Matter and Change

Chapter 2
Properties of Matter

Section 1
Why are bamboo chopsticks usually disposable?
What characteristic makes bamboo useful for cooking?
 Describing Matter

Matter is anything that takes up space

(volume) and has mass (amount of
matter in an object).
Previously defined as the general term for
all materials or “stuff.”
All matter can be described in terms of
its properties.
Properties used to describe matter can be
classified as EXTENS IVE or INTENSIVE.
Extensive Physical Properties

Extensive properties are dependent

upon the amount of material
present.
Examples include mass, length, and
volume.
Intensive Physical Properties

Intensive physical properties DO NOT

depend on the amount of material
present; depends only on TYPE of matter.
Examples include density, melting point,
and boiling point.
 Identifying Substances

Substances have a uniform and definite

composition.
All samples of a given substance have the
same INTENSIVE properties because
they have the same chemical
composition.
EXTENSIVE properties may vary because
of the size of a sample.
 Physical Properties

Physical properties can be either

extensive or intensive.
Physical properties are qualities or
conditions of substances that can be
observed or measured without changing
the substance’s composition.
Physical properties can help identify a
substance.
States of Matter

There are four states of

matter: solid, liquid, gas,
and plasma
The state of matter is
dependent upon the
pressure and temperature
at which the matter exists
The state of matter is a
PHYSICAL PROPERTY of
the matter
Solids

Have a definite shape

and volume
Particles are packed
close together and
vibrate weakly about
fixed positions
Not compressible
Particles have low kinetic
energy
Liquids

Have a definite volume, no

definite shape and can flow
Particles can move and slide
Particles are very close
together so liquids are
practically non-compressible
Particles have more kinetic
energy that solids
 Gases

No definite shape
No definite volume
Particles move rapidly in all
directions; low attractive forces
between particles
Higher kinetic energy than solid or
liquid
Highly compressible
VAPOR – describes the gaseous state
of a material that is generally a
liquid or solid at room temperature.
Plasma

Made up of ionized gas

particles
Most abundant state of
matter in the universe
Occurs in stars,
lightning bolts,
fluorescent lights
Typically occur at
temperatures over 5000
degrees C. at normal
pressures
Comparing Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Physical Changes of Matter

Changes that DO NOT produce new

substances.
May change some physical properties,
but the chemical composition of the
substance remains the same.
Physical changes can be reversible
(boiling, freezing, melting) or irreversible
(grinding, cutting, tearing).
All changes in state are REVERSIBLE
PHYSICAL changes.
Mixtures

Section 2
 What is the result of panning?
What property is used to separate
the mixture?
Classification of Matter
 Mixtures

Physical combination of two or more

types of matter.
Most samples of matter are mixtures.
Classified as HOMOGENEOUS or
HETEROGENEOUS based on distribution
of components.
The number of PHASES (part of a sample
with uniform composition) also
determines type of mixture.
Homogeneous – one phase
Heterogeneous – two or more phases
Homogeneous Mixtures

Homogeneous mixtures –
combination of two or more
kinds of matter with uniform
composition
Examples include air, vinegar,
salt water, and Sprite
Liquid homogeneous mixtures
are also called SOLUTIONS
Solid homogeneous mixtures of
metals are ALLOYS
 Heterogeneous
Mixtures
Heterogeneous mixtures
– combination of two or
more kinds of matter
with different parts with
different properties;
composition is NOT
uniform
Examples include blood,
whole milk, granite, and
chocolate chip cookies
Separation Techniques

Differences in
physical properties
are used to
separate mixtures.
Technique chosen
depends on mixture
to be separated.
Distillation
Chromatography
Density
Centrifuge
Filtration
Elements and Compounds

Section 3
What are the properties of cotton candy?
Why does it taste sweet?
 Can only be
broken down by
chemical
methods

Separated by
physical
processes

Cannot be
separated
into simpler
substances
by ordinary
chemical
methods.
 Distinguishing Elements and
Compounds
Substances can be classified as ELEMENTS or COMPOUNDS

ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS
Simplest form of Two or more
matter with unique elements chemically
properties combined
Cannot be broken Broken down into
down by ordinary simpler substances
chemical means by chemical methods
Listed on the Different properties
periodic table than elements from
which they form
 Elements

Simplest type of matter made up of only one type of

atoms
Elements arranged according to increasing atomic
number and recurring properties in PERIODIC TABLE
OF THE ELEMENTS
Periodic table created by Mendeleev, refined by Mosely
and Seaborg
Each element has unique one or two letter symbol
Compounds

Chemical combinations of two or

more elements
Most familiar substances are
compounds
Law of Definite Composition
applies to compounds
COMPOUNDS CAN BE BROKEN DOWN INTO
SIMPLER SUBSTANCES BY CHEMICAL
MEANS, BUT ELEMENTS CANNOT.

IF THE COMPOSITION OF A MATERIAL IS

FIXED, THE MATERIAL IS A SUBSTANCE. IF
THE COMPOSITION OF A MATERIAL MAY
VARY, THE MATERIAL IS A MIXTURE.
 Symbols and Formulas

Chemical symbols are used to

represent elements.
One or two letter designation
1st letter always capital; 2nd letter lowercase
Chemical formulas are used to
represent compounds.
Shorthand way to show composition of
compound
Subscripts indicate relative proportions of
elements in compound
Chemical Reactions

Section 4
What evidence do you see in this photo that a
chemical change has occurred?
 Chemical Changes

Chemical properties describe the ABILITY of a

substance to undergo a chemical change.
During a CHEMICAL CHANGE, a new
substance with new and different properties is
produced; the composition of the matter
always changes.
Also called a CHEMICAL REACTION.
During a chemical reactions, one or more
substances changes into one or more new
substances.

REACTANTS  PRODUCTS
Recognizing Chemical Changes

Possible clues to chemical change include a

transfer of energy, a change in color, the
production of a gas, or the formation of a
precipitate.
Energy – heat given off (exothermic) or taken in
(endothermic).
Color – indicators; new substances.
Gas – bubbles of insoluble gas released.
Precipitate – an insoluble solid product that
forms during a reactions.
CAREFUL – some of these indicators may be
present during physical changes; only analysis
of reactant and product can definitively prove a
reaction has occurred.
 Conservation of Mass

During any chemical

reaction, the mass of
the products is
always equal to the Figure 2.12 from
page 55.
mass of the
reactants.
Mass also holds
constant during
physical changes.
Mass is neither
created nor
destroyed.