J vufbuf&nfz;kd av; bm;av;
qkcsOD;aemh”
“at; h h h csr,f h h h csr,f h h ”h qd+k yD; vHck snv f eS jf y[ef vkyv f u kd af wmh Anm; crsm
udik xf m;wJh zdeyfav;udk ypfcs+yD; ajy;ygava&m//
ausmif;ay:wufoGm;+yD; q&mawmftm; OD;oHk;}udrf ykpdefaygufOD;csvdkufw,f//
q&mawmfa&S hrSmawmh aiGxkyfuav;u yHkrysuf// b}uD;+idrf;u oleJ h OuUX[ef}uD;wdk h
ajymqdck w hJ mawGukd tptqH;k q&mawmfukd av#mufxm;vdu k w f ,f//
“ h h h h bke;f }uD;awmif ruseb f ;l wJh bk&m; ”
“at; h h ah t; h h h 'kuQ h h 'h u k Q h h h &Sad pawmh 'um+idr;f h h h ol ah cwfeJ o h lt h cg
}uHK&ayw,f 'um}uD;// usKyfwdk htygt0if vlawGudk rvdkufemEdkifwJh trdef@ Oya'awG
xkwjf yefw,f// rvku d ef mEdik af wmh usL;vGe=f uayw,fayg/h / usL;vGejf yefawmhvJ tjypf&csirf S &wm/
/ 'Dawmh usL;vGef rSe;f rod usLvGerf w d ,f 'um}u;D // teD;pyfq;kH wdk &h mG udo k m=unh/f / wu,fawmh
tkycf sKyfoal wGu tkycf sKyfcaH wGukd Oya'jyifya&mufatmif enf;trsKd ;rsKd ;eJ h wGe;f ydk ah ewm//
'grv S J olwkd t h yk cf sKy&f vG,af yrud;k // rw&m;wJOh ya' xGuv f mvdk h rw&m;ygb;l vdk h &J&w J if;wif;
ajym&J qdk&JwJhol wdk hEdkifiHrSm &Sdao;&J hvm;// usKyfwdk hudkf,fwdkifu w&m;Oya'awG
csdK;azmufrdw,fvdk h txifa&mufaeawmh awmf&Hk wef&Hk t[dwftaeav;eJ hawmif
cHrajym&Jawmhb;l 'um}u;D // tckv[ kd mrsKd ; awGu oyGwt f ikd &f mG rSmwifr[kwb f ;l wEdik if vH ;kH vJ
oyGwt f ikd &f mG vdjk zpfaewm //at; h h h at; 'gawGukd ausmv f m$ ;Edik zf kd u
h bk&m;a&S@yq k pfww k af evd@k
r&bl;// usKyfwkd u h , kd w f ikd af usmjf zwf=u&vdrhf r,f 'um+idr;f ”//
wHk jh yef r_ uif;rJph mG jzifh b}uD;+idr;f wdwq f w
d af e.//
q&mawmf. =o0g'pum;rsm;udk b}uD;+idr;f =um;ygavp //
yifv,fjyifukd jzwfausmw f u kd cf wfvmwJh avEkat;av; awGu oyGwt f ikd &f mG xdyf
"edawm}uD;udk wdk;acG husDp,f aeav&J@// av=urf;wdk;rS jrnfwwfwJh &GmOD;apwD u
qnf;vJoaH wGvJ tckawmh qdwo f Ok ;f ae+yDav // &Gmv,fu ukuKUd vfyif}uD;udk trSjD yK+yD;
wG,zf uf EG,w f ufaewJh oyGwcf g;+cHK}uD;rSmawmh cl;olrJ o h yGwcf g;oD;awG oD;csiw f ikd ;f oD;/
}uD;csiw f ikd ;f }uD;aevdu k =f uwm oyGwt f ikd f &Gm&J h o&kyu f kd azmfxw k vf kd ah eav&J /h /
aumhom;
tvif;tdrf 5 ESpfajrmuf txdrf;trSwf 0w¬Kwdk jydKifyGJ
'kw,
d qk
qktrsKd ;tpm; 'kwd,qk

0wˆKtrnf }udK;jywfpeG f
trnf&if; rav;av;
uavmiftrnf av;av; (wdu k sKd )
“ud,
k af &;tusO;f ”
1990 ckEpS w f iG f *syefEikd if o
H kd h a&muf&cdS o
hJ nf// 0goemt& pm/ uAsmrsm;udk
jynfwiG ;f jynfy&Sd pmapmifrsm; / r*~Zif;rsm;Y a&;om;cJyh gonf// ,ck vuf&dS
jrefrmh'rD u
kd a&pDa&;twGuf tkww f csyf / oJwyGihf taejzifh us&mae&m
tcef;u¾ uae }udK;yrf;aqmif&u G af eygonf//

“trav; uk&d ifomarmif&hJ usKyf&ifawGyv l jS yDawmh usKyfom;av; oGm;&Smay;ygO;D ²²
usKyfom;wckcjk zpfaejyD xifyg&ahJ wmf”
“r,fv&S ,f²² rif;uvJtpd;k &dr}f uD;&efaum/ rif;om;jyefvmrSmyg/ c% apmifyh gO;D
vm;uGm”
“atmf ud&k if&@J usKyfom;ta=umif; usKyftodq;kH yg? b,fomG ;r,f b,ftcsed f
jyefvmr,fqdkwm t+rJajymoGm;wJhuav;/ tckvJ [dkzufvrf;xJu ol@oli,fcsif;tdrfrSm
pmtkyo f mG ;iSm;OD;r,f c%ygyq J jkd yD; xGuo f mG ;vdu k w f m rd;k awmifcsKyfvjk yD; usKyfy&l wmayg”h
“at;yg r,fv&S m rd;k csKyfv@kd rS rvm&if igvu kd pf pkH rf;ay;ygr,fu h mG ”
“awmfuvJawmf rd;k csKyfatmifyJ apmifah e&w,fv@kd usKyf&ifawGr;D awmufaejyDawmh
usKyfom; b,fwek ;f urS ae0ifr;kd csKyfaebl;wm r[kwb f ;l ²² bk&m;bk&m; om;av; ab;roD
&efrcygapeJ@ cvkwrf xd ql;rjidygapeJ@awmf”
“uJ u J h h h r,f v S wjApf j Apf a wmuf a wmuf v k y f r aeeJ @ ig &yf u G u f x J
oGm;pHpk rf;=unfrh ,f²² ol@ol,cf si;f tdrv f 0J ifcrhJ ,f rif;pdwaf t;at;xm;jyD; usecf yhJ gumG ”
*************
OD;omarmif / a':r,fvw S @kd vifr,m;onf &efuek +f rKd q h ifajcyH;k &yfuu G w f ckjzpfaom
a&Gjynfom/ acgif oH;k vH;k &yfuu G wf iG f aexdik =f ujyD; udo k marmifonf usyef;tvky/f wcgwav
yGpJ m;tvkyu f av;vky&f if; rdom;pkw0rf;wcg;vSz@kd jud;k yrf;aeav.?
a':r,fvo S nfvnf; wzufwvrf;rS tdrpf m;&dwf umrd&efta&;/ tdraf &S@vrf;ab;
wGif ta=umfpHk a&mif;&if; aexdkif=uaom tajccHvlwef;pm;rsm;xJu &dk;&kd;om;om;
vkyu f ikd af exdik =f uaom rdom;pkav; wckjzpfygonf?
olw@kd vifr,m;touf}uD;umrS om;av; armif&efat;udk arG;zGm;vmcJyh gonf?
wOD;wnf;aomom; av;jzpfv@kd vifr,m;ESpaf ,mufrmS tcsp}f u;D cspu f m t&dyw f =unf=h unfh
eJ@aevmvku d wf m armif&efat; (14) ESpo f m; 8wef;ausmif;om; }uD;t&G,f a&mufvm
ygawmhonf? wOD;wnf;aomom;av; jzpfvifu h pm; armif&efat;av;[m vdrmR a&;jcm;&Sjd y;D
twef;ynmrSmvJ xl;c|efavawmh twef;xJwGif t+rJAdkvfpGJum vlwumcsD;rGef;cH&onfh
oGuv f ufcsujf cmaom om;vdrmR av; jzpfavonf? armif&efat; av;u ol}uD;vm&if
tif*sief , D m}uD;vkyu f m rdbeSpyf g;udk &Smau|;OD;rSmqdak om pum;onf a':r,fvS yef;or#
EGr;f or#awGukd vef;apcJ&h avonf?
'ga=umifv h J a':r,fvw S a,muf om;ynma&; taxmuftyH&h ap&ef 0g;usnf
awmuf}uD; xJrSm rpm;&ufraomuf&uf aiGawG pkvmvdkufwm om;woufyif&SdacsjyD?
0g;usnaf wmuf}uD;ud=k unf+h yD; igo h m; tif*sief , D m}uD;twGuq f ukd m yDwaD wGjzmvd@k at;csr;f
om,mpGm aevmcJ=h uwJh olw@kd &J@b0xJukd rar#mv f ifyh J aomurkew f ikd ;f wdu
k cf u
kd v
f @kd uHq;kd
rd;k arSmif =ucJ&h ygavawmhonf?
*************************
“rr,fvS awmfw@kd vifr,m;eSpaf ,muf qlnq H n l H toHawG=um;vd@k bmjzpfvv J @kd
vm=unhw f myg”
“cifjra&²² vmvm tawmfyJ nnf;vmvk@d ajym&tH;k r,f? igo h m;av;[dzk ufvrf;xJ
pmtkyif mS ;qdk jyD;xGuo f mG ;vdu k w
f m jyefrvmao;vd@k udo k marmifukd vdu k =f unfch ikd ;f wmygat”
“rr,fvaS & r[kwrf v S aJG &m²² zG[²hJ ² vGyJ gapz,fygap²² r[kwyf gapeJ@awmf”
“[J²h ² cifjr eif[ h muvJ t&if;r&Sd tzsm;r&Sed @J bmvJ[”hJ
“rr,fvS usKyf=um;aewm=umjyD tckwavm usKyfw@kd vkd qif;&Jom;&yfuu G af wGrmS
armif&efat; t&G,af v;awG aysmufaysmufuek o f wJ²h ² uav;ppfom;qdv k m;²² bmvm;yJawmf
zrf;zrf;oGm;w,fv@kd ajymw,f”
“[J²h ²cifjr [kw&f v hJ m; ig=um;zl;wmu th'J v D [ kd mawGu e,fawGrmS jzpfwmav
awmawGrmS jzpfwmygat ck[mu usKyfw@kd u &efuek jf rdK@}uD;ay:rSm aewmygath”
“[kww f ,f²² rr,fvS t&ifu e,fawGrmS yJ &Sw d m tck&efuek rf mS awmif &Sad e+yaD th²²
nnf;r,Hkr&SdeJh awmf=um udk,fawG}uHkae&OD;r,f a[mh²²[dkrSm nnf;a,musmf; jyefvm
jyD²²usKyfjyefawmhr,f”
“udo k marmif om;owif; bm=um;cJv h ”J
a':r,fvt S armwaumeJ@ar;onfukd yifo h uf&u _d u f m jyefajzvdu k o f nfOh ;D omarmif²²
“ig &yfuu G &f ;kH rSm uav;aysmufwikd cf w hJ ,f? om;oli,fcsi;f tdrv f aJ &mufcw hJ ,f²²
rif;om;pmtkyif mS ;jyD;jyefomG ;wm =umjyDw”hJ
“[kwyf gjyD [kwyf gjyD”
“[J²h ² bmawG[w k af ewmvJ r,fv&S ”hJ
“tckbJ ab;tdrfu cifjrajymoGm;w,f uav;ppfom;vkyfbdk@uav;awG
vdkufzrf;aew,fwJh²²trav;udk&if&J@ usKyfwdk@udk,fusdK;eJjyD;xifygw,fawmf”[kajymjyD;
t&kyjf ud;k jywfvu J somG ;avonf?
“r,fv²S ² r,fvS owdxm;av²² owdxm;av ”
“owd&+yDvm; a&mha&mh a&aomufvu kd Of ;D // igviJ go h m;av;twGuf pdwyf al eyg
w,fumG ²² rif;&ifxu J tyluekd m;vnfygw,fumG ²² reufa&mufawmh igvu kd pf pkH rf;ygr,fu h mG ²²”
“atmf ud&k if&@J usKyfb,fvakd e&rSmvJ usKyf&ifawGAavmifqal ejyDawmh²² tif*sif
eD,m}uD; jzpfcsiw f uhJ sKyfom;uav; ppfom;tjzpftzrf;cH&+yDxifyg&@J awmf” id}k uD;csurf eJ@
ajym&if;xyfrH vJusomG ;avonf?
***********************************
aemufwae@reuf udk&ifomarmifwa,muf om;aysmuf&SmyHkawmf zGifh&ygav
awmhonf?yGJpm;vJvkyfwJh udk&ifomarmif taygif;oif;rdwfaqGrsm;avawmh om;owif;
penf;embdk@ av;vHwJhajcvrf;awGeJ@ tdrf rS xGufvmcJhygonf? a':r,fvS crsmrSmawmh

om;pdwfeJ@tdyf&mxJbHk;bkH;vJ/ ta=umfvJra=umfedkif/ yÉm ajrvl;tjzpfeJ@ tdyf&may:rSm
rsu&f nfrsucf u G jf zifh use&f pfc&hJ ygawmhonf?
ae@&ufawG ukeq f ;kH vmvku d w f m wvqdw k m b,fvu kd ek q
f ;kH oGm;rSe;f rodatmifygy?J
rr,fvcS rsm rSmawmh om;av;eJ@cGaJ e&wJh wvqdw k hJ tcsed tf wGi;f rSm ae@awG vawG[m
ol@b0twGuaf wmh wurBmvdyk gyJ / ae@awGvawG &Sn=f umygb?d
“r,fvaS & r,fvS rif;pdwrf yle@J awmh igtcktquftoG,f wck&cJ+h yDuG h h ih gw@kd
&Jo
h m;av;udk igw@dk tck u,feikd af wmhrmS [”
tdy&f mxJ rD;pmukeq f cD ef;jzpfaewJh a':r,fvS om;pum;udk =um;wJt h cgrmS awmh
aigucf eJxxdik &f if;
“b,fvb kd ,fvkd usKyfom;eJ@jyefawG&awmhr,f[w k v f m;”
“[kww f ,f r,fvS igrh w d af qGwa,muf qufo, G af y;vd@k [db k ufwvrf;ausmu f
wyf=uyf}uD;a[mif;wOD;eJ@awG@cJh&w,f? ighrdwfaqGeJ@ tJh'Dwyf=uyf}uD;u nDtudk&if;vdk
cif=uw,f uG”
“[kwv f m; olu usKyfw@kd ub kd ,fvu kd n l rD mS vJawmh”
“ajz;ajz;ajymyg r,fv&S m ig&iS ;f jyygrh ,f // igu igw@kd om;av;ta=umif;eJ@ ol@tar
rif;[m om;pdwef @J tdy&f mxJvv J @dk vH;k yg; yg;awmhr,f tud&k m/ usaemfw@kd ro d m;pkb0av;udk
u,fygO;D qdjk y;D ajymwmaygh // aemufq;kH igw@kd ukd oem;wma&m igo h il ,fcsi;f rsuef mS a&maygu h mG ²²
olun l rD ,fqjkd yD; jzpfomG ;av&J”h
“trav;²²armifrif;}uD;om; usef;rmygap²² csrf;omygap²² oufawmf&mausmf
&Snyf gapawmf”
“r,fvS qkawGay;raeeJ@OD; igph um;qH;k atmifem;axmifO;D rif;ay;&rSmawG usef
ao; ovm;[”
“bmrsm;wke;f awmh”
“at;²²igw@kd uu kd n l rD ,fw h yf=uyf}uD;udk aiG8ode;f ay;&rSm”
“Aka'<g²² usKyfw@kd rmS aiG8ode;f rajymeJ@ 8axmifawmifr&Sw d mawmf²²usKyfw@kd b0awGu
wae@vyk rf S wae@pm;b0ygawmf²² ”
“uk&d if²²usKyw f @kd 'DaiGray;edik &f if usKyo f m;eJjh yefrawG&awmhb;l aygh [kwv f m;ud&k if&,f
usKyfw@kd tajctaeudak jymjyjyD; wyf=uyf}uD;udak ps;qpf=unfyh gO;D vm;awmf”
“igvJ tJhavmufb,fnHhrvJ r,fvS&m²² tJh'Dwyf=uyf}uD;&JhajcovHk;udkzufjyD;
&Scd ;kd OD;wifajymwmaygu h mG // aemufq;kH igw@kd udik n hJ mjyD; aiG 5 ode;f eJ@jzpfatmif vkyaf y;r,fv@kd
ajymouG²² igo h il ,fcsi;f uvJ tJ'h aD iG 5 ode;f awmh &atmif&mS cJw h uhJ ”G
“ud&k if usKyfw@kd awGrmS a&$qv kd @kd rl;vd@k &lp&mawmifr&S/d aygief aHS &mif;csp&mqdw k mvJ
ewÎrd [kwv f m; usKyfw@kd tJ'h aD iGawGub kd ,fv&kd mS =urSmvJawmf”

“udk&ifa&²² usKyfowd&jyDawmh²² usKyfom;av; tif*sifeD,mausmif;wwfbkd@
pkxm;wJhydkufqHawGav 0g;usnfawmufxJ jynfhaeaygh²usKyfrpm;&uf raomuf&uf
om;ynma&;twGupf x k m;wJh 0g;usnf awmufxrJ mS tenf;qH;k aiG 1 ode;f ausmaf wmh &Srd mS
awmh”
“pdwaf t;at;xm; r,fv&S m ud, k 0hf rf;emud,
k of modqakd yr,fh iga,musm;f ygu?G
igoh m;twGuif gjuHygzefygO;D r,fumG ²² rif;om rif;om;eJ@ jyefawG@eikd af tmif uk, d u hf se;f rma&;
ud, k f *&kpukd yf gumG ? rif;ud, k f rif;vJ rSex f jJ yef=unfyh gO;D ,lypfovdu k somG ; vdu k w f mrde;f r&m²²
igrh mS om;twGuyf &l rif;twGuf pdwrf at;&eJ@ jzpfae&wmuG”
“at;ygawmf usKyftm;wufvmygjyD? usKyf aeaumif;awmhrmS yg”
aemufwae@ ud&k ifomarmifwa,muf rd&_ wJrh suef mS eJ@trd jf yeftvm ZeD;jzpfou l
“ud&k if²² ydu k qf uH pd t P qifajyvm+yDvm; usKyfawmhusKyfom; 0g;usnaf wmuf}uD;
cGv
J u kd w
f m 1 ode;f cGJ ausm&f o dS awmh”
“at;²² rif;wd@k igw@kd tjzpfukd rjrif&ufv@kd igo h il ,fcsi;f u ol@ olaX;qDrmS 10 wd;k eJ@
aiGacs;ay;rwhu J G w eSpt f wGi;f awmh jyefqyf&rSmwJah v”
“aus;Zl;}uD;vSygayw,fawmf²² usKyf tJh'DydkufqHrausrjcif; ta=umfa&mif;jyD;
qyfygrh ,f wae@xrif; weyfypJ m;jyD; usKyfaiGpyk grh ,f²h ² usKyfom;av;udk use;f use;f rmrmeJh
jyefawG@&&if usKyfaoaysmyf gjyDawmf”
***************************
wywf=umaomtcg wyf=uyf}uD;udk aiG 5 ode;f ay;vdu k ef ikd jf yDqv
kd #iyf J 2 &uftwGi;f
udo k marmifw@dk ZeD;armifeHS om;ukad wG@ciG &hf awmhrnf jzpfavonf? aiGrsuef mS }u;D r_ukd a':r,fvS
wa,muf pOf;pm;&if; tawG;e,fcsahJ eygawmhonf? a=omf igw@kd awmif uHaumif;axmufrvd@k
ydkufqHacs;r,fholuvnf;&dS/ udkomarmifuvnf; tquf toG,faumif;ayvdk@ombJ?
wu,fv@kd rsm; pm;0wfaea&;twGuf rajyrvnfe@J &H;k uefae=u&wJh ol awGtwGuu f awmh
uav; aysmufomG ;wmudb k J odvu kd =f u&rSm? b,frmS &Smvd@k &mS &rSe;f rod 'Dtwdik ;f vufyu kd f
=unfjh y;D rdrw d @kd &hJ &ifaoG;awGe@J &Siu f GJ uJuG ek =f uwmawG b,ftxdawmif &daS e=ujyv D nf; aemf²²
om;aysmufrcd ifawG&hJ rsu&f nfawG[m igw@kd jrefrmjynfteS@H rSm yifv,fa0ae=ujyDxifyg&?hJ
bk&m; h h b h &k m; ork'&N mtjzpf a&mufroGm;ygapeJ@?
taysm}f uD;aysmaf ewJah ':r,fvw S kd @ZeD;armifeHS &ifuyJG ufvufjzpf&wJh ae@uawmh
om;armif&efat;udo k mG ;a&mufac:,lwhJ ae@yjJ zpfygawmhonf? wyf=uyf}uD;a[mif;qdo k u
l
OD;aqmifac:vm&maemufrmS udo k marmifw@dk xyf=uyfruGmvku d yf gvm=uonf?
ppfom;pkapmif;a&;wyfxJ 0ifvdkufw,fqdk&ifyJ aiGvrf;cif;xm;wJh wyf=uyf}uD;
a[mif;u OD;aqmifum vly&f mS ;avawmhonf?
“q&mausmaf &²² 'gusaemht f udek @J trAsm²² q&mausmu f u kd saemfajymxm;wmav
olw@kd &J@om;av;aygh tudek t hJ ruAsm olw@kd &J@om;udk 10 wef;atmifwt hJ xd ausmif;xm;
“taysmf}uD;aysmfaewJh
a':r,fvwS kd Zh eD;armifeHS
&ifuyJG ufvufjzpf&wJh ae uh awmh
om;armif&efat;udok mG ;a&mufac:,lwhJ ae yh jJ zpfygawmhonf”
ay;csifowJh? 10wef;atmifrS OTSwdk@ DSA wdk@ajz+yD; wyfxJ0ifapcsif=uwmav²²
thw J ma=umifh usaemfjyefvmac:wmyg”
olw@kd csi;f tay;t,l vkyx f m;jy;D om;qkad wmh ody&f n S &f n
S af 0;a0;ajymrae&awmhygyJ
uav;ukd ac:vm ygawmhonf? q&mausmaf emufrmS uwH;k pawmufe@J xx kH xkH ikd ;f xdik ;f jzpfaewJh
armif&efat; vdu k yf gvm ygawmhonf? rdbeSpyf g;a&S@a&mufw,fq&kd ifyJ armif&efat;[m
aumufcgiifumeJ@
“rdbudv k yk af =uG;zd@k ppfx0J ifwm/ wdik ;f jynfe@J vrl sKd ;twGuf ppfx0J ifwm” qkw d phJ um;
eSpcf eG ;f udk vufo;D vufarmif;wef;um =uufwal &G;pmcsonfeh , S f w&pyf&w G q f akd eyg awmhonf?
tJ'h t D csed rf mS yJ twl vdu k yf gvmwJh wyf=uyfjuD;u vdrmR yg;eyfpmG eJh armif&efat; ausmudk
oyf&if;
“at;yg ighwl&m²² rif;pdwf "gwfudkav;pm;ygw,fuGm²² tckawmh rif;tazeJ@
rif;taru rif;udk 10 wef;atmifwt hJ xd pmoifapcsio f wJu h ²G ² tJw h m OD;wd@k e@J jyefvu kd cf ahJ emf²²
10 wef;atmifjyD;rSppfAdkvf}uD; vkyfuGaemf” vdk@ajymum uav;udk jyefac:aqmif vmyg
awmhonf?
tjyefvrf;rSm tm;vHk;wdwfqdwfpGmvdkufygvm=u&if; armif&efat; wOD;wnf;
omv#if “wdik ;f jynfuckd spf vd@k ppfx0J ifwm/ rdbmudv k yk af juG;zd@k ppfx0J ifwm” qdak ompum;
udo k m xyfwvJv&J w G q f &kd if; oHywf ay;xm;aom puf&yk w f &kyyf rm vdu k yf gvmygawmhonf?
OD;omarmifrmS rsupf rd suef mS raumif;ayr,fh a,musm;f qdak wmh [efjyif;vd@k rmefwif;edik cf ahJ yr,fh
a':r,f vScrsmrSmawmh om;awmfarmifu=kd unfjh yD; urBmysurf wwf cHpm;ae&ygawmhonf?
armif&efat;av; &Jh tqufrjywfpum;oHawG[m olr&J&h ifukd emusiaf pygawmhonf?
trsm;a&Srh mS [efaqmifrsKd odyu f m vdu k yf gvmwJh a':r,fvw S a,muf rsuv f ;kH tdrf
twGif;rSmawmh rsuf&nfawGa0vdk@aeygawmhonf? om;tjzpfudk rjrif&ufr=unfh&ufeJh
ESv;kH tdrrf mS wekehH chHk pH m;um t oufro hJ wl a,mufyrm vdu k yf gv@kd vm&if; tdraf &mufw,f
qd&k ifbJ a':r,fvw S a,muf [efaqmif &wmawGukd tdyo f eG zf marSmuf tefxw k jf yD; om;
armif&efat;udzk ufum atmufygtwdik ;f idjk cif;cs vdu k yf gawmhonf?
“trav;²² udkomarmif&Jh usKyfom;av; b0ysufygjyDawmh²² rdarG;zarG;wdkif;
jyefaumif;vmygOh ;D rvm;awmh” [lownf;?
av;av; - wd k u sd K
tvif;tdrf 5 ESpfajrmuf txdrf;trSwf 0w¬Kwdk jydKifyGJ
wwd,qk
qktrsdK;tpm; wwd,qk
0wˆKtrnf blpwm
trnf&if; udb k =kd unf
uavmiftrnf bd=k unf
“udk,fa&;tusOf;”
usaemfonf zcif OD;vSjrifeh iS hf rdcifa':oef;=unfw@kd rS ouFe;f u|e;f jrKd @e,f &efuek w f ikd ;f
wGif 1965 ckepS w f iG f arG;zGm;cJyh gonf? arG;csi;f 4 a,muf&jdS yD; t}uD;qH;k jzpfygonf? tajccHynm
rlvwef;rS tv,fwef;txdukd tvu (4) ouFe;f u|ef;wGif wufa&mufc+hJ yD; txufwef;
ynmudk ouFe;f u|e;f txu (1) wGif oif=um;cJyh gonf? 1983 ckepS w f iG f &efuek w
f uUov kd f
(Adv k w
f axmif) wGif yxreSpf 'kw, d eSpf jrefrmpm bmom&yfudk avhvmcJ&h jyD; 1986 ckepS w f iG f
&efuek w f uUov kd f (yifr) od@k ajymif;a&G@+yD; wwd,eSpef iS hf pwkweÎ pS f ynm&yfrsm;udk qnf;yl;
cJ&h ygonf?
1988 ckepS f ta&;awmfyjkH zpfaomtcg jrefrmpm aemufq;kH eSpo f ifwef; wufa&muf
aecsed jf zpfjyD; ta&;awmfyw kH iG f yg0ifcyhJ gonf? xd@k twGuaf =umifh 1990 ckepS f rS 1993 ckepS t f xd
wpf}udref iS hf 1994 rS 1998 ckepS t f xd wpf}udrf tzrf;cHc&hJ jyD; tusO;f axmiftoD;oD;wGif 7
eSpf eSihf 3 v tusO;f us cHc&hJ ygonf?
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bmom&yf u d k tpwpajc&mcH j yD ;
(25) tpOfwpdkuf avhvmwwf=uygonf?
,ckvnf; 'dkif,m vufwpf (tEkyËd
rdk;ajropf avmr enf;aA')udk pdw0f ifpm; olw@kd
tzd@k ajc&mcHavhvm&ef tpwpay;tyf
vdu k jf cif;jzpfonf? qufvufavhvmzk@d
vkdygonf? Tpmwrf;i,fonf tawG;tac: ork'N&m xJodk@ pD;qif;0ifa&muf&ef
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OD;wnfp;Dd qif;&mvrf;oG,w f ckr#om jzpfonf?
(2)
od@k jzpf&m armf. jynfow l iG ;f yËdyuQrsm;xJrS wcsKd @w0ufukd qufvufrw d q f uf azmf
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,ae@jrefrmjynfwiG f xdrk aumif;qd;k 0g; ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd zsuo f rd ;f &mwGif Armjynf
vl@tzG@J tpnf;twGi;f &dS yËdyuQwu kd yf rJG sm;/ yËdyuQjzpfaeaom tawG;tac: t,ltqrsm;udk
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88 rSpI ESpaf ygi;f ESpq f ,faf usmt f wGi;f tzdEydS cf v H x l x k u J yJ wcsKd @opPmazmufavmufaumif/
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&efoal uí;onfh t&d;k t&if;ay:wGif tm;&auseyfomG ;ol/ rdrad b;em;wGif rdrEd iS t hf wl&efou l kd
awmfveS w f u kd cf u kd &f mrS ESpEf pS q f ,ft=um &efoal cG;ckex f ufwiG f a&muf&aSd ewufonfah cwfwiG f
vl wa,mufxJuyJ tawG;tac: trsdK;rsdK;ajymif;vJoGm;onf? awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pk/
'Dru kd a& opftiftm;pkxrJ mS yifv#if wcsKd @(wcsKd @) tawG;tac:u cdik cf ikd rf mrmr&d?S qkyu f ikd rf r_ &d?S
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qef@usiw f u kd cf u kd &f ef awmfveS af &;tawG;tac: wnfaqmuf&ef vdt k yfonf?
od@k jzpf&m Armjynfvrl v _ ufawG@b0ESihf udu k n f aD om/ xif[yfEikd af om/ awmfveS af &;
tawG;tac:udk tm;jznfah xmufuEl ikd o f nfh “jynfow l iG ;f yËdyuQ” rsm;xJrS wcsKd @uo kd m a&G;
cs,af umufEw _ f rdwq f ufay;vdyk gonf?
(3)
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vl@tzJ@G tpnf;opftwGuf tvkyt f aºu;G jyKz@kd ajymif;vJvm=uw,f? ay:ayguv f mwJh jy\em
uawmh vltzG@J tpnf;opf&@J vt kd yfcsuef @J udu k n f aD tmif olw@kd b,fvakd qmif&u G rf vJqw kd hJ
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jyKjyif=u&r,f?”
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ae=uw,f? 'DtajcaeawGt&/ usaemfw@kd &@J tawG;tac: Edik if aH &;vkyif ef;awGukd cktcgtm;
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wke;f uvkycf w hJ hJ tawG;tac: jyKjyifa&;[m vdt k yfw,f?
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&J@ ynma&;vrf;n$ecf suu f awmh ynmoif=um;olwidk ;f udk pm&dwAW v/ Om%Av/ um,Av/
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em;vnfxm;ap&r,f?”
(4)
armf. jynfow l iG ;f yËdyuQ tcef; 12cef;xJwiG f “ynmwwfrsm;” tcef;u¾onf
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cJjh cif;jzpfonf? rdwq f ufoabmr#om jzpfonf? aumufcsuq f , JG El ikd o
f nfh tcsuu f Edik if wH Edik if /H
vl@tzG@J tpnf;w&yf. Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&; topfwckajymif;vJ&mwGif (od@k r[kw)f ajymif;vJ&ef
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wd@k .tawG;tac:ESihf ynma&;udyk g ajymif;vJay;zd@k vt kd yfvmonfqo kd nfh tcsuu f kd rsu0f g;
xifxif awG@&&Sd rSmjzpfonf?
rd;k ajropf
qufvufazmfjyygrnf? {jyD 7 / 2011
bmomjyef tcef;quf
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taESmuf,Sufay;rd&if tckavmufqkd&if axmifrSL;awG ighukd vm&Sm=uvdrfh r,f?
rae@uqkd&ifvnf; ewfuGef;em;ukd b,faxmifrSL;rS rvm=ubl;? 'DudpPbJ acgif;xJu
ar;cGef;awG xGufvmaew,f? a=umufpdwfeJ@ wkefv_yfaewmtrSefbJ? ukdpdef,kH[m
vufonf;xJu acs;(*s;D )awGudk aumfxw k af ew,f? taqmif 4u axmifrLS ;ESiahf wG@wJt h cg
ol[m twwfEidk q f ;Hk &k&d adk oao av;av;pm;pm; qufqH ygw,f? “olb,frmS vnf;cifAsm”vk@d
&k&d adk o aoar;vku d w f ,f? axmif0g'gu jyef jyK;H jy&if; “vmygaemufrS igbmawGawG@xm;w,f
qkw d m ajymjyr,f?” vuQ%m q&m[m 0wfxm;wJh ykq;dk =um;xJu v#K@d 0Sut f yd af v;ukd
prf;vku d jf yD;txJu aq; aygv h yd f 2 vdyu f dk xkwvf u
kd w
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jzpfaew,f? jyD;awmhvnf; axmifyidk =f uD;ESiv hf nf; ol&iS ;f &OD;r,f?

·····“ b,fvdk jy\emjzpfaewmvnf;?” 0g'gu ·····
“ olajymjycsi&f if rif;ukad wG@&if ajymrSmayg?h rif;bmomrif; ar;=unfyh g vm;?”
aq;aygv h yd Ef pS v f yd f ay;&ayrJh bmrSvnf; rod&ygvm;?
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igodwJhowif;ajymjyr,f? 'Dae@reuf e,fpyfu axmufvSrf;a&;awG 'Dukda&mufvmjyD;
M.IaxmufvrS ;f a&;A[ku d vlawG tckpcef;xJrmS wnf;=uw,f? 'ga=umifh ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;
odyjf zpfcsiaf ewJh ukv d al csmwa,muf Asmrsm;aewm ayg?h 'g[m owif;xl;bJ? ”
“ ol@ukd usaemfawG@csifw,f? olb,frSm &SdEkdifrvJ/ odvm;? ol@ukdawG@&if
ajymay;ygvm;? usaemf ukdvlacsmESifhawG@jyD; axmifxJrSm &SmazGwJhudpP ta=umif;
ajymp&mawG&w dS ,fv@dk ? ” 0g'gu ·····
“ tcktcsed rf mS awmh rif;ajymrJo h wif;ukd olpw d 0f ifpm;rSmr[kwb f ;l ? &SmazGwu hJ pd jP y;D jy?D
tqk;H owfvu dk jf yD? 'g axmifyidk =f uD;&J@trde@f yJ? ”
“ bmbJjzpfjzpfAsm ol@uo dk mawG@c&hJ if usaemf odyt f a&;=uD;wJoh wif; ay;p&m&Sv d @dk
vku d &f mS aew,fv@dk bJ ajymay;yg?”
ukv d al csm wae@vk;H Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om;awGEiS hf &Sad erSmr[kwyf gb;l ?
“ olxrif;pm;awmhrSmbJ/ xrif;pm;csdefrSmawG@&if ol@ukd ajymay;yg? axmifwHcg;=uD;
rydwcf iftcsed t f xd awmif,mxJrmS usaemfapmifah eygrh ,fv@dk ?”
0g'gu “rif ; ta&;=uD ; ud p P ajymcsif w ,f q k d w mvnf ; rif ; ol w k d @ yk d u f p d w f
wkud &f mS aewJyh pPn;f ukd awG@xm;vk@d vm;?”
ukpd ed , f uHk pdwyf supf mG ESihf
“usaemf a jymcd k i f ; xm;wmbJ ajymjyay;yg? ol 0 rf ; om&rJ h owif ; aumif ;
usaemfrmS &Sw d ,fqw dk mbJ?”
···············
awZyg;pyfxJrSm aoG;pawG usefaeao;w,f? b,favmufbJemem olp
um;ajymzk@d awmh =uK;d pm;r,fv@dk qk;H jzwfxm;w,f? tckcsed rf mS bJ aumifav;a&muf vmw,f?
····· awZu Free El Salvadoraumifav;ukd
“ rif;tarb,frmS vnf;vk@d ar;vku d wf ,f? aumifav;[m ol@tart a=umif;
ar;oHa=umifh vufxu J xrif;vifyef;ay:ukd ausmufw;Hk =uD; jyKwfusvm ovkcd pH m;&if;
,dik jf yD;vJusomG ;rvkd jzpfomG ;ygw,f?
····· “ arar” ·····
jyif;xefwchJ pH m;csu[ f m aumifav;&ifukd xdreS o f mG ;w,f?
···············
0g;ES i f h & uf x m;wJ h =urf ; jyif a y:uk d aea&mif j cnf u usaew,f ? t0ga&mif
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n‡d;ESifhoeyfcg;ukdaumfjyD; yg;jyifay:ukd vdrf;jc,fvkdufjyD; oeyfcg;ausmufjyifay:rSm
aemufxyfaoG;aew,f/ jyD;awmhrS ol&J@yg;jyifay:rSm 0kdif;0kdif;av; vdrf;ay;vkdufjyD;
bD;ESiyhf aHk zmfay;w,f?
····· “ arar ” ·····
b,fou l aoqk;H aewJh arar&J@pum;oHudk =um;Ekid rf mS vnf;?
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vufwzufwnf;ESihf vifyef;uku d idk &f if; tusO;f cef;xJudk vSr;f 0ifvu dk w f t hJ cg vif yef;xJu
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ar;rdwphJ um;ukd aemifw&rdw,f?
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a&S@wkd;aemufiifESifh 0g;yifavwkdufvkd@ v_yfaeovkdvkd@ aumifav;xifrdw,f? orx
xkid af ew,f? awZ&J@ pum;oH[m aumifav;twGuf oHacsmif;wacsmif; tpku d cf H &ovkd
cHpm;&w,f?
·····“ rif;tar b,frmS &So d vJqw dk m rif;odvm;”
Free El Salvador av;&J @ yg;pyf [oG m ;w,f ? tajz[m ol @ &if x J
wae&mrSm&Sad ew,f? Zmwfvrf;wckv;Hk ol@&ifxrJ mS &Sad ew,f? pajym&rJph um;ukd cufcufccJ J
pOf;pm;aew,f? orefwvif;ukd pku d =f unfah erdw,f?
awZ “ 'gqk d a umif ; w,f ? rif ; od w ,f r[k w f v m;/ rif ; tar b,f r S m &S d
aew,fqw dk m?
····· “ olaojyD”
toHav;[m wk;d wk;d av;ayrJh at;pufaew,f? ararqkw d thJ oH[m olem;ESihf
odyrf ,Ofawmhb;l ?
·····
qHyif&n S af wGudk ygwxf m;&if; bD;ESix hf ;dk xm;jyD; acsmif;awG w[Gwf [Gwq f ;dk aewJh
tarukd jyefjrifa,mifvmw,f? acsmif;qkd;aoG;ygvkd@ okwfxm;wJh vufukdifyk0gukd
acgif ; tk e f ; atmuf r sm 0S u f x m;avh & S d w ,f ? tar wcgwav aysmf & $ i f pG m
oDcsif;qkdwat;at;ESifh ol@twGuf rkef@[if;cg;ukd csufau|;avh&SdwJhtar/ 'eftkd;xJrSm
ol@t0wfawGxnfh jyD; av#mzf w G af y;aewJh tar?
····· “ arar ” ´´´´
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“'gq&kd if rif;'Daxmifxu J xGuv f @dk &ovm; ´
“ bmjzpfv@dk v”J
“ rif;axmif=uD;ESihf ta0;=uD;ukd xGuo f mG ;vk@d &ovm;´
“ b,fuv dk J ´ vk@d jyefar;vku d w f ,f?
“ tjyifbuf &efuek jf rKd@=uD;&Sw d ahJ e&maygu h mG ? ”
aumif a v; acgif ; cgaew,f ? acgif ; xJ r S m vnf ; rl ; vmovk d cH p m;&w,f ?
aeraumif;csifovkd jzpfvmw,f? awZ tcef;xJu xGufroGm;cif pum;wcGef; awmh
jyefajzvku d wf ,f?
“ usaemf tvkyu f 'DaxmifxrJ mS &Sw d ,f?”
bmbJjzpfjzpf 'Dae&mutusO;f axmifb?J tvGe&f yk q f ;dk wJh tcsKyfcef;=uD; bJ?
“ 'DrSm nDav;/ igwkd@wawG b,folrS 'Dae&mrSm raecsif=ubl;? 'Dae&m [m
vlawGaezk@d aumif;wJah e&m r[kwb f ;l ? rif;[m igw@dk tm;vk;H xJrmS uHt aumif;qk;H vlb?J
rif; tJ'gudk odvm;´” aumifav; tH=uw d v f u dk w f ,f? ol@&@J uHuv dk nf; rausreyf jzpfaew,f?
··········
awZ r&,fvu dk rf zd @dk =uK;d pm;w,f? &,fvu dk rf &d if ol@yg;pyfawG t&rf;em oGm;vdrrhf ,f?
ESmacgi;f xJu avr_wx f w k vf u dk &f w,f?
“bmbJajymajym rif;[m odyfuHaumif;w,f? ”aw;qkdiSuf ighukd bmawG
ajymaeovJqkdjyD; aumifav; acgif;aESmufoGm;w,f? awZ &l;oGm;jyDvm;/ 'grSr [kwf
a=umifomG ;jyDvm;´
“bma=umifh usaemfu uHaumif;wmvJ´”
····· awZ oHwidk u f dk vufEiS q hf yk u f ikd x f m;&if; --------
“ rif;[m olrsm;awGeJ@ rwlbl;? 0g'gawGu wm0ef&Sdvkd@ 'DrSmaerSmae& w,f?
igw@dk tusO;f om;awG[m tusO;f usv@dk 'DavSmiftrd =f uD;xJrmS ae&w,f? rif;u b,foel @J rS
rwlbJ b,fomG ;oGm; oGm;vk@d &wJv h b l ?J nDav; rif;uHraumif; pGmESihf 'DavSmiftrd =f uD;xJu
xGuo f mG ;vk@d &w,f?”
····· “ ····· “
udpk ed ,
f jHk yefomG ;wmESihf 0g'g=u;D [mvnf; aq;aygv h yd tf opf ESpv f yd u
f dk tdwaf xmifxJ
xJv h u dk &f if; pcef;&Sw d ahJ e&mudk xGuo f mG ;w,f? taqmifw0uf ra&mufao;cifrmS ukv d al csm
Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om;awGudk atmf[pfajymqkad eoH twkid ;f om;=um;vku d &f w,f? axmifxrJ mS
ykrH eS t f &qk&d if axmifusEpS =f uD;orm; awG[m axmifxu J dk topfa&mufvmwJh vlopfawGudk
axmifpnf;urf;/ axmifusifh 0wf/ axmifxJrSmvkyf&rJhtvkyf/ aexkdif/ oGm;vm/ ajymqkd
qufqeH nf;rsK;d pku H dk 0g'g awG axmifrLS ;awG ta&S@rSm q&mvkycf iG &hf =uw,f? 'gayrJh Ekid if aH &;
tusOf ; om; awG u k d a wmh axmif u svl a [mif ; awG awG @ cG i f h a wmif r &S d b l ; ? 0g'gawG
axmifrLS ;awGEiS hf wku d &f u dk t f yk cf sKyfr_ cH&w,f? 'ga=umifh ukv d al csmu Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om;
topfawG a&mufvm&if tm%mjywwfw,f?
0g'gawG [ m tapmif h w a,muf u k d a c: jyD ; uk d v l a csmu ol @ rS m ta&;=uD ; p
um;ajymp&m&Sw d ,fqw dk mukd ajymckid ;f vku d w f ,f? ukv d al csma&S@ 0g'ga&mufomG ; awmh 0g'gudk
axmifrLS ;ukv d al csmu “apmifah eOD;”vk@d ajymvku d af wmh vufaqmif& xm;wJh aq;ygv h yd w f vdyf
ukefwJhtxd apmihfae&w,f? aemufqkH; ukdvlacsmESihfawG@ awmh ukdvlacsmrsufESm[m
&Jww G af eygw,f? a'goxGuaf ewJh rsuEf mS jzpfw,f?
····· 'gEiS hf 0g'gvnf; tvGe&f adk ousK;d EGw H t hJ oHEiS hf ----
“ q&m&J@ tcsed u f dk taESmuft,Suaf y;rdwm awmif;yefygw,f? 'gayrJh q&mwynfh
ukpd ed ,f rHk mS vku d w f hJ ta&;=uD;pum; usaemf ajymp&m&Sv d @dk yg? ”
“ tJ'g bmjzpfv?J igtvkyv f yk af ew,fqw dk m? rif;rjrifb;l vm;? ”
“[kwf -- [kwu f hJ q&m jrifygw,f? 'gayrJh ukpd ed , f u Hk q&m&SmaewJh udpP ESihf
ywfoufjyD; q&mhukd owif;ay;p&m&Sdw,fvkd@ajymw,f? olajymrJhpum;ukd q&mod&if
ody0f rf;om oGm;r,fw?hJ ”
“ a[ ---- [kwv f m;? tJ'D acG;rom; tckb,frmS vJ? ”
0g'gu awmif,mxJrmS q&mhuadk pmifah eygw,f? usaemftck oGm;ajym vku d yf gr,f?
0g'gvnf; xGuo f mG ;a&m ukv d al csm[m ac|;jyefaewhJ rsuEf mS ukd vufuidk yf 0k gEiS hf okwv f u dk w f ,f?
pdwfukdvnf; jyefjidrfatmif vkyfvkdufw,f? wjcm;0g 'gawG tvkyfjyD;vkd@jyefayrJh
ukdvlacsmuawmh reufjzef 'Dtcef;ukd jyefvmjyD; tvGef acgif;rmwJh EkdifiHa&;orm;ukd
xyf p pf O D ; r,f ? tJ ' D Ek d i f i H a &;orm;tusOf ; om;u e,f pyf u qk d a yrJ h jref r mEk d i f i H
e,fpyfawmhr[kw?f &efuek ef ,fpyfu jzpfw,f? tJ'v D t l a=umif; 0g'g M.Ippfa=uma&;pcef;u
vlawGajymawmh &efuek ef ,fpyf&@J tdrx f rJ mS ,k;d ',m;e,fpyfu ajratmufawmfveS af &;orm;
awGvmjyD; pka0;wkid yf ifwhJ ae&m jzpfw,f?
ppfa=uma&;pcef;rSm xk;H pHtwkid ;f ppfaq;jyD;jyD? "gwv f u dk af pwJh usOpf ufuo dk ;Hk w,f/
armfawmfqidk u f ,fp;D ovkd avxJrmS uGu=G uD; t=um=uD; xkid cf idk ;f w,f? wcg ykvif;uGaJ y:rSm
'l;axmufcidk ;f jyD; ppfawmhvnf; tJ'v D u l bmrSrajymbl;? bmrSppfv@dk r&bl;? tJ'v D u l bmrS
ra=umufwv hJ ?l ppfaxmuf vSr;f a&;awGudk ukv d al csm tjypfwifrw d ,f? 'DEidk if aH &; tusO;f om;/
awmfveS af &; orm;ukd bmjzpfv@dk axmifrLS ;ukv d al csm awZukpd pfaq;ovkd rsuEf mS udk wkwEf iS hf
&kdufjyD; ppfwJhenf;ukd rokH;wmvJ? tokH;rusbl;vkd@ xifaew,f? olom M.Iaxmuf
vS r f ; a&;jzpf & if 'D a cgif ; rmwJ h Ek d i f i H a &;tusOf ; om; rsuf E S m uk d t=ud r f a ygif ; rsm;pG m
wkwEf iS jhf zwf&u dk jf yD; ppfzed yfEiS hf acgi;f uked if;=udwx f m;jyD; idak ewJh toHudk em; axmifaerdw,f?
tJ'Dvl vkdykHpH vlwa,muf 'DrSm&Sdae&if aemufa&mufvmwJh EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;awG
tm;wuf o G m ;r,f ? tm;uk d ; usvd r f h r ,f ? ol & J a umif ; tjzpf owf r S w f = uvd r f h r ,f ?
&ufpufra_ wGtm;vk;H ukd ausmv f mG ;cHpm;vGef ajrmufEidk f wJo h q l jdk y;D ol@vb dk J aexdik u
f si=hf u=H u&if
axmifrLS ; ukv d al csmwk@d tif;pdeaf xmif=uD; t&_;H ay;vku d &f vdrrhf ,f?
aw;qkid u S vf nf; tJ'v D vl b dk J acgi;f rmw,f? ukv d al csmu awZESiyhf wf oufjyD;
olcv H u dk &f wmukd aemifw&rdw,f? 'gayrJh awZ ar;&k;d usK;d oGm;wJt h xd ol&u dk v f u dk w f mukd
oabmus auseyfrw d ,f? tuDs v F ufudk acguw f ifvu dk &f if ukpd ed , f &Hk rdS hJ awmif,mpku d cf if;awG
bufudk xGuv f mcJw h ,f?
ukdpdef,kH ajrykwfawGudk jcif;awmif;wvkH;ESifho,faewm ta0;ujrif& w,f?
ukpd ed ,f rkH sm; abmfvyf if &SmawG@omG ;jyDvm;? pde, f [
Hk m ol@&@J axmifus&uf avsmzh @dk twGuu f dk
pOf;pm;aew,f? 'gayrJh &SmazGa&;udpP ratmifjrifbJ oluHqkd;vm wm olodaew,f?
b,fo@l ukrd v S nf; r,kaH wmhb;l ? axmifyidk =f uD;uvnf; rae@n ol@ukad jymjyD;jyD? M.I0ifz@dk
rulnDawmhbl;qkdwmvnf; odjyD;jyD? uHtaumif;qkH; owif;rSm ukdvlacsmu awZukd
jyif;jyif;xefxef ESu d pf ufcw hJ mukd axmifyidk =f uD;u rSww f rf;xJrmS ra&;bl;qkw d mbJ?
aemufwck vkyfvkdufwmu aomufxm;wJh vufzuf&nfESifh pm;&if;ppfukd
yufvu dk wf mav;bJ? wu,fawmh tJ'v D ul dk jyLwif;ayguu f ae ckecf sxu G af jy; oGm;&wJt h xd
vk y f p &mrvk d y gbl ; ? uk d v l a csmu ol @ vuf z uf & nf x J r S m tqd y f c wf x m; w,f q k d j yD ;
axmifyidk =f uD;ukd qifajcay;vku d w
f ,f?
“ nGef@a0OD; rif;&J@ qifajcawGukd igbmrS pdwfr0ifpm;bl;? ” tJ'gudpP vlacsm
aumhaeatmif cHpm;vku d wf mw,f?
vufzuf&nfe@H udk jyefcpH m;rdawmhrS olrmS ;a=umif; odvu dk &f awmhw,f? bmjzpfv@dk
'Davmuf ua,mifajcmufjcm; jzpfomG ;&wmvJ? ykq d ;dk wmu 'Dupd EP iS hf tdrjf yefawmh rde;f ru
=uufom;awG aps;=uD;oGm;wm ukv d al csmtok;H r usv@kd qkd wJyh pHk rH sK;d ajymwmcH&jyefw,f?
··········
vSrf;aewJhajcvSrf; c%&yfvkduf&if; aq;ayghvdyfukdxkwfjyD; aomufvkduf w,f?
c%&yfvu dk w f mESihf 'l;acgi;f u t&rf;emusiv f mwmukd cHpm;vm&w,f? rD;avmifc&H ovkd
ajcaxmuf w ck v k H ; yl a vmif v mw,f ? rae@u pm&if ; uk d i f E S i f h rqif r jcif
vkdufwrf;ajy;wrf;upm;vkdufvkd@ tckawmh 'kuQa&muf&jyD? rdef;ru q&m 0efjy&if
aumif ; r,f v k d @ qk d a yrJ h uk e f u sp&d w f u k d 'D r d e f ; r rpOf ; pm;rd b l ; xif y gw,f ? 'gayrJ h
tukeu f soufomatmif axmifq&m0efEiS hf jyygvm;vk@d ajymvmw,f? 'Davmuftukid =f urf;wJh
axmifq&m0efEiS hf jyp&mvm;? tJ'q D &m0ef&@J vufEiS hf awmif rudik af pcsib f ;l ?
vuQ%mq&mu tapmifu h dk pum;ajymaewmawG@&w,f?
“aumif;w,f/ 'Daumif igEiS phf um;vmajymzk@d ig@zufu=unh&f if tcGihf aumif;bJ?
igu roGm;bJ ig&yfaewJah e&mukd olvm&iftaumif;qk;H bJ? ”
&G@yH w k af wGtaytusEH iS hf pde, f aHk &mufvmjyD? vufxu J vufuidk yf 0k gEiS hf ESmacgi;f ukd
ydwx f m;&w,f? tkwef cD aJ wGudk wwk;H jyD; wwk;H ausmv f m$ ;&if; vkcH snu f dk vnf; aoaocsmcsm
uspu f spv f pfvpf vkyv f u
dk wf ,f? ol&aJ umif;wa,muf ppf ajrjyifxu G zf @dk cg;ygww f mESiw
hf w
l ,f?
'DvEdk iS hf pde, f v Hk maewJzh ufudk wvSr;f csi;f / 'l;u odyef mvmjyefw,f?
tcef; (42)
tJ'Demrnfukd ac:vkdufzkd@ =uKd;pm;vkdufygw,f? yg;pyfu
Free El Salvador
emusiaf eawmh toHryDb;l jzpfomG ;w,f? toHxu
G rf rSebf ;l jzpfomG ;w,f? aumifav;u
em;rvnfEidk w f hJ t=unfEh iS bhf mvJqadk wmhar;w,f?
“ tJ'g rif;&J@ &ifbwfrSm a&;xm;w,f?” aumifav;[m pmom;awGukd
aocsmjrifatmif &ifbwfuwD&Syfukd qGJxkwf=unfhaew,f? uyfxm;wJh pmom;awG ukd
aumifav; em;rvnfyg? &if;ES;D r_r&Syd g?
“ tJ'g Free El Salvador qkw d [ hJ m t*Fvyd pf muG? Armvkad &;xm; wm
r[kwb f ;l ? tJ'D Ekid if aH v;[m ta0;=uD;rSm? pydeEf idk if v H @dk ac:w,f?”
awZvnf; aoaocsmcsm em;rvnfyg? wckawmh odw,f? olw@dk awG vnf;
Armjynfu vlawGvkdbJ t&yfom;ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&;/ 'Drkdua&pD&SdwJh EkdifiHjzpf atmif
=uKd;pm;ae=uwm? 'gayrJh ppfwyftyk cf sKyfa&;qkad wmh wkid ;f jynfom;awG awmif;wmray;bl;?
wkid ;f rfr*~Zif;rSm a&;wmawG@b;l w,f? olw@dk vnf; vGwv f yf a&; vkcd siaf e=uw,f? Armjynfvb dk J
wk d i f ; ol j ynf o m;awG [ m uk d , f h E k d i f i H r S m tusOf ; uscH a e=u&w,f ? 'D a wmh
tusOf;uvGwfajrmufcsif=uwmaygh? “'ga=umifh rif;0wfxm;wJh wD&Syfav;uemrnfukd
igac:vku d wf m? tJ'D emrnfu b,fov l nf; rif;odvm;?”
··········
aumifav; ESmacgif;ukd yGwfvkduf&if; em;rvnfwmawGukd pOf;pm;ae w,f?
acgi;f xJrmS wck&w dS ,f? ol[m awZtcef;xJrmS ody=f umaejyD? awZukd armh=unfv h u
dk w
f ,f?
awZuvnf ; ol @ uk d pk d u f = unf h a ew,f a v? 'D v k d r suf v k H ; rsKd ; awG awG @ bl ; w,f ?
jref r mjynf a wmif y k d i f ; opf a wmawG r S m rl ; ,pf a q;0g;a=umif h axmif u s wJ h v l a wG
tvkyv f yk af e=uwm? t&k;d bJ useaf wmhwv hJ al wG/ pm;p&mrvkaH vmufwhJ vlawG? awZwk@d vdk
wku d yf JG 0ifae=u&w,f?
bmbJjzpfjzpf ig[mbma=umifh awZukda=umuf&rSmvnf; ykckH;ukdwGef@ae &if;
ydeaf n‡mifaewJh awZcE<muk, d u
f dk =unfah erdw,f?
awZ igeh mrnfudk bmvk@d odcsi&f wmvJ?´
··········
wef;pD; OD;usm;=uD;ESihf axmifrLS ;OD;cspEf idk w
f @dk ol@&@J emrnfudk od=uw,f? ol@emrnfudk
rajym=uygapESifh? bmbJjzpfjzpf aumifav;[m ol@ukdaxmifxJrSmac: wJhemrnfukdbJ
oabmusw,f?
··········
“ nDav; ”
“ =uGuo f wform; ”
“ t&l;av; ”
“ aumifav; ”
“ ukvm;av; ” b,fvdk aESmufajymifjyD;ac:ac: ol=uKduw f ,f? ol@&J@em rnf[m
bmESiw hf ol vJq&dk if taz&J@oGm;ESi/hf tar&J@ oeyfcg;Al;bJ? 'gudk vkjH cKHatmif odr;f xm;rS
vkjH cKHrS jzpfr,f?
····· b,favmuf i,fao;ovJqw dk m=unf&h if odEidk w
f ,f? 6ESpf 7ESpaf vmufbJ
&SdOD;r,f? wpfcgwav avc|efwwfw,f? awZ aumifav;&J@ a&S@a&;ukd pdwfylrdw,f?
bmbJjzpfjzpf qbk'd dk (Sabodo) qkw d hJ emrnf[m rqk;d ygb;l ?
“ ····· (Sabodo) uJ rif;ausmif;rwufcsib f ;l vm;´ ”
aumifav; rsucf ;Hk jrifw
h ufomG ;w,f?
“ ausmif; ” [kwv f m;´ b,fvdk vkyjf yD; olausmif;wufEidk rf mS vJ?
ausmif;qkdwmvnf; olaoaocsmcsm rodbl;? tJ'g rdef;rawGESifhtwlwlbJvm;? axmif
taqmif (2)uvlawG ajymaewm=um;bl;w,f?
rdef;rawG[m “t(···)rygbl;?” “t(···) bJygw,f? ” “tJ'g[m aygif2ck
=um;rSm&Sw d ,f? a,mus;f awGvnf; twlwb l ?J aygi=f um;rSm t( ···) &Sw d ,f?”
····· aumifav;u
ukad wZ rde;f rawG[m “t(···)eJ@vm;´” “t(···)eJ@vm;´”
“ bmajymw,f´
rde;f rawGrmS “t(···)eJ@vm;´” “t(···)eJ@ vm;´”
bma=umifh ar;rdovJawmhrodbl;? bmbJjzpfjzpf awZ ol@ukd tajz awmh
jyefay;r,fxifw,f? awZvnf; tckrS ESmacgi;f ukyd w G &f if; tajzay;zk@d pOf; pm;ae&w,f?
aumifav;ukd ausmif;yk@d rjS zpfr,f? aw;qkid u S f aoaocsmcsm pOf;pm;jyD; rS t(···)
qkw d hJ pum;[m aoaocsmcsmajym&&if &kid ;f w,f? pOf;pm; jyD;rS jyifajymvku d w
f ,f? “ txl;
t(···)awG &Sw d ,f? ”
“ txl; t ( ··· ) awG [kwv f m;? ”
“ rif;vJ t( ··· ) ygw,f? tJ'gvJ ta&;=uD;wJh txl;ypPn;f jzpfw,f? tJ'gawGudk
rdef;rawGa&m/ a,musfm;awGyg trsm;oliSmrjrifatmif 0Sufxm;=u& w,f? tJ'gukd
ta&;=uD;wJah e&mvk@d ac:w,f?
“ bmvk@d rde;f rawGrmS t ( ··· ) rygovJ”
“ rde;f rawG[m a,musmf ;eJ@rwlwm olw@dk u cav;ukd o,fyu dk xf m;& w,f? tJ'D
cav;awG[m t ( ··· ) awG[m taygux f uJ xGuv f m=uw,f? 'g a=umifh rde;f rawG[m
tarjzpfoGm;wmaygh? tJ'geJ@ a,musfm;[m tazjzpfoGm; wmayghuG? awZ ajymjyD;rS
pkd;&drfpdwfawG aysmufoGm;w,f? 'Davmufqkd&if aumif av; oabmfaygufavmufjyD
aumifav; aoaocsmcsm pOf;pm;ae&if; ----
“ usaemf ausmif;roGm;Ekid b f ;l ”
“ bmjzpfv@dk vJ ” awZ ar;vku d wf ,f?
“ bma=umifhvJqkd&if usaemf pmrSrwwfwm? ” pmvkH;wkdif;[m v#mukd
aumfywfpm;jyD; xGuv f mwm? awZ[m oHwidk x f u
J vufukd xkwv f u
dk &f if; aumif av;&J@
ykc;Hk ukd ukid vf u dk &f if; ---
“ ··· pdwfrylygeJ@uGm/ tJ'ga=umifh ausmif;qkdwm vkdtyfwmaygh? tJ'Dae&m
rif;a&mufomG ;&if rif;pmzwfwwfr,f? pma&;wwfr,f? aemufjy;D vlawG[m rif;ukd *&kpu dk jf y;D
apmifah &Smufay;vdrrhf ,f? ”
aumifav;[m acgi;f ukd wzufapmif;&if; rouFmwJrh suEf mS ESihf --
“ ··· b,fvadk e&mrsK;d vJ ”
“ tJ'[ D mukd bke;f =uD;ausmif;vk@d ac:w,f? tJ'gudk touf=uD;wJh igt h ar &J@rw d af qG
wa,mufu wm0ef,zl iG x hf m;w,f? ”
“ cifAsm;rSm taz&Sw d ,f[w k v
f m;´
“ b,fob l jJ zpfjzpf tazqkw d m &S=d uw,f? igt h azvnf; rif;tazvkb d J aooGm;jyD/
'gayrJh ig&h ifxrJ mS &Sad ewke;f bJ? tJ'aD usmif;xkid q f &mawmfqw dk m igth azvkb d /J tm;vk;H &J@
tazvkad yg?h ”
aumifav; awZukd rouFmovkd =unfv h udk wf ,f?
“ nDav; rif; tJ'Dq&mawmf[m rif;ukd ulnDvdrfhr,f? rif;ukd pma&; wwf/
pmzwfwwfatmif oifay;vdrrhf ,f? pmzwfwwfw,fqw dk m b,fvv dk J qkwd m rif;odvm;?”
aumifav;[m 'Dtif;pdefaxmif=uD;uae b,fukdrS roGm;csifbl;? bmjzpf
vk@d vq J adk wmh Aku d f c%c% qmwwfv@dk b?J
“ pmzwfw,fqw dk m rk;d ay:ukyd saH ewmeJ@ twlwb l ?J rif;ukd b,fub dk J jzpfjzpf
ac:oGm;Ekid w f ,f? ”
“ ukad wZ ”
'g[m aumifav; ol@ukd yxrOD;qk;H ac:rdwehJ mrnf?
“ [kwu f /hJ usaemfjyefrjS zpfr,f/ =umaejyD? usaemfrjyefcif ukad wZ qef jyKwfaomuf
vk@d &rvm;? ´
“ aomufav ”
aumifav; aomufaewm awZxkid =f unfah e&if; ZGe;f ESihf cGux f o d uH dk rSerf eS =f um;
ae&w,f? aumifav;[m npfywfaewJh vifyef;ukd ukid jf y;D xkid &f mu xvku d w f ,f? awZvnf;
xvku d w f ,f?
aumifav;u
“ aus;Zl;wifygw,f? ”vk@d ajymvku d w
f ,f?
“ &w,f nDav;? tck igvyk af y;aewm tpmiwfaejyD; 'kuaQ wGEiS hf &ke;f uefae& wJh
Edik if u
H kd ulnv D u kd &f wmyJ”
(bmomjyef)
qufvufazmfjyay;oGm;ygrnf? Roland Hardy (c) armifarmifvwf

Edik if aH &; tawG;tjrif bmomjyef tcef;quf
jrefrmhq&kd , S vf pf vrf;pOfygwD vufxuf/jrefrmhwyfrawmftrnfcH ppftm%m&Sirf sm;rS
'Da&jrifoh pf xkwaf 0cGijhf yK+y;D aemuf ydwyf if wm;jrpfjcif;cH&aom q&mjroef;wifh . 'Da&jrifo
(armfpw
vufawG b
D ek ;f ESihf w&kwaf wmfveS af &;) pmtkyt
h pf
f m;/ tvif;tdrrf *~Zif; &Jabmfrsm; taejzifh
h 0 w&kwjf ynfawmfveS af &;ESihf cH,jl zwfoef;r_rsm;udk pmzwfow l kd h avhvm
jroef;wif h od&EdS ikd af p&ef tcef;quftjzpf azmfjyvku d yf gonf//
(pma&;ol. rdom;pkEiS hf qufo, G af &; cufco J jzifh today;jcif; r&So
d nfukd
cGiv
hf w
$ af y;yg&ef awmif;yeftyfygonf)
Tpum;rsm;udk armfajymo!fw h ikd f tvm;tvm odyrf aumif;? pmwwfoOl ;D a&

enf;vGe;f aeonf? 1936 ckEpS t f xd ygwED iS hf wyfeaD wmf au'gopfxw J iG /f pmwwfo[ l I l
(5) &mcdik Ef e_ ;f r#yif r&Scd si?f yd@k csr!fh q&muvnf; tvGe&f mS ;onf? pmtkypf mwrf; &du k &f ef
puULr#r&S?d &k&mS ;bmomjzifh a&;xm;o!fh rwf0g'usr;f rsm;ud/k bmomjyefay;r!fo h rl &S?d
ygwo D abmw&m;a&; “q&m}uD;” rsm;u rwf0g'/ vDeif0g' wd@k u/kd oif=um;yd@k cso!ft h cg
rsm;Y ygwaD u'grsm;onf wtHw h =o jzpfae=uonf? 0d;k wd;k 0g;wm; jzpfae=uonf? Tonf
udk armf owdjyKrdonf? ygwaD u'grsm;onf wOD;ESiw hf OD; ynmoif=um;r_ a&csed rf wl=u?
xdtk cgY olw@kd onf yd@k cso!f/h rwf vDeif0g' oabmw&m;wd@k u/kd bmr# em;rvnf?
a,mifuef;uef; jzpfuek =f uonf? olw@kd rajymESi?fh yd@k cso!fh oifwef; “q&m}uD;rsm;”
ud, k wf ikd f olw@kd ajymo!fh pum;udk aumif;aumif;em;rvnf=u? od@k jzifh oifwef;
“q&m}uD;”rsm;onf/ ygwaD u'grsm;. oabmw&m;a&csed u f kd rjrSiEhf ikd yf /J “ckw&f mwjcm;
&S&mwvG”J jzpfuek =f uonf?
armfu Ttajctaeudk =um&Snf cGirhf jyKEdik ?f xd@k a=umihf ,iftef;od@k a&mufonf
ESifh w+ydKifeuf/ ygwo D ifwef;ausmif;rsm;wGif yd@k cs&ef/ usr;f rsm;jyKpkonf? tbd"rRmusr;f
rsm;vnf; ygonf? ppfusr;f rsm;vnf; ygonf? awG;ac:enf;ESifh ppfwu kd ef nf;wd@k ukd yd@k csonf?
od@k jzifh armfonf awG;ac:a&; tbd"rRmynmESihf ppfa&; 0dZm… udk yd@k csonf?
“armfonf tbd"rRmudk avhvmol wOD;jzpfonf? wcgu rdwaf qGwa,mufu
ol@twGuf tbd"rRmpmtkyrf sm; ,lvmonf? armfonf xdpk mtkyu f kd oH;k av;n qufwu kd f
zwfypfvu kd o f nf? xduk sr;f rsm;udk zwfaeo!ft h wGi;f Y/ armfonf bmudrk # trSwrf &awmh?
wae@v#if (13) em&D (14) em&D tvkyv f yk o f nf? nnqdv k #if em&Djyef (2) csuf (3) csuf
us rS tdyo f nf--” [k t*~gpEd;k u a&;zl;onf? armf. ud, k &f aH wmf &Jabmf csepf ckd |eu f
1938 ckEpS w f iG f “a&&Snpf pf” pmwrf; a&;om;yHu k kd ajymjyzl;onf? yxr ESp&f ufv;kH vH;k
armfonf vHk;0 rtdyf? tpmvnf; rpm;? a&qGwfo!fh rsufESmokwfyk0gav;udk
ab;wGicf sxm;um/ rsuEf mS udk okwv f u kd /f pma&;vdu k jf zifh awmufav#mufa&;onf?
ig;&ufajrmufae@wiG f armfonf odoo d mom ydecf sKH ;vmonf? rsuv f ;kH rsm; eD&aJ e+yD? (7)
&ufajrmufae@wGif/ ol@ t0wfzdeyfudk rD;pGJavmif&m/ ajcaxmufudk avmifawmhrS
odawmhonf? (9) &ufajrmufae@ wGif vH;k 0 t+yD;owfomG ;onf?
armfonf uefwm;[k ac:o!f/h emrnfausmf *syefcck aH &; wuUov kd w f iG f oif=um;
yd@k csonf? *syefcck aH &; wuUov kd u f kd 1936 ckEpS w f iG /f aygvpfAsK&. kd wdu k &f u kd f tkycf sKyrf a_ tmuf
wGif wnfaxmifonf? touf (29) ESp&f /dS vif;ajymifu ausmif;tkyjf zpfonf? au'gopfrsm;
arG;jrLa&;twGuf ysKd ;cif;jzpfojzif/h xdw k uUov kd uf kd armfu txl;*&kpu kd o f nf? *syefcck aH &;
wuUov kd o f nf (7) ESpt f wGi;f au'gaygi;f wode;f arG;xkwaf y;cJo h nf?
“*syefcck aH &; wuUov kd &f @J ynma&; vrf;!$ecf su[ f m }uH@cikd rf eS u f efwhJ Edik if aH &;
OD;wnfcsuf &Sad &;/ &d;k &d;k ukyu f yk f qif;&Jyifyef;cHwhJ vky[ f ef&adS &;/ vsijf refyg;eyfusiv f nfwhJ
aoe*FAsK[meJ@ ppfy&d,m,f &Sad &;wd@k jzpfw,f? 'Do;kH csu[ f m *syefukd ckcw H /hJ awmfveS w f hJ
wyfrawmfom; jzpfvmatmif/ jyKpkysKd ;axmifay;&mrSm r&Srd jzpfwhJ tcsuaf wG jzpfw,f?
*syefcck aH &; wuUov kd u
f tr_xrf;rsm;/ ausmif;q&mrsm;eJ@ ausmif;om;rsm;[m 'Dtcsuf
oH;k csut f wdik ;f oif=um;yd@k csae=uw,f? qnf;yl;avhvmae=uw,f” [k armfu ajymcJo h nf?
(“&efo@l qef@usirf c_ &H jcif;onf taumif;jzpfonf? tqd;k r[kw”f vufa&G;pifusr;f / twGJ 2)
armfu *syefcck aH &; wuUov kd f aqmify'k f tjzp/f “nDn! D w G ! f w G /f xx=uG=uG/
wnf wnf =unf =unf/ zswzf swv f wfvwf &S=d u”[k a=uG;a=umfonf?
*syefcck aH &; wuUov kd t f wGuf au'grsm;udk ydpk wmjzifh ac:,lonf? rlvwef;
atmifjrif+yD;I/ *syefe,fcs@J pepfukd wku d o f w
l ikd ;f tm; wuUov kd f 0ifciG jhf yKonf? use;f rma&;
,Ofaus;r_ tqift h wef;ESihf Edik if aH &;t& av;euforl sm;udk ppfaq;I 0ifciG jhf yKonf?
wuf=uGol au'grsm;/ vlxw k u kd yf JG acgi;f aqmifrsm;/ e,fa0; a'orsm;rS yd@k o!@/f ygwD
au'grsm; tm;vH;k ud/k tvkt d avsmuf 0ifciG jhf yKonf? 1936 ckEpS af emufyikd ;f wGif ulrifwef
a'ojzLrS xGuv f mo!f/h ausmif;om;ESihf ynmwwfrsm;vnf; xdk wuUov kd o f @kd wufa&muf
=uonf?
1936 ck 'kw, d ESp0f ufoifwef;umvwGi/f *syefcck aH &; wuUov kd o f @kd wyfrawmfrS
au'gaygi;f (1063) wufa&mufcI hJ / 1937 ckEpS f yxrESp0f ufoifwef;wGif (2764) wuf
a&mufco hJ nf? 1937 ck =o*kwv f rS 1938 ck rwfvtxd/ wyfrawmfo@kd tr_xrf;o!f/h
wuUov kd f ausmif;qif;au'gaygi;f rSm (1272) a,muf jzpfonf? 1937 ckEpS x f w J iG f a'orS
xGuv f mo!fh ynmwwfrsm;/ ausmif;om;rsm;/ ygarmuQrsm;yg xdk wuUov kd o f @kd wufa&muf
=uojzifh aemufxyf wuUov kd cf JG (11) ck/ xyfrH zGiv hf pS &f onf?
1938 ck arvESihf 'DZifbmvtwGi;f wGi/f ynmwwf vli,faygi;f (5562) a,muf/
1936 ckEpS w f iG f ynmwwfvil ,f (4900) udk *syefcck aH &; wuUov kd o f @kd 0ifciG jhf yKcJo h nf? xdk
ESpw f iG f wufa&mufoif=um;olrsm;xJY/ yifv,f&yfjcm; w&kwt f rsKd ;om;rsm;vnf; yg =uonf?
1942-43 ckEpS w f iG /f ygwu D vky[ f ef jyK jyifa&; v_y&f mS ;r_wck vkyo f nf? xd@k a=umifh *syef
ckcaH &; wuUov kd o f @kd qif;&JEiS hf tvwfwef; atmufvm$ v,form;vlwef;pm;rS vmolrsm;udk

trsm;qH;k wufa&mufciG jhf yKonf? tvkyo f rm;ESihf v,form;rsm;udk trsm;qH;k wufa&muf
cGihf ay;+yD;/ ynmwwfrsm; OD;a&udk avsmch svu kd of nf?
1936 ck Zlvikd Ef iS hf =o*kwv f xJwiG f armfu ol. “vufawG@usr;f ”ESihf “yËdyuQusr;f ”
rsm;udk *syefcck aH &; wuUov kd w f iG f yd@k csco hJ nf? armf. tbd"rRmusr;f ESpaf pmifv;kH / &Si;f vif;
jywfom;onf? odyo f nf;onf? armf. &nf&, G cf surf mS tEkyËdavmr tbd"rRmudk tvkyf
orm;/ v,form;/ tvG,w f ul em;vnfEikd &f ef jzpfonf? tbd"rRmonf/ tvkyo f rm;/
v,form;rsm; vufxw J iG f c|ex f ufaom vufeufjzpfae&rnf? tbd"rRmudk wuUov kd f
ydËuwfwu kd rf sm;xJrS vGwaf jrmufatmif vky&f rnf[k armf ,lqonf? “u|eaf wmfw@kd [m
vlxk em;vnfwhJ pum;awGukd rajym&if/ u|eaf wmfw@kd ajymwJh pum;awGukd vlxu k
em;vnfrmS r[kwzf ;l ” qdo k !fh 'Drx D a&mh. pum;udk ud;k um;um/ tEkyËdavmr tbd"rRmudk
omrefvrl sm; em;vnfatmif yd@k csonf?
pifppf uGejf rLepf0g' qdo k nfrmS / vlaer_ enf;emw&yf jzpfonf? vlxrk sm;u uGef
jrLepf0g'udk oabmaygurf /S tEkyËdavmrusus awG;rS/ 0dZm… enf;us rwfveD if0g'udk toH;k csrS
atmifjrifEikd rf nf? uGejf rLepf0g'udk em;vnf&mwGif 0rfrif;vdk em;vnfyrkH sKd ; rjzpfap&[k
armfu owday;onf?
“vlwcsKd @[m ud, k w hf ikd ;f jynfta=umif;eJ@ ywfoufv@kd bmwckrS rod=ubl;? acgreJ@
wjcm;wdik ;f jynfawGu yHjk yifawGavmufyJ od=uw,f? 'gawG[mvJ Edik if jH cm;a&S;a[mif;
puULpkwyf }kH u;D xJu/ [kw d p 'Dwydik ;f aumuf,v l mwmawGr@kd tawmfoem;p&maumif;w,f?
--ud, k Ehf ikd if &H @J ordik ;f udk eJerJ S em;rvnf=ubl;? *k%&f w dS ,fv@kd awmif xifae=uw,f?---
vGecf whJ EhJ pS f q,faygi;f tenf;i,ftwGi;f rSm Edik if jH cm;a&mufcw hJ hJ ynmoif awmfawmfrsm;rsm;
[m/ Oa&mywdu k ef @J tar&duefjynf/ *syefjynfw@kd u jyefvm+yD;/ Edik if jH cm; ta=umif;awGukd
Edu
_ Ef u _d cf |wcf |wv f J rodyeJ @J twH;k vdu k f twpfvu kd /f azmufonfcs ajymzd@k avmufyo J w d hJ
a&m*grsKd ; &vmcJ=h uzl;w,f? olw@kd "mwfpufvkd jzpfae=uw,f? t&m0wˆKopfawGukd
odem;vnfz@kd / wDxiG zf @kd / ud, k w hf m0efawGukd arhavsmah e=uw,f” [k armfu ajymcJzh ;l onf?
( “u|eaf wmfw@kd . avhvmr_ukd jyK jyifa&;”vufa&G;pifusr;f / twGJ 3)
armfu pum;}uD; pum;us,f ajymolrsm;udv k nf;/ Tod@k a0zefonf?
“rde@f ceG ;f ajymwJt h cgrmS tcsuaf wGu u/ c/ */ C/ wd@k (1/ 2/ 3/ 4) wd@k qdw k mawGe@J
woDwwef;}uD; ajym=uw,f? aqmif;yga&;&ifvJ Am&m%oDcs@J xm;wJ/h aqmif;yg;&Sn}f uD;
rsKd ;awG a&;=uw,f? wu,fjh zpf&yfawGe@J trSew f &m;udk &SmazGvpkd w d rf &Syd /J olrsm; txif
}uD;atmif [dw}f uD; [ef}uD;eJ@ vdrv f nf =uGm;0g;=uw,f? [efom&Sw d ,f? tqH r&Sb d ;l ?
tqif;om&Sw d ,f? tcsi;f r&Sb d ;l ? ud, k u hf ,kd u
f kd xifwvH;k eJ@ ZrŠLrSm wvlomyJv@kd ,lq=u
w,f? ‘bk&ifw h refawmf ’ vdk ae&mwumrSm/ vlwiG u f s,f vky=f uw,f? tJ'gawG[m u|ef
awmfw@kd txJu/ &JabmfwcsKd @&@J vky[ f efawGy?J 'Dvkd vky[ f efrsKd ;awGukd ud, k w
f ikd f usiohf ;kH

&if ab;awG@r,f? wjcm;vlawGukd oifay;&if/ wjcm;vlawGukd ab;awG@aprSmyJ? 'Dvkd
vky[ f efrsKd ;eJ@ awmfveS af &;udk a&S@aqmif vrf;!$e&f if/ awmfveS af &;[m ab;tE &W m,fawG@
rSmyJ?” (4if;usr;f )
armfu “vufawG@usr;f ”ESihf “yËdyuQusr;f ” ESpaf pmifteuf “vufawG@usr;f ”u
ydt
k a&; }uD;onf[k ,lqonf? Tusr;f udk *syefcck aH &; wuUov kd wf iG f yd@k csonfrmS (2)
em&Dr#om jzpfaomfvnf; ESpyf wf a&;cJ&h onf? ( taemufwikd ;f okawoDrsm;url “yËdyuQ
usr;f ”udk ydI k ta&;xm;=uonf?)
“&k&mS ;jyef” rsm;u rwfveD if0g'udk *syefcck aH &; wuUov kd wf iG /f twH;k vdu k f
twpfvu kd f yd@k cs =uonf? “vufawG@usr;f ” onf “&k&mS ;jyef” wd@k . oif=um;csuu f kd acsycsuf
jzpfonf? armfu Tusr;f . acgi;f pOfukd “odjrifrE_ iS hf vufawG@ qufpyfykH (0g ) odjcif;ESihf
vkyjf cif; qyfpyfy”kH [k rlvu acgi;f pOfay;xm;onf?
“u|eaf wmfw@kd ygww D iG ;f Y w&m;ao0g'orm; &JabmftcsKd @onf w&kwjf ynf awmf
vSeaf &; tawG@t}uHKrsm;udk vufc&H ef/ =umjrifph mG jiif;qefae=u+yD;/ ‘rwf0g'onf w&m;
ao r[kw?f jyK rlvyk af qmifcsu. f a&S@aqmifvrf;jyjzpfonf ’[laom trSew f &m;udk tod
trSwrf jyKyJ aecJ=h uzl;onf? rwf0g' pmtkyrf sm;xJrS [kw d vH;k onfwyk'f qGx J w k u f m/
tpdr;f vdu k f rsKd cs +yD;/ vlawGukd ajcmufveS @f =uonf?” ( vufawG@usr;f atmufajcrSwpf ?k
vufa&G;pifusr;f twGJ 1)
“vufawG@usr;f ” wGif armfu “qifjcifa&;oufouf0g'” udk acszsux f m;onf?
awG;ac:r_ (0g ) qifjcifr[ _ o
l nf/ tvdt k avsmuf ay:xGuv f mjcif; r[kw?f vlr_ vufawG@rS
ay:ayguv f mjcif; jzpfonf[k aqG;aEG;onf? qifjcifoo d nf? xdawG@cpH m;&aom tm&Ho k d
ay:wGif trSjD yKonf[k armfu wifjyonf? oabmw&m;onf vufawG@rS ayguzf mG ;vm
jcif; jzpfonf[k ,lqonf? Tpmwrf;jzifh armfonf w&kwv f @l tzG@J tpnf;wGif tcdik t f rm
ausmufpx JG m;o!fh a&S;a[mif; tbd"rRmudk wdu k cf ohJ nf? ya'o&mZf qifjcifa&; oufouf
0g'ESihf acwfopfwuUaA'udk qef@usicf o hJ nf?
“vufawG@rw S qifh trSew f &m;udk &SmazG awG@&+dS yD;/ wzef vufawG@rS wqifyh if
trSew f &m;udk rSeaf =umif;/ oufao taxmuftxm;jyKI/ 4if;udk jzpfay: wd;k yGm;apjyef.?”
---vufawG@vyk v f ukd /f odjrifvu kd /f aemufxyf vufawG@vyk v f ukd /f aemufxyfojd rifvu kd f [l
o!fh o¾mefonf puf0ikd ;f uJo h @kd tqH;k r&S?d xyfcgxyfcg vnfvsu&f . dS ? vufawG@EiS o hf jd rifrw _ @kd
onf wywfywfrw d ikd ;f twGi;f oabmonf/ E_id ;f ,SOjf cif;tm;jzifh ydI k jrifrh m;aom tqifo h @kd
wufvSrf;vmonf? TonfrSm tEkyËdavmr &kyf0g'. odjcif;ESihf vkyfjcif;wdk@
aygi;f pnf;aeaom tjrifjzpf.? ( “vufawG@usr;f ” vufa&G;pifusr;f twGJ 1)
armfu awmfveS af &;orm;wOD; vky&f r!f/h vufawG@vyk if ef;udk axmufjyonf?
awmfveS af &;orm; wa,mufonf/ ukex f w k v
f yk af &; vufawG@/ vlwef;pm; wdu k yf JG vufawG@

ESihf odyyH` nm prf;oyfr_ vufawG@ oH;k &yfukd jzwfoef;&rnf[/k 1937 ckEpS w f iG f a&;o!fh
“vufawG@usr;f ”wGif axmufjycJo h nf? Tonfuykd if armfu 1936 ckEpS w f iG f xyfI/ tav;
wif;ajymonf?
“vl&@J rSeu f efwhJ tawG;tac:[m/ b,fuay:vmovJ? rd;k ay:uusvmwmvm;?
r[kwzf ;l ? vl&@J rSeu f efwhJ tawG;tac:[m vlra_ &;vufawG@xu J om ay:vmEdik w f ,f?
ukex f w
k v f yk af &;wdu k yf /JG vlwef;pm;wdu k yf eJG @J odyyH` nm prf;oyfrq _ w
dk hJ vlra_ &;vufawG@
oH;k &yfxu J om ay:vmEdik w f ,f? (“vl. rSeu f efaom tawG;tac: b,fuay:vmovJ
aqmif;yg;”)
vufawG@vyk jf cif;[lonf todukd prf;oyfusio hf ;kH =u!fjh cif;jzpfonf? urBmt h jrifukd
vufawG@jzifh ajymif;vJjcif;jzpfonf? armfonf w&kwaf wmfveS af &;vufawG@r/S w&kwaf wmf
vSeaf &; todukd &onf? wzef xdak wmfveS af &;todjzif/h awmfveS af &;vufawG@ukd qufvyk f
onf? Ttjrifjzifh vl. twWuv kd nf; ajymif;vJypfonf? vl. twWukd awmfveS af &;
vufawG@jzihf awmfveS af jymif;ypf&rnf[k armfu ,lqonf?
oabmw&m;onf vufawG@ukd trSjD yKaeonf? Tod@k rS trSrD jyKv#i/f xko d abm
w&m; rSerf rSeu f kd vufawG@jzifh prf;oyfppfaq;I &rnfr[kw?f wzef oabmw&m;onf
vufawG@ukd ajymif;vJay;onf? enf;emudk ajymif;ay;onf? TwGif aemufxyfojd rifrr_ S
wqifh wufvmonf? arG;uwnf;u odjrifr_ [lI r&S?d &ky0f wˆK tawG@t}uKH r&Syd J “odjrifr”_
[lI r&SEd ikd ?f vufawG@r&Syd /J u|r;f usio f jd rifr_ [lI r&SEd ikd ?f
“urBmah vmu. ajymif;vJa&; v_y&f mS ;r_Y xm0pOf +yD;qH;k jcif;r&SEd ikd ?f xd@k a=umihf
vufawG@ vkyaf qmif&mwGi/f trSew f &m;ESiyhf wfoufaom/ vlw@kd . odjrifro _ nfvnf;/
xm0pOf +yD;qH;k jcif;r&Sad cs? rwfveD if0g'onf/ trSew f &m;udk t+yD;owfvu kd of nf r[kwyf /J
vufawG@wiG f trSew f &m;odjrifa&;vrf;a=umif;rsm;ud/k tqufrjywf zGiahf y;vsu&f o dS nf?
u|eaf wmfw@kd . ed*;kH csKycf suo f nf/ qENyikd ;f ESihf yuwdyikd ;f / oabmw&m;ESifh vufawG@/ odjcif;ESifh
vkyjf cif;wd@k ukd tcdik t f rmusus/ ordik ;f t&/ aygi;f pyfjcif;jzpfonf?”) (“vufawG@usr;f ” twGJ
1)
1937 ck =o*kwv f wGif armfonf/ *syefcck aH &; wuUov kd Yf / yd@k cscsuf ESpcf vk yk o f nf?
TESpcf u k kd aygi;f aomtcg/ “yËdyuQusr;f ” jzpfvmonf? “yËdyuQusr;f ”u “vufawG@usr;f ”
xuf zwfaumif;onf? od@k &mwGif “vufawG@usr;f ”udk armfu ta&;w}uD;xm;onfrmS
avhvma&;ESihf vkyef nf;udk ajymif;&mwGiv f nf;aumif;/ au'gavhusiahf &;wGif vnf;aumif;/
rsm;pGm xda&muf aoma=umih/f jzpf[efwo l nf? pifppf w&kwjf ynfonf qifjcifa&; oufouf
0g'ESihf pdw0f g'wd@k xGe;f um;cJ&h m jzpfonf? xdt k pOftvmudk wdu k &f mwGi/f “vufawG@usr;f ”
onf ydI k xda&mufonf[k armf ,lqyH&k onf?
“tvkyo f nf vlEiS hf obm0 aygi;f pyfyg0if&aom/ jzpfpOfwckjzpfonf? xdjk zpfpOf
twGi;f Y vlonf/ 4if;. qENtavsmuf/ vlEiS hf obm0t=um;u/ &kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f m wH@k jyefr_
rsm;ud/k pwifvyk af qmifonf? vnfywfaponf? xde;f csKyfonf? vlonf obm0 tiftm;
wck jzpfvsu&f +dS yD;/ w+ydKifwnf;wGif obm0udk qef@usif wdu k cf u
kd af e&onf” [k armfu
ajymcJzh ;l onf?
Ttjrifjzifh =u!fv h #i/f c&D;&Snf csw D ufy}JG u;D onf }u;D rm;aom vufawG@ vkyaf qmif
r_}uD; w&yfjzpfonf? vlEiS hf obm0t=um;u tEkyËdavmrusaom qufo, G rf u_ jkd yo!f/h
O'g[&k%}f uD; wckjzpfonf? vlEiS hf obm0onf/ wOD;udw k OD; trSo D [J jyKae=u&onf?
w+ydKifeufxw J iG f yËdyuQvnf; jzpfae=uonf? “yËdyuQEiS hf orl[w&m;/ qef@usijf cif;ESihf
aygi;f pyfjcif; w&m;udk armfu ol. yËdyuQusr;f wGif &Si;f vif;pGm ËDum cs@J co hJ nf” [k
uae'gEikd if H rwf*;D wuUov kd f ygarmuQ a'guw f m Edak rmhu a&;zl;onf?
armfonf w&kwjf ynfow l @kd . ,Ofaus;r_ aemufcu H /kd aumif;aumif; oabmayguf
onf? xd@k a=umifh rwf. tEkyËdavmr &ky0f g'udk w&kwjf ynforl sm;tm;/ yd@k cso!ft h cgwiG f
a&S;a[mif; w&kwfpmay/ w&kwfjynfordkif;rS yHkjyifrsm;/ '¾m&Drsm;udk O'g[&k%f
aqmifjyoGm;jcif; jzpfonf? a&S;a[mif; *E 0W ifusr;f jzpfo!fh “urf;em;a&pyf” 0wˆKEiS hf qGeZf ;l .
“aoe*FAsK[musr;f ”wGif tEkyËdavmr &ky0f g'/ O'g[&k%rf sm;pGm yg&o dS nf[k armfu
ajymcJzh ;l onf? ,iftef;wGif “yËdyuQusr;f ”udk yd@k cso!ft h cgY/ armfonf“cef;aqmifet D rd rf uf”
[laom a&S;a[mif; *E 0W if 0wˆKwyk'rf S Oyrmrsm;udk ud;k um; yd@k csomG ;onf?
rwf. tEkyËdavmr w&m;wGi/f qef@usib f ufw@kd . aygi;f pnf;r_[al om tajccHrl
w&yf&o dS nf? armfu xdrk u l kd “wpfcu k kd ESpcf jk zpfatmif cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmjcif;” [k bmomjyefonf?
xdak 0g[m&udk w&kww f ikd ;f em;vnf=uonf? tEkyËdavmr &ky0f g't& yËdyuQ[o l nf
ae&mtES@H tjym;wGif wnf&adS e=uonf? (yËdyuQtES@H tjym; wnf&rdS ?_ ) armfu w&kww f @kd
em;vnfv, G f atmif “wckukd ESpcf jk zpfatmif cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmjcif;” [lI t"dyg` ,zf iG chf o hJ nf?
urBmavmu}uD;&Sd t&m0wˆKwdik ;f onf/ ajymif;vJvy_ &f mS ;ae=uonf? t&m0wˆK
wd@k onf/ wckEiS w hf ck tjyeftvSef trSo D [JjyKum/ twdu k t f cHjzpfae=uonf? Ttwdu k t f cH
jzpfr/_ yËdyuQjzpfrw _ @kd a=umif/h tqifo h pfw&yf jzpfxeG ;f vmonf? armfonf tEkyËdavmr
w&m;udk t"dyg` ,zf iG &hf mY t&m0wˆKrsm;. jzpfay:wd;k wufr_ jzpfpOftwGi;f &S/d yËdyuQ.
qef@usif zuf zufEpS cf o k nf/ wckuw kd ck trSo D [JjyKI ae&onf? woD;wjcm;wnf&I dS r&?
arG;zGm;jcif; r&Sv d #if aoqH;k jcif;r&S?d txufr&Sv d #if atmuf&o dS nf[Il ajymp&mr&S?d
'kurQ &Sv d #if okc [lIvnf; r&S?d acsmarmjcif;r&Sv d #if cufcjJ cif;[lIvnf; r&S?d ajr&Sirf &Sv d #if
oD;pm;[lI r&S?d "e&Siv f wl ef;pm; [lIr&Sv d #i/f ypPn;f rJh vlwef;pm;vnf; r&S?d e,fcs@J pepf.
trsKd ;om; zdEydS rf _ r&Sv d #i/f udv k ekd ED iS hf udv k ekd D wydik ;f Edik if v
H nf;r&S?d qef@usizf uf jzpfaom/
tpdwt f ykid ;f rsm; tm;vH;k onf/ Tod@k wnf&adS e=uonf? wpHw k ckaom ta=umif; a=umif;
a=umifh wzufwiG f tjyeftvSef qufpyfae+yD;/ wzufwiG f tjyeftvSef qef@usiaf eonf?
qufvufaz: jyygrnf? jroef;wifh
2010 azazmf0g&DvrS 'DZifbmvtxd tvif;tdrfrS wifjycJhaom
pmrlrsm;ESifh pma&;olrsm; rSwfwrf;
cdik =f unf0if; pkpnf;wifjyonf//
1? ol&eD uAsm acwfpm;aewJh azazmf0g&D
2? {y&,f uAsm 'DZifbmeJ hZefe0g&D azazmf0g&D
3? ausmfpGmvif; uAsm tarhudkajymjycsifw,f azazmf0g&D
4? wifjrdkifpkd; uAsm tnw&&ifckHoH azazmf0g&D
5? atmifcdkifjrifh uAsm rjidrfroufjzpfrJhtawG;rsm; ar
uAsm tnw&ol&Jaumif;rsm;&J h azazmf0g&D
uAsm a,muf,ufcwfwJhppfjrdK@jy atmufwdkbm
uAsm abmbvufeJ havmutvSzsufaejujyD ZGef
6? xGef;jidrf; uAsm vjynfhn azazmf0g&D
uAsm 2008-2010 {jyD
uAsm jrwfaomtusifh ar
uAsm atmifqef;pkjunf ZGef
uAsm cGyfa'gif;aoG; jo*kwfv
uAsm OwkoHk;vDjrefrmjynf pufwifbm
pum;ajymcef; olwdk htjrif olwdk hpum; pufwifbm
uAsm 2010-11-7 atmufwdkbm
7? armifarmifarmf uAsm av;pm;v#uf azazmf0g&D
8? rif;waygif; uAsm ar#mfwdkif;a0; azazmf0g&D
9? rdjrefrm uAsm wnfhrwfpdwf azazmf0g&D
uAsm rif;rvkyfeJ hqif; ZGef
uAsm cspfyg&J hvm; ar;prf;csif 'DZifbm
10? Zm*em uAsm bk&m;&dkufrnfheGm;irdkuf azazmf0g&D
11? armifoHkn uAsm ju,fajuGajr&kdif; azazmf0g&D
uAsm jidrf;csrf;a&;eSifhppfyJGrsm; ZGef
12? AZY umwGef; ------ azazmf0g&D
umwGef; ------ {jyD
umwGef; ------ ZGef
umwGef; ------ jo*kwfv
umwGef; ------ pufwifbm
13? armifpGrf;&nf “*g&0gjykpmrsufeSm”vlxkOD;vS eSpfwpf&myGJ(uAsm) azazmf0g&D
“*g&0gjyKpmrsufeSm”vlxkOD;vS &mjynf hyJG o0%fv$m azazmf0g&D
“*g&0gjyK“pmrsufeSm” vlxkOD;vS &mjynfhodk h azazmf0g&D
“*g&0gjyK“pmrsufeSm”vlxkOD;vS &Jh wdkif;&if;om;&dk;&m azazmf0g&D
pum;ajymcef; wdkif;jynfudkcspfvdk h {jyD
oufjuD;pum; cGyfa'gif;tvH ar
pum;ajymcef; pmayvGwfvyfcGifh atmufwdkbm
ociftkef;jrifh armfuGef; pmrsuf eSmrsm;
ausmif;om;vli,fwdk h&J @ atmufwdkbm
14? &Jabmf zdk;oHacsmif; “*g&0gjyKpmrsufeSm”usaemfhtazvlxkOD;vS azazmf0g&D
edkifiHa&;/okw/&o/aqmif;yg;rsm; juHhzHG hawGvmacsjyD ar
edkifiHa&;/okw/&o/ eSpfaygif;eSpfaxmifausmf ppfjzpfae aoma'o ZGef
&Jabmf zdk;oHacsmif; edkifiHa&;/okw/&o rsdK;qufopfvdk@qdkju &mrSm jo*kwfv
edkifiHa&;/okw/&o tcsdK@vlom;um; tdkav*k%fajymifav jo*kwfv
edkifiHa&;/okw/&o/aqmif;yg;rsm; b,fzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'eJ h pufwifbm
edkifiHa&;/okw/&o/aqmif;yg;rsm; oltvdkvkdaysmufuG,foGm;wJh pufwifbm
edkifiHa&;/okw/&o tpdk;&txufutpdk;& atmufwb kd m
edkifiHa&;/okw/&o vufawG hedkifiHa&; ukd rsufeSmrl juygpkd@ edk0ifbm
edkifiHa&;/okw/&o xdyfwdkufawG@aewJh“tawG;tac: eSpf&yf” edk0ifbm
edkifiHa&;/okw/&o/aqmif;yg;rsm; 'Drdkua&pDudkwdkufyJGrygbJ edk0ifbm
edkifiHa&;/okw/&o/aqmif;yg;rsm; nDnGwfa&;udkwnfaqmuf 'DZifbm
15? OD;0if;wif *g&0gjykpmrsuef mS vlxkOD;vS &mjynfhyGJtrSwfw&pum; azazmf0g&D
edkifiHa&;/okw/&o jrefrmh'Drdku&ufwpfrsm; ppftm%m&SifxH… pufwifbm
edkifiHa&;/okw/&o a':atmifqef;pkjunf/ 88ta&;awmfyHk… edk0ifbm
pum;ajymcef; 'kwd,yifvHknDvmcHrSonf edk0ifbm
16? xl;wifh edkifiHa&;/okw wdkufyJG0ifrvm;/ ppfu|efcHrvm; azazmf0g&D
0wœkwdk om;trdeSpfa,muf jo*kwfv
edkifiHa&;/okw/&o/aqmif;yg;rsm; ordkif;wqpfcsdK; 'DZifbm
17? armifpdk;csdef edkifiHa&;/okw/ 0wœ Kwdkrsm; ppftm%m&Sifpepfoufpdk;&Snfapol azazmf0g&D
uAsm vr&Sd/ju,fr&Sd/aewyGifhr&Sd {jyD
edkifiHa&;/okw/&o/aqmif;yg;rsm;
&dk;jywfuGif;pyfwvif;uGufxJrS&,foHrsm; {jyD
uAsm touf&ªvdk haumif;wJhvl hb0 ar
uAsm 88 ta&;awmfyHk ZGef
0wœ Kwdk "rkefwdkif;rsm;xJrS jzpfwnfr_“ajc&mrsm;” ZGef
uAsm b,fvdkcspfvhdkb,favmufcspfovJav jo*kwfv
edkifiHa&;/okw/&o/aqmif;yg;rsm; ppfu|efacwf,ae hvli,frsm; jo*kwfv
uAsm aEGOD;r[kwfwJhig pufwifbm
edkifiHa&;/okw/&o/aqmif;yg;rsm;
a&S@wac:ar#mfjunfh&if; pufwifbm
uAsm bk&m;pifeJ htdrfomjum;u atmufwdkbm
uAsm tdyfarG hcscHwJhn edk0ifbm
armifpdk;csdef 0wœ Kwdk tjzLa&mifaus;vufay:u“trJa&mif” edk0ifbm
0wœ Kwdk tvGrf;awGxJutrSwfw& 'DZifbm
18? armifaumif; edkifiHa&;/okw/&o/aqmif;yg;/ 0wœ Kwdkrsm;
jrefrmedkifiHa&; tajctaeeJ h 2010 azazmf0g&D
19? udkat;csrf; edkifiHa&;/okw/&o/aqmif;yg;/ 0wœ Kwdkrsm;
avmifjrdKufrSwfwrf; azazmf0g&D
20? &Jabmfausmfoef; edkifiHa&;/okw/&o/aqmif;yg;/ 0wœ Kwdkrsm;
[D;&dk;rSZD;&dk;oddk h azazmf0g&D
21? &Jjidrf; edkifiHa&;/okw/&o/ 0wœ Kwdkrsm; vli,feSifhvGwfvyfa&; azazmf0g&D
edkifiHa&;/okw/&o/0wœ Kwdkrsm; axmufcHju/0ef;&Hju/vufwGJju {jyD
pum;ajymcef; olwdk htjrif/olwdk hpum; jo*kwfv
22? wifjrifharmf edkifiHa&;/okw/&o/aqmif;yg;/ 0wœ Kwdkrsm; vl azazmf0g&D
8888 ta&;awmfyHkjuD; txdrf;trSwfpkpnf;r_
cGyfa'gif;wdk h&J hed'gef; jo*kwfv
23? aumhom; edkifiHa&;/okw/&o aejynfawmfyHkjyifeJ h“2010 '¾m&D azazmf0g&D
24? rdk;aumif; edkifiHa&;/okw/&o/aqmif;yg;/ 0wœ Kwdkrsm; azazmf0g&DzGm; azazmf0g&D
edkifiHa&;/okw/&o/aqmif;yg;rsm; tyif;uyfaevdk yh g pufwifbm
25? ca&mif; edkifiHa&;/okw/&o/aqmif;yg;rsm; - 'kuQonfrsm; azazmf0g&D
26? rdk;ajropf tcef;qufedkifiHa&;tawG;tac:
pjum0VmxJu“'dkif,mvufwpf azazmf0g&D
pjum0VmxJu“'dkif,mvufwpf (15) {jyD
pjum0VmxJu“'dkif,mvufwpf (16) ar
pjum0VmxJu“'dkif,mvufwpf (17) ZGef
pjum0VmxJu“'dkif,mvufwpf (18) jo*kwfv
pjum0VmxJu“'dkif,mvufwpf (19) jo*kwfv
pjum0VmxJu“'dkif,mvufwpf (20) atmufwdkbm
pjum0VmxJu“'dkif,mvufwpf (21) edk0ifbm
pjum0VmxJu“'dkif,mvufwpf (22) 'DZifbm
2&? cGmndk "tcef;quf0wœkK wHv#yaf &$jynf tydik ;f (8) azazmf0g&D
"tcef;quf0wœ K wHv#yaf &$jynf tydik ;f (9) {jyD
"tcef;quf0wœ K wHv#yfa&$jynf tydkif; (10) ar
"8888 ta&;awmfyHkjuD;txdrf;trSwf pkpnf;rl
Armjynfut&dk;wGefoHusL;&ifhonfhtcg jo*kwfv
28? armifarmifvwf bmomjyeftcef;quf
tdrfajrSmifavSmiftdrftcef; (28) azazmf0g&D
tdrfajrSmifavSmiftdrftcef; (29) {jyD
tdrfajrSmifavSmiftdrftcef; (30) ar
tdrfajrSmifavSmiftdrftcef; (31-32) ZGef
tdrfajrSmifavSmiftdrftcef; (33) jo*kwfv
tdrfajrSmifavSmiftdrftcef; (34-35) pufwifbm
tdrfajrSmifavSmiftdrftcef; (36) edk0ifbm
tdrfajrSmifavSmiftdrftcef; (37) 'DZifbm
29? jroef;wifh tcef;qufedkifiHa&;tawG;tjrif 'Da&jrifhopf azaz:0g&D
'Da&jrifhopf {jyD
'Da&jrifhopf ar
'Da&jrifhopf ZGef
'Da&jrifhopf jo*kwfv
'Da&jrifhopf pufwifbm
'Da&jrifhopf atmufwdkbm
'Da&jrifhopf edk0ifbm
'Da&jrifhopf 'DZifbm
30? jrat; acwfjydkif cHpm;r_uAsm tqHk;owfcsifwJhuAsm {jyD
31? wifrdk; uAsm awmfvSefa&;ae h'dk hrarh {jyD
32? rif;&JausmfpGm uAsm opfvGifqJckwfxpfrhJ h'%f&mrsm; {jyD
33? at;jreSif;&nf uAsm vufuseftrSm;awGu“reufjzefudkcg;apcJhjyD {jyD
uAsm pGef hv$wfol ZGef
uAsm ausmufbDvl;eSifhyef;yGifhuav;i,frsufeSm jo*kwfv
uAsm yGifhwl&GufwljzpfoGm;ol pufwifbm
uAsm pdefpDjc,fxm;ywœjrm; aowœmxJu atmufwdkbm
uAsm a&junfat;jroHpql;c|ef edk0ifbm
34? aqGekdif uAsm eSpfopfodk hoHjudk;pm; {jyD
35? zdk;oHkn uAsm t&rf;vJGvdkufvdk hvrf;cJGpdk h {jyD
edkifiHa&;/okw/&o pHawmfcsdeftajumif;waphwapmif; ar
uAsm csdefwefaejyD ZGef
uAsm vufcsif;wJGvdk h jo*kwfv
uAsm &nf&G,fcsufeJ hcH,lcsuf pufwifbm
36? at;rdaqG uAsm vlxkavsmhuGufetztcsuf {jyD
37? aumhom; tvif;tdrf“oa&mfpm”
raemufeJ h[ {jyD
qifom;vnf;judkufoAsdk h ZGef
38? oHcJ edkifiHa&;/okw/&o
olaoudk,faowdkufyJG0ifpum;vHk;rsm;&J hocif {jyD
azhtdyfruf 'DZifbm
39? armifarmif(w&m;&Hk;csKyfa&S hae) edkifiHa&;/okw/&o/aqmif;yg;rsm;
vlwkd@.tjyKtrleSifhoufqdkifaom oabmw&m; {jyD
t"rRjyKjcif;onf Oya'r[kwf jo*kwfv
tpdk;&eSifhw&m;r#wr_ atmufwdkbm
40? t,fvfel;&m edkifiHa&;/okw/&o ordkif;vSapzdk h {jyD
41? tifjuif;ar edkifiHa&;/okw/&o
usm;vnf;ajumuf&/ usm;ajc&mvnf;ajumuf& {jyD
ajumufajumufeJ hyJ&J&ifhju&ygvdrfhr,f ar
urBmajrpdrf;vef;aus;iSufwdk haw;oD ZGef
reufjzefqdkwm &dSaeao;oa&G h pufwifbm
'dkhordkif;rSm r&kdif;ju& avatmif edk0ifbm

zJjudk;jzLwdk hjzifh 'DZifbm
42? aZmfaZmfekdif (edkifiHa&;/okw/&o) prf;oyfyJG {jyD
*%ef;ocsFm atmufwdkbm
43? rif;rif;odef; (edkifiHa&;/okw/&o) zGwfusm;eJ htm&Susm; {jyD
ed'ge;f ar
wrf;wjunfhrdjyefawmh ZGef
usaemfpOf;pm;rdaomtydkif;tprsm; jo*kwfv
xyfwljykI 'DZifbm
44? cdkif=unfyif; weSpfwmrSwfwrf; {jyD
45? tvif;tdrf &Jabmfrsm; trSwfw&pum;rsm; {jyD
46? rif;wm&m (uAsm) ydawmufeDawGa=uG ar
47? cef;'gatmifcrf; (uAsm) qdkifuvkef;'dkif,mavmh(cf) ar
(uAsm) *sLvdkif =o*kwfv
(uAsm) Zmwfem 'DZifbm
48? {&m (uAsm) aejynfawmfbkef;awmfbJG h ar
49? Myu Tsaw (uAsm) Boycott {jyD
(uAsm) a'gif;a,mifaqmifaomuDs; ar
(uAsm) ausmufcwfjrdk hjy ZGef
(uAsm) 8888 &mZ0if =o*kwfv
(uAsm) ql;epfjrdK h atmufwdkbm
50? udkatmifol&jrifh (pum;ajymcef;) olwdk htjrif/olwdk hpum; =o*kwfv
(pum;ajymcef;) olwdk htjrif/olwdk hpum; pufwifbm
51? atmifaZ,s (umwGef;) ar

52? 0if;az (ouf}uD;pum;) edkif&_H;aqmifyk'fwyk'f ar
yk*~dKvfrcif w&m;rrif qdk;uskd;w&m; ZGef
vGwfvyfcGifhudkxifovdk oHk;wdkif;raumif;bl; =o*kwfv
[efaqmifoifhovm; pufwifbm
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58? vif;vwfrif; (edkifiHa&;/okw/&o) cHpm;rlwdk h.wzufY ar
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62? aeGOD; (pmayqef;ppfcsuf) cGyfa'gif;tvHawmfatmufu cGyfa'gif;aw;oH ZGef
63? a&$tdk;pnf (edkifiHa&;/okw/&o) t&dkif;uAsm ZGef
64? armif0Ho (edkifiHa&;/okw/&o) edkifiHa&;orm;ÉDum ZGef
65? zdk;aZmf (edkifiHa&;/okw/&o) ppf&mZ0wfrlqdkwmbmvJ(bmomjyef) ZGef
66? bDbDpD edkifiHa&;/okw/&o) 2008zJG hpnf;yHktajccHOya' eSifh tem*wf(1/2) ZGef
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67? =unfatmif (uAsm) wdkif;jynf&J htysdKpif =o*kwfv
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69? "88 rsdK;quf ausmif;om;rsm; trSwfw& pum;rsm; jo*kwfv
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71? vlxkpdef0if; (edkifiHa&;/okw/&o) twdwfordkif;udkjyefvSefwJhtcg =o*kwfv
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74? oDwmatmif (uAsm) oHCHo&%H*p>mrd pufwifbm
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76? xdefvif; (uAsm) pmoifausmif;ua'gif;tdk;a0 pufwifbm
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