Singapore Mathematical Society Singapore Mathematical Olympiad 2006

(Senior Section Solutions)

1. Ans: D

p = 23009 = 23x1003 = (23)1003 = 81003. q = 32006 = 32x1003 = (32)1003 = 91003.

r = 51003.

Thus, we have r < p < q.

2. Ans: D

3020 = (302)10 = 90010. 1030 = (103) 10 = 100010.

3010 + 2020 = 3010 + (202)10 = 3010 + 40010 < 2.40010.

< (2 X 400)10 = 80010.

(30 + 10)20 = 4020 = (402) 10 = 160010. (30 X 20)10 = 60010.

Therefore, the largest number is (30 + 10)20 = 160010.

3. Ans: E

First we observe that 22 = 4. Since 2020 is divisible by 10, it follows that its last digit is O. Similarly, the last digit of 200200 is O. The last digit of 20062006 is same as that of 62006. Since 6 x 6 = 36, it follows that the last digit of any integral power of 6 is 6. Thus the last digit of 20062006 is 6. Now, 4+0+0+6 = 10. Thus the last digit of 22 + 2020 + 200200 + 20062006 is O.

4. Ans: C

1 1 3 3

X + - = 4 ===* (x + -) = 4 = 64

x x

3 1 1

===* x + 3x + 3 . - + - = 64 X x3

1 1

===* x3 + 3 + 3 (x + - ) = 64

x x

1

===* x3 + 3 = 64 - 3(4) = 52. x

22

5. Ans: A

To find the intersection points of the two curves, we solve their equations simulta-

neously.

Thus, we have

3

2x3 + 6x + 1 = - 2 ==?- 2x5 + 6x3 + x2 + 3 = 0 x

==?- (2x3 + 1)(x2 + 3) = 0

==?- 2x3 + 1 = 0, since x2 + 3 > 0 3 1

==?-x =--

2

1

==?- x =--

ij2

3

==?- Y = --.

0i

Thus, the only point of intersection is ( - ~, - W) .

6. Ans: A

Observe that 6ABD '::::' 6EBD. Thus, BE = AB = 4, AD = DE. Hence

Area of 6ACE = 2 x Area of 6DCE.

Since BC = 3, EC = EB - BC = 4 - 3 = 1. Thus,

Area of 6ABC = 3 x Area of 6ACE. = 6 x Area of 6DCE.

Thus,

Area of ABCD = Area of 6ABC + Area of 6ACD

= 6 x Area of 6DCE + Area of DCE = 7 x Area of 6DCE.

23

7. Ans: C

Total number of ways is

5! - 4! - 4! + 3! = 120 - 24 - 24 + 6 = 78.

Alternatively, we consider the following cases:

Case (i): A and D do not run the first or last leg. In this case, the number of

arrangements is 3 x 2 x 3! = 36.

Case (ii): D runs the first leg. In this case, number of arrangements is 4! = 24.

Case (iii): D does not run the first leg and A runs the last leg. In this case,

number of ways is 3 x 31 = 18.

Therefore, total number of ways = 36 + 24 + 18 = 78.

8. Ans: B

Let m be the number of the removed ball. Then we have 1 :::; m :::; n, and

==? 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n - m = 5048

==? n(n 2+ 1) - m = 5048

==? 1 < n (n + 1) _ 5048 < n

- 2 -

==? (n - l)n < 5048 and n(n + 1) > 5049.

2 - 2-

99 x 100 100 x 101 101 x 102

Observe that = 4950, = 5050 and = 5151. It

222

100 x 101

that n = 100. Hence m = - 5048 = 2.

2

9. Ans: A

Observe that

o = (a + b + c) 2 = a 2 + b2 + e2 + 2 (ab + be + ea).

Since abc = -100, it follows that a # 0, bolO and colO. Thus, a2 + b2 + e2 > 0, and it follows that ab + be + ea < O. Therefore,

x = ~ + ~ + ~ = ab + be + ea = ab + be + ea > O.

abc abc -100

24

p

10. Ans: B

b

Let x = -. Then b = ax. Hence we have a

1 1 1 1 1 1

------=o====}---- =0

a b a + b a ax a + ax

====} ~ (1 - ~ - _1_) = 0

a x 1 +x

====} x(x + 1) - (x + 1) - x = 0 ====} x2 - x-I = 0

1±yT+4 l±VS

====}x= =.

2 2

Since a and b are positive, it follows that x > 0, and thus x = 1 + VS. Then 2

( ~ + ~) 2 = (x + ~) 2 = (1 + VS + -----=2 ) 2

a b x 2 l+VS

= (1 + VS + 2 . 1 - vs) 2

2 l+VS 1-VS

= (1 + VS 2 - 2VS)2

2 + -4

= (1 + VS _ ~ + vs) 2 = (VS)2 = 5. 222

11. Ans: 30

20062 - 19942 1600

(2006 + 1994) x (2006 - 1994) 1600

4000 x 12 1600

= 30.

25

12. Ans: 45

20061003 < n2006 ~ 2006 < n2.

Since 442 = 1936 < 2006 and 452 = 2025 > 2006, it follows that the smallest natural number n satisfying 20061003 < n2006 is 45.

Pi:

13. Ans: 15

(1 + J2i = 1 + 3)2 + 3 x 2 + 2)2 = 7 + 5)2.

Observe that 1.4 < -12 < 1.5. Thus

7 + 5 x 1.4 < 7 + 5)2 < 7 + 5 x 1.5

===? 14 < 7 + 5)2 < 14.5.

Therefore, the smallest integer greater than (1 + -12)3 is 15.

14. Ans: 34

20x + 6y = 2006 ~ lOx + 3y = 1003.

The solutions are

(1,331), (4,321), (7,311)"" ,(94,21), (97, 11), (100,1).

Thus there are 34 solutions.

15. Ans: 520

Drop the perpendicular from B to AC meeting AC at Q. Then LAQ B = 90°, and thus Q lies on C1. Similarly, Q lies on C2. Thus, Q = P. Now, DABP rv DACB. Thus

BP BC x 12 60

-=-===?-= ===?x=-.

AB AC 5 V122 + 52 13

Therefore,

2400 13

-- = 2400 x - = 520.

x 60

16. Ans: 2

1 1 111

----= + + + + ----=

log212v5 log312v5 log412v5 log512v5 log612V5

= logl2V5 2 + logl2V5 3 + logl2V5 4 + logl2V5 5 + logl2V5 6

= logl2V5 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x 6

= logl2V5 720

= 2, since (12V5)2 = 720.

26

17. Ans: 16

Let AB = y cm. Since 6DCF rv 6GBF, we have

DC = G B ==} }!_ = G B ==} G B = xy.

DF GF 24 x 24

Since 6DCE rv 6GAE, we have

DC = GA }!_ = y+GB GB= y(9+x)_

DE GE ==} 15 9 + x ==} 15 y.

Hence we have

xy = y(9 + x) _ y ==} __:;_ = 9 + x_I ==} x = 16.

24 15 24 15

18. Ans: 1296 Let

(4x2 - 4x + 3)4(4 + 3x - 3x2)2 = A12X12 + ... + A1x + Ao.

Substitute x = 1 to obtain

A 12 + All + ... + Al + Ao = (0 - 0 + 3) 4 ( 4 + 0 - 0) 2 = 1296.

19. Ans: 49950

Number of three-digit integers formed = 53 = 125. Observe that each of the five digits 1,2,3,5,7 appears 25 times in the first, second and third digits of the integers formed. Thus,

sum = 25 x (1 + 2 + 3 + 5 + 7) x 100

+ 25 x (1 + 2 3 + 5 + 7) x 10 + 25 x (1 + 2 + 3 + 5 + 7)

= 49950.

20. Ans: 2

1 4 . 7 ° 1 - 4 sin 70° sin 10°

-- - sm 0 = -------

sin 10° sin 10°

1 - 2(cos60° - cos 80°)

sin 10°

1 - 2(~ - cos 80°) sin 10°

2 cos 80°

sin 10°

2 sin 10°

sin 10°

= 2.

27

Here we have used the formula:

. . cos(A - B) - cos(A + B)

smAsmB = 2 .

21. Ans: 64

Let y = ij2. Then y5 = 2. Therefore,

( 1) 30 ( 1 ) 30

1+- = 1+-------

w 1 + y + y2 + y3 + y4

( _ 1 )30

= 1 + ----,y,------y5 - 1

( _ 1) 30

= 1 + _y_

2-1

= y30

= (y5)6 = 26 = 64.

22. Ans: 8

sin A + sin B = 1 ===} sin A = 1 - sin B. cos A + cos B = 0 ===} cos A = - cos B.

Thus,

cos2 A + sin2 A = 1 ===} (- cos B)2 + (1 - sin B)2 = 1 ===} cos'' B + 1 - 2sinB + sin2 B = 1 1

===} sin B = "2'

1 1

Thus sin A = 1 - - = -. Therefore,

, 2 2

12cos2A+4cos2B = 12(1- 2sin2 A) +4(1- 2sin2 B)

~ 12 (1 _ 2 (~) 2) + 4 (1 _ 2 (~) 2)

= 8.

28

p

23. Ans: 130

Note that 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 14. Thus the sum of the 800 digits is 200 x 14 = 2800. Thus we need to cross out digits with a sum equal to 2800 - 2345 = 455.

Observe that 455 = 32 x 14 + 7. Thus we have to cross out 32 blocks of four digits '2345' either from the front or the back, a '2' from the front that remains and a '5' from the back that remains. Thus, m + n = 32 x 4 + 2 = 130.

24. Ans: 5

First we simplify vI? - 4V3, and write

where x, yare rational numbers. Then

Thus, we have

= 7, = -4.

Substituting the second equation into the first one, we get

X2+3(-~r ~7=x4-7x2+12=O ==} (x2 - 4)(x2 - 3) = 0 ==} x = 2, -2, V3, -V3.

-4 Since x is a rational number, x #- V3 and x #- -V3. When x = 2, y = -- =

2 x 2

-1. When x = -2, y = 1. Thus, V7 - 4V3 = 2 - V3 or -2 + V3.

V7 - 4V3 > 0, it follows that V7 - 4V3 = 2 - V3. Thus the 2nd root of the equation is 2 + V3, since the coefficients of the equation are integers. Therefore, a = -(2 - V3) - (2 + V3) = -4, b = (2 - V3)(2 + V3) = 1. Thus, b - a = 5.

25. Ans: 2011

(x - 2004)(x - 2006) = 2Y ==} (x - 2005 + l)(x - 2005 - 1) = 2Y ==} (x - 2005)2 - 1 = 2Y

==} (x - 2005)2 = 1 + 2Y.

Write n = Ix - 20051· Then we have

n2 = 1 + 2Y ==} 2Y = (n - l)(n + 1).

29

Observe that the above equality implies easily that n #- 0, 1. Thus, ti - 1 and n + 1 are positive integers, and both n - 1 and n + 1 are powers of 2. Write ti - 1 = 2a.

Then

ti + 1 = 2a + 2 = 2(2a-1 + 1).

Since n 2-: 2, it follows that n + 1 2-: 3. Moreover, since n + 1 is a power of 2, it follows that n + 1 2-: 4 and thus n; 1 2-: 2. Hence 2a-1 + 1 is a positive integer and it is also a power of 2. Clearly, 2a-1 + 1 > 1. Thus 2a-1 + 1 2-: 2 ===} a 2-: 1. If a > I, then 2a-1 + 1 > 2 and it is odd, which is not possible. Thus we have a = 1.

Thus,

n = 1 + 2 = 3.

Then

2Y = (3 - 1)(3 + 1) = 8 ===} y = 3.

It follows that

(x - 2005)2 = 1 + 23 = 9 = 32 ===} X = 2005 ± 3

===} x = 2008 or 2002.

30

Thus the largest possible value of x + y is 2008 + 3 = 2011 when x = 2008.

26. Ans: 30

Produce BC to F such that CF = DE. Then 6BDE and 6ACF are right-angled triangles. Note that BE = AC and DE = CF. Thus, we have

6BDE rv 6ACF.

1

Therefore, AF = BD = 2' and LF AC = LABC. Since LBAC + LABC =

we have

LBAC + LFAC = 900.

Hence, LBAF = 900• Now in 6BAF, AF = ~, and

BF = BC + CF = BC + DE = 1.

Hence,

a AF 1

sin x = - = - ===} x = 30.

BF 2

Alternative solution: Let BE = a and DE = b. Since LBED = 900, it follows from Pythagoras Theorem that

····'F

Since DE + BC = 1, we have BC = 1 - b. As D,BDE rv D,ACF, we have

b a 2

- = _- ==? a = b(l - b).

a 1- b

Together with the previous equality, we have

2 1 1

b(l - b) + b = - ==? b = -

4 4

Hence,

• 0 DE ~ 1

SIn x = - = - = - ==? x = 30.

BD 1 2 2

27. Ans: 5

By the identity a3 - b3 = (a - b)(a2 + ab + b2), we have

1

a-b

if a oF b. a3 - b3

Let a = ij x + 1 and b = ij x - 1. Then

1

f(x) = (ijx + 1)2 + (ijx + 1)( ijx - 1) + (ijx - 1)2

{'lx+l- ~

(x+1)-(x-1)

= ~(ijx + 1 - ijx - 1). 2

Therefore,

f(l) + f(3) + .. , + f(997) + f(999)

= ~ ( ij2 - 0 + ij4 - ij2 + ... + ij99s - ij996 + ij1QoO - ij99s) 2

1 3~ 10

= - x v 1000 = - = 5.

2 2

28. Ans: 20

Suppose that the area of D,PQT is t em". Since PT = T S, we see that

area of D,QT S = area of D,PQT = t cm ".

(1)

Suppose the area of D,PTU is y em". Then a similar argument shows that

area of D,STU = area of D,PTU = y cm2.

(2)

31

Given also that QS = 2RS, we have

1 1

area of D,SRU = "2 x area of D,QSU = "2(t + y).

(3)

Likewise, we have

area of D,PQS = 2 x area of D,P RS,

that is,

( t + y)

2t = 2 2y + -2-

or

t = 5y.

(4)

Also,

the total area of D,PQR = (2t + 2y + t ~ y) cm2 = 150 cm2.

Thus we have

t + y = 60.

From (4) and (5), we obtain y = 10. So the area of D,PSU is 20 cm2.

(5)

29. Ans: 3

Let p and q be the roots of x2 - x-I = O. Then p q = 1 and pq = -1. On the other hand, p and q are also roots ofax5 + bx" + 1 = O. Thus ap5 + bp" + 1 = 0 and aq5 + bq4 + 1 = O. From these two equations and pq = -1, we have ap + b = _q4 and aq + b = -t/: Therefore

p4 _ q4

a = = (p2 + q2) (p + q)

p-q

= ((p + q)2 _ 2pq)(p + q) = (12 - 2(-1)) x 1

= 3.

Alternative solution: Since x2 - x-I is a factor ofax5 + bx + 1, we may write

for some real numbers c and d. By comparing the coefficients, we have

x: O=l-d===?d=l

x2: 0 = -1 - d - c ===? c = -2

x3: 0 = -a - c + d ===? a = -c + d = 2 + 1 = 3.

32

p

-- ---~-----~---~-------------~-------------------------111111!1

30. Ans: 12

sin3 () - cos3 () = (sin () - cos ()) (sin ' () + sin () cos () + cos2 ())

V6-V2

= 2 (l+sin()cos()).

Now we have

( )2

V6 - V2 6 + 2 - 2V12

(sin f - COS())2 = 2 ===? 1 - 2sin()cos() = 4 = 2 - V3

V3-1

===? sin () cos () = .

2

Hence we have

. 3 () 3 () V6 - V2 (1 V3 - 1)

sm -cos = +--

2 2

~ y'2(V; -1) (V32+ 1)

V2(3 - 1) yI2

4 2

Therefore,

( )2

V2 1

24(sin3 () - cos" ())2 = 24 2 = 24 x "2 = 12.

31. Ans: 8

xyfij + YVx + V2006xy - V2006x - V2006y - 2006 = 0 ~(Vx + yfij + v'2OO6)(yXY - v'2OO6) = 0

~yXY - v'2OO6 = 0 (since Vx + v'Y + v'2OO6 > 0) ~xy = 2006 = 17 x 59 x 2.

Thus the solutions are

(1,2006), (2006, 1), (2, 1003), (1003,2), (34,59), (59,34), (17, 118), (118, 17).

32. Ans: 375

Let N = 1 x 3 x ... x 2005. We need to find the remainder when N is divided

N .

by 1000. Observe that 1000 = 8 x 125. Let M = -. We are gomg to find the 125

remainder when M is divided by 8. Observe that

(2n - 3)(2n - 1)(2n + 1)(2n + 3) = (4n2 - 1)(4n2 - 9) = 16n 4 - 40n 2 + 9

== 1 (mod 8).

33

Thus the product P of any 4 consecutive odd integers satisfies P 1 (mod 8).

Write

M = (1 x 3 x ... x 123) x (127 x 129 x ... x 2005).

There are 62 factors in the expression 1 x 3 x ... x 123. Thus,

1 x 3 x 5 x ... x 123 = 1 x 3 x (5 x ... x 123) _ 3 x 115 (mod 8)

3 (mod 8).

Similarly, there are 940 factors in the expression 127 x ... x 2005. Thus, 127 x 129 x ... x 2005 _ 1235 (mod 8)

= 1 (mod 8).

Hence,

M - 1 x 3 - 3 (mod 8).

In other words,

M = 8n+ 3

for some positive integer ti. Now, we have

N = 125 x M

= 125 x (8n + 3) = 1000n + 375.

Therefore, the remainder is 375.

33. Ans: 4305

Letting y = 1, one gets

f (x + 1) = (1 + x: 1) f (x) + (1 + ~) ~ + x2 + 2x.

Upon rearranging, one gets

f(x + 1) f(x) 3

---'-----'- - -_ = x + -.

x+2 x+l 4

Then we have

_f_(n_) _ f(n - 1) _ ti _ 1 + ~

n+1 ti - 4'

f(n-1) f(n-2) 3

----'-- =n-2+-,

n ti -1 4

f(2) _ f(l) = 1 + ~. 324

34

~~-~~~------------------------------

Adding these equalities together, we get

](n) ](1) 3

-- - - = 1 + 2 + ... + (n -1) + -(n -1)

n+1 2 4

= (n - l)n + ~(n _ 1).

2 4

Thus,

](n) = (n + 1) [(n - l)n + ~(n _ 1) + ~ . ~] = n(n + 1)(2n + 1).

2 4 224

Hence,

](20) = (20)(21)(41) = 4305. 4

34. Ans: 250

Observe that when n ::2: 2,

{ nXn

(n - l)Xn~1

= -1000(xo + Xl + + Xn~l)'

= -1000(xo + Xl + + Xn~2).

Thus, we have

( 1000 - (n - 1))

nXn - (n - l)Xn-1 = -1000Xn~1 ===? Xn = - n Xn~l·

It is easy to check that the above formula holds even when n = 1. Therefore, for 1 :S n :S 100, we have

1000 - (n - 1)

Xn = - Xn~l

n

= (_1)21000 - (n - 1) . 1000 - (n - 2) Xn~2

n n-1

= (-1) n 1000 - (n - 1) . 1000 - (n - 2) . . . 1000 X 0

n n - 1 1

_ (_ )n (1000)

- 1 Xo.

n

35

Hence we have

1 1 998

-XO + -Xl + X2 + ... + 2 X1000

22 2

1 ( 2 22 21000)

= 4" Xo + Xl + X2 + ... + X1000

1 ( (1000) 2 (1000) 2 (1000) 23 (1000) 21000 )

= - Xo - Xo + 2 Xo - Xo + ... + Xo

4 1 2 3 1000

= :0 (1 _ (1°2°) 2 + (1°2°°) 22 _ (1°2°) 23 + ... + (~~~~) 21000)

= 1000 (1 _ 2)1000 4

= 250.

35. Ans: 76

Let u., v be the two positive integral solutions of the given equation. Then

{ u+v =p, 66p - 1

uv = .

5

Upon eliminating p, we have

5uv = 66(u + v) - 1 =} v(5u - 66) = 66u -1 > ° =} 5u - 66 > 0, since v > 0.

Similarly, we have 5v - 66 > 0. Moreover, we have

(5u - 66)(5v - 66) = 25uv - 330(u + v) + 662

= 25 x (66P5-1) - 330p+ 662

= -5 + 662 = 4351 = 19 x 229.

{ 5tt - 66 = 229 5v - 66 = 19

{ 5u - 66 = 4351 or

5v - 16 =1.

Without loss of generality, we may assume that u 2" v. Since both 19 and 229 are prime, we must have

The first set of equations imply u = 59, v = 17. The second set of equations does not have integral solutions. Hence, we must have u = 59 and v = 17. Thus, p = u + v = 76.

--

36

Singapore Mathematical Society Singapore Mathematical Olympiad (SMO) 2006

(Senior Section, Special Round Solutions)

1. First note that d is even. Primes larger than 3 are of the form 6n + 1 or 6n + 5. Thus two of the three primes are of the same form. Their difference is either d or 2d and is divisible by 6. Thus d is divisible by 3 is hence divisible by 6.

2. First solution: Assume that x > y (See Fig.(i)). Choose a point S on the segment LM so that LS = LA. Clearly LASL = LLAS = y. Therefore, ASEB is cyclic. As LLAS = y < x = LLAE, it follows that S is between Land E.

On the other hand, LSBM = LSBE + LEBM = LSAE + LEBM = LLAE - LLAS + y = x - y + y = x = LBAM. Hence, MBS is isosceles and MS = MB. Therefore, LM = LS + SM = LA + MB.

x

S E

L ~-----,~'---....>,. M

F ~

D L__ --' C

~ E

D1--------____,.C

(i)

(ii)

Second solution: Produce DA and CB to meet at X (See Fig.(ii)). Draw FH parallel to AB. Draw X E with F on AD and H on BC. Then E is an excentre of e:"X AB and so X E bisects LAX B. e:"M LX - e:"H F X since they have equal angles and a common angle bisector. Hence ME = FE, HE = LE and HM = LF. Since FH is parallel to AB, and AE bisects LDAB, LF AE = LAEF. Thus e:"F AE is isosceles, and AF = FE. Similarly, BH = EH. The rest follows easily.

Third solution: Note that

sin2x + sin2y = 2sin(2y - x) cosx + 2sin(2x - y) cosy.

In the quadrilateral ABM L, let 2x = LA, 2y = LB. Therefore LL = 1800 - 2y and LM = 1800 - 2x. Thus LLEA = 2y - x, LBEM = 2x - y. If d is the common distance

38

from E to AL, AB and BM, then the result follows from

LE + EM - LA - MB 1 1 sin(2y - x) sin(2x - y)

d = sin 2y + sin 2x - sin x sin 2y - sin y sin 2x

sin 2x + sin 2y sin(2y - x) cos x + sin(2x - y) cos y

= -2----'------_:__----_:__------'---

sin 2x sin 2y sin 2x sin 2y

=0

3. Let the tangent at T meet the extension of the chord AB at O. Then LBTO = LT AB. Thus DO AT is similar to DOT B so that ~ ~ = g~. Since OT = 0 P, we have ~~ = g~. On the other hand, Op2 = OA· OB.

o

T

Th c TA OP OA Th TA OA-OP ererore TB = OB = OP' us TB = OP-OB

theorem, we see that T P bisects LAT B.

~~ . U sing the angle bisector

4. See Junior Section Special Round Problem 5. You just need to check further cases for f = 5,6.

5. The fact is there are no persistent numbers. For any positive integer N, consider the remainder when following N numbers are divisible by N:

1,11,111, ... , 11 ... 1 '--v--" N

If one of the remainders is 0, N is not persistent. If not, then two of the remainders are the same. Thus there exist two, say A, B such that A - B = 11 ... 100 ... 0 is divisible by N, again N is not persistent.

39

L