Subset

"Superset" redirects here. For supersets in strength training, see Strength training#Combined sets. Euer diagram showing A is a proper subset of B and conversely B is a proper superset of A In mathematics, especially in set theory, a set A is a subset of a set B if A is "contained" inside B. A and B may coincide. The relationship of one set being a subset of another is called inclusion or sometimes containment. Correspondingly, set B is a superset of A since all elements of A are also elements of B. Definitions If A and B are sets and every element of A is also an element of B, then: A is a subset of (or is included in) B, denoted by , or equivalently B is a superset of (or includes)A, denoted by If A is a subset of B, but A is not equal to B (i.e. there exists at least one element of B not contained in A), then A is also a proper (or strict) subset of B; this is written as or equivalently B is a proper superset of A; this is written as For any set S, the inclusion relation is a partial order on the set of all subsets of S (the power set of S). The symbols and Some authors use the symbols and to indicate "subset" and "superset" respectively, instead of the symbols and , but with the same meaning. So for example, for these authors, it is true of every set A that A A. Other authors prefer to use the symbols and to indicate proper subset and superset, respectively, in place of and This usage makes and analogous to the inequalitysymbols and <. For example, if x y then x may be equal to y, or maybe not, but if x < y, then x definitely does not equal y, but is strictly less than y. Similarly, using the " means proper subset" convention, if A B, then A may or may not be equal to B, but if A B, then A is definitely not equal to B.

Equal Sets
(mathematics) Sets with precisely the same elements. Two sets are equal if they contain the same elements. I.e., sets A and B are equal if x[x A x B].Notation: A = B. Recall: Sets are unordered and we do not distinguish between repeated elements. So: {1, 1, 1} = {1}, and {a, b, c} = {b, a, c}. Equal Sets Two sets, P and Q, are equal sets if they have exactly the same members. The order of elements in a set is not important. Example : List the elements of the following sets and show that P Q and Q = R. P = {x : x is a positive integer and 5x 15} Q = {x : x is a positive integer and x 2 < 25} R = {x : x is a positive integer and x 4}

Solution : 5x 15 x 3 So, P = {1, 2, 3} x 2 < 25 x < 5 So, Q = {1, 2, 3, 4} R = {1, 2, 3, 4} Therefore, P Q and Q = R. equivalent sets [ikwiv l nt sets]
(mathematics) Sets which have the same cardinal number; sets whose elements can be put into one-to-one correspondence with each other. Also known as equinumerable sets; equipotent sets.

Null set
In mathematics, a null set is a set that is negligible in some sense. For different applications, the meaning of "negligible" varies. In measure theory, any set of measure 0 is called a null set (or simply a measure-zero set). More generally, whenever an ideal is taken as understood, then a null set is any element of that ideal. In some elementary textbooks, null set is taken to mean empty set. The remainder of this article discusses the measure-theoretic notion.

Definition
Let X be a measurable space, let be a measure on X, and let N be a measurable set in X. If is a positive measure, then N is null (or zero measure) if its measure (N) is zero. If is not a positive measure, then N is -null if N is | |-null, where | | is the total variation of ; equivalently, if every measurable subset A of N satisfies (A) = 0. For positive measures, this is equivalent to the definition given above; but for signed measures, this is stronger than simply saying that (N) = 0. A nonmeasurable set is considered null if it is a subset of a null measurable set. Some references require a null set to be measurable; however, subsets of null sets are still negligible for measuretheoretic purposes. When talking about null sets in Euclidean n-space Rn, it is usually understood that the measure being used is Lebesgue measure.

Infinite set
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In set theory, an infinite set is a set that is not a finite set. Infinite sets may be countable or uncountable. Some examples are: the set of all integers, {..., -1, 0, 1, 2, ...}, is a countably infinite set; and the set of all real numbers is an uncountably infinite set.

Finite set
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In mathematics, a finite set is a set that has a finite number of elements. For example, is a finite set with five elements. The number of elements of a finite set is a natural number (non-negative integer), and is called the cardinality of the set. A set that is not finite is calledinfinite. For example, the set of all positive integers is infinite: Finite sets are particularly important in combinatorics, the mathematical study of counting. Many arguments involving finite sets rely on the pigeonhole principle, which states that there cannot exist an injective function from a larger finite set to a smaller finite set.

Republic Act 8044

The Youth in Nation-Building Act

An act creating the National Youth Commission, establishing a National Comprehensive and Coordinated Program on Youth Development, Appropriating Funds Therefore, and for Other Purposes.

Republic of the Philippines Congress of the Philippines Metro Manila Third Regular Session Begun and held in Metro Manila, on Monday, the twenty-fifth day of July, nineteen hundred and ninety-four. [ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8044 ] AN ACT CREATING THE NATIONAL YOUTH COMMISSION, ESTABLISHING A NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE AND COORDINATED PROGRAM ON YOUTH DEVELOPMENT , APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress assembled:

SECTION 1. Title - This Act shall be known as the " Youth in Nation-Building Act". SECTION 2. Policy - The State recognizes its responsibility to enable the youth to fulfill their vital role in nationbuilding and hereby establishes the National Comprehensive and Coordinated Program on Youth Development, creates the structures to implement the same and appropriate adequate funds to provide support for the program and implementing structures on a continuing sustained basis. The State hereby declares that "Youth" is the critical period in a person s growth and development from the onset of adolescence towards the peak of mature, self-reliant and responsible adulthood comprising the considerable sector of the population from the age of fifteen (15) to thirty (30) years. The State further declares the National Comprehensive and Coordinated Program on Youth Development shall be based on the following principles: (a) Promotion and protection of the physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual and social well-being of the youth to the end that the youth realize their potential for improving the quality of life; (b) Inculcation in the youth of patriotism, nationalism and other basic desirable values to infuse in them faith in the Creator, belief in the sanctity of life and dignity of the human person, conviction for the strength and unity of the family and adherence to truth and justice; (c) Encouragement of youth involvement in character-building and development activities for civic-efficiency, stewardship of natural resources, agricultural and industrial productivity, and an understanding of world economic commitments on tariffs an trade and participation in structures for policy-making and program implementation to reduce the incidence of poverty and accelerate socioeconomic development; and (d) Mobilization of youth s abilities, talents and skills and redirecting their creativity, inventive genius and wellspring of enthusiasm and hope for the freedom of our people from fear, hunger and injustice. SECTION 3. Development Program. - In order to attain the declared national policy, there is hereby established the "National Comprehensive and Coordinated Program on Youth Development", hereinafter referred to as the "Development Program". The components of the development program are the following: (a) Formulation, approval and implementation of the Medium-Term Youth Development Program for four (4) years following the approval of this Act and every three (3) years thereafter, which shall be aligned to and shall complement the Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan for the corresponding period, taking into account the existing National Youth Development Plan as provided for in Executive Order No. 176, series of 1994;

(b) A national study on the "Situation of Youth in the Philippines ", for the period up to the approval of this Act, and every three (3) years thereafter which identifies priority needs, prevailing attitudes and values of youth, the existing services, and gaps in services delivery of the basic needs of youth; (c) A "National Review, Evaluation and Reform " of all organizations delivering services to the youth for the period up to the approval of this Act and every three (3) years thereafter; (d) Activities to operationalize the implementing structures of the Development Program, preparations and participation in activities of youth of global significance, including World Youth Day, and provide leadership an support therefor on a continuing sustained basis; (e) The comprehensive, coordinated nationwide service delivery system comprising (i) existing public and civic services for youth which after review and reform or realignment fully support the policy and program framework under this Act; and (ii) innovative services and delivery systems institutionalized in areas with or without inadequate services and which are responsive to needs, following pilot demonstration projects to test the validity and feasibility of the services; and (f) The participation of Filipino youth in the Biennial World Youth Day starting 1997 in Paris, France and every two (2) years thereafter. SEC. 4. Definition of terms - For purposes of this Act, the following terms are hereby defined : (a) "Youth" shall refer to those persons whose ages range from fifteen (15) to thirty (30) years old; (b) "Youth Organizations" shall refer to those organizations whose membership/composition are youth; (c) " Youth Serving Organizations " shall refer to those registered organizations or institutions whose principal programs, projects and activities are youth-oriented and youth-related; and (d) " Commission " shall refer to the National Youth Commission. SEC. 5. National Youth Commission. - There is hereby created the "National Youth Commission," hereinafter referred to as the "Commission." It shall be composed of the following: (a) A chairman; (b) One commissioner representing Luzon; (c) One commissioner representing Visayas; (d) One commissioner representing Mindanao; (e) Two (2) commissioners to be chosen at large; and (f) The President of the Pambansang Katipunan ng mga Sangguniang Kabataan, as commissioner, who shall serve in an ex-officio capacity. The first set of chairman and commissioners, which shall have a term of four (4) years, shall be constituted by the President of the Philippines from among the list of nominees submitted by youth organizations or institutions with national or regional constituencies and which have been in existence for at least three (3) years as of the approval of this Act. The succeeding chairman and the two (2) commissioners to be chosen at large shall be appointed by the President from a list of at least three (3) but not more than five (5) nominees for each position, submitted by youth and youthserving organizations or institutions with national constituencies duly registered with the Commission. The succeeding commissioners representing Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao, respectively, shall be appointed by the President from a list of at least three (3) but not more than five (5) nominees for each position, submitted by youth and youth-serving organizations or institutions in their respective areas duly registered with the Commission. The chairman and the appointed commissioners shall serve for term of three (3) years; with reappointment for another term. The chairman shall have the rank and privileges of a department undersecretary, and the appointive commissioners shall have the rank and privileges of assistant secretaries of a department. The ex officio commissioner shall also have the rank and privileges of assistant secretary of a department. SEC. 6. Status and Nature of the Commission. - The Commission shall be independent and autonomous and shall have the same status as that of a national government agency attached to the Office of the President. The Commission shall exercise corporate powers. It shall have a seal, may sue and be sued, and shall be the sole policy-making coordinating body of all youth-related institutions, programs, projects and activities of the government. SEC. 7. Qualifications of the Chairman and Commissioners. - The Chairman shall not be more than forty-five (45) years of age, and the appointive commissioners no more than forty (40) years of age, at any time during their incumbency; natural-born citizens of the Philippines; have occupied positions of responsibility and leadership in duly

registered youth and youth-serving organizations or institutions; of good moral character; and not have been convicted of any crime involving moral turpitude. The Chairman shall serve as the chief executive officer of the Commission. SEC. 8. Objectives of the Commission. - The Objectives of the Commission are: (a) To provide the leadership in the formulation of policies and in the setting of priorities and direction of all youth promotion and development programs and activities; (b) To encourage wide and active participation of the youth in all governmental and non-governmental programs, projects and activities affecting them; (c) To harness and develop the full potential of the youth as partners in nation-building; and (d) To supplement government appropriations for youth promotion and development with funds from other sources. SEC. 9. Powers of the Commission. - The Commission shall have the following powers: (a) To appoint the officers and other personnel of the Commission and fix their compensation, allowances and other emoluments, subject to the civil service and other existing applicable laws, rules and regulations; (b) To suspend, dismiss, or otherwise discipline for cause, any employee, and/or to approve or disapprove the appointment, transfer or detail of employees, subject to the provisions of existing laws and regulations; (c) To enter into contracts; (d) To acquire, use and control any land, building, facilities, equipment, instrument, tools and rights required or otherwise necessary for the accomplishment of the objectives of the Commission; (e) To acquire, own, possess and dispose of any real or personal property; (f) To accept donations, gifts, bequests, and grants; (g) To ensure the implementation by various government departments and agencies of their youth developmental projects and activities as indicated in their respective annual budgets; (h) To issue rules and regulations in pursuance of the provisions of this Act; and (i) To perform any and all other acts incident to or required by virtue of its creation. SEC. 10. Functions of the Commission. - The Commission shall have the following functions: (a) To formulate and initiate the national policy or policies on youth; (b) To plan, implement, and oversee a national integrated youth promotion and development program; (c) To establish a consultative mechanism which shall provide a forum for continuing dialogue between the government and the youth sector on the proper planning and evaluation of policies, programs and projects affecting the youth, convening for the purpose, representatives of all youth organizations and institutions, including the Sangguniang Kabataan from barangay, municipal, city, provincial, and national levels; (d) To assist and coordinate with governmental and non- governmental organizations or institutions in the implementation of all laws, policies, programs and projects relative to youth promotion and development. (e) To seek or request the assistance and support of any government agency, office or instrumentality including government-owned or controlled corporations, local government units as well as non- governmental organizations or institutions in pursuance of its policies, programs and projects; (f) To conduct scientific, interdisciplinary and policy-oriented researches and studies on youth-related matters, as well as trainings, seminars and workshops that will enhance the skills and leadership potentials of the youth, instilling in them nationalism and patriotism, with particular emphasis on Filipino culture and values. (g) To establish and maintain linkages with international youth and youth-serving organizations or institutions and counterpart agencies of foreign governments in order to facilitate and ensure the participation of the Filipino youth in international functions and affairs; (h) To administer youth exchange programs as well as the monitor and coordinate all foreign-sponsored youth programs and projects such as the Ship for Southeast Asian Youth Program and other similar exchanges and goodwill missions; (i) To establish such organizational structures including regional offices, as maybe required to effectively carry out its functions; (j) To conduct promotion and fund-raising campaigns in accordance with existing laws; (k) To allocate resources for the implementation of youth programs and projects; (l) To extend and provide support or assistance to deserving youth and youth organizations including scholarship grants;

(m) To register, establish and/or facilitate and help in the establishment of youth organizations and youth-serving organizations; (n) To participate in international youth fora, symposia and organizations such as the International Youth Forum, Asian Youth Council, ASEAN Youth Forum, United Nations Commission for International Youth Year (IYY) and other similar bodies; (o) To provide training and a national secretariat for the Sangguniang Kabataan National Federation pursuant to R.A. No. 7160, otherwise known as the Local Government Code; (p) To submit an annual report on the implementation of this Act to the President and to Congress; and (q) To perform such other functions as may be necessary to effectively and efficiently carry out the provisions of this Act. SEC. 11. The Secretariat and the Executive Director. - The Commission shall organize a secretariat to be headed by an executive director who shall serve as chief operating officer. The Executive Director shall be appointed by the President of the Philippines upon the recommendation of the National Commission for a term of three (3) years with reappointment for another term, and must have the qualifications, rank and privileges of a bureau director. He must not be more than forty-five (45) years of age during his incumbency, and must possess executive and management experience of at least three (3) years and with considerable exposure to youth affairs, projects and programs management. He shall be responsible for the effective implementation of the policies promulgated by the Commission and shall also direct and supervise the dayto-day operations of the Commission. The first Executive Director shall have a term of four (4) years. The staffing pattern and compensation schedule of the secretariat shall be drawn up in accordance with existing laws, rules and regulations. SEC. 12. Duties and Responsibilities of the Secretariat. - The Secretariat shall be responsible for: (a) Ensuring an effective and efficient performance of the functions of the Commission and prompt implementation of the programs; (b) Proposing specific allocation of resources for projects instated under approved programs; (c) Submitting periodic reports to the Commission on the progress and accomplishment of programs and projects; (d) Preparing an annual report on all activities of the Commission; (e) Providing and performing general administrative and technical staff support ; and (f) Performing such other functions as the Commission may deem necessary. SEC. 13. Parliament of Youth Leaders. - There is hereby constituted the "Youth Parliament". The Youth Parliament shall be initially convened not later than six (6) months from the full constitution of the Commission, and shall meet at the call of the National Commission, and thereafter be convened every two (2) years. The Youth Parliament shall have a regular session from two (2) to three (3) days every time it is convened, but may form task forces which may meet during the period between the convening thereof. Delegates to the Youth Parliament shall be chosen by the Commission taking into consideration equal and geographical representation among men and women. All delegates shall be of good moral character, able to read and write, has not been convicted of any crime involving moral turpitude, and shall not be more than thirty (30) years of age on the day of election to the position by virtue of which he qualifies as a delegate and on the day the Parliament is convened. The delegates shall elect the President of the Youth Parliament who shall preside during the session of the Parliament. The Youth Parliament at the end of each regular session shall present its proceedings, declarations and resolutions to the Commission. SEC. 14. Advisory Council. - There shall be an Advisory Council which shall be composed of the Secretary of the Department of Education, Culture and Sports (DECS), as Chairman, and the Secretaries of the Department of Budget and Management (DBM), the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD), the Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG), the Department of Agriculture (DA), the Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA), the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE), the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), the Director-General of the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), the Chairman of the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office (PCSO) and the Chairmen of both Senate and House committees dealing with youth and sports development, and the Philippine Sports Commission (PSC), as members.

The Council shall meet once every three (3) months, or as often as maybe necessary, upon call of its chairman, advise and be consulted by the Commission on important matters relating to youth affairs, welfare and development. The Council may form task forces which shall convene between the meetings of the Council. The Commission shall provide the technical support and the Secretariat required by the Council to function according to this Act. SEC. 15. Appropriations. - There is hereby authorized to be appropriated the amount of Fifty million pesos (P50,000,000.00) as additional funding for the Commission, to be charged against the unexpended contingency funds of the Office of the President. Thereafter, the amount needed for the operation and maintenance of the Commission shall be included in the annual General Appropriations Act: Provided, that operating expenses of the Commission itself shall not exceed fourteen percent (14%) of the annual appropriation and that at least eighty-six percent (86%) of said annual appropriation shall be disbursed for the national youth development program, projects and activities. SEC. 16. Transfer of Assets, Properties and Funds. - Assets, properties and funds of the Pambansang Katipunan ng Kabataan Barangay and that of the Presidential Council for Youth Affairs under the Office of the President pursuant to Executive Order No. 274, series of 1987 and of all other youth-serving agencies under said Office shall be transferred to the Commission. SEC. 17. Effect of Separation from Service as a Result of this Act. - Any official or employee of the Presidential Council for Youth Affairs created under Executive Order No. 274 or any other personnel of the national or local government separated from the service as a result of the operation and effect of this Act may be absorbed, if qualified, by the Commission for the good of the service, or where qualified therefor, may opt to transfer to another office or elect to apply for separation pay or retirement benefits: Provided, That the official or employee who may be absorbed by the Commission shall not suffer any loss or diminution of pay, seniority or rank: Provided further, That benefits for separation or retirement of an official or employee of the Presidential Council for Youth Affairs shall be derived from the funds of said Council transferred to the Commission. SEC. 18. Tax Deduction or Exemption of Donations and Contributions. - Any donation, contribution, bequest and grant which may be made to the Commission shall constitute as allowable deduction from the income of the donor for income tax purposes and shall be exempt from donor s tax, subject to such conditions as provided under the National Internal Revenue Code, as amended. SEC. 19. Presidential Land Grant. - The provisions of any existing law to the contrary notwithstanding, the President may, upon the authority of Congress, grant by donation, sale, lease, or otherwise to the Commission, portion of the land of the public domain as may be necessary for the establishment of youth development and training centers in all regions of the country and for the accomplishment of any of its purposes. SEC. 20. Stamps and Gold Coins for the Youth. - The Philippine Postal Corporation and the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas are hereby authorized to print paper stamps and mint gold coins which shall depict youth events and such other motif as they may decide, at the expense of the Commission. SEC. 21. Separability Clause. - If for any reason or reasons, any part or provision of this Act shall beheld to be unconstitutional or invalid, other parts or provisions thereof not affected thereby shall continue to be in full force and effect. SEC. 22. Repealing Clause. - Presidential Decree Nos. 604 and 1191, Executive Order No. 274, series of 1987, and all other laws, decrees, rules and regulations, other issuances or parts thereof which are inconsistent with this Act are hereby repealed or modified accordingly. SEC. 23. Effectivity Clause. - This Act shall take effect upon its publication in at least one (1) national newspaper of general circulation. Approved,

THE THREE FACES OF PUBLIC MANAGEMENT* My topic is roughly the shape and content of public administration as a field of academic contemplation and study. On this topic it seems that I share very few, if any, conclusions with most of my colleagues in the field. We agree that it s an important topic and that it is changing, but we don t agree as to its nature or even its direction. Indeed, reading their comments, along with mine, reminded me of the Zen koan of the blind scholars and the elephant. Each grasped a different part of the elephant and each drew a different conclusion about its essential nature: the sage who grasped its trunk concluded that the elephant was like a hose; the sage who grasped its side, a wall; its leg, a column; its ear, a shade; and its tail, a rope. The point of the Koan is that none of the sages truly grasped the whole elephant. I wish I could say that I truly grasped the nature of public administration, as an academic field, or even its direction, but I cannot. Moreover, there is no way that I could see further or more clearly than do these five, truly eminent scholars. Instead, I too will focus on my part of the elephant: the fairly small part of the broader field of public policy and administration, which addresses the following kinds of doctrinal issues: What is the role of public managers? What should be the design of a programmatic organization? How should government operations be led? What public management policies (e.g., financial management, human resource management, procurement, etc.) should be chosen?1 My preferred term for this corner of the field is public management, but it should be understood that this is a contested term.

Three Faces of Time and the Spectrum of Time Management

Abstract: The purpose of conventional time management (CTM) is to help us produce more and decrease the anxiety and pressure we feel about time. Since American-European cultures focus on clock time and events in physical time, time management in Western countries has become simply a matter of choosing, organizing, and scheduling events. Although time management seminar graduates have been able to accomplish more as a result of their training, there is growing recognition that they still feel like they don't have enough time, and some feel like things have worsened. Instead of focusing just on events in time, on what we're doing, it may serve us to also explore how things are going-the range of experience from feeling overwhelmed and pressured, to things flowing so well we're not aware of time passing. Exploring how it's going, the quality of time, is the domain of inner time management (ITM). For people in all but the most routine jobs, learning and consistently using both CTM and ITM methods is both valuable and often necessary in order to continually improve our lives both personally and professionally. For most of us neither CTM nor ITM by itself resolves our issues with time. But by combining the discipline of planning and organizing what we do with methods of improving the way we do things, there is no limit to our productivity and well-being.

Key Elements in Mgmt Process

The twenty items are listed in the order of their importance among the skills of an entry-level Mechanical Engineer. 1. Teams/Teamwork. The ability to work with diverse, multi-discipline team members to successfully reach a goal or objective.
Diverse can refer to gender, ethnicity, educational background, experience, and personality. Multi-Discipline is meant in a broad sense: not just engineering but also business, marketing, customers, and suppliers. Some examples of contemporary use of teams are:

TQM (Total Quality Management) and CQI (Continuous Quality Improvement) Creating and/or developing a Product or service Improving a Product or service Process Management and Improvement 2. Communication. The ability to clearly and logically communicate ideas, information, and data orally and in written form to others in a way that engages the intended audience and addresses different learning styles. This is consistently rated as a perceived shortcoming of engineers. It has been estimated that in verbal communication, the information is communicated in four waysin these surprising relative percentages: Content 7% Tone 33% Body Language 55% Other 5% For best communication, have a clearly defined purpose/objective know your audience make good use of your chosen medium (e.g., paper, overheads, video) 3. Design for Manufacture. Design to maximize ease of manufacture by simplifying the design through part-count reduction, developing modular designs, minimizing part variation, designing a part to be multi-functional, etc. DFM is facilitated by using multi-discipline teams from the project start, including manufacturing engineering. Use DFM Checklists, initially early in the project. Not every item on the checklist must be answered yes, but have a good reason for all deviations . 4. CAD Systems. Computer aided drafting boards that allow a user to define a new product by a) creating images and b) assigning geometry, mass, kinematics, material, and other properties to the product.

CAD systems vary in complexity and capability. There are simple 2D systems, and more complex 3D systems with solid modeling capability. Some special capabilities include fits and clearances, geometric tolerancing, feature-based design, and tool path generation for automated machining.
5. Professional Ethics. The ability to conform to standards of conduct determined by one's profession, in alignment with team and corporate standards. Follow the Golden Rule: Treat others as you would have them treat you. Over the years, the focus of published professional Canons of Ethics have changed: in 1912, the focus was protection of a client's or employer's interest (AIEE) in 1947, the focus was concern for the safety, health, and welfare of the public (ECPD) in 1990, the focus is on fair treatment of all persons (IEEE) 6. Creative Thinking. The process of generating ideas, which frequently emphasizes: making and expressing meaningful new connections, thinking of many new and unusual possibilities, and extending and elaborating on alternatives. The fundamental objective is to turn ideas into something of value in the marketplace. James Moore said in the Harvard Business Review that the only sustainable competitive advantage comes from out-innovating the competition. Tom Peters has written that imagination is the main source of value in the new economy. Examples of some contemporary practices are the usual work unit is the team a mix of creative minds and effective managers an environment conducive to the free flow of ideas diversity and divergence of thinking a community that respects people's differences a structured idea-generating session, perhaps using Brainstorming 7. Design for Performance. Designed to perform to product requirements under a wide variety of manufacturing and user operating conditions. Without this there may be no product, so be sure that the requirements are really what are needed by customers. Use QFD to insure matching the requirements to customer needs. Use Customer Panels for ongoing feedback. Multidiscipline teams need to include marketing management.

8. Design for Reliability. Designing the product so it works the first time, every time for the life of the product (decreasing cycle failure). Robust Design in its most general sense insures operation in a variety of environments, throughout life. Environmental Stress Testing weeds out problems by subjecting samples to a simultaneous set of extreme operating conditions. 9. Design for Safety. Design so that the manufacture of and the use or abuse of the product minimize the possibility of injuries which could lead to product liability problems. There are Federal requirements to be met. DFS experts in your company or as consultants know the rules and many opportunities. Designers should use DFS Checklists and published signage and labeling standards. 10. Concurrent Engineering. An approach to new product development where the product and all of its associated processes, such as manufacturing, distribution, and service, and developed in parallel. Concurrent engineering is strongly supported by multi-discipline design teams shared data resources design reviews 11. Sketching/Drawing. The ability to clearly illustrate ideas and design by freehand sketching. This requires some skill at recognizing shape and form instead of identifiable familiar objects. This skill can be developed to a fairly high level. Primary uses for sketching are developing your ideas, and selling your ideas to others. The latter requires better art work. 12. Design for Cost. Meeting customer requirements while minimizing cost of all aspects of the product, including production, assembly, distribution, and maintenance. Have clear cost goals, and constantly re-check the design against these goals. Have a Value Engineering (see below) session including marketers, designers, manufacturing engineers, and purchasers, at the start of the project. 13. Application of Statistics. Methodology of effectively designing tests and analyzing test data using statistical techniques that are founded in probability theory. More general than Design of Experiments or Statistical Process Control. Example: Reduce variability in performance of parts to achieve specific performance of an electronic system. Example: Determine how much testing must be performed on a critical weld to achieve a specified high confidence that the weld meets specifications. 14. Reliability. A sub-set of statistical engineering methodology which predicts performance of a product over its intended life cycle and understanding of the effects of various failure modes on system performance. This is distinct from Design for Reliability or Product Testing. Generally involves statistics. Example: Short-term cycle testing might be used to predict the mean time to failure of a new product. 15. Geometric Tolerancing. An agreed-upon convention of symbols and terms used on engineering drawings to connote geometric characteristics and other dimensional requirements. Tolerances are used to control form, profile, orientation, location, and runout. Geometric Tolerancing helps ensure the most economical and effective production of parts with features that offer function and have proper relationships. Both an engineering drawing language and a functional production and inspection technique (Foster, Geo-Metrics III, 1994). Based upon ANSI standards (circa 1980), ISO standards, and ASME Standards Y14.5M-1994 and Y14.5.1M-1994. 16. Value Engineering. A systematic approach to evaluating design alternatives that seeks to eliminate unnecessary features and functions and to achieve required functions at the lowest possible cost while optimizing manufacturability, quality, and delivery. Multi-disciplined value engineering sessions conducted in a retreat mode (away from normal work distractions) can also serve for team-building. Get manufacturing and purchasing to make realistic estimates in real time, calling on experts as needed. Use Pughs Concept Selection Method, and build on design platforms as much as possible. 17. Design Reviews. The scheduled-in checkpoints for assessing the design progress toward meeting product requirements and budget. Participants in a Design Review should be knowledgeable people, some from parts of the organization other than the group whose design is being reviewed, who can ask insightful questions which may expose things that have been overlooked. You want action items to come from the review! 18. Manufacturing Processes. Processes that are used to create or further refine work pieces, such as molding and casting, machining, extruding, stamping, forming, bonding, welding, coating, plating, painting, fabrication, and assembly.

Product design engineers need to be familiar with manufacturing processes which could be used to make their products, so they can make educated trade-offs among them. The need is for familiarity, so that they know to which experts to turn for more detailed information needed to choose among alternatives. This is strongly linked to Design for Manufacture. 19. Systems Perspective. The up-front identification of system components and their interactions for the purpose of optimizing the performance of the system as a whole. Various methods and tools are useful. Brainstorming by cross-functional teams helps to surface the various issues. Pughs Concept Selection Method can help narrow options. 20. Design for Assembly. Making the product easier to assemble, thereby reducing cycle-time during production. Make use of Bothroyd-Dewhurst software or manual checklists. In designing components, seek parts that can not be put on wrong, all of which assemble in the same direction. If you can design for a robot to assemble the product, then people can do it easily also. You need to weigh the quantity to be made and the time-to-market against the time and effort to design complex parts that simplify assembly.

Management
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the general concept. For other uses, see Management (disambiguation). Management in all business and organizational activities is the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives using available resources efficiently and effectively. Management comprises planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization (a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal. Resourcing encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural resources. Since organizations can be viewed as systems, management can also be defined as human action, including design, to facilitate the production of useful outcomes from a system. This view opens the opportunity to 'manage' oneself, a pre-requisite to attempting to manage others.
Planning means looking ahead and chalking out future courses of action to be followed. It is a preparatory step. It is a systematic activity which determines when, how and who is going to perform a specific job. Planning is a detailed programme regarding future courses of action. It is rightly said Well plan is half done. Therefore planning takes into consideration available & prospective human and physical resources of the organization so as to get effective co-ordination, contribution & perfect adjustment. It is the basic management function which includes formulation of one or more detailed plans to achieve optimum balance of needs or demands with the available resources. According to Urwick, Planning is a mental predisposition to do things in orderly way, to think before acting and to act in the light of facts rather than guesses. Planning is deciding best alternative among others to perform different managerial functions in order to achieve predetermined goals. Organizing is the function of management which follows planning. It is a function in which the synchronization and combination of human, physical and financial resources takes place. All the three resources are important to get results. Therefore, organizational function helps in achievement of results which in fact is important for the functioning of a concern. According to Chester Barnard, Organizing is a function by which the concern is able to define the role positions, the jobs related and the co- ordination between authority and responsibility. Hence, a manager always has to organize in order to get results.