CYCLONE In meteorology, a cyclone is an area of closed, circular fluid motion rotating in the same direction as the Earth.

[1][2] This is usually characterized by inward spiraling winds that rotate counter clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere andclockwise in the Southern [3][4] Hemisphere of the Earth. Most large-scale cyclonic circulations are centered on areas of low atmospheric pressure. The largest low-pressure systems are cold-core polar cyclones and extra cyclones which lie on the synoptic scale. Warm-core cyclones such as cyclones, mesocyclones, and polar lows lie within the smaller mesoscale. Sub cyclones are of intermediate [5][6] size. Upper level cyclones can exist without the presence of a surface low, and can pinch off from the base of the Upper Tropospheric Trough during the summer months in the Northern Hemisphere. Cyclones have also been seen on other planets [7][8] outside of the Earth, such as Marsand Neptune. Cyclogenesis describes the process of cyclone formation and [9] intensification. Extra cyclones form as waves in large regions of enhanced midlatitude temperature contrasts called baroclinic zones. These zones contract to formweather fronts as the cyclonic circulation closes and intensifies. Later in their life cycle, cyclones occlude as cold core systems. A cyclone's track is guided over the course of its 2 to 6 day life cycle by the steering flow of the cancer or sub jet stream. Weather fronts separate two masses of air of different densities and are associated with the most prominentmeteorological phenomena. Air masses separated by a front may differ in temperature or humidity. Strong cold fronts typically feature narrow bands ofthunderstorms and severe weather, and may on occasion be preceded by squall lines or dry lines. They form west of the circulation center and generally move from west to east. Warm fronts form east of the cyclone center and are usually preceded by stratiform precipitation and fog. They move poleward ahead of the cyclone path. Occluded fronts form late in the cyclone life cycle near the center of the cyclone and often wrap around the storm center. FORMATON OF CYCLONE Cyclogenesis is the development or strengthening of cyclonic circulation in the atmosphere (a low pressure area).[9]Cyclogenesis is an umbrella term for several different processes, all of which result in the development of some sort of cyclone. It can occur at various scales, from the microscale to the synoptic scale. Extra cyclones form as waves along weather fronts before occluding later in their life cycle as cold core cyclones. cyclones form due to latent heat driven by significant thunderstorm activity, and are warm core.[10] Mesocyclones form

as warm core cyclones over land, and can lead to tornado formation.[11] Waterspouts can also form from mesocyclones, but more often develop
[12] from environments of high instability and low vertical wind shear. Cyclogenesis is the opposite of cyclolysis, and has an anticyclonic (high pressure system) equivalent which deals with the formation of high pressure areasAnticyclogenesis.[16]The surface low has a variety of ways of forming. Topography can force a surface low when dense low-level high pressure system ridges in east of a north-south mountain barrier.[17] Mesoscale convective systems can spawn surface lows which are initially warm core.[18] The disturbance can grow into a wave-like formation along the front and the low will be positioned at the crest. Around the low, flow will become cyclonic, by definition. This rotational flow will push polar air equatorward west of the low via its trailing cold front, and warmer air with push poleward low via the warm front. Usually the cold front will move at a quicker pace than the warm front and catch up with it due to the slow erosion of higher density airmass located out [19] ahead of the cyclone and the higher density airmass sweeping in behind the cyclone, usually resulting in a narrowing warm sector. At this point an occluded front forms where the warm air mass is pushed upwards into a trough of warm air aloft, which is also known as a trowal.[20] cyclogenesis is the technical term describing the development and strengthening of a cyclone in theatmosphere.[22] The mechanisms through which cyclogenesis occurs are distinctly different from those through which mid-latitude cyclogenesis occurs. cyclogenesis involves the development of a warm-core cyclone, due to significant convection in a favorable atmospheric environment. There are six main requirements for cyclogenesis: sufficiently warm sea surface temperatures, atmospheric instability, high humidity in the lower to middle levels of thetroposphere, enough Coriolis force to develop a low pressure center, a preexisting low level focus or disturbance, and low vertical wind [23] shear. An average of 86 cyclones of storm intensity form annually worldwide, with 47 reaching hurricane/typhoon strength, and 20 becoming intense cyclones (at least Category 3 intensity on theSaffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale).

TYPES OF CYCLONE

Polar cyclone--A polar, sub-polar, or Arctic cyclone (also known as a polar vortex)[25] is a vast area of low pressure
which strengthens in the winter and weakens in the summer.[26] A polar cyclone is a low pressure weather system, usually spanning 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) to 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi), in which the air circulates in a counterclockwise direction in the northern hemisphere, and a clockwise direction in the southern hemisphere.

Extra--An extra cyclone is a synoptic scale low pressure weather system that has neither

nor polarcharacteristics, being

connected with fronts and horizontal gradients in temperature and dew point otherwise known as "baroclinic zones".

Polar low--A polar low is a small-scale, short-lived atmospheric low pressure system (depression) that is found over the
ocean areas poleward of the main polar front in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres

Sub--A sub cyclone is a weather system that has some characteristics of a

cyclone. They can form between the equator and the 50th parallel.

cyclone and some characteristics of an extra

cyclone is a storm system characterized by a low pressure center and numerous thunderstorms that produce strong winds and flooding rain.

--A

Mesocyclone--A mesocyclone is a vortex of air, 2.0 kilometres (1.2 mi) to 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) in diameter
(the mesoscale of meteorology), within a convective storm.[44] Air rises and rotates around a vertical axis, usually in the same direction as low pressure systems in both northern and southern hemisphere.

EFFECTS OF CYLONE
The main effects of cyclones include heavy rain, strong wind, large storm surges at landfall, and tornadoes. The destruction from a cyclone depends mainly on its intensity, its size, and its location. cyclones act to remove forest canopy as well as change the landscape near coastal areas, by moving and reshaping sand dunes and causing extensive erosion along the coast. Even well inland, heavy rainfall can lead to mudslides and landslides in mountainous areas. Their effects can be sensed over time by studying the concentration of the Oxygen-18 isotope within caves within the vicinity of cyclones' paths. AT SEA--A mature cyclone can release heat at a rate upwards of 6x1014 watts.[1] cyclones on the open sea cause large waves, [2] heavy rain, and high winds, disrupting international shipping and, at times, causing shipwrecks. Generally, after its passage, a [3] cyclone stirs up ocean water, lowering sea surface temperatures behind it. This cool wake can cause the region to be less favorable for a subsequent cyclone. On rare occasions, cyclones may actually do the opposite.

Strong winds--Strong winds can damage or destroy vehicles, buildings, bridges, and other outside objects, turning loose
debris into deadly flying projectiles. In the United States,major hurricanes comprise just 21% of all landfalling cyclones, but account for 83% of all damage.[11] cyclones often knock out power to tens or hundreds of thousands of people, preventing vital communication and hampering rescue efforts.

Storm surge--The storm surge, or the increase in sea level due to the cyclone, is typically the worst effect from landfalling
cyclones, historically resulting in 90% of cyclone deaths.[13] The relatively quick surge in sea level can move miles/kilometers inland, flooding homes and cutting off escape routes.

Heavy rainfall--The thunderstorm activity in a cyclone produces intense rainfall, potentially resulting in flooding, mudslides, and landslides. Inland areas are particularly vulnerable to freshwater flooding, due to residents not preparing [14] [15] adequately. Heavy inland rainfall eventually flows into coastal estuaries, damaging marine life in coastal estuaries. The wet environment in the aftermath of a cyclone, combined with the destruction of sanitation facilities and a warm climate, can induce epidemics of disease which claim lives long after the storm passes.
cyclones have been responsible for the deaths of about 1.9 million persons worldwide. It is estimated that 10,000 people per year perish due to cyclones.[21] The deadliest cyclone was the 1970 Bhola cyclone, which had a death toll of anywhere from 300,000 to 500,000 lives CAUSES OF CYLONE
Cyclone (including typhoons and hurricanes) are caused by warm moisture bearing clouds developing in open oceans or seas. Cyclone can only form over warm waters in the regions of the oceans where the sea temperatures are 26.5 degrees Celsius or higher (around 80 degrees Fahrenheit). They occur in areas of very low pressure when air that is heated by the sun rises rapidly, and becomes saturated with moisture which then condenses into high thunderclouds. As the atmosphere becomes favorable for development (no wind shearing in the higher parts of the atmosphere), normal thunder storms clump together. When the hot air rises, cooler air rushes in to fill the area left vacant by the hot air. The Coriolis effect of the Earth spinning on its axis causes the air to spiral upwards with considerable force. This in turn causes the winds to rotate faster, causing the low to deepen in intensity into a depression, and eventually a cyclone which is anywhere between hundreds of kilometres to thousands of kilometres wide. Cyclones are also characterised by strong winds yet in their centre is a clear, calm region called the 'eye'. When the cyclone continues its course, and the winds return from the other direction, they may seem to be more violent. The winds are not just rotating; there is also the effect of the warmer air continually rising and cold air rushing in. That is why the winds are so strong and seem to move in all directions. Winds gust in a category 5 cyclone can exceed 280 kph and a fully developed cyclone pumps out about two million tonne of air p/s.

Death--During the last two centuries,

CONCLUSION
GIS is the best method to analyse cyclones because it could be used as a tool for developing a spatially enabled system. The result as shown in the outputs and evacuation analysis gives a better overview of location and visualisation for professionals and the public to understand. In simple terms, GIS uses cutting-edge technology to aid recovering communities by providing the means to gather, analyse and utilize a broad spectrum of data - from topography to political and governmental boundaries as well as population and demographics. The information provided by GIS serves to help communities in many different aspects of recovery and community planning in the wake of a disaster. (FEMA, 2008) Therefore, GIS is a useful requirement for this project and other monitoring system to keep the community safe. The extensive literature review taught the knowledge of cyclones and the history of cyclones for background information. For this reason, the evacuation plan is produced due to the impacts of cyclones and their frequent occurrence in the vulnerable area as defined in this thesis. Also, contacts and good relationship have been achieved through the data acquisition, where numbers of respectable organisations and companies have helped in providing valuable data for this project. The study present innovative analysis from the Map Algebra functions and map productions of different area of study. The development of GIS Enabled CAS is suitable for the QLD community ranging from Townsville to Mackay. The area of study has been defined because of the cyclone weather pattern that regularly crossed amongst the North Eastern section of QLD. Hence, developing the system will be critical for solving the problem of timing and mitigation of cyclone. Thus, the CAS will be developed in order to help the community and surrounding of QLD North Coast for mitigation of the natural disaster effects. In summary, the end product of the CAS will be able to: GIS is a useful requirement for this project The cyclones could be located spatially and estimation of proposed cyclones could be identified Spatial Analysis could be defined Evacuation map could be produced

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