CONTRASTIVE AND ERROR ANALYSIS PAPER

“CAPITALIZATION, ABBREVIATION ERROR”

Lecturer: Ananda Maisarah, M.Hum

Compiled By :

GROUP 9

Elvina Rosa Dilla (0304192065)

Nur Amirah Amanina Lubis (0304192057)

Rahma Dina Putri Siregar (0304192088)

Rezky Wulan January (0304192080)

Class: TBI 2/ 7th Semester

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF TARBIYAH AND TEACHER TRAINING
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATRA

2022
 PREFACE

Praise be to our gratitude to say the presence of Allah SWT who has given him grace,
knowledge, guidance and inayah so that we can finish the paper on " Capitalization, abbreviation
error" properly. Hopefully prayers and greetings will remain devoted to our lord Prophet
Muhammad, who has been a role model for Muslims throughout the world.

The purpose of writing this paper is to complete the Contrastive and Error Analysis paper
assignment in the English Education study program.

We compile this paper maximally and in writing this paper we realize that there are still
many shortcomings in both technical writing and material, given our capabilities. Therefore we
really hope that criticism and suggestions can build on the perfection of this paper.

Medan, 25 November 2022

Group 9

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE ................................................................................................................... 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................ 3

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study ................................................................................... 4

B. Formulation of the Study ................................................................................... 4
C. Purpose.............................................................................................................. 4

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION

A. Definition of Capitalization Error ...................................................................... 5

B. How to Identify Capitalization Error .................................................................. 5
C. Defintion of Abbreviation Error ......................................................................... 7
D. The Style of Abbreviation Error......................................................................... 8
E. The Purpose of Abbreviation Error .................................................................... 9

CHAPTER III CLOSING

A. Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 11
B. Suggestion ....................................................................................................... 11

REFERENCES .......................................................................................................... 12

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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Capitalization means using capital, or upper-case, letters. Capitalization of place
names, family names, and days of the week are all standard in English. Capitalization's
purpose is to help show the reader the importance of different words.
An abbreviation, simply put, is a shortened form of a word. In writing,
abbreviations are useful when you need to squeeze a lot of writing into a small space.
You can also use them in place of long or cumbersome phrases to make your sentences
easier to read.
One thing to remember about abbreviations is that certain ones are considered
informal. If you are writing something very formal, it’s better to err on the side of
spelling things out. The other thing to remember is that some readers may not know what
an abbreviation means. If the abbreviation is obscure or unfamiliar, make sure to explain
what it means the first time you use it.

B. Formulation of the Study

1) What is the definition of capitalization error?
2) How to identify capitalization error?
3) What is the definition of abbreviation error?
4) What is the style of abbreviation error?
5) What is the purpose of abbreviation error?

C. Purpose
1) To know the definition of capitalization error
2) To understand how identify capitalization error
3) To know the definition of abbreviation error
4) To know the style of abbreviation error
5) To know the purpose of abbreviation error

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 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A. Definition of Capitalization Error

Capitalization errors take place when the writer capitalizes a word that does not
require a capital letter or when the writer does not capitalize a word the requires one.
Capitalization errors hinder the reader's experience with the writing and should be
avoided at all cost.
Capitalization errors look unprofessional and can affect a grade on a student
assignment. Capitalization errors are easily avoided.
Example of a sentence with capitalization errors:
i was born in cincinnati, ohio, in september.
(This sentence has four words that require capitalization: I, Cincinnati, Ohio, and
September.)

B. How to Identify Capitalization Error

Step 1: First, you must learn capitalization rules. Here are the basic rules:
 The first word of every sentence needs to be capitalized.
 The personal pronoun "I" must always be capitalized.
 Proper nouns, such as names, should be capitalized. Other proper nouns include
the following:
o Cities and states, such as "Detroit, Michigan," should be capitalized.
o Months of the year, such as "January, February, March, etc.," should
be capitalized.
o Titles from books, songs, movies, and works of art should be
capitalized.

Step 2: Once you have learned the capitalization rules, practice the rules in your own
writing.
Step 3: Reread your writing and check each sentence.

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  Is the first letter of every sentence capitalized?
 Are all proper nouns capitalized?
 What about cities, states, months, and titles? Are they capitalized?

Step 4: Another way to identify capitalization errors is to have someone read over your
writing to check for errors. Having another set of eyes can help you improve not only
your capitalization but also your writing in general.

Identifying Capitalization Errors Example Problems

Example 1: Which sentence contains capitalization error(s)?

A. Donovan got married in Lexington, north Carolina.
B. Donovan got married in lexington, North carolina.
C. donovan got married in Lexington, North Carolina.
D. They all have capitalization errors.

Choices A, B, and C all have capitalization errors.

The correct answer is Choice D. The words Donovan (proper noun - name), Lexington
(proper noun - place), and North Carolina (proper noun - place) should be capitalized.

Example 2: Which sentence is grammatically correct with no capitalization errors?

A. The baby was christened and named harry after J.K. Rowling's character, harry potter.
B. The Baby was christened and named harry after j.k. rowling's character, harry potter.
C. The baby was christened and named Harry after J.K. Rowling's character, Harry
Potter.

Choices A and B both contain capitalization errors. Names should be capitalized, and in
choice B, baby is not a proper noun, so it shouldn't be capitalized.
Choice C is the correct answer because all proper names were capitalized.

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 C. Definition of Abbreviation Error

The abbreviation definition includes any instance where a whole word or phrase is
represented by a shorter, alternate word or set of letters. Abbreviations can be formed in a variety
of ways, such as:

 using only the initial syllable of the word: Jan. = January

 combining the first letters of several words in a phrase: NAFTA = North American Free
Trade Agreement
 omitting vowels: srsly = seriously (this format of abbreviation is generally informal)
 combining parts of separate words: Comic-Con = comic convention
 representing the word's linguistic roots: lb = pound (this abbreviation comes from the
Latin phrase libra pondo, a pound by weight)

The use of abbreviations in writing relies on a common understanding shared by the

writer and the intended audience. In specific fields, such as medicine or finance, abbreviations
are generally used without explanation. When used in measurements, abbreviations are
standardized in two main systems, metric (m, kg, etc.) and standard (in., ft., etc.). In academic
writing, if an abbreviation is necessary and appropriate, it must initially be written out in full
then followed by the abbreviation. For example: ''This research took place at the University of
Rhode Island (URI).''

Abbreviations are all around us. Some are used in common language, while others are
more specific to a certain business or setting. Something that's important to note about
abbreviations is that many of them are non-standard or informal. This means that many
abbreviations are not defined the same in every dictionary, and some of them aren't even defined
at all, which means they are not recognized as real words. With this in mind, it's important to
avoid using abbreviations if you're writing something formal, like a written assignment in school.
Abbreviations should only be used in informal settings, like talking to a friend or writing a text
message to a family member.

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 D. Styles of Abbreviations Error

The linguists define an abbreviation differently. In general, abbreviation knows as

shortened form of words or phrase. According to Hartman and Stork (1973:1), abbreviation is the
shortening of certain form of the language to reduce the time and effort spent in their use, both in
speech and in writing. It means that by using abbreviation writer or speaker can use their time
effectively. So the major point is efficiency of time. Abbreviation has several types. According
to Schendl (2001: 28-29) abbreviation consists of five types; they are:

1. Clipping word.
Clipping word, syllable is cut off from a word. Clipping word is characteristic of shortening but
the element which is moved is not affix but part of lexical items itself. For example in English
fridge (refrigerator), memo (memorandum), pub (public house). In Indonesia is bi (bibi), nek
(nenek), pa (papa). Scendl also said that clipping form will usually be the first syllable or two of
the original, such as “exam” from examination and “doc” from doctor.
2. Blends
Blends are formed from the part of existing words and a combination of the parts of two words.
For example: in English “cyborg” is bland from cybernetic and organism. In Indonesia Jubir
(juru bicara), sumbar (Sumatera Barat).

3. Acronym
Acronyms are full words formed from the initial letters of other words or major parts of a
compound term and pronouncing them. For example in English is SCUBA is an original
acronym for self-contain underwater breathing apparatus, WASP as White Anglo-Saxon
Protestan, and in Indonesia is STIKES was original acronym for Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan,
ASAP = as soon as possible, Gif = graphics interchange format, Zip = zone improvemen tplan,
Radar = radio detection and ranging.

4. Initialism

It gives the name for something that is still pronounced separately. For example; in English BBC
(British Broadcasting Corporation), PBS (Public Broadcasting System) and in Indonesia are
KPK (Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi) and OGI (Open Government Indonesia).

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5. Contraction
Contraction is the last type of abbreviation. Constrictions are abbreviated form which letters
forms the middle of the full form has been omitted, construction comes in two forms.

a. Shortened form of word that ends in the same letter as the word itself.
b. Short way to write two words as one by writing the two words together, leaving out one
or more letters and replacing the missing letters an apostrophe.
For example: in English shouldn’t (should not) can’t (cannot) in Indonesia Dr (doktor),
Dt (datuk). Contraction comes into two forms. First is shortened form

E. Purpose of Abbreviations

The purpose of abbreviations is, quite simply, to save time and space. A person in a
meeting, in a lecture, or taking a phone message is likely to use abbreviations when taking notes
in order to write quickly while still listening to a speaker. For personal notes, any abbreviation is
acceptable, as long as the writer can later remember what it means. When individuals wish to
share abbreviations, formalized abbreviations are often developed. Consider these situational
examples:

 An educator who receives a meeting invitation to discuss RtII knows that the meeting
will address the school's Response to Instruction and Intervention program, and the entire
phrase doesn't need to be written out.
 Food labels are required to record information about nutritional content. Abbreviations
help to fit a larger volume of information on a small area of packaging.
 Text messages are often shortened for the sake of convenience. A teenager texts: g2g, cu
soon, ETA 3:30. The correspondent understands that the message is: Got to go. See you
soon. My estimated time of arrival is 3:30.

What is abbreviation in writing?

An abbreviation in writing is representing a word or phrase with a shortened form. For

example, a writer might write:

 Dr. instead of doctor

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 BU instead of Boston University
 appt. instead of appointment
 Some abbreviations are standard and others should only be used in informal writing.

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 CHAPTER III

CLOSING

A. Conclusion
Capitalization is important for several reasons. First, capitalization rules are part
of the grammar and writing rules that writers must adhere to when writing in English. A
piece of writing that is written following the proper rules is easier to read and understand.
Second, writers capitalize certain words to show their importance or to signal a change in
the words' meanings. Lastly, proper capitalization helps writing to become more effective
and clearer.
An abbreviation, simply put, is a shortened form of a word. In writing,
abbreviations are useful when you need to squeeze a lot of writing into a small space.
You can also use them in place of long or cumbersome phrases to make your sentences
easier to read.
One thing to remember about abbreviations is that certain ones are considered
informal. If you are writing something very formal, it’s better to err on the side of
spelling things out. The other thing to remember is that some readers may not know what
an abbreviation means. If the abbreviation is obscure or unfamiliar, make sure to explain
what it means the first time you use it.

B. Suggestion
Alhamdulillah we have finished compiling this paper. We as a writer know that
this paper is so far from perfection, but hopefully this can provide a little knowledge
about how to write a good, and can be useful for the readers to understanding the topic
about “Capitalization, Abbreviation Error”. To improve our paper, please give a
correction about this our simple paper.

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 REFERENCES

Salamin, A., Farrah, M., Zahida, R., & Zaru, N. (2016). An investigation into punctuation
and capitalization errors made by Hebron University EFL Students.

Paramitha, A., & Marlina, L. (2017). Types of Abbreviation Used in Instagram. English
Language and Literature, 6(2).

Guiler, W. S. (1931). Analysis of capitalization errors. The English Journal, 20(1), 21-26.

EGGLAND, E. T. (1994). Avoiding abbreviation errors. Nursing2021, 24(9), 29

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