What is upward communication?

As the main purpose of upward communication is to provide feedback on several areas of organizational functioning, it refers to communication from subordinates to superiors. A business report from the branch manager of a company to the managing director of the company is an example of upward communication. Other examples of upward channel include business proposals, suggestion box, exit interviews, grievance committees, and so forth. Since upward communication involves the transfer of information, request and feedback from the subordinates to their seniors, it promotes better working relationships within an organization by giving the subordinate staff opportunities to share their views and ideas with their supervisors. It facilitates employee involvement in the decision making process.

Downward communicaton
Answer: Downward Communication plays most important part in raising motivation level of employees, because downward communication run from top level of organization to inferior level of organization or workers. This communication is very helpful for raising the total efficiency of an organization, because when elder officers motivate their workers the working level of an employee is very high. e.g. If a person works in vehicle Spare Parts Shop as supply Keeper, the man is doing their job on every day regular, if The proprietor of that shop come in ware residence and request me about the information of supply, he gives him all information, after analysis of all that information he explain his performance in two type: 1- If his information is perfect his answer is positive. 2- If his information are incorrect his answer is entirely dissimilar can be negative.

While workers obtain suitable downward communication from organization, they can be improved motivated and become more proficient. While the workers require clear job guidelines and protection regulations, they also require knowing details about Organizational plan, products, and viewpoint on significant contentious issues. Workers want to know about their reimbursement - health care, indemnity, promotions, pensions, preparation, work atmosphere, retirement, etc. In a way the workers, all the way through their communal stress, force their employer to be responsible for their decisions through valuable downward communication.

Critical reading
To the critical reader, any single text provides but one portrayal of the facts, one individuals take on the subject matter. Critical readers thus recognize not only what a text says, but also how that text portrays the subject matter. They recognize the various ways in which each and every text is the unique creation of a unique author. A non-critical reader might read a history book to learn the facts of the situation or to discover an accepted interpretation of those events. A critical reader might read the same work to appreciate how a particular perspective on the events and a particular selection of facts can lead to particular understanding. What a Text Says, Does, and Means: Reaching for an Interpretation Non-critical reading is satisfied with recognizing what a text says and restating the key remarks. Critical reading goes two steps further. Having recognized what a text says , it reflects on what the text does by making such remarks. Is it offering examples? Arguing? Appealing for sympathy? Making a contrast to clarify a point? Finally, critical readers then infer what the text, as a whole, means , based on the earlier analysis. These three steps or modes of analysis are reflected in three types of reading and discussion:

What a text says restatement What a text does description What a text means interpretation .

You can distinguish each mode of analysis by the subject matter of the discussion: What a text says restatement talks about the same topic as the original text What a text does description discusses aspects of the discussion itself What a text means interpretation analyzes the text and asserts a meaning for the text as a whole

Goals of Critical Reading Textbooks on critical reading commonly ask students to accomplish certain goals: to recognize an authors purpose to understand tone and persuasive elements to recognize bias Notice that none of these goals actually refers to something on the page. Each requires inferences from evidence within the text: recognizing purpose involves inferring a basis for choices of content and language recognizing tone and persuasive elements involves classifying the nature of language choices recognizing bias involves classifying the nature of patterns of choice of content and language Critical reading is not simply close and careful reading. To read critically, one must actively recognize and analyze evidence upon the page.

Analysis and Inference: The Tools of Critical Reading These web pages are designed to take the mystery out of critical reading. They are designed to show you what to look for ( analysis ) and how to think about what you find ( inference ) . The first part what to look for involves recognizing those aspects of a discussion that control the meaning. The second part how to think about what you find involves the processes of inference, the interpretation of data from within the text. Recall that critical reading assumes that each author offers a portrayal of the topic. Critical reading thus relies on an examination of those choices that any and all authors must make when framing a presentation: choices of content, language, and structure. Readers examine each of the three areas of choice, and consider their effect on the meaning.

Intensive reading
Intensive reading, as I see it, is the practice of reading short-to-medium length passages with the aim of focusing on specific text-based elements, such as comprehension, vocabulary, etc. It is contrasted with extensive reading, which involves reading large amounts of text, often chosen by the student. One normally doesn't assess extensive reading the same way you assess intensive reading. The latter involves comprehension questions. The former often involves reading logs and journals. A good sourceof insight on reading instruction is the late John Holt, especially his classic essay "How teachers make children hate reading." (hint: the villain is intensive reading!)

Skimming & Scanning

Easier - There are different styles of reading for different situations. The technique you choose will depend on the purpose for reading. For example, you might be reading for enjoyment, information, or to complete a task. If you are exploring or reviewing, you might skim a document. If you're searching for information, you might scan for a particular word. To get detailed information, you might use a technique such as SQ4R. You need to adjust your reading speed and technique depending on your purpose. Many people consider skimming and scanning search techniques rather than reading strategies. However when reading large volumes of information, they may be more practical than reading. For example, you might be searching for specific information, looking for clues, or reviewing information. Harder - Web pages, novels, textbooks, manuals, magazines, newspapers, and mail are just a few of the things that people read every day. Effective and efficient readers learn to use many styles of reading for different purposes. Skimming, scanning, and critical reading are different styles of reading and information processing. Skimming is used to quickly identify the main ideas of a text. When you read the newspaper, you're probably not reading it word-by-word, instead you're scanning the text. Skimming is done at a speed three to four times faster than normal reading. People often skim when they have lots of material to read in a limited amount of time. Use skimming when you want to see if an article may be of interest in your research. There are many strategies that can be used when skimming. Some people read the first and last paragraphs using headings, summarizes and other organizers as they move down the page or screen. You might read the title, subtitles, subheading, and illustrations. Consider reading the first sentence of each paragraph. This technique is useful when you're seeking specific information rather than reading for comprehension. Skimming works well to find dates, names, and places. It might be used to review graphs, tables, and charts. Scanning is a technique you often use when looking up a word in the

telephone book or dictionary. You search for key words or ideas. In most cases, you know what you're looking for, so you're concentrating on finding a particular answer. Scanning involves moving your eyes quickly down the page seeking specific words and phrases. Scanning is also used when you first find a resource to determine whether it will answer your questions. Once you've scanned the document, you might go back and skim it. When scanning, look for the author's use of organizers such as numbers, letters, steps, or the words, first, second, or next. Look for words that are bold faced, italics, or in a different font size, style, or color. Sometimes the author will put key ideas in the margin. Reading off a computer screen has become a growing concern. Research shows that people have more difficulty reading off a computer screen than off paper. Although they can read and comprehend at the same rate as paper, skimming on the computer is much slower than on paper.

Predicting
A prediction, forecast or foretelling is a statement or claim that a particular event will occur in the future in more certain terms than a forecast. The etymology of prediction is Latin (pr-, "before," and dicere, "to say"). Howard H. Stevenson writes: "Prediction is at least two things: Important and hard." Important, because we have to act, and hard because we have to realize the future we want, and what is the best way to get there.

Characteristics Of Good Writing

Its never that easy to characterize good writing. For the most part, we know instinctively when something that were reading is of great quality. Similarly, we know it when a piece of writing is better pushed aside. While its likely not possible to create a play-by-play list of all characteristics of great writing, certain things are present in almost every well-made piece of text:

 It has a clearly-defined purpose. It makes clear and focused points. It supports those points with details and accompanying facts. It presents varied points in a cohesive manner. It doesnt waste the readers time by veering away from focus without reason. If you take account of all the well-made writing youve seen over the years, those points will inevitably be present. They are, for the most part, fundamental characteristics of what makes a piece of writing work. Before you can get to good writing, though, youll have to get past the inevitable obstacles. Grammar errors and poor sentence construction are typically the bane that prevent beginning writers from progressing towards turning out good copy. With modern tools, like English writing software, however, people are beginning to bridge the gap. Instead of spending their time worrying about the correctness of their words, they can simply leave that decision to the tools, focusing their attention instead on the elements that make writing stand out.