Latex Symbols A4

A The Comprehensive L TEX Symbol List Scott Pakin <scott+clsl@pakin.
org> 3 January 2008
Abstract
A This document lists 4947 symbols and the corresponding L TEX commands that produce them. Some A of these symbols are guaranteed to be available in every L TEX 2 system; others require fonts and packages that may not accompany a given distribution and that therefore need to be installed. All of the fonts and packages used to prepare this documentas well as this document itselfare freely available from the Comprehensive TEX Archive Network (http://www.ctan.org/).
Contents
1 Introduction 1.1 Document Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Frequently Requested Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Body-text symbols A Table 1: L TEX 2 Escapable Special Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A Table 2: Predened L TEX 2 Text-mode Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A X 2 Commands Dened to Work in Both Math and Text Mode Table 3: L TE Table 4: AMS Commands Dened to Work in Both Math and Text Mode . Table 5: Non-ASCII Letters (Excluding Accented Letters) . . . . . . . . . . Table 6: Letters Used to Typeset African Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 7: Letters Used to Typeset Vietnamese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 8: Punctuation Marks Not Found in OT1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 9: pifont Decorative Punctuation Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 10: tipa Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 11: tipx Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 13: wsuipa Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 14: wasysym Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 15: phonetic Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 16: t4phonet Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 17: semtrans Transliteration Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 18: Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 19: tipa Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 20: extraipa Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 21: wsuipa Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 22: phonetic Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 23: metre Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 24: t4phonet Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 25: arcs Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 26: semtrans Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 27: wsuipa Diacritics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 28: textcomp Diacritics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 29: textcomp Currency Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 30: marvosym Currency Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 13 13 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 16 17 17 17
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The original version of this document was written by David Carlisle, with several additional tables provided by Alexander Holt. See Section 7.7 on page 104 for more information about who did what.
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wasysym Currency Symbols . . . . . . . . . eurosym Euro Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . textcomp Legal Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . cclicenses Creative Commons License Icons textcomp Old-style Numerals . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous textcomp Symbols . . . . . . Miscellaneous wasysym Text-mode Symbols
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17 17 18 18 18 19 19 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 22 23 23 23 24 24 24 25 25 25 25 26 27 28 29 29 30 30 30 30 30 30 31 31 31 32 32 33 34 34 35 35 36 36 36 36 36 36 37 37 37 37
3 Mathematical symbols Table 38: Math-Mode Versions of Text Symbols . . . . . Table 39: cmll Unary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 40: Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 41: AMS Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 42: stmaryrd Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . Table 43: wasysym Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . Table 44: txfonts/pxfonts Binary Operators . . . . . . . . Table 45: mathabx Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . Table 46: MnSymbol Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . Table 47: mathdesign Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . Table 48: cmll Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 49: ulsy Geometric Binary Operators . . . . . . . . Table 50: mathabx Geometric Binary Operators . . . . . Table 51: MnSymbol Geometric Binary Operators . . . . Table 52: Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . . . . . . Table 53: AMS Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . . Table 54: stmaryrd Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . Table 55: wasysym Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . Table 56: mathabx Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . Table 57: txfonts/pxfonts Variable-sized Math Operators Table 58: esint Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . . . Table 59: MnSymbol Variable-sized Math Operators . . . Table 60: mathdesign Variable-sized Math Operators . . Table 61: cmll Large Math Operators . . . . . . . . . . . Table 62: Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 63: AMS Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 64: AMS Negated Binary Relations . . . . . . . . Table 65: stmaryrd Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 66: wasysym Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 67: txfonts/pxfonts Binary Relations . . . . . . . . Table 68: txfonts/pxfonts Negated Binary Relations . . . Table 69: mathabx Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 70: mathabx Negated Binary Relations . . . . . . . Table 71: MnSymbol Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . Table 72: MnSymbol Negated Binary Relations . . . . . Table 73: mathtools Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . Table 74: turnstile Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 75: trsym Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 76: trfsigns Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 77: cmll Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 78: Subset and Superset Relations . . . . . . . . . Table 79: AMS Subset and Superset Relations . . . . . . Table 80: stmaryrd Subset and Superset Relations . . . . Table 81: wasysym Subset and Superset Relations . . . . Table 82: txfonts/pxfonts Subset and Superset Relations Table 83: mathabx Subset and Superset Relations . . . . Table 84: MnSymbol Subset and Superset Relations . . . Table 85: Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 86: AMS Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
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wasysym Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . txfonts/pxfonts Inequalities . . . . . . mathabx Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . MnSymbol Inequalities . . . . . . . . AMS Triangle Relations . . . . . . . stmaryrd Triangle Relations . . . . . . mathabx Triangle Relations . . . . . . MnSymbol Triangle Relations . . . . . Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Harpoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . textcomp Text-mode Arrows . . . . . AMS Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AMS Negated Arrows . . . . . . . . . AMS Harpoons . . . . . . . . . . . . stmaryrd Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . txfonts/pxfonts Arrows . . . . . . . . mathabx Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . mathabx Negated Arrows . . . . . . . mathabx Harpoons . . . . . . . . . . . MnSymbol Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . MnSymbol Negated Arrows . . . . . . MnSymbol Harpoons . . . . . . . . . . MnSymbol Negated Harpoons . . . . chemarrow Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . fge Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MnSymbol Spoons . . . . . . . . . . . MnSymbol Pitchforks . . . . . . . . . MnSymbol Smiles and Frowns . . . . ulsy Contradiction Symbols . . . . . . Extension Characters . . . . . . . . . stmaryrd Extension Characters . . . . txfonts/pxfonts Extension Characters mathabx Extension Characters . . . . Log-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . AMS Log-like Symbols . . . . . . . . Greek Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . AMS Greek Letters . . . . . . . . . . txfonts/pxfonts Upright Greek Letters upgreek Upright Greek Letters . . . . txfonts/pxfonts Variant Latin Letters AMS Hebrew Letters . . . . . . . . . MnSymbol Hebrew Letters . . . . . . Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . AMS Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . . txfonts/pxfonts Letter-like Symbols . . mathabx Letter-like Symbols . . . . . MnSymbol Letter-like Symbols . . . . trfsigns Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . mathdesign Letter-like Symbols . . . . fge Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . . . AMS Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . stmaryrd Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . mathabx Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . nath Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . Variable-sized Delimiters . . . . . . . Large, Variable-sized Delimiters . . . AMS Variable-sized Delimiters . . . .
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38 38 38 39 39 40 40 40 41 41 41 41 41 41 42 42 42 42 43 43 44 46 46 47 47 47 47 48 48 48 48 48 49 49 49 49 49 50 50 50 50 50 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 52 52 52 52 52 53 53 53
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stmaryrd Variable-sized Delimiters . . . . . . . . . mathabx Variable-sized Delimiters . . . . . . . . . MnSymbol Variable-sized Delimiters . . . . . . . . mathdesign Variable-sized Delimiters . . . . . . . . nath Variable-sized Delimiters (Double) . . . . . . nath Variable-sized Delimiters (Triple) . . . . . . . textcomp Text-mode Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . metre Text-mode Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . Math-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AMS Math-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . MnSymbol Math-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . fge Math-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . yhmath Math-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . overrightarrow Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . yhmath Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . AMS Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MnSymbol Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . mathtools Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . mathabx Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . esvect Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . undertilde Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . AMS Extensible Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mathtools Extensible Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . chemarr Extensible Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . chemarrow Extensible Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . trfsigns Extensible Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . extarrows Extensible Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . extpfeil Extensible Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . holtpolt Non-commutative Division Symbols . . . Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AMS Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wasysym Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MnSymbol Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mathdots Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . yhmath Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mathcomp Math Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mathabx Mayan Digits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . marvosym Digits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fge Digits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A Miscellaneous L TEX 2 Math Symbols . . . . . . . Miscellaneous AMS Math Symbols . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous wasysym Math Symbols . . . . . . . Miscellaneous txfonts/pxfonts Math Symbols . . . Miscellaneous mathabx Math Symbols . . . . . . . Miscellaneous MnSymbol Math Symbols . . . . . . Miscellaneous Internal MnSymbol Math Symbols . Miscellaneous textcomp Text-mode Math Symbols Miscellaneous marvosym Math Symbols . . . . . . Miscellaneous fge Math Symbols . . . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous mathdesign Math Symbols . . . . . Miscellaneous arev Math Symbols . . . . . . . . . Math Alphabets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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53 54 54 55 55 55 56 56 56 56 56 56 57 57 57 57 58 58 58 58 59 59 59 59 59 60 60 60 60 60 61 61 61 61 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 63 63 63 63 63 64 64 64 64 64 64 65
4 Science and technology symbols Table 197: gensymb Symbols Dened to Work in Both Math and Text Mode Table 198: wasysym Electrical and Physical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 199: ifsym Pulse Diagram Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 200: ar Aspect Ratio Symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 201: textcomp Text-mode Science and Engineering Symbols . . . . . . Table 202: wasysym Astronomical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 203: marvosym Astronomical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 204: mathabx Astronomical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 205: wasysym APL Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 206: wasysym APL Modiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 207: marvosym Computer Hardware Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 208: keystroke Computer Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 209: ascii Control Characters (CP437) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 210: marvosym Communication Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 211: marvosym Engineering Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 212: wasysym Biological Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 213: marvosym Biological Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 214: marvosym Safety-related Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 215: feyn Feynman Diagram Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Dingbats Table 216: Table 217: Table 218: Table 219: Table 220: Table 221: Table 222: Table 223: Table 224: Table 225: Table 226: Table 227: Table 228: Table 229: Table 230: Table 231: Table 232: Table 233: Table 234: Table 235: Table 236: Table 237: Table 238: Table 239: Table 240: Table 241: Table 242: Table 243: Table 244: Table 245: Table 246: Table 247: Table 248: Table 249: Table 250: Table 251:
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67 67 67 67 67 67 68 68 68 68 68 69 69 69 69 70 70 70 70 70 71 71 71 71 71 71 71 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 73 73 73 73 73 73 74 74 74 74 75 75 75 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 77 77
bbding Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pifont Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . universal Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . marvosym Scissors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bbding Scissors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pifont Scissors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dingbat Pencils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bbding Pencils and Nibs . . . . . . . . . . . pifont Pencils and Nibs . . . . . . . . . . . dingbat Fists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bbding Fists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pifont Fists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bbding Crosses and Plusses . . . . . . . . . pifont Crosses and Plusses . . . . . . . . . bbding Xs and Check Marks . . . . . . . . pifont Xs and Check Marks . . . . . . . . . wasysym Xs and Check Marks . . . . . . . universal Xs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pifont Circled Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . wasysym Stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bbding Stars, Flowers, and Similar Shapes pifont Stars, Flowers, and Similar Shapes . wasysym Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . MnSymbol Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . ifsym Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . bbding Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . . pifont Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . . universa Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . universal Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . igo Go Stones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . manfnt Dangerous Bend Symbols . . . . . skull Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-Mathematical mathabx Symbols . . . marvosym Information Symbols . . . . . . . Miscellaneous dingbat Dingbats . . . . . . Miscellaneous bbding Dingbats . . . . . . . 5
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Table 252: Miscellaneous pifont Dingbats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Other symbols Table 253: textcomp Genealogical Symbols . . . . . Table 254: wasysym General Symbols . . . . . . . . . Table 255: wasysym Circles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 256: wasysym Musical Symbols . . . . . . . . . Table 257: arev Musical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . Table 258: harmony Musical Symbols . . . . . . . . . Table 259: harmony Musical Accents . . . . . . . . . Table 260: Miscellaneous manfnt Symbols . . . . . . Table 261: marvosym Navigation Symbols . . . . . . Table 262: marvosym Laundry Symbols . . . . . . . Table 263: Other marvosym Symbols . . . . . . . . . Table 264: Miscellaneous universa Symbols . . . . . . Table 265: Miscellaneous universal Symbols . . . . . Table 266: ifsym Weather Symbols . . . . . . . . . . Table 267: ifsym Alpine Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . Table 268: ifsym Clocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 269: Other ifsym Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . Table 270: epsdice Dice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 271: skak Chess Informator Symbols . . . . . Table 272: metre Metrical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . Table 273: metre Small and Large Metrical Symbols Table 274: phaistos Symbols from the Phaistos Disk Table 275: protosem Proto-Semitic Characters . . . . Table 276: hieroglf Hieroglyphics . . . . . . . . . . . Table 277: dictsym Dictionary Symbols . . . . . . . Table 278: simpsons Characters from The Simpsons Table 279: staves Magical Staves . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Additional Information 7.1 Symbol Name Clashes . . . . . . . . 7.2 Resizing symbols . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3 Where can I nd the symbol for . . . ? 7.4 Math-mode spacing . . . . . . . . . . 7.5 Bold mathematical symbols . . . . . 7.6 ASCII and Latin 1 quick reference . 7.7 About this document . . . . . . . . . 7.8 Copyright and license . . . . . . . . References Index
77 78 78 78 78 78 78 79 79 79 79 80 80 80 80 80 81 81 81 81 82 82 82 83 83 84 84 85 85 87 87 87 87 99 100 100 104 106 106 107
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Introduction
A A Welcome to the Comprehensive L TEX Symbol List! This document strives to be your primary source of L TEX A symbol information: font samples, L TEX commands, packages, usage details, caveatseverything needed to put thousands of dierent symbols at your disposal. All of the fonts covered herein meet the following criteria:
1. They are freely available from the Comprehensive TEX Archive Network (http://www.ctan.org).
A 2. All of their symbols have L TEX 2 bindings. That is, a user should be able to access a symbol by name, not just by \char number . A These are not particularly limiting criteria; the Comprehensive L TEX Symbol List contains samples of 4947 A symbolsquite a large number. Some of these symbols are guaranteed to be available in every L TEX 2 system; others require fonts and packages that may not accompany a given distribution and that therefore need to be installed. See http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=instpackages+wherefiles for help with installing new fonts and packages.
1.1
Document Usage
Each section of this document contains a number of font tables. Each table shows a set of symbols, with the A corresponding L TEX command to the right of each symbol. A tables caption indicates what package needs to be loaded in order to access that tables symbols. For example, the symbols in Table 35, textcomp Old-Style Numerals, are made available by putting \usepackage{textcomp} in your documents preamble. AMS means to use the AMS packages, viz. amssymb and/or amsmath. Notes below a table provide additional information about some or all the symbols in that table. One note that appears a few times in this document, particularly in Section 2, indicates that certain symbols do not exist in the OT1 font encoding (Donald Knuths original, 7-bit font encoding, which is the A default font encoding for L TEX) and that you should use fontenc to select a dierent encoding, such as T1 (a common 8-bit font encoding). That means that you should put \usepackage[ encoding ]{fontenc} in your documents preamble, where encoding is, e.g., T1 or LY1. To limit the change in font encoding to the current group, use \fontencoding{ encoding }\selectfont. Section 7 contains some additional information about the symbols in this document. It shows which symbol names are not unique across packages, gives examples of how to create new symbols out of existing symbols, A explains how symbols are spaced in math mode, presents a L TEX ASCII and Latin 1 tables, and provides A some information about this document itself. The Comprehensive L TEX Symbol List ends with an index of all the symbols in the document and various additional useful terms.
1.2
Frequently Requested Symbols
There are a number of symbols that are requested over and over again on comp.text.tex. If youre looking for such a symbol the following list will help you nd it quickly. , as in Spaces are signicant. ` etc. (versus ` and , , , , , , i, ) e ........ ........ 8 13 17 17 18 19 27 30 31 .. . and ......................... 37 62 64 65 65 92 94
.............................. .............. ........................ ......................
............................... .............................. ...................... .............................. .............................. ............................... and .........................
, as in 180 or 15 L, F, etc.
, , and
N, Z, R, etc.
...............................
a e , `, etc. (i.e., several accents per character) <, >, and | (instead of , , and ) and (or )
. . . . . . 100
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Body-text symbols
This section lists symbols that are intended for use in running text, such as punctuation marks, accents, ligatures, and currency symbols.
A Table 1: L TEX 2 Escapable Special Characters
\$
\%
\_
\}
&
\&
\#
\{
The underscore package redenes _ to produce an underscore in text mode (i.e., it makes it unnecessary to escape the underscore character).
A Table 2: Predened L TEX 2 Text-mode Commands
\ | { } $ ... >
\textasciicircum \textasciitilde \textasteriskcentered \textbackslash \textbar \textbraceleft \textbraceright \textbullet \textcopyright \textdagger \textdaggerdbl \textdollar \textellipsis \textemdash \textendash \textexclamdown \textgreater
a o
r
TM
<
\textless \textordfeminine \textordmasculine \textparagraph \textperiodcentered \textquestiondown \textquotedblleft \textquotedblright \textquoteleft \textquoteright \textregistered \textsection \textsterling \texttrademark \textunderscore \textvisiblespace
A Where two symbols are present, the left one is the faked symbol that L TEX 2 provides by default, and the right one is the true symbol that textcomp makes available.
Its generally preferable to use the corresponding symbol from Table 3 because the symbols in that table work properly in both text mode and math mode.
A Table 3: L TEX 2 Commands Dened to Work in Both Math and Text Mode
\$ \P \S
\_ \copyright \dag
...
\ddag \dots \pounds
{ }
\{ \}
Table 4: AMS Commands Dened to Work in Both Math and Text Mode \checkmark \circledR 8 \maltese
Table 5: Non-ASCII Letters (Excluding Accented Letters) a A
\aa \AA \AE \ae
\DH \dh \DJ \dj
L l
\L \l \NG \ng
\o \O \OE \oe
SS
\ss \SS \TH \th
Not available in the OT1 font encoding. Use the fontenc package to select an alternate font encoding, such as T1.
\B{D} \B{d} \B{H} \B{h} \B{t} \B{T} \m{b} \m{B} \m{C}
Table 6: Letters Used to Typeset African Languages \m{c} \m{D} \M{d} \M{D} \m{d} \m{E} \m{e} \M{E} \M{e}
\m{f} \m{F} \m{G} \m{g} \m{I} \m{i} \m{J} \m{j} \m{K}
\m{k} \m{N} \m{n} \m{o} \m{O} \m{P} \m{p} \m{s} \m{S}
\M{t} \M{T} \m{t} \m{T} \m{u} \m{U} \m{Y} \m{y} \m{z}
\m{Z} \T{E} \T{e} \T{O} \T{o}
These characters all need the T4 font encoding, which is provided by the fc package.
\m{v} and \m{V} are synonyms for \m{u} and \m{U}.
Table 7: Letters Used to Typeset Vietnamese \OHORN \ohorn \UHORN \uhorn
These characters all need the T5 font encoding, which is provided by the vntex package.
Table 8: Punctuation Marks Not Found in OT1 \guillemotleft \guillemotright \guilsinglleft \guilsinglright \quotedblbase \quotesinglbase " \textquotedbl
To get these symbols, use the fontenc package to select an alternate font encoding, such as T1.
Table 9: pifont Decorative Punctuation Marks \ding{123} \ding{124} d \ding{125} \ding{126} e f \ding{161} \ding{162} g \ding{163}
Table 10: tipa Phonetic Symbols b c d g 1 8 0 B X ^ g 2 C J C d S } = / { dz E S \textbabygamma \textbarb \textbarc \textbard \textbardotlessj \textbarg \textbarglotstop \textbari \textbarl \textbaro \textbarrevglotstop \textbaru \textbeltl \textbeta \textbullseye \textceltpal \textchi \textcloseepsilon \textcloseomega \textcloserevepsilon \textcommatailz \textcorner \textcrb \textcrd \textcrg \textcrh \textcrinvglotstop \textcrlambda \textcrtwo \textctc \textctd \textctdctzlig \textctesh \textctj \textctn \textctt \textcttctclig \textctyogh \textctz \textdctzlig \textdoublebaresh \textdoublebarpipe \textdoublebarslash \textdoublepipe \textdoublevertline \textdownstep \textdyoghlig \textdzlig \textepsilon \textesh P ; # H K : M _ O % F | " 7 \ 9 3 Q \textglotstop \texthalflength \texthardsign \texthooktop \texthtb \texthtbardotlessj \texthtc \texthtd \texthtg \texthth \texththeng \texthtk \texthtp \texthtq \texthtrtaild \texthtscg \texthtt \texthvlig \textinvglotstop \textinvscr \textiota \textlambda \textlengthmark \textlhookt \textlhtlongi \textlhtlongy \textlonglegr \textlptr \textltailm \textltailn \textltilde \textlyoghlig \textObardotlessj \textOlyoghlig \textomega \textopencorner \textopeno \textpalhook \textphi \textpipe \textprimstress \textraiseglotstop \textraisevibyi \textramshorns \textrevapostrophe \textreve \textrevepsilon \textrevglotstop \textrevyogh \textrhookrevepsilon $ @ I A g V Y tC T 5 4 W 6 2 L U \textrtailn \textrtailr \textrtails \textrtailt \textrtailz \textrthook \textsca \textscb \textsce \textscg \textsch \textschwa \textsci \textscj \textscl \textscn \textscoelig \textscomega \textscr \textscripta \textscriptg \textscriptv \textscu \textscy \textsecstress \textsoftsign \textstretchc \texttctclig \textteshlig \texttheta \textthorn \texttoneletterstem \texttslig \textturna \textturncelig \textturnh \textturnk \textturnlonglegr \textturnm \textturnmrleg \textturnr \textturnrrtail \textturnscripta \textturnt \textturnv \textturnw \textturny \textupsilon \textupstep \textvertline
(continued on next page)
10
(continued from previous page)
R G
\textfishhookr \textg \textgamma \textglobfall \textglobrise
\textrhookschwa \textrhoticity \textrptr \textrtaild \textrtaill
\textvibyi \textvibyy \textwynn \textyogh
tipa denes shortcut characters for many of the above. It also denes a command \tone for denoting tone letters (pitches). See the tipa documentation for more information.
Table 11: tipx Phonetic Symbols
" B . D 2 % & @ ) H G 7 5 ( ? T U V , 0 4
\textaolig \textbenttailyogh \textbktailgamma \textctinvglotstop \textctjvar \textctstretchc \textctstretchcvar \textctturnt \textdblig \textdoublebarpipevar \textdoublepipevar \textdownfullarrow \textfemale \textfrbarn \textfrhookd \textfrhookdvar \textfrhookt \textfrtailgamma \textglotstopvari \textglotstopvarii \textglotstopvariii \textgrgamma \textheng \texthmlig
3 ; p ! I # < 1 > 6 9 F = v z * + : /
\texthtbardotlessjvar \textinvomega \textinvsca \textinvscripta \textlfishhookrlig \textlhookfour \textlhookp \textlhti \textlooptoprevesh \textnrleg \textObullseye \textpalhooklong \textpalhookvar \textpipevar \textqplig \textrectangle \textretractingvar \textrevscl \textrevscr \textrhooka \textrhooke \textrhookepsilon \textrhookopeno \textrtailhth
q r s t w x y $ P Q R S E u { C A 8
\textrthooklong \textscaolig \textscdelta \textscf \textsck \textscm \textscp \textscq \textspleftarrow \textstretchcvar \textsubdoublearrow \textsubrightarrow \textthornvari \textthornvarii \textthornvariii \textthornvariv \textturnglotstop \textturnsck \textturnscu \textturnthree \textturntwo \textuncrfemale \textupfullarrow
Table 13: wsuipa Phonetic Symbols
3 9 F
\babygamma \barb \bard \bari \barl
V " w h
\eng \er \esh \eth \flapr
R G T i I
\labdentalnas \latfric \legm \legr \lz
! B X t
\schwa \sci \scn \scr \scripta
11
` e C Y c ' 5 Q x @ e
\baro \barp \barsci \barscu \baru \clickb \clickc \clickt \closedniomega \closedrevepsilon \crossb \crossd \crossh \crossnilambda \curlyc \curlyesh \curlyyogh \curlyz \dlbari \dz \ejective
) 6 7 & 4 D d 8 s S q u 2
\glotstop \hookb \hookd \hookg \hookh \hookheng \hookrevepsilon \hv \inva \invf \invglotstop \invh \invlegr \invm \invr \invscr \invscripta \invv \invw \invy \ipagamma
$ 1 A P b g y U d a # f % 0
\nialpha \nibeta \nichi \niepsilon \nigamma \niiota \nilambda \niomega \niphi \nisigma \nitheta \niupsilon \nj \oo \openo \reve \reveject \revepsilon \revglotstop \scd \scg
( r H W p v f E
\scriptg \scriptv \scu \scy \slashb \slashc \slashd \slashu \taild \tailinvr \taill \tailn \tailr \tails \tailt \tailz \tesh \thorn \tildel \yogh
Table 14: wasysym Phonetic Symbols D \DH \Thorn \dh \inve \openo \thorn
Table 15: phonetic Phonetic Symbols

j w n x 4 s d p
\barj \barlambda \emgma \engma \enya \epsi \esh \eth \fj
f c f h k u h
\flap \glottal \hausaB \hausab \hausad \hausaD \hausak \hausaK \hookd
h
m r
\ibar \openo \planck \pwedge \revD \riota \rotm \rotOmega \rotr
e w y e p
u
u q
\rotvara \rotw \roty \schwa \thorn \ubar \udesc \vara \varg
i g
v
h x
\vari \varomega \varopeno \vod \voicedh \yogh
12
Table 16: t4phonet Phonetic Symbols \textcrd \textcrh \textepsilon \textesh \textfjlig \texthtb \texthtc
\texthtd \texthtk \texthtp \texthtt \textiota \textltailn \textopeno
\textpipe \textrtaild \textrtailt \textschwa \textscriptv \textteshlig \textyogh
The idea behind the t4phonet packages phonetic symbols is to provide an interface to some of the characters in the T4 font encoding (Table 6 on page 9) but using the same names as the tipa characters presented in Table 10 on page 10.
Table 17: semtrans Transliteration Symbols \Alif \Ayn
Table 18: Text-mode Accents a A a A Aa a A a A \"{A}\"{a} \{A}\{a} \.{A}\.{a} \={A}\={a} \^{A}\^{a} Aa

à A`
a A
a A Aa Aa
\{A}\{a} \|{A}\|{a} \~{A}\~{a} \b{A}\b{a} \c{A}\c{a} Aa
Aa ..
a A
a A
\d{A}\d{a} \G{A}\G{a} \h{A}\h{a} \H{A}\H{a} \k{A}\k{a}
a A Aa a A a A
a A
\r{A}\r{a} \t{A}\t{a} \u{A}\u{a} \U{A}\U{a} \v{A}\v{a}
\newtie{A}\newtie{a}
\textcircled{A}\textcircled{a}
Requires the textcomp package. Not available in the OT1 font encoding. Use the fontenc package to select an alternate font encoding, such as T1. Requires the T4 font encoding, provided by the fc package. Requires the T5 font encoding, provided by the vntex package.
Also note the existence of \i and \j, which produce dotless versions of i and j (viz., and ). These are useful when the accent is supposed to replace the dot. For example, na\"{\i}ve produces a correct na ve, while na\"{i}ve would yield the rather odd-looking na ve. (na\"{i}ve does work in encodings other than OT1, however.)
Table 19: tipa Text-mode Accents a A a A \textacutemacron{A}\textacutemacron{a} \textacutewedge{A}\textacutewedge{a}
13
Aa A< <a a A a A a A a A a A a A a A a A a A a A à A` a A Aa Aa a A a A Aa Aa Aa Aa a A a A Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa A& &a
\textadvancing{A}\textadvancing{a} \textbottomtiebar{A}\textbottomtiebar{a} \textbrevemacron{A}\textbrevemacron{a} \textcircumacute{A}\textcircumacute{a} \textcircumdot{A}\textcircumdot{a} \textdotacute{A}\textdotacute{a} \textdotbreve{A}\textdotbreve{a} \textdotbreve{A}\textdotbreve{a} \textdoublegrave{A}\textdoublegrave{a} \textdoublevbaraccent{A}\textdoublevbaraccent{a} \textgravecircum{A}\textgravecircum{a} \textgravedot{A}\textgravedot{a} \textgravemacron{A}\textgravemacron{a} \textgravemid{A}\textgravemid{a} \textinvsubbridge{A}\textinvsubbridge{a} \textlowering{A}\textlowering{a} \textmidacute{A}\textmidacute{a} \textovercross{A}\textovercross{a} \textoverw{A}\textoverw{a} \textpolhook{A}\textpolhook{a} \textraising{A}\textraising{a} \textretracting{A}\textretracting{a} \textringmacron{A}\textringmacron{a} \textroundcap{A}\textroundcap{a} \textseagull{A}\textseagull{a} \textsubacute{A}\textsubacute{a} \textsubarch{A}\textsubarch{a} \textsubbar{A}\textsubbar{a} \textsubbridge{A}\textsubbridge{a} \textsubcircum{A}\textsubcircum{a} \textsubdot{A}\textsubdot{a} \textsubgrave{A}\textsubgrave{a} \textsublhalfring{A}\textsublhalfring{a} \textsubplus{A}\textsubplus{a} \textsubrhalfring{A}\textsubrhalfring{a} \textsubring{A}\textsubring{a} \textsubsquare{A}\textsubsquare{a} \textsubtilde{A}\textsubtilde{a} \textsubumlaut{A}\textsubumlaut{a} \textsubw{A}\textsubw{a} \textsubwedge{A}\textsubwedge{a} \textsuperimposetilde{A}\textsuperimposetilde{a}
14
Aa " " a A >> Aa a A
\textsyllabic{A}\textsyllabic{a} \texttildedot{A}\texttildedot{a} \texttoptiebar{A}\texttoptiebar{a} \textvbaraccent{A}\textvbaraccent{a}
tipa denes shortcut sequences for many of the above. See the tipa documentation for more information.
Table 20: extraipa Text-mode Accents Aa Aa .. .. a A a A Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa A a \bibridge{A}\bibridge{a} \crtilde{A}\crtilde{a} \dottedtilde{A}\dottedtilde{a} \doubletilde{A}\doubletilde{a} \finpartvoice{A}\finpartvoice{a} \finpartvoiceless{A}\finpartvoiceless{a} \inipartvoice{A}\inipartvoice{a} \inipartvoiceless{A}\inipartvoiceless{a} \overbridge{A}\overbridge{a} \partvoice{A}\partvoice{a} A a A a A a Aa ^^ Aa Aa "" "" Aa Aa Aa \partvoiceless{A}\partvoiceless{a} \sliding{A}\sliding{a} \spreadlips{A}\spreadlips{a} \subcorner{A}\subcorner{a} \subdoublebar{A}\subdoublebar{a} \subdoublevert{A}\subdoublevert{a} \sublptr{A}\sublptr{a} \subrptr{A}\subrptr{a} \whistle{A}\whistle{a}
Table 21: wsuipa Text-mode Accents Aa gg Aa \dental{A}\dental{a} \underarch{A}\underarch{a}
Table 22: phonetic Text-mode Accents Aa

{ {
\hill{A}\hill{a} \od{A}\od{a} \ohill{A}\ohill{a}
Aa Aa A.. .. a
\rc{A}\rc{a} \syl{A}\syl{a} \td{A}\td{a}
Aa { { Aa
Aa
\ut{A}\ut{a}
The phonetic package provides a few additional macros for linguistic accents. \acbar and \acarc compose characters with multiple accents; for example, \acbar{\}{a} produces and \acarc{\"}{e} produces . \labvel joins a e two characters with an arc: \labvel{mn} mn. \upbar is intended to go between characters as in x\upbar{}y x y. Lastly, \uplett behaves like \textsuperscript but uses a smaller font. Contrast p\uplett{h} ph with p\textsuperscript{h} ph .
15
Table 23: metre Text-mode Accents Aa Aa Aa Aa `` Aa Aa \acutus{A}\acutus{a} \breve{A}\breve{a} \circumflexus{A}\circumflexus{a} \diaeresis{A}\diaeresis{a} \gravis{A}\gravis{a} \macron{A}\macron{a}
a A a A a A
Table 24: t4phonet Text-mode Accents \textdoublegrave{A}\textdoublegrave{a} \textvbaraccent{A}\textvbaraccent{a} \textdoublevbaraccent{A}\textdoublevbaraccent{a}
The idea behind the t4phonet packages text-mode accents is to provide an interface to some of the accents in the T4 font encoding (accents marked with in Table 18 on page 13) but using the same names as the tipa accents presented in Table 19 on page 13.
Table 25: arcs Text-mode Accents Aa \overarc{A}\overarc{a} Aa \underarc{A}\underarc{a}
The accents shown above scale only to a few characters wide. An optional macro argument alters the eective width of the accented characters. See the arcs documentation for more information.
Table 26: semtrans Accents Aa \D{A}\D{a} aA Aa \U{A}\U{a}
\T{A}\T{a}
\T is not actually an accent but a command that rotates its argument 180 using the graphicx packages \rotatebox command.
Table 27: wsuipa Diacritics
s k u m p
\ain \corner \downp \downt \halflength
v n q { z
\leftp \leftt \length \midtilde \open
x ~ w o i
\overring \polishhook \rightp \rightt \secstress
h j r y |
\stress \syllabic \underdots \underring \undertilde
} t l
\underwedge \upp \upt
The wsuipa package denes all of the above as ordinary characters, not as accents. However, it does provide \diatop and \diaunder commands, which are used to compose diacritics with other characters. For example, \diatop[\overring|a] produces x, and \diaunder[\underdots|a] produces r. See the wsuipa doca a umentation for more information. 16
Table 28: textcomp Diacritics \textacutedbl \textasciiacute \textasciibreve \textasciicaron \textasciidieresis \textasciigrave \textasciimacron \textgravedbl
The textcomp package denes all of the above as ordinary characters, not as accents.
Table 29: textcomp Currency Symbols \textbaht \textcent \textcentoldstyle \textcolonmonetary \textcurrency
\textdollar \textdollaroldstyle \textdong \texteuro \textflorin
\textguarani \textlira \textnaira \textpeso \textsterling
\textwon \textyen
Its generally preferable to use the corresponding symbol from Table 3 on page 8 because the symbols in that table work properly in both text mode and math mode.
Table 30: marvosym Currency Symbols \Denarius \Ecommerce e d \EUR \EURcr D c \EURdig \EURhv e \EURtm \EyesDollar \Pfund \Shilling
The dierent euro signs are meant to be visually compatible with dierent fonts Courier (\EURcr), Helvetica (\EURhv), Times Roman (\EURtm), and the marvosym digits listed in Table 182 (\EURdig). The mathdesign package redenes \texteuro to be visually compatible with one of three additional fonts: Utopia ( ), Charter ( ), or Garamond ( ).
Table 31: wasysym Currency Symbols \cent \currency
Table 32: eurosym Euro Signs A C \geneuro B C \geneuronarrow C C \geneurowide e \officialeuro
\euro is automatically mapped to one of the aboveby default, \officialeuro based on a eurosym package option. See the eurosym documentation for more information. The \geneuro. . . characters are generated from the current body fonts C character and therefore may not appear exactly as shown.
17
Table 33: textcomp Legal Symbols \textcircledP \textcopyleft c r \textcopyright \textregistered

TM
\textservicemark \texttrademark
A Where two symbols are present, the left one is the faked symbol that L TEX 2 provides by default, and the right one is the true symbol that textcomp makes available. See http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=tradesyms for solutions to common problems that occur when using these symbols (e.g., getting a r when you expected to get a ).
Table 34: cclicenses Creative Commons License Icons

\
CC
\cc
BY:
\ccby
\ccnd
These symbols utilize the rotating package and therefore display improperly in most DVI viewers.
Table 35: textcomp Old-style Numerals \textzerooldstyle \textoneoldstyle \texttwooldstyle \textthreeoldstyle \textfouroldstyle \textfiveoldstyle \textsixoldstyle \textsevenoldstyle \texteightoldstyle \textnineoldstyle
Rather than use the bulky \textoneoldstyle, \texttwooldstyle, etc. commands shown above, consider using \oldstylenums{. . .} to typeset an old-style number.
18
\ccnc
\ccsa
Table 36: Miscellaneous textcomp Symbols \textasteriskcentered \textbardbl \textbigcircle \textblank \textbrokenbar \textbullet \textdagger \textdaggerdbl \textdblhyphen \textdblhyphenchar \textdiscount \textestimated \textinterrobang \textinterrobangdown \textmusicalnote \textnumero \textopenbullet
a o
'
\textordfeminine \textordmasculine \textparagraph \textperiodcentered \textpertenthousand \textperthousand \textpilcrow \textquotesingle \textquotestraightbase \textquotestraightdblbase \textrecipe \textreferencemark \textsection \textthreequartersemdash \texttildelow \texttwelveudash
Table 37: Miscellaneous wasysym Text-mode Symbols \permil
19
Mathematical symbols
Most, but not all, of the symbols in this section are math-mode only. That is, they yield a Missing $ inserted error message if not used within $. . .$, \[. . .\], or another math-mode environment. Operators marked as variable-sized are taller in displayed formulas, shorter in in-text formulas, and possibly shorter still when used in various levels of superscripts or subscripts. Alphanumeric symbols (e.g., L and ) are usually produced using one of the math alphabets in Table 196 rather than with an explicit symbol command. Look there rst if you need a symbol for a transform, number set, or some other alphanumeric. Although there have been many requests on comp.text.tex for a contradiction symbol, the ensuing discussion invariably reveals innumerable ways to represent contradiction in a proof, including (\blitza), (\Rightarrow\Leftarrow), (\bot), (\nleftrightarrow), and (\textreferencemark). Because of the lack of notational consensus, it is probably better to spell out Contradiction! than to use a symbol for this purpose. Similarly, discussions on comp.text.tex have revealed that there are a variety of ways to indicate the mathematical notion of is dened as. Common candidates include (\triangleq), def (\equiv), (\coloneqq), and = (\stackrel{\text{\tiny def}}{=}). See also the example of \equalsfill on page 95. Depending upon the context, disjoint union may be represented as (\coprod), (\sqcup), (\dotcup), (\oplus), or any of a number of other symbols.1 Finally, the average value of a variable x is written by some people as x (\overline{x}), by some people as x (\langle x \rangle), and by some people as x or x (\diameter x or \varnothing x). The moral of the story is that you should be careful always to explain your notation to avoid confusing your readers.
Table 38: Math-Mode Versions of Text Symbols $ ... \mathdollar \mathellipsis \mathparagraph \mathsection \mathsterling \mathunderscore
Table 39: cmll Unary Operators !
\oc \shift
\shneg \shpos
\wn
\oc and \wn dier from ! and ? in terms of their math-mode spacing: $A=!B$ produces A =!B, for example, while $A=\oc B$ produces A = !B.
Table 40: Binary Operators \amalg \ast \bigcirc \bigtriangledown \bigtriangleup \bullet \cap \cdot \circ \cup \dagger \ddagger \diamond \div \lhd \mp \odot \ominus \ \oplus \oslash \otimes \pm \rhd \setminus \sqcap \sqcup \star \times \triangleleft \triangleright \unlhd \unrhd \uplus \vee \wedge \wr
A Not predened in L TEX 2 . Use one of the packages latexsym, amsfonts, amssymb, txfonts, pxfonts, or wasysym.
1 Bob
Tennent listed these and other disjoint-union symbol possibilities in a November 2007 post to comp.text.tex.
20
Table 41: AMS Binary Operators \barwedge \boxdot \boxminus \boxplus \boxtimes \Cap \centerdot \circledast \circledcirc \circleddash \Cup \curlyvee \curlywedge \divideontimes \dotplus \doublebarwedge \intercal \leftthreetimes \ltimes \rightthreetimes \rtimes \smallsetminus \veebar
Table 42: stmaryrd Binary Operators \baro \bbslash \binampersand \bindnasrepma \boxast \boxbar \boxbox \boxbslash \boxcircle \boxdot \boxempty \boxslash \curlyveedownarrow \curlyveeuparrow \curlywedgedownarrow \curlywedgeuparrow \fatbslash \fatsemi \fatslash \interleave \leftslice \merge \minuso \moo \nplus \obar \oblong \obslash \ogreaterthan \olessthan \ovee \owedge \rightslice \sslash \talloblong \varbigcirc \varcurlyvee \varcurlywedge \varoast \varobar \varobslash \varocircle \varodot \varogreaterthan \varolessthan \varominus \varoplus \varoslash \varotimes \varovee \varowedge \vartimes \Ydown \Yleft \Yright \Yup
Table 43: wasysym Binary Operators \lhd \LHD \ocircle \rhd \RHD \unlhd \unrhd
Table 44: txfonts/pxfonts Binary Operators \circledbar \circledbslash \circledvee \circledwedge \invamp \medbullet \medcirc \sqcapplus \sqcupplus
21
Table 45: mathabx Binary Operators

y
\ast \Asterisk \barwedge \bigstar \bigvarstar \blackdiamond \cap \circplus \coasterisk \coAsterisk \convolution \cup \curlyvee

\curlywedge \divdot \divideontimes \dotdiv \dotplus \dottimes \doublebarwedge \doublecap \doublecup \ltimes \pluscirc \rtimes \sqbullet
\sqcap \sqcup \sqdoublecap \sqdoublecup \square \squplus \udot \uplus \varstar \vee \veebar \veedoublebar \wedge
Many of the above glyphs go by multiple names. \centerdot is equivalent to \sqbullet, and \ast is equivalent to *. \asterisk produces the same glyph as \ast, but as an ordinary symbol, not a binary operator. Similarly, \bigast produces a large-operator version of the \Asterisk binary operator, and \bigcoast produces a large-operator version of the \coAsterisk binary operator.
22
Table 46: MnSymbol Binary Operators \amalg \ast \backslashdiv \bowtie \bullet \cap \capdot \capplus \cdot \circ \closedcurlyvee \closedcurlywedge \cup \cupdot \cupplus \curlyvee \curlyveedot \curlywedge \curlywedgedot \ddotdot \diamonddots \div \dotmedvert \dotminus \doublecap \doublecup \doublecurlyvee \doublecurlywedge \doublesqcap \doublesqcup \doublevee \doublewedge \downtherefore \downY \dtimes \fivedots \hbipropto \hdotdot \lefthalfcap \lefthalfcup \lefttherefore \leftthreetimes \leftY \ltimes \medbackslash \medcircle \medslash \medvert \medvertdot \minus \minusdot \mp \neswbipropto \nwsebipropto \plus \pm \righthalfcap \righthalfcup \righttherefore \rightthreetimes \rightY \rtimes \slashdiv \smallprod \sqcap \sqcapdot \sqcapplus \sqcup \sqcupdot \sqcupplus \squaredots \times \udotdot \uptherefore \upY \utimes \vbipropto \vdotdot \vee \veedot \vertbowtie \vertdiv \wedge \wedgedot \wreath
MnSymbol denes \setminus and \smallsetminus as synonyms \medbackslash; \Join as a synonym for \bowtie; \wr as a synonym \wreath; \shortmid as a synonym for \medvert; \Cap as a synonym \doublecap; \Cup as a synonym for \doublecup; and, \uplus as a synonym \cupplus.
for for for for
Table 47: mathdesign Binary Operators \dtimes \udtimes \utimes
The mathdesign package additionally provides versions of each of the binary operators shown in Table 41 on page 21.
Table 48: cmll Binary Operators `
\parr
&
\with
\with diers from & in terms of its math-mode spacing: $A \& B$ produces A&B, for example, while $A \with B$ produces A & B.
23
Table 49: ulsy Geometric Binary Operators
\odplus
f n k e g d h
Table 50: mathabx Geometric Binary Operators \blacktriangledown \blacktriangleleft \blacktriangleright \blacktriangleup \boxasterisk \boxbackslash \boxbot \boxcirc \boxcoasterisk \boxdiv \boxdot \boxleft \boxminus \boxplus
i m j o l
f n k e g d h
\boxright \boxslash \boxtimes \boxtop \boxtriangleup \boxvoid \oasterisk \obackslash \obot \ocirc \ocoasterisk \odiv \odot \oleft
i m j o l
\ominus \oplus \oright \oslash \otimes \otop \otriangleup \ovoid \smalltriangledown \smalltriangleleft \smalltriangleright \smalltriangleup
Table 51: MnSymbol Geometric Binary Operators \boxbackslash \boxbox \boxdot \boxminus \boxplus \boxslash \boxtimes \boxvert \diamondbackslash \diamonddiamond \diamonddot \diamondminus \diamondplus \diamondslash \diamondtimes \diamondvert \downslice \filleddiamond \filledmedsquare \filledmedtriangledown \filledmedtriangleleft \filledmedtriangleright \filledmedtriangleup \filledsquare \filledstar \filledtriangledown \filledtriangleleft \filledtriangleright \filledtriangleup \meddiamond \medsquare \medstar \medtriangledown \medtriangleleft \medtriangleright \medtriangleup \oast \obackslash \ocirc \odot \ominus \oplus \oslash \ostar \otimes \otriangle \overt \pentagram \smalldiamond \smallsquare \smallstar \smalltriangledown \smalltriangleleft \smalltriangleright \smalltriangleup \thinstar \upslice
MnSymbol denes \blacksquare as a synonym for \filledmedsquare; \square and \Box as synonyms for \medsquare; \diamond as a synonym for \smalldiamond; \Diamond as a synonym for \meddiamond; \star as a synonym for \thinstar; \circledast as a synonym for \oast; \circledcirc as a synonym for \ocirc; and, \circleddash as a synonym for \ominus.
24
Table 52: Variable-sized Math Operators \bigcap \bigcup \bigodot \bigoplus \bigotimes \bigsqcup \biguplus \bigvee \bigwedge \coprod \int \oint \prod \sum
Table 53: AMS Variable-sized Math Operators \iint \iiiint \iiint \idotsint
Table 54: stmaryrd Variable-sized Math Operators \bigbox \bigcurlyvee \bigcurlywedge \biginterleave \bignplus \bigparallel \bigsqcap \bigtriangledown \bigtriangleup
Table 55: wasysym Variable-sized Math Operators \int \varint \iint \varoint \iiint \oiint
None of the preceding symbols are dened when wasysym is passed the nointegrals option.

Not dened when wasysym is passed the integrals option. Dened only when wasysym is passed the integrals option. Otherwise, the default A L TEX \int glyph (as shown in Table 52) is used.
25
Table 56: mathabx Variable-sized Math Operators
\bigcurlyvee \bigsqcap \bigcurlywedge \bigboxasterisk \bigboxbackslash \bigboxbot \bigboxcirc \bigboxcoasterisk \bigboxdiv \bigboxdot \bigboxleft \bigboxminus \bigboxplus \bigboxright
\bigboxslash \bigboxtimes \bigboxtop \bigboxtriangleup \bigboxvoid \bigcomplementop \bigoasterisk \bigobackslash \bigobot \bigocirc \bigocoasterisk \bigodiv \bigoleft \bigominus
\bigoright \bigoslash \bigotop \bigotriangleup \bigovoid \bigplus \bigsquplus \bigtimes \iiint \iint \int \oiint \oint
26
Table 57: txfonts/pxfonts Variable-sized Math Operators \bigsqcapplus \bigsqcupplus \fint \idotsint \iiiint \iiint \iint \oiiintclockwise \oiiintctrclockwise \oiiint \oiintclockwise \oiintctrclockwise \oiint \ointclockwise \ointctrclockwise \sqiiint \sqiint \sqint \varoiiintclockwise \varoiiintctrclockwise \varoiintclockwise \varoiintctrclockwise \varointclockwise \varointctrclockwise \varprod
27
Table 58: esint Variable-sized Math Operators % # \iiiint \iiint \iint & \landdownint $ \landupint \oiint \dotsint \fint ! \sqiint \sqint " \varoiint \varointclockwise \varointctrclockwise \ointclockwise \ointctrclockwise
28
Table 59: MnSymbol Variable-sized Math Operators \bigcap \bigcapdot \bigcapplus \bigcircle \bigcup \bigcupdot \bigcupplus \bigcurlyvee \bigcurlyveedot \bigcurlywedge \bigcurlywedgedot \bigdoublecurlyvee \bigdoublecurlywedge \bigdoublevee \bigdoublewedge \bigoast \bigobackslash \bigocirc \bigodot
\bigominus \bigoplus \bigoslash \bigostar \bigotimes \bigotriangle \bigovert \bigplus \bigsqcap \bigsqcapdot \bigsqcapplus \bigsqcup \bigsqcupdot \bigsqcupplus \bigtimes \bigvee \bigveedot \bigwedge \bigwedgedot
\complement \coprod \idotsint \iiiint \iiint \iint \int \landdownint \landupint \lcircleleftint \lcirclerightint \oiint \oint \prod \rcircleleftint \rcirclerightint \strokedint \sum \sumint
MnSymbol denes \biguplus as a synonym for \bigcupplus.
Table 60: mathdesign Variable-sized Math Operators \intclockwise \ointclockwise
\oiiint
\ointctrclockwise
\oiint
The mathdesign package provides three versions of each integralin fact, of every symbolto accompany dierent text fonts: Utopia ( ), Garamond ( ), and Charter ( ).
29
Table 61: cmll Large Math Operators \bigparr \bigwith
Table 62: Binary Relations \approx \asymp \bowtie \cong \dashv \doteq \equiv \frown \Join \mid \models \parallel \perp \prec \preceq \propto \sim \simeq \smile \succ \succeq \vdash
| |=
A Not predened in L TEX 2 . Use one of the packages latexsym, amsfonts, amssymb, mathabx, txfonts, pxfonts, or wasysym.
Table 63: AMS Binary Relations \approxeq \backepsilon \backsim \backsimeq \because \between \Bumpeq \bumpeq \circeq \curlyeqprec \curlyeqsucc \doteqdot \eqcirc \fallingdotseq \multimap \pitchfork \precapprox \preccurlyeq \precsim \risingdotseq \shortmid \shortparallel \smallfrown \smallsmile \succapprox \succcurlyeq \succsim \therefore \thickapprox \thicksim \varpropto \Vdash \vDash \Vvdash
Table 64: AMS Negated Binary Relations \ncong \nmid \nparallel \nprec \npreceq \nshortmid \nshortparallel \nsim \nsucc \nsucceq \nvDash \nvdash \nVDash \precnapprox \precnsim \succnapprox \succnsim
Table 65: stmaryrd Binary Relations \inplus \niplus
Table 66: wasysym Binary Relations \invneg \Join \leadsto \logof 30 \wasypropto
Table 67: txfonts/pxfonts Binary Relations \circledgtr \circledless \colonapprox \Colonapprox \coloneq \Coloneq \Coloneqq \coloneqq \Colonsim \colonsim \Eqcolon \eqcolon \eqqcolon \Eqqcolon \eqsim
\lJoin \lrtimes \multimap \multimapboth \multimapbothvert \multimapdot \multimapdotboth \multimapdotbothA \multimapdotbothAvert \multimapdotbothB \multimapdotbothBvert \multimapdotbothvert \multimapdotinv \multimapinv \openJoin
\opentimes \Perp \preceqq \precneqq \rJoin \strictfi \strictif \strictiff \succeqq \succneqq \varparallel \varparallelinv \VvDash
As an alternative to using txfonts/pxfonts, a := symbol can be constructed with \mathrel{\mathop:}=.
Table 68: txfonts/pxfonts Negated Binary Relations \napproxeq \nasymp \nbacksim \nbacksimeq \nbumpeq \nBumpeq \nequiv \nprecapprox \npreccurlyeq \npreceqq \nprecsim \nsimeq \nsuccapprox \nsucccurlyeq \nsucceqq \nsuccsim \nthickapprox \ntwoheadleftarrow \ntwoheadrightarrow \nvarparallel \nvarparallelinv \nVdash
2 % # & ! ) A
A
Table 69: mathabx Binary Relations \between \botdoteq \Bumpedeq \bumpedeq \circeq \coloneq \corresponds \curlyeqprec \curlyeqsucc \DashV \Dashv \dashVv
#
$ ' "
\divides \dotseq \eqbumped \eqcirc \eqcolon \fallingdotseq \ggcurly \llcurly \precapprox \preccurlyeq \precdot \precsim
T
@ D
@ D
\risingdotseq \succapprox \succcurlyeq \succdot \succsim \therefore \topdoteq \vDash \Vdash \VDash \Vvdash
31
Table 70: mathabx Negated Binary Relations

' )

C G 9
C G
$ 0 1 %
\napprox \ncong \ncurlyeqprec \ncurlyeqsucc \nDashv \ndashV \ndashv \nDashV \ndashVv \neq \notasymp \notdivides \notequiv

& (
\notperp \nprec \nprecapprox \npreccurlyeq \npreceq \nprecsim \nsim \nsimeq \nsucc \nsuccapprox \nsucccurlyeq \nsucceq \nsuccsim
B
F 8
\nvDash \nVDash \nVdash \nvdash \nVvash \precnapprox \precneq \precnsim \succnapprox \succneq \succnsim
The \changenotsign command toggles the behavior of \not to produce either a vertical or a diagonal slash through a binary operator. Thus, $a \not= b$ can be made to produce either a = b or a = b.
Table 71: MnSymbol Binary Relations \approx \approxeq \backapprox \backapproxeq \backcong \backeqsim \backsim \backsimeq \backtriplesim \between \bumpeq \Bumpeq \circeq \closedequal \closedprec \closedsucc \cong \curlyeqprec \curlyeqsucc \doteq \Doteq \downfootline \downfree \downmodels \downModels \downpropto \downvdash \downVdash \eqbump \eqcirc \eqdot \eqsim \equal \equalclosed \equiv \equivclosed \fallingdotseq \hateq \hcrossing \leftfootline \leftfree \leftmodels \leftModels \leftpropto \leftrightline \Leftrightline \leftslice \leftvdash \leftVdash \nefootline \nefree \nemodels \neModels \neswline \Neswline \nevdash \neVdash \nwfootline \nwfree \nwmodels \nwModels \nwsecrossing \nwseline \Nwseline \nwvdash \nwVdash \prec \precapprox \preccurlyeq \preceq \precsim \rightfootline \rightfree \rightmodels \rightModels \rightpropto \rightslice \rightvdash \rightVdash \risingdotseq \sefootline \sefree \semodels \seModels \separated \sevdash \seVdash \shortparallel \sim \simeq \succ \succapprox \succcurlyeq \succeq \succsim \swfootline \swfree \swmodels \swModels \swvdash \swVdash \triplesim \updownline \Updownline \upfootline \upfree \upmodels \upModels \uppropto \upvdash \upVdash \vcrossing \Vvdash
32
MnSymbol additionally denes synonyms for some of the preceding symbols: \dashv \diagdown \diagup \divides \doteqdot \models \parallel \perp \propto \relbar \Relbar \varpropto \vDash \VDash \vdash \Vdash (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as \leftvdash) \nwseline) \neswline) \updownline) \Doteq) \rightmodels) \Updownline) \upvdash) \leftpropto) \leftrightline) \Leftrightline) \leftpropto) \rightmodels) \rightModels) \rightvdash) \rightVdash)
Table 72: MnSymbol Negated Binary Relations \napprox \napproxeq \nbackapprox \nbackapproxeq \nbackcong \nbackeqsim \nbacksim \nbacksimeq \nbacktriplesim \nbumpeq \nBumpeq \ncirceq \nclosedequal \ncong \ncurlyeqprec \ncurlyeqsucc \ndoteq \nDoteq \ndownfootline \ndownfree \ndownmodels \ndownModels \ndownvdash \ndownVdash \neqbump \neqcirc \neqdot \neqsim \nequal \nequalclosed \nequiv \nequivclosed \neswcrossing \nfallingdotseq \nhateq \nleftfootline \nleftfree \nleftmodels \nleftModels \nleftrightline \nLeftrightline \nleftvdash \nleftVdash \nnefootline \nnefree \nnemodels \nneModels \nneswline \nNeswline \nnevdash \nneVdash \nnwfootline \nnwfree \nnwmodels \nnwModels \nnwseline \nNwseline \nnwvdash \nnwVdash \nprec \nprecapprox \npreccurlyeq \npreceq \nprecsim \nrightfootline \nrightfree \nrightmodels \nrightModels \nrightvdash \nrightVdash \nrisingdotseq \nsefootline \nsefree \nsemodels \nseModels \nsevdash \nseVdash \nshortmid \nshortparallel \nsim \nsimeq \nsucc \nsuccapprox \nsucccurlyeq \nsucceq \nsuccsim \nswfootline \nswfree \nswmodels \nswModels \nswvdash \nswVdash \ntriplesim \nupdownline \nUpdownline \nupfootline \nupfree \nupmodels \nupModels \nupvdash \nupVdash \precnapprox \precnsim \succnapprox \succnsim
MnSymbol additionally denes synonyms for some of the preceding symbols:
33
\ndashv \ndiagdown \ndiagup \ndivides \ne \neq \nmid \nmodels \nparallel \nperp \nrelbar \nRelbar \nvDash \nvdash \nVdash \nVDash
(same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same
as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as
\nleftvdash) \nnwseline) \nneswline) \nupdownline) \nequal) \nequal) \nupdownline) \nrightmodels) \nUpdownline) \nupvdash) \nleftrightline) \nLeftrightline) \nrightmodels) \nrightvdash) \nrightVdash) \nrightModels)
Table 73: mathtools Binary Relations :: : := ::= :: \Colonapprox \colonapprox \coloneqq \Coloneqq \Coloneq : : :: :: : \coloneq \colonsim \Colonsim \dblcolon \eqcolon :: =: =:: \Eqcolon \eqqcolon \Eqqcolon
Similar symbols can be dened using mathtoolss \vcentcolon, which produces a colon centered on the fonts math axis:
=:= =:=
vs.
=: =
=\vcentcolon=
Table 74: turnstile Binary Relations

def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc
\dddtstile{abc}{def} \ddststile{abc}{def} \ddtstile{abc}{def} \ddttstile{abc}{def} \dndtstile{abc}{def} \dnststile{abc}{def} \dntstile{abc}{def}
def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc
def
\nntstile{abc}{def} \nnttstile{abc}{def} \nsdtstile{abc}{def} \nsststile{abc}{def} \nststile{abc}{def} \nsttstile{abc}{def} \ntdtstile{abc}{def}
abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc
\stdtstile{abc}{def} \stststile{abc}{def} \sttstile{abc}{def} \stttstile{abc}{def} \tddtstile{abc}{def} \tdststile{abc}{def} \tdtstile{abc}{def}
34

def
def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc
def
\dnttstile{abc}{def} \dsdtstile{abc}{def} \dsststile{abc}{def} \dststile{abc}{def} \dsttstile{abc}{def} \dtdtstile{abc}{def} \dtststile{abc}{def} \dttstile{abc}{def} \dtttstile{abc}{def} \nddtstile{abc}{def} \ndststile{abc}{def} \ndtstile{abc}{def} \ndttstile{abc}{def} \nndtstile{abc}{def} \nnststile{abc}{def}
abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc
\ntststile{abc}{def} \nttstile{abc}{def} \ntttstile{abc}{def} \sddtstile{abc}{def} \sdststile{abc}{def} \sdtstile{abc}{def} \sdttstile{abc}{def} \sndtstile{abc}{def} \snststile{abc}{def} \sntstile{abc}{def} \snttstile{abc}{def} \ssdtstile{abc}{def} \ssststile{abc}{def} \sststile{abc}{def} \ssttstile{abc}{def}
abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc
\tdttstile{abc}{def} \tndtstile{abc}{def} \tnststile{abc}{def} \tntstile{abc}{def} \tnttstile{abc}{def} \tsdtstile{abc}{def} \tsststile{abc}{def} \tststile{abc}{def} \tsttstile{abc}{def} \ttdtstile{abc}{def} \ttststile{abc}{def} \tttstile{abc}{def} \ttttstile{abc}{def}
Each of the above takes an optional argument that controls the size of the upper and lower expressions. See the turnstile documentation for more information.
Table 75: trsym Binary Relations \InversTransformHoriz \InversTransformVert \TransformHoriz \TransformVert

c c c c
Table 76: trfsigns Binary Relations c \dfourier c \fourier c s \laplace c .... s \ztransf
.. .. .. ..
s s ....
\Dfourier \Fourier \Laplace \Ztransf
35
Table 77: cmll Binary Relations \coh \incoh \scoh \sincoh
Table 78: Subset and Superset Relations \sqsubset \sqsubseteq \sqsupset
\sqsupseteq \subset \subseteq
\supset \supseteq
A Not predened in L TEX 2 . Use one of the packages latexsym, amsfonts, amssymb, mathabx, txfonts, pxfonts, or wasysym.
Table 79: AMS Subset and Superset Relations \nsubseteq \nsupseteq \nsupseteqq \sqsubset \sqsupset \Subset \subseteqq \subsetneq \subsetneqq \Supset \supseteqq \supsetneq \supsetneqq \varsubsetneq \varsubsetneqq \varsupsetneq \varsupsetneqq
Table 80: stmaryrd Subset and Superset Relations \subsetplus \subsetpluseq \supsetplus \supsetpluseq
Table 81: wasysym Subset and Superset Relations \sqsubset \sqsupset
Table 82: txfonts/pxfonts Subset and Superset Relations \nsqsubset \nsqsubseteq \nsqsupset \nsqsupseteq \nSubset \nsubseteqq \nSupset
36
Table 83: mathabx Subset and Superset Relations \nsqsubset \nsqSubset \nsqsubseteq \nsqsubseteqq \nsqsupset \nsqSupset \nsqsupseteq \nsqsupseteqq \nsubset \nSubset \nsubseteq \nsubseteqq

\nsupset \nSupset \nsupseteq \nsupseteqq \sqsubset \sqSubset \sqsubseteq \sqsubseteqq \sqsubsetneq \sqsubsetneqq \sqSupset \sqsupset
\sqsupseteq \sqsupseteqq \sqsupsetneq \sqsupsetneqq \subset \Subset \subseteq \subseteqq \subsetneq \subsetneqq \supset \Supset
\supseteq \supseteqq \supsetneq \supsetneqq \varsqsubsetneq \varsqsubsetneqq \varsqsupsetneq \varsqsupsetneqq \varsubsetneq \varsubsetneqq \varsupsetneq \varsupsetneqq
Table 84: MnSymbol Subset and Superset Relations \nSqsubset \nsqsubset \nsqsubseteq \nsqsubseteqq \nSqsupset \nsqsupset \nsqsupseteq \nsqsupseteqq \nSubset \nsubset \nsubseteq \nsubseteqq \nSupset \nsupset \nsupseteq \nsupseteqq \Sqsubset \sqsubset \sqsubseteq \sqsubseteqq \sqsubsetneq \sqsubsetneqq \Sqsupset \sqsupset \sqsupseteq \sqsupseteqq \sqsupsetneq \sqsupsetneqq \Subset \subset \subseteq \subseteqq \subsetneq \subsetneqq \Supset \supset \supseteq \supseteqq \supsetneq \supsetneqq
MnSymbol additionally denes \varsubsetneq as a synonym for \subsetneq, \varsubsetneqq as a synonym for \subsetneqq, \varsupsetneq as a synonym for \supsetneq, and \varsupsetneqq as a synonym for \supsetneqq.
Table 85: Inequalities \geq \gg \leq \ll \neq
Table 86: AMS Inequalities \eqslantgtr \eqslantless \geqq \geqslant \ggg \gnapprox \gneq \gneqq \gnsim \gtrapprox \gtrdot \gtreqless \gtreqqless \gtrless \gtrsim \gvertneqq \leqq \leqslant \lessapprox \lessdot 37 \lesseqgtr \lesseqqgtr \lessgtr \lesssim \lll \lnapprox \lneq \lneqq \lnsim \lvertneqq \ngeq \ngeqq \ngeqslant \ngtr \nleq \nleqq \nleqslant \nless
Table 87: wasysym Inequalities \apprge \apprle
Table 88: txfonts/pxfonts Inequalities \ngg \ngtrapprox \ngtrless \ngtrsim \nlessapprox \nlessgtr \nlesssim \nll
Table 89: mathabx Inequalities

4
\eqslantgtr \eqslantless \geq \geqq \gg \ggg \gnapprox \gneq \gneqq \gnsim \gtrapprox \gtrdot
\gtreqless \gtreqqless \gtrless \gtrsim \gvertneqq \leq \leqq \lessapprox \lessdot \lesseqgtr \lesseqqgtr \lessgtr
\lesssim \ll \lll \lnapprox \lneq \lneqq \lnsim \lvertneqq \neqslantgtr \neqslantless \ngeq \ngeqq
\ngtr \ngtrapprox \ngtrsim \nleq \nleqq \nless \nlessapprox \nlesssim \nvargeq \nvarleq \vargeq \varleq
mathabx denes \leqslant and \le as synonyms for \leq, \geqslant and \ge as synonyms for \geq, \nleqslant as a synonym for \nleq, and \ngeqslant as a synonym for \ngeq.
38
Table 90: MnSymbol Inequalities \eqslantgtr \eqslantless \geq \geqclosed \geqdot \geqq \geqslant \geqslantdot \gg \ggg \gnapprox \gneqq \gnsim \gtr \gtrapprox \gtrclosed \gtrdot \gtreqless \gtreqlessslant \gtreqqless \gtrless \gtrneqqless \gtrsim \leq \leqclosed \leqdot \leqq \leqslant \leqslantdot \less \lessapprox \lessclosed \lessdot \lesseqgtr \lesseqgtrslant \lesseqqgtr \lessgtr \lessneqqgtr \lesssim \ll \lll \lnapprox \lneqq \lnsim \neqslantgtr \neqslantless \ngeq \ngeqclosed \ngeqdot \ngeqq \ngeqslant \ngeqslantdot \ngg \nggg \ngtr \ngtrclosed \ngtrdot \ngtreqless \ngtreqlessslant \ngtreqqless \ngtrless \nleq \nleqclosed \nleqdot \nleqq \nleqslant \nleqslantdot \nless \nlessclosed \nlessdot \nlesseqgtr \nlesseqgtrslant \nlesseqqgtr \nlessgtr \nll \nlll
<
>
MnSymbol additionally denes synonyms for some of the preceding symbols: \gggtr \gvertneqq \lhd \llless \lvertneqq \ntrianglelefteq \ntriangleleft \ntrianglerighteq \ntriangleright \rhd \trianglelefteq \trianglerighteq \unlhd \unrhd \vartriangleleft \vartriangleright (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as \ggg) \gneqq) \lessclosed) \lll) \lneqq) \nleqclosed) \nlessclosed) \ngeqclosed) \ngtrclosed) \gtrclosed) \leqclosed) \geqclosed) \leqclosed) \geqclosed) \lessclosed) \gtrclosed)
Table 91: AMS Triangle Relations \blacktriangleleft \blacktriangleright \ntriangleleft \ntrianglelefteq \ntriangleright \ntrianglerighteq \trianglelefteq \triangleq \trianglerighteq \vartriangleleft \vartriangleright
39
Table 92: stmaryrd Triangle Relations \trianglelefteqslant \ntrianglelefteqslant \trianglerighteqslant \ntrianglerighteqslant
Table 93: mathabx Triangle Relations

\ntriangleleft \ntrianglelefteq \ntriangleright
\ntrianglerighteq \triangleleft \trianglelefteq
\triangleright \trianglerighteq \vartriangleleft
\vartriangleright
Table 94: MnSymbol Triangle Relations \filledmedtriangledown \filledmedtriangleleft \filledmedtriangleright \filledmedtriangleup \filledtriangledown \filledtriangleleft \filledtriangleright \filledtriangleup \largetriangledown \largetriangleleft \largetriangleright \largetriangleup \medtriangledown \medtriangleleft \medtriangleright \medtriangleup \ntriangleeq \ntriangleleft \ntrianglelefteq \ntriangleright \ntrianglerighteq \otriangle \smalltriangledown \smalltriangleleft \smalltriangleright \smalltriangleup \triangleeq \trianglelefteq \trianglerighteq \vartriangleleft \vartriangleright
MnSymbol additionally denes synonyms for many of the preceding symbols: \triangleq is a synonym for \triangleeq; \lhd and \lessclosed are synonyms for \vartriangleleft; \rhd and \gtrclosed are synonyms for \vartriangleright; \unlhd and \leqclosed are synonyms for \trianglelefteq; \unrhd and \geqclosed are synonyms for \trianglerighteq; \blacktriangledown, \blacktriangleleft, \blacktriangleright, and \blacktriangle [sic] are synonyms for, respectively, \filledmedtriangledown, \filledmedtriangleleft, \filledmedtriangleright, and \filledmedtriangleup; \triangleright is a synonym for \medtriangleright; \triangle, \vartriangle, and \bigtriangleup are synonyms for \medtriangleup; \triangleleft is a synonym for \medtriangleleft; \triangledown and \bigtriangledown are synonyms for \medtriangledown; \nlessclosed is a synonym for \ntriangleleft; \ngtrclosed is a synonym for \ntriangleright; \nleqclosed is a synonym for \ntrianglelefteq; and \ngeqclosed is a synonym for \ntrianglerighteq. The title Triangle Relations is a bit of a misnomer here as only \triangleeq and \ntriangleeq are dened as TEX relations (class 3 symbols). The \largetriangle. . . symbols are dened as TEX ordinary characters (class 0) and all of the remaining characters are dened as TEX binary operators (class 2).
40
Table 95: Arrows
\Downarrow \downarrow \hookleftarrow \hookrightarrow \leadsto \leftarrow \Leftarrow \Leftrightarrow \leftrightarrow
= =
\longleftarrow \Longleftarrow \longleftrightarrow \Longleftrightarrow \longmapsto \Longrightarrow \longrightarrow \mapsto \nearrow
\nwarrow \Rightarrow \rightarrow \searrow \swarrow \uparrow \Uparrow \updownarrow \Updownarrow
A Not predened in L TEX 2 . Use one of the packages latexsym, amsfonts, amssymb, txfonts, pxfonts, or wasysym.
See the note beneath Table 157 for information about how to put a diagonal arrow B 0 across a mathematical expression (as in ) . B
Table 96: Harpoons \leftharpoondown \leftharpoonup \rightharpoondown \rightharpoonup \rightleftharpoons
Table 97: textcomp Text-mode Arrows \textdownarrow \textleftarrow \textrightarrow \textuparrow
Table 98: AMS Arrows \circlearrowleft \circlearrowright \curvearrowleft \curvearrowright \dashleftarrow \dashrightarrow \downdownarrows \leftarrowtail \leftleftarrows \leftrightarrows \leftrightsquigarrow \Lleftarrow \looparrowleft \looparrowright \Lsh \rightarrowtail \rightleftarrows \rightrightarrows \rightsquigarrow \Rsh \twoheadleftarrow \twoheadrightarrow \upuparrows
Table 99: AMS Negated Arrows \nLeftarrow \nleftarrow \nLeftrightarrow \nleftrightarrow \nRightarrow \nrightarrow
Table 100: AMS Harpoons \downharpoonleft \downharpoonright \leftrightharpoons \rightleftharpoons 41 \upharpoonleft \upharpoonright
Table 101: stmaryrd Arrows \leftarrowtriangle \leftrightarroweq \leftrightarrowtriangle \lightning \Longmapsfrom \longmapsfrom \Longmapsto \Mapsfrom \mapsfrom \Mapsto \nnearrow \nnwarrow \rightarrowtriangle \shortdownarrow \shortleftarrow \shortrightarrow \shortuparrow \ssearrow \sswarrow
= =
Table 102: txfonts/pxfonts Arrows \boxdotLeft \boxdotleft \boxdotright \boxdotRight \boxLeft \boxleft \boxright \boxRight \circleddotleft \circleddotright \circleleft \circleright \dashleftrightarrow \DiamonddotLeft \Diamonddotleft \Diamonddotright \DiamonddotRight \DiamondLeft \Diamondleft \Diamondright \DiamondRight \leftsquigarrow \Nearrow \Nwarrow \Rrightarrow \Searrow \Swarrow
Table 103: mathabx Arrows \circlearrowleft \circlearrowright \curvearrowbotleft \curvearrowbotleftright \curvearrowbotright \curvearrowleft \curvearrowleftright \curvearrowright \dlsh \downdownarrows \downtouparrow \downuparrows \drsh
\leftarrow \leftleftarrows \leftrightarrow \leftrightarrows \leftrightsquigarrow \leftsquigarrow \lefttorightarrow \looparrowdownleft \looparrowdownright \looparrowleft \looparrowright \Lsh \nearrow
\nwarrow \restriction \rightarrow \rightleftarrows \rightrightarrows \rightsquigarrow \righttoleftarrow \Rsh \searrow \swarrow \updownarrows \uptodownarrow \upuparrows
Table 104: mathabx Negated Arrows

\nLeftarrow \nleftarrow
\nleftrightarrow \nLeftrightarrow
\nrightarrow \nRightarrow
42
Table 105: mathabx Harpoons \barleftharpoon \barrightharpoon \downdownharpoons \downharpoonleft \downharpoonright \downupharpoons \leftbarharpoon \leftharpoondown
\leftharpoonup \leftleftharpoons \leftrightharpoon \leftrightharpoons \rightbarharpoon \rightharpoondown \rightharpoonup \rightleftharpoon
\rightleftharpoons \rightrightharpoons \updownharpoons \upharpoonleft \upharpoonright \upupharpoons
Table 106: MnSymbol Arrows \curvearrowdownup \curvearrowleftright \curvearrownesw \curvearrownwse \curvearrowrightleft \curvearrowsenw \curvearrowswne \curvearrowupdown \dasheddownarrow \dashedleftarrow \dashednearrow \dashednwarrow \dashedrightarrow \dashedsearrow \dashedswarrow \dasheduparrow \Downarrow \downarrow \downarrowtail \downdownarrows \downlsquigarrow \downmapsto \downrsquigarrow \downuparrows \lcirclearrowdown \lcirclearrowleft \lcirclearrowright \lcirclearrowup \lcurvearrowdown \lcurvearrowleft \lcurvearrowne \lcurvearrownw \lcurvearrowright \lcurvearrowse \lcurvearrowsw \lcurvearrowup \Leftarrow \leftarrow \longleftarrow \Longleftarrow \longleftrightarrow \Longleftrightarrow \longmapsto \longrightarrow \Longrightarrow \looparrowleft \looparrowright \Lsh \nearrow \Nearrow \nearrowtail \nelsquigarrow \nemapsto \nenearrows \nersquigarrow \neswarrow \Neswarrow \neswarrows \nwarrow \Nwarrow \nwarrowtail \nwlsquigarrow \nwmapsto \nwnwarrows \nwrsquigarrow \nwsearrow \Nwsearrow \nwsearrows \partialvardlcircleleftint \partialvardlcirclerightint \partialvardrcircleleftint \partialvardrcirclerightint \partialvartlcircleleftint \partialvartlcirclerightint \partialvartrcircleleftint \partialvartrcirclerightint \rhookswarrow \rhookuparrow \rightarrow \Rightarrow \rightarrowtail \rightleftarrows \rightlsquigarrow \rightmapsto \rightrightarrows \rightrsquigarrow \Rrightarrow \Rsh \searrow \Searrow \searrowtail \selsquigarrow \semapsto \senwarrows \sersquigarrow \sesearrows \squigarrowdownup \squigarrowleftright \squigarrownesw \squigarrownwse \squigarrowrightleft \squigarrowsenw \squigarrowswne \squigarrowupdown \swarrow \Swarrow \swarrowtail \swlsquigarrow \swmapsto \swnearrows \swrsquigarrow \swswarrows \twoheaddownarrow \twoheadleftarrow
43
\leftarrowtail \leftleftarrows \leftlsquigarrow \leftmapsto \leftrightarrow \Leftrightarrow \leftrightarrows \leftrsquigarrow \lhookdownarrow \lhookleftarrow \lhooknearrow \lhooknwarrow \lhookrightarrow \lhooksearrow \lhookswarrow \lhookuparrow \lightning \Lleftarrow
\rcirclearrowdown \rcirclearrowleft \rcirclearrowright \rcirclearrowup \rcurvearrowdown \rcurvearrowleft \rcurvearrowne \rcurvearrownw \rcurvearrowright \rcurvearrowse \rcurvearrowsw \rcurvearrowup \rhookdownarrow \rhookleftarrow \rhooknearrow \rhooknwarrow \rhookrightarrow \rhooksearrow
\twoheadnearrow \twoheadnwarrow \twoheadrightarrow \twoheadsearrow \twoheadswarrow \twoheaduparrow \uparrow \Uparrow \uparrowtail \updownarrow \Updownarrow \updownarrows \uplsquigarrow \upmapsto \uprsquigarrow \upuparrows
MnSymbol additionally denes synonyms for some of the preceding symbols: \circlearrowleft \circlearrowright \curvearrowleft \curvearrowright \dashleftarrow \dashrightarrow \hookleftarrow \hookrightarrow \leadsto \leftrightsquigarrow \mapsto \rightsquigarrow
(same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same
as as as as as as as as as as as as
\rcirclearrowup) \lcirclearrowup) \rcurvearrowleft) \lcurvearrowright) \dashedleftarrow) \dashedrightarrow) \rhookleftarrow) \lhookrightarrow) \rightlsquigarrow) \squigarrowleftright) \rightmapsto) \rightlsquigarrow)
The \partialvar. . . int macros are intended to be used internally by MnSymbol to produce various types of integrals.
Table 107: MnSymbol Negated Arrows \ncurvearrowdownup \ncurvearrowleftright \ncurvearrownesw \ncurvearrownwse \ncurvearrowrightleft \ncurvearrowsenw \ncurvearrowswne \ncurvearrowupdown \ndasheddownarrow \ndashedleftarrow \nlhooknwarrow \nlhookrightarrow \nlhooksearrow \nlhookswarrow \nlhookuparrow \nLleftarrow \nnearrow \nNearrow \nnearrowtail \nnelsquigarrow \nrightleftarrows \nrightlsquigarrow \nrightmapsto \nrightrightarrows \nrightrsquigarrow \nRrightarrow \nSearrow \nsearrow \nsearrowtail \nselsquigarrow
44
\ndashednearrow \ndashednwarrow \ndashedrightarrow \ndashedsearrow \ndashedswarrow \ndasheduparrow \ndownarrow \nDownarrow \ndownarrowtail \ndowndownarrows \ndownlsquigarrow \ndownmapsto \ndownrsquigarrow \ndownuparrows \nlcirclearrowdown \nlcirclearrowleft \nlcirclearrowright \nlcirclearrowup \nlcurvearrowdown \nlcurvearrowleft \nlcurvearrowne \nlcurvearrownw \nlcurvearrowright \nlcurvearrowse \nlcurvearrowsw \nlcurvearrowup \nLeftarrow \nleftarrow \nleftarrowtail \nleftleftarrows \nleftlsquigarrow \nleftmapsto \nleftrightarrow \nLeftrightarrow \nleftrightarrows \nleftrsquigarrow \nlhookdownarrow \nlhookleftarrow \nlhooknearrow
\nnemapsto \nnenearrows \nnersquigarrow \nNeswarrow \nneswarrow \nneswarrows \nNwarrow \nnwarrow \nnwarrowtail \nnwlsquigarrow \nnwmapsto \nnwnwarrows \nnwrsquigarrow \nnwsearrow \nNwsearrow \nnwsearrows \nrcirclearrowdown \nrcirclearrowleft \nrcirclearrowright \nrcirclearrowup \nrcurvearrowdown \nrcurvearrowleft \nrcurvearrowne \nrcurvearrownw \nrcurvearrowright \nrcurvearrowse \nrcurvearrowsw \nrcurvearrowup \nrhookdownarrow \nrhookleftarrow \nrhooknearrow \nrhooknwarrow \nrhookrightarrow \nrhooksearrow \nrhookswarrow \nrhookuparrow \nrightarrow \nRightarrow \nrightarrowtail
\nsemapsto \nsenwarrows \nsersquigarrow \nsesearrows \nsquigarrowdownup \nsquigarrowleftright \nsquigarrownesw \nsquigarrownwse \nsquigarrowrightleft \nsquigarrowsenw \nsquigarrowswne \nsquigarrowupdown \nswarrow \nSwarrow \nswarrowtail \nswlsquigarrow \nswmapsto \nswnearrows \nswrsquigarrow \nswswarrows \ntwoheaddownarrow \ntwoheadleftarrow \ntwoheadnearrow \ntwoheadnwarrow \ntwoheadrightarrow \ntwoheadsearrow \ntwoheadswarrow \ntwoheaduparrow \nuparrow \nUparrow \nuparrowtail \nupdownarrow \nUpdownarrow \nupdownarrows \nuplsquigarrow \nupmapsto \nuprsquigarrow \nupuparrows
MnSymbol additionally denes synonyms for some of the preceding symbols:
45
\ncirclearrowleft \ncirclearrowright \ncurvearrowleft \ncurvearrowright \ndasharrow \ndashleftarrow \ndashrightarrow \ngets \nhookleftarrow \nhookrightarrow \nleadsto \nleftrightsquigarrow \nmapsto \nrightsquigarrow \nto
(same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same
as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as
\nrcirclearrowup) \nlcirclearrowup) \nrcurvearrowleft) \nlcurvearrowright) \ndashedrightarrow) \ndashedleftarrow) \ndashedrightarrow) \nleftarrow) \nrhookleftarrow) \nlhookrightarrow) \nrightlsquigarrow) \nsquigarrowleftright) \nrightmapsto) \nrightlsquigarrow) \nrightarrow)
Table 108: MnSymbol Harpoons \downharpoonccw \downharpooncw \downupharpoons \leftharpoonccw \leftharpooncw \leftrightharpoondownup \leftrightharpoons \leftrightharpoonupdown \neharpoonccw \neharpooncw \neswharpoonnwse
\neswharpoons \neswharpoonsenw \nwharpoonccw \nwharpooncw \nwseharpoonnesw \nwseharpoons \nwseharpoonswne \rightharpoonccw \rightharpooncw \rightleftharpoons \seharpoonccw
\seharpooncw \senwharpoons \swharpoonccw \swharpooncw \swneharpoons \updownharpoonleftright \updownharpoonrightleft \updownharpoons \upharpoonccw \upharpooncw
Where marked, the ccw sux can be replaced with up and the cw sufx can be replaced with down. (In addition, \upharpooncw can be written as \restriction.)
Table 109: MnSymbol Negated Harpoons \ndownharpoonccw \ndownharpooncw \ndownupharpoons \nleftharpoonccw \nleftharpooncw \nleftrightharpoondownup \nleftrightharpoons \nleftrightharpoonupdown \nneharpoonccw \nneharpooncw \nneswharpoonnwse

\nneswharpoons \nneswharpoonsenw \nnwharpoonccw \nnwharpooncw \nnwseharpoonnesw \nnwseharpoons \nnwseharpoonswne \nrightharpoonccw \nrightharpooncw \nrightleftharpoons \nseharpoonccw
\nseharpooncw \nsenwharpoons \nswharpoonccw \nswharpooncw \nswneharpoons \nupdownharpoonleftright \nupdownharpoonrightleft \nupdownharpoons \nupharpoonccw \nupharpooncw
Where marked, the ccw sux can be replaced with up and the cw sux can be replaced with down. (In addition, \nupharpooncw can be written as \nrestriction.)
46
Table 110: chemarrow Arrows
\chemarrow
Table 111: fge Arrows
\fgerightarrow
"
\fgeuparrow
Table 112: MnSymbol Spoons \downfilledspoon \downspoon \leftfilledspoon \leftspoon \ndownfilledspoon \ndownspoon \nefilledspoon \nespoon \nleftfilledspoon \nleftspoon \nnefilledspoon
\nnespoon \nnwfilledspoon \nnwspoon \nrightfilledspoon \nrightspoon \nsefilledspoon \nsespoon \nswfilledspoon \nswspoon \nupfilledspoon \nupspoon
\nwfilledspoon \nwspoon \rightfilledspoon \rightspoon \sefilledspoon \sespoon \swfilledspoon \swspoon \upfilledspoon \upspoon
MnSymbol denes \multimap as a synonym for \rightspoon and \nmultimap as a synonym for \nrightspoon.
Table 113: MnSymbol Pitchforks \downpitchfork \leftpitchfork \ndownpitchfork \nepitchfork \nleftpitchfork \nnepitchfork
\nnwpitchfork \nrightpitchfork \nsepitchfork \nswpitchfork \nuppitchfork \nwpitchfork
\rightpitchfork \sepitchfork \swpitchfork \uppitchfork
MnSymbol denes \pitchfork as a synonym for \uppitchfork and \npitchfork as a synonym for \nuppitchfork.
47
Table 114: MnSymbol Smiles and Frowns \doublefrown \doublefrowneq \doublesmile \doublesmileeq \eqfrown \eqsmile \frown \frowneq \frowneqsmile \frownsmile \frownsmileeq \ndoublefrown \ndoublefrowneq \ndoublesmile \ndoublesmileeq \neqfrown \neqsmile \nfrown \nfrowneq \nfrowneqsmile \nfrownsmile \nfrownsmileeq \nsmile
\nsmileeq \nsmileeqfrown \nsmilefrown \nsmilefrowneq \nsqdoublefrown \nsqdoublefrowneq \nsqdoublesmile \nsqdoublesmileeq \nsqeqfrown \nsqeqsmile \nsqfrown \nsqfrowneq \nsqfrowneqsmile \nsqfrownsmile \nsqsmile \nsqsmileeq \nsqsmileeqfrown \nsqsmilefrown \nsqtriplefrown \nsqtriplesmile \ntriplefrown \ntriplesmile \smile
\smileeq \smileeqfrown \smilefrown \smilefrowneq \sqdoublefrown \sqdoublefrowneq \sqdoublesmile \sqdoublesmileeq \sqeqfrown \sqeqsmile \sqfrown \sqfrowneq \sqfrowneqsmile \sqfrownsmile \sqsmile \sqsmileeq \sqsmileeqfrown \sqsmilefrown \sqtriplefrown \sqtriplesmile \triplefrown \triplesmile
MnSymbol denes \smallsmile as a synonym for \smile, \smallfrown as a synonym for \frown, \asymp as a synonym for \smilefrown, and \nasymp as a synonym for \nsmilefrown.
\blitza
Table 115: ulsy Contradiction Symbols \blitzb
\blitzc
\blitzd
\blitze
Table 116: Extension Characters \relbar = \Relbar
Table 117: stmaryrd Extension Characters \Arrownot \arrownot \Mapsfromchar \mapsfromchar \Mapstochar
Table 118: txfonts/pxfonts Extension Characters \Mappedfromchar \mappedfromchar \Mmappedfromchar \mmappedfromchar \Mmapstochar \mmapstochar
48
Table 119: mathabx Extension Characters

\mapsfromchar \Mapsfromchar
\mapstochar \Mapstochar
Table 120: Log-like Symbols \arccos \arcsin \arctan \arg \cos \cosh \cot \coth \csc \deg \det \dim \exp \gcd \hom \inf \ker \lg \lim \liminf \limsup \ln \log \max \min \Pr \sec \sin \sinh \sup \tan \tanh
Calling the above symbols may be a bit misleading.2 Each log-like symbol merely produces the eponymous textual equivalent, but with proper surrounding spacing. See Section 7.4 for more information about log-like symbols. As \bmod and \pmod are arguably not symbols we refer the reader to the Short Math Guide for A L TEX [Dow00] for samples.
Table 121: AMS Log-like Symbols inj lim proj lim \injlim \projlim lim lim \varinjlim \varliminf lim lim \varlimsup \varprojlim
Load the amsmath package to get these symbols. See Section 7.4 for some additional comments regarding log-like symbols. As \mod and \pod are arguably not symbols A we refer the reader to the Short Math Guide for L TEX [Dow00] for samples.
Table 122: Greek Letters \alpha \beta \gamma \delta \epsilon \varepsilon \zeta \eta \Gamma \Delta \Theta \theta \vartheta \iota \kappa \lambda \mu \nu \xi \Lambda \Xi \Pi o o \pi \varpi \rho \varrho \sigma \varsigma \tau \upsilon \phi \varphi \chi \psi \omega
\Sigma \Upsilon \Phi
\Psi \Omega
The remaining Greek majuscules can be produced with ordinary Latin letters. The symbol M, for instance, is used for both an uppercase m and an uppercase . See Section 7.5 for examples of how to produce bold Greek letters.
Table 123: AMS Greek Letters \digamma

2 Michael
\varkappa
J. Downes prefers the more general term, atomic math objects.
49
Table 124: txfonts/pxfonts Upright Greek Letters \alphaup \betaup \gammaup \deltaup \epsilonup \varepsilonup \zetaup \etaup \thetaup \varthetaup \iotaup \kappaup \lambdaup \muup \nuup \xiup \piup \varpiup \rhoup \varrhoup \sigmaup \varsigmaup \tauup \upsilonup \phiup \varphiup \chiup \psiup \omegaup
Table 125: upgreek Upright Greek Letters \upalpha \upbeta \upgamma \updelta \upepsilon \upvarepsilon \upzeta \upeta \Upgamma \Updelta \Uptheta \uptheta \upvartheta \upiota \upkappa \uplambda \upmu \upnu \upxi \Uplambda \Upxi \Uppi \uppi \upvarpi \uprho \upvarrho \upsigma \upvarsigma \uptau \upupsilon \Upsigma \Upupsilon \Upphi \upphi \upvarphi \upchi \uppsi \upomega
\Uppsi \Upomega
upgreek utilizes upright Greek characters from either the PostScript Symbol font (depicted above) or Euler Roman. As a result, the glyphs may appear slightly dierent from the above. Contrast, for example, (Symbol) with (Euler).
Table 126: txfonts/pxfonts Variant Latin Letters \varg \varv \varw \vary
Pass the varg option to txfonts/pxfonts to replace g, v, w, and y with , , , and in every mathematical expression in your document.
Table 127: AMS Hebrew Letters \beth \gimel \daleth
\aleph () appears in Table 184 on page 62.
Table 128: MnSymbol Hebrew Letters \aleph \beth \gimel \daleth
50
Table 129: Letter-like Symbols \bot \ell \exists \forall \hbar \Im \imath \in \jmath \ni \partial \Re \top \wp
Table 130: AMS Letter-like Symbols k \Bbbk \circledR \circledS \complement \Finv \Game \hbar \hslash \nexists
Table 131: txfonts/pxfonts Letter-like Symbols
\mathcent
\mathsterling
\notin
\notni
Table 132: mathabx Letter-like Symbols

e h p q
\barin \complement \exists \Finv \Game
i w
\in \nexists \notbot \notin \notowner
v f g
\nottop \owns \ownsbar \partial \partialslash
\varnotin \varnotowner
Table 133: MnSymbol Letter-like Symbols
\bot \exists \forall
\in \nexists \nin
\nowns \owns \powerset
\top \wp
MnSymbol provides synonyms \notin for \nin, \ni for \owns, and \intercal for \top.
Table 134: trfsigns Letter-like Symbols e \e j \im
Table 135: mathdesign Letter-like Symbols \in \notin \notsmallin \notsmallowns \owns \smallin \smallowns
The mathdesign package additionally provides versions of each of the letter-like symbols shown in Table 130. 51
Table 136: fge Letter-like Symbols
A c e
\fgeA \fgec \fged \fgee
F f
\fgeeszett \fgeF \fgef \fgelb
D C B s
\fgeleftB \fgeleftC \fgerightB \fges
\fgeU
The fge package denes \fgeeta, \fgeN, and \fgeoverU as synonyms for \fgelb.
Table 137: AMS Delimiters \ulcorner \llcorner \urcorner \lrcorner
Table 138: stmaryrd Delimiters \Lbag \llceil \llparenthesis \Rbag \rrceil \rrparenthesis \lbag \llfloor \rbag \rrfloor
v x z
Table 139: mathabx Delimiters \lcorners \ulcorner \llcorner
w y {
\rcorners \urcorner \lrcorner
Table 140: nath Delimiters \niv \vin
52
Table 141: Variable-sized Delimiters \downarrow \langle \lceil \lfloor ( / ( / ) \ \Downarrow \rangle \rceil \rfloor ) \backslash { [ | [ | \uparrow \updownarrow \{ } ] ] \| \Uparrow \Updownarrow \}
When used with \left and \right, these symbols expand to the height of the enclosed math expression. Note that \vert is a synonym for |, and \Vert is a synonym for \|. -TEX provides a \middle analogue to \left and \right. \middle can be used, for example, to make an internal | expand to the height of the surrounding \left and \right symbols. (This capability is commonly needed when typesetting adjacent bras and kets in Dirac notation: | ). A similar eect can be achieved in A conventional L TEX using the braket package.
\lmoustache
\arrowvert
Table 142: Large, Variable-sized Delimiters \lgroup \rmoustache \bracevert \Arrowvert
\rgroup
These symbols must be used with \left and \right. The mathabx package, however, redenes \lgroup and \rgroup so that those symbols can work without \left and \right.
Table 143: AMS Variable-sized Delimiters | \lvert \lVert | \rvert \rVert
According to the amsmath documentation [AMS99], the preceding symbols are intended to be used as delimiters (e.g., as in |z|) while the \vert and \Vert symbols (Table 141) are intended to be used as operators (e.g., as in p|q).
Table 144: stmaryrd Variable-sized Delimiters \llbracket 53 \rrbracket
Table 145: mathabx Variable-sized Delimiters

v
1
\ldbrack
9
\rdbrack
7 7 7 7
\lfilet \thickvert
? ? ? \rfilet ? ~ \vvvert ?
Table 146: MnSymbol Variable-sized Delimiters
\lceil
\rceil
\ulcorner
\urcorner
\lfloor
\rfloor
\llcorner
\lrcorner
\lwavy
\rwavy
\langle
\rangle
\lWavy
\rWavy
\langlebar
\ranglebar
\lgroup
\rgroup
\lsem
\rsem
\llangle
\rrangle
\lmoustache
\rmoustache
\lbrace
\rbrace
\backslash
<
>
\ullcorner
\ulrcorner
\|
\bracevert
\arrowvert
\Arrowvert
\vert is a synonym for |. \Vert is a synonym for \|. \mid and \mvert produce the same symbol as \vert but designated as math relations instead of ordinals. \divides produces the same symbol as \vert but designated as a binary operator instead of an ordinal. \parallel and \mVert produce the same symbol as \Vert but designated as math relations instead of ordinals.
54
Table 147: mathdesign Variable-sized Delimiters \leftwave \leftevaw \rightwave \rightevaw
The denitions of these symbols include a preceding \left or \right. It is therefore an error to specify \left or \right explicitly. The internal, primitive versions of these symbols are called \lwave, \rwave, \levaw, and \revaw.
Table 148: nath Variable-sized Delimiters (Double) \lAngle [[ \lBrack \lCeil \lFloor ||
\rAngle ]] \rBrack \rCeil \rFloor || \rVert
\lVert
nath redenes all of the above to include implicit \left and \right commands. Hence, separate \lVert and \rVert commands are needed to disambiguate whether | is a left or right delimiter. All of the symbols in Table 148 can also be expressed using the \double macro. See the nath documentation for examples and additional information.
Table 149: nath Variable-sized Delimiters (Triple) \triple< [[[ |||
\triple> ]]] ||| \triple] \rtriple|
\triple[ \ltriple|
Similar to \lVert and \rVert in Table 148, \ltriple and \rtriple must be used instead of \triple to disambiguate whether | is a left or right delimiter. Note that \tripleand the corresponding \doubleis actually a macro that takes a delimiter as an argument.
55
Table 150: textcomp Text-mode Delimiters \textlangle \textlbrackdbl \textlquill \textrangle \textrbrackdbl \textrquill
Table 151: metre Text-mode Delimiters } { \alad \alas \angud \angus
} \Alad { \Alas
\Angud \Angus
]] [[
\crux \quadrad \quadras
]] [[
\Crux \Quadrad \Quadras
Table 152: Math-mode Accents a a a \acute{a} \bar{a} \breve{a} a a a \check{a} \ddot{a} \dot{a} a ` a a \grave{a} \hat{a} \mathring{a} a a \tilde{a} \vec{a}
Also note the existence of \imath and \jmath, which produce dotless versions of i and j . (See Table 184 on page 62.) These are useful when the accent is supposed to replace the dot. For example, \hat{\imath} produces a correct , while \hat{i} would yield the rather odd-looking . i
Table 153: AMS Math-mode Accents ... .... a \dddot{a} a \ddddot{a} These accents are also provided by the mathabx and accents packages and are redened by the mathdots package if the amsmath and amssymb packages have previously been loaded. All of the variations except for the original AMS ones tighten ... the space between the dots (from a to The mathabx and mathdots... a). versions also a function properly within subscripts and superscripts (x instead of x a ) .
Table 154: MnSymbol Math-mode Accents a \vec{a}
A a
Table 155: fge Math-mode Accents \spirituslenis{A}\spirituslenis{a}
When fge is passed the crescent option, \spirituslenis instead uses a crescent accent as in . a
56
Table 156: yhmath Math-mode Accents a \ring{a}
A This symbol is largely obsolete, as standard L TEX 2 has supported \mathring A since June, 1998 [L T98].
Table 157: Extensible Accents abc abc abc abc abc \widetilde{abc} \overleftarrow{abc} \overline{abc} \overbrace{abc} \sqrt{abc} abc abc abc abc \widehat{abc} \overrightarrow{abc} \underline{abc} \underbrace{abc}
As demonstrated in a 1997 TUGboat article about typesetting long-division problems [Gib97], an extensible long-division sign ( )abc ) can be faked by putting a \big) in a tabular environment with an \hline or \cline in the preceding row. The article also presents a piece of code (uploaded to CTAN as longdiv.tex) that automatically solves and typesetsby putting an \overline atop \big) and the desired textlong-division problems. See also the polynom package, which automatically solves and typesets polynomial-division problems in a similar manner.
These symbols are made more extensible by the MnSymbol package and even more extensible by the yhmath package. If youre looking for an extensible diagonal line or arrow to be used for canceling or 5 $ reducing mathematical subexpressions (e.g., $+ x or $+ $ ) then consider x $$ 3 $X 2 using the cancel package. With an optional argument, \sqrt typesets nth roots. For example, 3 n \sqrt[3]{abc} produces abc and \sqrt[n]{abc} produces abc .
Table 158: overrightarrow Extensible Accents = abc \Overrightarrow{abc}
Table 159: yhmath Extensible Accents abc abc \wideparen{abc} \widering{abc} abc \widetriangle{abc}
57
Table 160: AMS Extensible Accents abc abc \overleftrightarrow{abc} \underleftarrow{abc} abc abc \underleftrightarrow{abc} \underrightarrow{abc}
Table 161: MnSymbol Extensible Accents abc abc abc abc abc abc \overbrace{abc} \overgroup{abc} \overlinesegment{abc} \overleftharpoon{abc} \widehat{abc} \wideparen{abc} abc abc abc abc abc \underbrace{abc} \undergroup{abc} \underlinesegment{abc} \overrightharpoon{abc} \widetilde{abc}
Table 162: mathtools Extensible Accents abc abc
\overbrace{abc} \overbracket{abc}
abc abc
\underbrace{abc} \underbracket{abc}
\overbracket and \underbracket accept optional arguments that specify the bracket height and thickness. See the mathtools documentation for more information.
hkkikkj hkkk j
abc abc
Table 163: mathabx Extensible Accents \overbrace{abc} \overgroup{abc}
abc | abc abc

abc
\widebar{abc} \widecheck{abc} \wideparen{abc} \widering{abc}
abc loomoon \underbrace{abc} abc looo n abc \undergroup{abc} \widearrow{abc}
The braces shown for \overbrace and \underbrace appear in their minimum size. They can expand arbitrarily wide, however.
58
Table 164: esvect Extensible Accents # abc \vv{abc} with package option a # abc \vv{abc} with package option b # abc \vv{abc} with package option c # abc \vv{abc} with package option d # abc \vv{abc} with package option e # abc \vv{abc} with package option f # abc \vv{abc} with package option g # abc \vv{abc} with package option h esvect also denes a \vv* macro which is used to typeset arrows over vector variables with subscripts. See the esvect documentation for more information.
Table 165: undertilde Extensible Accents abc \utilde{abc}
Because \utilde is based on \widetilde it is also made more extensible by the yhmath package.
Table 166: AMS Extensible Arrows

abc
\xleftarrow{abc}
abc
\xrightarrow{abc}
Table 167: mathtools Extensible Arrows = =

abc abc abc abc
\xhookleftarrow{abc} \xhookrightarrow{abc} \xLeftarrow{abc} \xleftharpoondown{abc} \xleftharpoonup{abc} \xleftrightarrow{abc} \xLeftrightarrow{abc}
= =
abc abc abc abc abc
abc
\xleftrightharpoons{abc} \xmapsto{abc} \xRightarrow{abc} \xrightharpoondown{abc} \xrightharpoonup{abc} \xrightleftharpoons{abc}
abc
=
abc
abc
Table 168: chemarr Extensible Arrows

abc
\xrightleftharpoons{abc}
59
Table 169: chemarrow Extensible Arrows abc DGGGGGGG def abc EGGGGGGG GGGGGGGC def abc GGGGGGGA def abc GGGGGGGB FGGGGGGG def
\autoleftarrow{abc}{def}
\autorightarrow{abc}{def}
\autoleftrightharpoons{abc}{def}
\autorightleftharpoons{abc}{def}
In addition to the symbols shown above, chemarrow also provides \larrowfill, \rarrowfill, \leftrightharpoonsfill, and \rightleftharpoonsfill macros. Each of these takes a length argument and produces an arrow of the specied length.
Table 170: trfsigns Extensible Arrows

a
\dft{a}
\DFT{a}
Table 171: extarrows Extensible Arrows = == == = =

abc abc abc abc abc
\xLeftrightarrow{abc} \xleftrightarrow{abc} \xlongequal{abc} \xLongleftarrow{abc} \xlongleftarrow{abc}
= = = =
abc abc abc
abc
\xLongleftrightarrow{abc} \xlongleftrightarrow{abc} \xLongrightarrow{abc} \xlongrightarrow{abc}
Table 172: extpfeil Extensible Arrows == ==

abc abc
\xlongequal{abc} \xtwoheadleftarrow{abc}

abc
abc
\xmapsto{abc} \xtwoheadrightarrow{abc}
The extpfeil package also provides a \newextarrow command to help you dene your own extensible arrow symbols. See the extpfeil documentation for more information.
Table 173: holtpolt Non-commutative Division Symbols abc def \holter{abc}{def} abc def \polter{abc}{def}
60
Table 174: Dots
\cdotp \cdots
: ..
\colon . \ddots
. ...
\ldotp \ldots
. . .
\vdots
While : is valid in math mode, \colon uses dierent surrounding spacing. See A Section 7.4 and the Short Math Guide for L TEX [Dow00] for more information on math-mode spacing. The mathdots package redenes \ddots and \vdots to make them scale properly with font size. (They normally scale horizontally but not vertically.) \fixedddots A and \fixedvdots provide the original, xed-height functionality of L TEX 2 s \ddots and \vdots macros.
Table 175: AMS Dots ...
\because \dotsb \dotsc
...
\dotsi \dotsm \dotso
\therefore
\because and \therefore are dened as binary relations and therefore also appear in Table 63 on page 30. The AMS \dots symbols are named according to their intended usage: \dotsb between pairs of binary operators/relations, \dotsc between pairs of commas, \dotsi between pairs of integrals, \dotsm between pairs of multiplication signs, and \dotso between other symbol pairs.
Table 176: wasysym Dots \wasytherefore
Table 177: MnSymbol Dots \cdot \ddotdot \ddots \diamonddots \downtherefore \fivedots \hdotdot \hdots \lefttherefore \righttherefore \squaredots \udotdot \udots \uptherefore \vdotdot \vdots
MnSymbol denes \therefore as \uptherefore and \because as \downtherefore. Furthermore, \cdotp and \colon produce the same glyphs as \cdot and \vdotdot respectively but serve as TEX math punctuation (class 6 symbols) instead of TEX binary operators (class 2). All of the above except \hdots and \vdots are dened as binary operators and therefore also appear in Table 46 on page 23. Also, unlike most of the other dot symbols in this document, MnSymbols dots are dened as single characters instead of as composites of multiple single-dot characters.
61
Table 178: mathdots Dots . .. \iddots
Table 179: yhmath Dots .. . \adots
Table 180: mathcomp Math Symbols \tccentigrade \tcmu \tcohm \tcpertenthousand \tcperthousand
H I
Table 181: mathabx Mayan Digits \maya{0} \maya{1}
P Q
\maya{2} \maya{3}
R S
\maya{4} \maya{5}
Table 182: marvosym Digits 0 1 \MVZero \MVOne 2 3 \MVTwo \MVThree 4 5 \MVFour \MVFive 6 7 \MVSix \MVSeven 8 9 \MVEight \MVNine
Table 183: fge Digits
\fgestruckzero
\fgestruckone
A Table 184: Miscellaneous L TEX 2 Math Symbols
\aleph \angle \backslash \Box, \clubsuit
\Diamond \diamondsuit \emptyset \flat \heartsuit
\infty \mho \nabla \natural \neg
\prime \sharp \spadesuit \surd \triangle
A Not predened in L TEX 2 . Use one of the packages latexsym, amsfonts, amssymb, txfonts, pxfonts, or wasysym. Note, however, that amsfonts and amssymb dene \Diamond to produce the same glyph as \lozenge (); the other packages produce a squarer \Diamond as depicted above.
To use \Boxor any other symbolas an end-of-proof (Q.E.D.) marker, consider using the ntheorem package, which properly juxtaposes a symbol with the end of the proof text. Many people prefer the look of AMSs \varnothing (, Table 185) to that of A L TEXs \emptyset. 62
Table 185: Miscellaneous AMS Math Symbols \angle \backprime \bigstar \blacklozenge \blacksquare \blacktriangle \blacktriangledown \diagdown \diagup \eth \lozenge \measuredangle \mho \sphericalangle \square \triangledown \varnothing \vartriangle
Table 186: Miscellaneous wasysym Math Symbols \Box
\Diamond
\mho
\varangle
wasysym also denes an \agemO symbol, which is the same glyph as \mho but is intended for use in text mode.
Table 187: Miscellaneous txfonts/pxfonts Math Symbols \Diamondblack \Diamonddot \lambdabar \lambdaslash \varclubsuit \vardiamondsuit \varheartsuit \varspadesuit
Table 188: Miscellaneous mathabx Math Symbols

H
\degree \diagdown \diagup \diameter
R 5 V
\fourth \hash \infty \leftthreetimes
b 8
W
\measuredangle \pitchfork \propto \rightthreetimes
c
Q
\second \sphericalangle \third \varhash
Table 189: Miscellaneous MnSymbol Math Symbols \angle \backneg \backprime \checkmark \clubsuit \diameter \diamondsuit \flat \heartsuit \infty \invbackneg \invneg \maltese \measuredangle \nabla \natural \neg \prime \sharp \smallint \spadesuit \sphericalangle
MnSymbol denes \emptyset and \varnothing as synonyms for \diameter; \lnot and \minushookdown as synonyms for \neg; \minushookup as a synonym for \invneg; \hookdownminus as a synonym for \backneg; and, \hookupminus as a synonym for \invbackneg.
63
Table 190: Miscellaneous Internal MnSymbol Math Symbols \partialvardint \partialvardlanddownint \partialvardlandupint \partialvardlcircleleftint \partialvardlcirclerightint \partialvardoiint \partialvardoint \partialvardrcircleleftint \partialvardrcirclerightint \partialvardstrokedint \partialvardsumint \partialvartint \partialvartlanddownint \partialvartlandupint \partialvartlcircleleftint \partialvartlcirclerightint \partialvartoiint \partialvartoint \partialvartrcircleleftint \partialvartrcirclerightint \partialvartstrokedint \partialvartsumint
These symbols are intended to be used internally by MnSymbol to construct the integrals appearing in Table 59 on page 29 but can nevertheless be used in isolation.
Table 191: Miscellaneous textcomp Text-mode Math Symbols
\textdegree \textdiv \textfractionsolidus \textlnot \textminus
\textonehalf \textonequarter \textonesuperior \textpm \textsurd
\textthreequarters \textthreesuperior \texttimes \texttwosuperior
If you prefer a larger degree symbol you might consider dening one as \ensuremath{^\circ} ( ). nicefrac (part of the units package) can be used to construct vulgar fractions like 1/2, 1/4, 3/4, and even c/o.
Table 192: Miscellaneous marvosym Math Symbols W = \Anglesign \Corresponds p \Squaredot \Vectorarrow P \Vectorarrowhigh
Table 193: Miscellaneous fge Math Symbols
K M O
\fgebackslash \fgebaracute \fgebarcap
S Q N
\fgecap \fgecapbar \fgecup
R P i
\fgecupacute \fgecupbar \fgeinfty
h L
\fgelangle \fgeupbracket
Table 194: Miscellaneous mathdesign Math Symbols \rightangle
Table 195: Miscellaneous arev Math Symbols \steaming \varclub \vardiamond \varheart 64 \varspade
Table 196: Math Alphabets Font sample ABCdef123 ABCdef123 ABCdef ABC ABC or ABC or ABCdef123 ABC Generating command \mathrm{ABCdef123} \mathit{ABCdef123} \mathnormal{ABCdef123} \mathcal{ABC} \mathscr{ABC} \mathcal{ABC} \mathcal{ABC} \mathscr{ABC} \mathpzc{ABCdef123} \mathbb{ABC} \varmathbb{ABC} \mathbb{ABCdef123} \mathbb{ABCdef123} \mathbbm{ABCdef12} \mathbbmss{ABCdef12} \mathbbmtt{ABCdef12} \mathds{ABC1} \mathds{ABC1} \mathfrak{ABCdef123} \textfrak{ABCdef123} \textswab{ABCdef123} \textgoth{ABCdef123} Required package none none none none mathrsfs calrsfs euscript with the mathcal option euscript with the mathscr option none; manually dened amsfonts, amssymb, txfonts, or pxfonts txfonts or pxfonts bbold or mathbbol mbboard bbm bbm bbm dsfont dsfont with the sans option eufrak yfonts yfonts yfonts
ABCdef12 ABC1 ABC1 ABCdef123 ABCdef123 ABCdef123 ABCf123
ABCdef12 ABCdef12
ABCdef123 ABCdef123
Put \DeclareMathAlphabet{\mathpzc}{OT1}{pzc}{m}{it} in your documents preamble to make \mathpzc typeset its argument in Zapf Chancery. As a similar trick, you can typeset the Calligra fonts script r (or other calligraphic symbols) in math mode by loading the calligra package and putting \DeclareMathAlphabet{\mathcalligra}{T1}{calligra}{m}{n} in your documents preamble to make \mathcalligra typeset its argument in the Calligra font. (You may also want to specify \DeclareFontShape{T1}{calligra}{m}{n}{<->s*[2.2]callig15}{} to set Calligra at 2.2 times its design size for a better blend with typical body fonts.) The mathbbol package denes some additional blackboard bold characters: parentheses, square brackets, angle brackets, andif the bbgreekl option is passed to matbbolGreek letters. For instance, <[( )]> is produced by \mathbb{\Langle\Lbrack\Lparen\bbalpha\bbbeta\bbgamma\Rparen \Rbrack\Rangle}. mbboard extends the blackboard bold symbol set signicantly further. It supports not only the Greek alphabetincluding Greek-like symbols such as \bbnabla ()but also all punctuation marks, various currency symbols such as \bbdollar ($) and \bbeuro (), and the Hebrew alphabet (e.g., \bbfinalnun\bbyod\bbqof\bbpe ).
As their \text. . . names imply, the fonts provided by the yfonts package are actually text fonts. They are included in Table 196 because they are frequently used in a mathematical context.
65
An older (i.e., prior to 1991) version of the AMSs fonts rendered C, N, R, S, and Z as C, N, R, S, and Z. As some people prefer the older glyphsmuch to the AMSs surpriseand because those glyphs fail to build under modern versions of METAFONT, Berthold Horn uploaded PostScript fonts for the older blackboardbold glyphs to CTAN, to the fonts/msym10 directory. As of this writing, however, A there are no L TEX 2 packages for utilizing the now-obsolete glyphs.
66
Science and technology symbols

This section lists symbols that are employed in various branches of science and engineering.
Table 197: gensymb Symbols Dened to Work in Both Math and Text Mode \celsius \degree \micro \ohm \perthousand
Table 198: wasysym Electrical and Physical Symbols \AC \VHF \photon F \HF \gluon
3 8
\FallingEdge \LongPulseHigh
9 6
m M
Table 199: ifsym Pulse Diagram Symbols \LongPulseLow \PulseHigh
7 2
\PulseLow \RaisingEdge
4 5
\ShortPulseHigh \ShortPulseLow
In addition, within \textifsym{. . .}, the following codes are valid:
l v
l L
m w
h r
h H
d h
d D
` a
< <<
b c
> >>
This enables one to write \textifsym{mm<DDD>mm} to get or \textifsym{L|H|L|H|L} to get . See also the timing package, which provides a wide variety of pulse-diagram symbols within an environment designed specically for typesetting pulse diagrams.
v|r|v|r|v V
mm`hhhbmm
Finally, \textifsym supports the display of segmented digits, as would appear on an LCD: \textifsym{-123.456} produces . \textifsym{b} outputs a blank with the same width as an .
EIPQFRST
Table 200: ar Aspect Ratio Symbol
\AR
Table 201: textcomp Text-mode Science and Engineering Symbols \textcelsius \textmho \textmu \textohm
67
Table 202: wasysym Astronomical Symbols \mercury \venus \astrosun \aries \taurus \gemini \ascnode \earth \mars \fullmoon \cancer \leo \virgo \descnode \jupiter \saturn \leftmoon \libra \scorpio \sagittarius \conjunction \uranus \neptune \newmoon \aquarius \capricornus \pisces \opposition \vernal \pluto
\rightmoon
Table 203: marvosym Astronomical Symbols \Mercury \Venus \Moon \Aries \Taurus \Gemini \Earth \Mars \Sun \Cancer \Leo \Virgo \Libra \Scorpio \Sagittarius \Capricorn \Aquarius \Pisces \Jupiter \Saturn \Uranus \Neptune \Pluto
Note that \Aries . . . \Pisces can also be specied with \Zodiac{1} . . . \Zodiac{12}.
e f w
\Mercury \Venus \fullmoon \Aries
g h u
Table 204: mathabx Astronomical Symbols \Earth \Mars \leftmoon \Taurus
i p
\Jupiter \Saturn \newmoon \Gemini
q r v
\Uranus \Neptune \rightmoon
s t d
\Pluto \varEarth \Sun
mathabx also denes \girl as an alias for \Venus, \boy as an alias for \Mars, and \Moon as an alias for \leftmoon.
Table 205: wasysym APL Symbols \APLbox \APLcomment \APLdown \APLdownarrowbox \APLinput \APLinv \APLleftarrowbox \APLlog \APLminus \APLrightarrowbox \APLstar \APLup \APLuparrowbox \notbackslash \notslash
\ /
Table 206: wasysym APL Modiers \APLcirc{} \APLnot{} 68 | \APLvert{}
Table 207: marvosym Computer Hardware Symbols \ComputerMouse \Keyboard \ParallelPort \Printer \SerialInterface \SerialPort
Table 208: keystroke Computer Keys

Alt AltGr Break Ctrl Del End
\Alt \AltGr \Break \BSpace \Ctrl \DArrow \Del \End
Enter Esc Home Ins Num Page Page
\Enter \Esc \Home \Ins \LArrow \NumLock \PgDown \PgUp
PrtSc Scroll Shift
\PrtSc \RArrow \Return \Scroll \Shift \Spacebar \Tab \UArrow
Changes based on the language option passed to the keystroke package. For example, the german option makes \Del produce Entf instead of Del . These symbols utilize the rotating package and therefore display improperly in most DVI viewers. The \keystroke command draws a key with an arbitrary label. For example, \keystroke{F7} produces F7 .
Table 209: ascii Control Characters (CP437) \SOH \STX \ETX \EOT \ENQ \ACK \BEL \DEL \BS \HT \LF \VT \FF \CR \SO \NBSP \SI \DLE \DCa \DCb \DCc \DCd \NAK \NUL \SYN \ETB \CAN \EM \SUB \ESC \FS \splitvert \GS \RS \US
Code Page 437 (CP437), which was rst utilized by the original IBM PC, uses the symbols \SOH through \US to depict ASCII characters 131 and \DEL to depict ASCII character 127. The \NUL symbol, not part of CP437, represents ASCII character 0. \NBSP, also not part of CP437, represents a nonbreaking space. \splitvert is merely the | character drawn as it was on the IBM PC.
Table 210: marvosym Communication Symbols k z \Email \Emailct t u \fax \FAX v B \Faxmachine \Letter E H \Lightning \Mobilefone A T \Pickup \Telefon
69
Table 211: marvosym Engineering Symbols " # % \Beam \Bearing \Circpipe \Circsteel \Fixedbearing \Flatsteel
l & L $
\Force \Hexasteel \Lefttorque \Lineload \Loosebearing \Lsteel
'
\Octosteel \Rectpipe \Rectsteel \Righttorque \RoundedLsteel \RoundedTsteel
\RoundedTTsteel \Squarepipe \Squaresteel \Tsteel \TTsteel
\RoundedLsteel and \RoundedTsteel seem to be swapped, at least in the 2000/05/01 version of marvosym.
Table 212: wasysym Biological Symbols \female \male
Table 213: marvosym Biological Symbols ~ \Female \FEMALE \FemaleFemale } \FemaleMale \Hermaphrodite \HERMAPHRODITE | \MALE \Male \MaleMale { \Neutral
Table 214: marvosym Safety-related Symbols h n \Biohazard \BSEfree C J \CEsign \Estatically ` a \Explosionsafe \Laserbeam j ! \Radioactivity \Stopsign
Table 215: feyn Feynman Diagram Symbols
3 n e
\bigbosonloop \feyn{a} \feyn{c} \feyn{fd} \feyn{fl} \feyn{fs}
f w o
\feyn{fu} \feyn{fv} \feyn{f} \feyn{glu} \feyn{gl} \feyn{gu}
g i
\feyn{gvs} \feyn{gv} \feyn{g} \feyn{hd} \feyn{hs} \feyn{hu}
h l m p x 2
\feyn{h} \feyn{ms} \feyn{m} \feyn{p} \feyn{x} \smallbosonloop
All other arguments to the \feyn command produce a c symbol. The feyn package provides various commands for composing the preceding symbols into complete Feynman diagrams. See the feyn documentation for examples and additional information.
70
Dingbats
Dingbats are symbols such as stars, arrows, and geometric shapes. They are commonly used as bullets in itemized lists or, more generally, as a means to draw attention to the text that follows. A The pifont dingbat package warrants special mention. Among other capabilities, pifont provides a L TEX interface to the Zapf Dingbats font (one of the standard 35 PostScript fonts). However, rather than name each of the dingbats individually, pifont merely provides a single \ding command, which outputs the character that lies at a given position in the font. The consequence is that the pifont symbols cant be listed by name in this documents index, so be mindful of that fact when searching for a particular symbol.
y {
Table 216: bbding Arrows \ArrowBoldDownRight \ArrowBoldRightCircled
z w
\ArrowBoldRightShort \ArrowBoldRightStrobe
\ArrowBoldUpRight
Table 217: pifont Arrows \ding{212} \ding{213} \ding{214} \ding{215} \ding{216} \ding{217} \ding{218} \ding{219} \ding{220} \ding{221} \ding{222} \ding{223} \ding{224} \ding{225} \ding{226} \ding{227} \ding{228} \ding{229} \ding{230} \ding{231} \ding{232} \ding{233} \ding{234} \ding{235} \ding{236} \ding{237} \ding{238} \ding{239} \ding{241} \ding{242} \ding{243} \ding{244} \ding{245} \ding{246} \ding{247} \ding{248} \ding{249} \ding{250} \ding{251} \ding{252} \ding{253} \ding{254}
Table 218: universal Arrows \bauarrow
\bauwhitearrow
Table 219: marvosym Scissors s r \Cutleft \Cutline q R \Cutright \Kutline S Q \Leftscissors \Rightscissors
Table 220: bbding Scissors \ScissorHollowLeft \ScissorHollowRight \ScissorLeft \ScissorLeftBrokenBottom
\ScissorLeftBrokenTop \ScissorRight \ScissorRightBrokenBottom \ScissorRightBrokenTop
Table 221: pifont Scissors \ding{33} \ding{34} 71 \ding{35} \ding{36}
Table 222: dingbat Pencils
\largepencil
\smallpencil
0 ) 2 1

Table 223: bbding Pencils and Nibs \NibLeft \NibRight \NibSolidLeft \NibSolidRight
$ ( & #
\PencilLeft \PencilLeftDown \PencilLeftUp \PencilRight
' %
\PencilRightDown \PencilRightUp
Table 224: pifont Pencils and Nibs \ding{46} \ding{47} i \ding{48} \ding{49} \ding{50}
Table 225: dingbat Fists
R D U
\leftpointright \leftthumbsdown \leftthumbsup
L d u
\rightpointleft \rightthumbsdown \rightthumbsup
\rightpointright

Table 226: bbding Fists \HandCuffLeft \HandCuffLeftUp \HandCuffRight

\HandCuffRightUp \HandLeft \HandLeftUp
"
\HandPencilLeft \HandRight \HandRightUp
Table 227: pifont Fists \ding{42} \ding{43} \ding{44} \ding{45}
B E R F
Table 228: bbding Crosses and Plusses \Cross \CrossBoldOutline \CrossClowerTips \CrossMaltese
C D 9 @
\CrossOpenShadow \CrossOutline \Plus \PlusCenterOpen
8 A
\PlusOutline \PlusThinCenterOpen
Table 229: pifont Crosses and Plusses % & \ding{57} \ding{58} ' ( \ding{59} \ding{60} 72 \ding{61} \ding{62} \ding{63} \ding{64}
3 4
Table 230: bbding Xs and Check Marks \Checkmark \CheckmarkBold
5 6
\XSolid \XSolidBold
\XSolidBrush
Table 231: pifont Xs and Check Marks \ding{51} \ding{52} ! " \ding{53} \ding{54} # $ \ding{55} \ding{56}
Table 232: wasysym Xs and Check Marks \CheckedBox \Square \XBox
Table 233: universal Xs
\baucross
Table 234: pifont Circled Numbers x y z { | } ~ \ding{172} \ding{173} \ding{174} \ding{175} \ding{176} \ding{177} \ding{178} \ding{179} \ding{180} \ding{181} \ding{182} \ding{183} \ding{184} \ding{185} \ding{186} \ding{187} \ding{188} \ding{189} \ding{190} \ding{191} \ding{192} \ding{193} \ding{194} \ding{195} \ding{196} \ding{197} \ding{198} \ding{199} \ding{200} \ding{201} \ding{202} \ding{203} \ding{204} \ding{205} \ding{206} \ding{207} \ding{208} \ding{209} \ding{210} \ding{211}
pifont (part of the psnfss package) provides a dingautolist environment which resembles enumerate but uses circled numbers as bullets.3 See the psnfss documentation for more information.
Table 235: wasysym Stars \davidsstar

3 In
\hexstar
\varhexstar
fact, dingautolist can use any set of consecutive Zapf Dingbats symbols.
73
x e f g h H G r s p i
Table 236: bbding Stars, Flowers, and Similar Shapes \Asterisk \AsteriskBold \AsteriskCenterOpen \AsteriskRoundedEnds \AsteriskThin \AsteriskThinCenterOpen \DavidStar \DavidStarSolid \EightAsterisk \EightFlowerPetal \EightFlowerPetalRemoved \EightStar \EightStarBold \EightStarConvex \EightStarTaper \FiveFlowerOpen
V Y c U W X ` a b d I S T
\FiveFlowerPetal \FiveStar \FiveStarCenterOpen \FiveStarConvex \FiveStarLines \FiveStarOpen \FiveStarOpenCircled \FiveStarOpenDotted \FiveStarOutline \FiveStarOutlineHeavy \FiveStarShadow \FourAsterisk \FourClowerOpen \FourClowerSolid \FourStar \FourStarOpen
P Q y w v q u t
\JackStar \JackStarBold \SixFlowerAlternate \SixFlowerAltPetal \SixFlowerOpenCenter \SixFlowerPetalDotted \SixFlowerPetalRemoved \SixFlowerRemovedOpenPetal \SixStar \SixteenStarLight \Snowflake \SnowflakeChevron \SnowflakeChevronBold \Sparkle \SparkleBold \TwelweStar
Table 237: pifont Stars, Flowers, and Similar Shapes ) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 \ding{65} \ding{66} \ding{67} \ding{68} \ding{69} \ding{70} \ding{71} \ding{72} \ding{73} 7 8 9 @ A B C D E \ding{74} \ding{75} \ding{76} \ding{77} \ding{78} \ding{79} \ding{80} \ding{81} \ding{82} F G H I P Q R S T \ding{83} \ding{84} \ding{85} \ding{86} \ding{87} \ding{88} \ding{89} \ding{90} \ding{91} U V W X Y ` a b c \ding{92} \ding{93} \ding{94} \ding{95} \ding{96} \ding{97} \ding{98} \ding{99} \ding{100} d e f g h i p \ding{101} \ding{102} \ding{103} \ding{104} \ding{105} \ding{106} \ding{107}
Table 238: wasysym Geometric Shapes \hexagon \octagon \pentagon \varhexagon
Table 239: MnSymbol Geometric Shapes \filledlargestar \filledlozenge \filledmedlozenge \largecircle \largediamond \largelozenge \largepentagram \largesquare \largestar \largestarofdavid \medlozenge \medstarofdavid \smalllozenge
MnSymbol denes \bigcirc as a synonym for \largecircle; \bigstar as a synonym for \filledlargestar; \lozenge as a synonym for \medlozenge; and, \blacklozenge as a synonym for \filledmedlozenge.
74
7 8 & G 2 5 4 6 3 ) S T
Table 240: ifsym Geometric Shapes \BigCircle \BigCross \BigDiamondshape \BigHBar \BigLowerDiamond \BigRightDiamond \BigSquare \BigTriangleDown \BigTriangleLeft \BigTriangleRight \BigTriangleUp \BigVBar \Circle \Cross \DiamondShadowA \DiamondShadowB \DiamondShadowC \Diamondshape \FilledBigCircle \FilledBigDiamondshape \FilledBigSquare \FilledBigTriangleDown \FilledBigTriangleLeft
e f u v p s r t q d ' o c
\FilledBigTriangleRight \FilledBigTriangleUp \FilledCircle \FilledDiamondShadowA \FilledDiamondShadowC \FilledDiamondshape \FilledSmallCircle \FilledSmallDiamondshape \FilledSmallSquare \FilledSmallTriangleDown \FilledSmallTriangleLeft \FilledSmallTriangleRight \FilledSmallTriangleUp \FilledSquare \FilledSquareShadowA \FilledSquareShadowC \FilledTriangleDown \FilledTriangleLeft \FilledTriangleRight \FilledTriangleUp \HBar \LowerDiamond \RightDiamond
i p ( y d g f h e 1 B A H Q P R I 0
\SmallCircle \SmallCross \SmallDiamondshape \SmallHBar \SmallLowerDiamond \SmallRightDiamond \SmallSquare \SmallTriangleDown \SmallTriangleLeft \SmallTriangleRight \SmallTriangleUp \SmallVBar \SpinDown \SpinUp \Square \SquareShadowA \SquareShadowB \SquareShadowC \TriangleDown \TriangleLeft \TriangleRight \TriangleUp \VBar
The ifsym documentation points out that one can use \rlap to combine some of the above into useful, new symbols. For example, \BigCircle and \FilledSmallCircle combine to give . Likewise, \Square and \Cross combine to give . See Section 7.3 for more information about constructing new symbols out of existing symbols.
H
7 u
d p e s r
\CircleShadow \CircleSolid \DiamondSolid \Ellipse \EllipseShadow \EllipseSolid \HalfCircleLeft \HalfCircleRight
u v t f k m l h
Table 241: bbding Geometric Shapes \Rectangle \RectangleBold \RectangleThin \Square \SquareCastShadowBottomRight \SquareCastShadowTopLeft \SquareCastShadowTopRight \SquareShadowBottomRight
j i g o n
\SquareShadowTopLeft \SquareShadowTopRight \SquareSolid \TriangleDown \TriangleUp
Table 242: pifont Geometric Shapes q r s \ding{108} \ding{109} \ding{110} t u \ding{111} \ding{112} \ding{113} v w \ding{114} \ding{115} \ding{116} x \ding{117} \ding{119} \ding{120} \ding{121} \ding{122}
75
Table 243: universa Geometric Shapes \baucircle
\bausquare
\bautriangle
Table 244: universal Geometric Shapes \baucircle \baueclipse
\bauhole \baupunct
\bausquare \bautriangle
} | ~
Table 245: igo Go Stones \blackstone[\igocircle] \blackstone[\igocross] \blackstone[\igonone] \blackstone[\igosquare] \blackstone[\igotriangle]
} | ~
\whitestone[\igocircle] \whitestone[\igocross] \whitestone[\igonone] \whitestone[\igosquare] \whitestone[\igotriangle]
In addition to the symbols shown above, igos \blackstone and \whitestone commands accept numbers from 1 to 99 and display them circled as , , , . . . and , , , . . . , respectively.
The igo package is intended to typeset Go boards (goban). See the igo documentation for more information.
Table 246: manfnt Dangerous Bend Symbols \dbend \lhdbend \reversedvideodbend
Note that these symbols descend far beneath the baseline. manfnt also denes nondescending versions, which it calls, correspondingly, \textdbend, \textlhdbend, and \textreversedvideodbend.
Table 247: skull Symbols
\skull
Table 248: Non-Mathematical mathabx Symbols
\rip
Table 249: marvosym Information Symbols V U K X \Bicycle \Checkedbox \Clocklogo \Coffeecup \Crossedbox o x I i y \Football \Gentsroom \Industry \Info \Ladiesroom 76 Z w b \Pointinghand \Wheelchair \Writinghand
O C D
q
Table 250: Miscellaneous dingbat Dingbats \anchor \carriagereturn \checkmark
C I
\eye \filledsquarewithdots \satellitedish
S B Z

\Sborder \squarewithdots \Zborder
Table 251: Miscellaneous bbding Dingbats \Envelope \OrnamentDiamondSolid
\Peace \Phone
\PhoneHandset \Plane
\SunshineOpenCircled \Tape
Table 252: Miscellaneous pifont Dingbats w \ding{37} \ding{38} \ding{39} v u y \ding{40} \ding{41} \ding{118} h j k \ding{164} \ding{165} \ding{166} l p n \ding{167} \ding{168} \ding{170} m o \ding{171} \ding{169}
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Other symbols
The following are all the symbols that didnt t neatly or unambiguously into any of the previous sections. (Do weather symbols belong under Science and technology? Should dice be considered mathematics?) While some of the tables contain clearly related groups of symbols (e.g., musical notes), others represent motley assortments of whatever the font designer felt like drawing.
Table 253: textcomp Genealogical Symbols \textborn \textdied \textdivorced \textleaf \textmarried
Table 254: wasysym General Symbols \ataribox \bell \blacksmiley \Bowtie \brokenvert \checked \clock \diameter \DOWNarrow \frownie \invdiameter \kreuz \LEFTarrow \lightning \phone \pointer \recorder \RIGHTarrow \smiley \sun \UParrow \wasylozenge
Table 255: wasysym Circles \CIRCLE \Circle \LEFTCIRCLE \LEFTcircle \Leftcircle \RIGHTCIRCLE \RIGHTcircle \Rightcircle \leftturn \rightturn
Table 256: wasysym Musical Symbols \eighthnote \halfnote \twonotes \fullnote \quarternote
See also \flat, \sharp, and \natural (Table 184 on page 62).
Table 257: arev Musical Symbols \quarternote \eighthnote \sixteenthnote
See also \flat, \sharp, and \natural (Table 184 on page 62).
78
Table 258: harmony Musical Symbols
= = = =( = = ?
D D
\AAcht \Acht \AchtBL \AchtBR \AcPa \DD
D / D D / s s S S
\DDohne \Dohne \Ds \DS \Ganz \GaPa
< = =) == =
\Halb \HaPa \Pu \Sech \SechBL \SechBl
= = = = = @
<
\SechBR \SechBr \SePa \UB \Vier \ViPa
>
\VM \Zwdr \ZwPa
* A
<
>
The musixtex package must be installed to use harmony.
Table 259: harmony Musical Accents .. Aa \Ferli{A}\Ferli{a} .. Aa \Fermi{A}\Fermi{a} ll \Kr{A}\Kr{a} A a
Aa // A a
\Ohne{A}\Ohne{a} \Umd{A}\Umd{a}
These symbols take an optional argument which shifts the accent either horizontally or vertically (depending on the command) by the given distance. In addition to the accents shown above, \HH is a special accent command which accepts ve period-separated characters and typesets them such that b c \HH.X.a.b.c.d. produces Xd. All arguments except the rst can be omita ted: \HH.X..... produces X. \Takt takes two arguments and composes them into a musical time signature. For example, \Takt{12}{8} produces 12 . As 8 two special cases, \Takt{c}{0} produces S and \Takt{c}{1} produces R . The musixtex package must be installed to use harmony.
Table 260: Miscellaneous manfnt Symbols \manboldkidney \manconcentriccircles \manconcentricdiamond \mancone \mancube \manerrarrow \manfilledquartercircle \manhpennib \manimpossiblecube \mankidney \manlhpenkidney \manpenkidney \manquadrifolium \manquartercircle \manrotatedquadrifolium \manrotatedquartercircle \manstar \mantiltpennib \mantriangledown \mantriangleright \mantriangleup \manvpennib
Table 261: marvosym Navigation Symbols \Forward \ForwardToEnd \ForwardToIndex \MoveDown \MoveUp \Rewind \RewindToIndex \RewindToStart \ToBottom \ToTop
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Table 262: marvosym Laundry Symbols \AtForty \AtNinetyFive \AtSixty \Bleech \CleaningA \CleaningF \CleaningFF \CleaningP \CleaningPP \Dontwash \Handwash \IroningI \IroningII \IroningIII \NoBleech \NoChemicalCleaning \NoIroning \NoTumbler \ShortFifty \ShortForty \ShortNinetyFive \ShortSixty \ShortThirty \SpecialForty \Tumbler \WashCotton \WashSynthetics \WashWool
Table 263: Other marvosym Symbols \Ankh \Bat \Bouquet \Celtcross \CircledA F f \Cross \FHBOlogo \FHBOLOGO \Frowny \FullFHBO m @ : \Heart \MartinVogel \Mundus \MVAt \MVRightarrow Y \Smiley \Womanface \Yinyang
Table 264: Miscellaneous universa Symbols
\bauforms
\bauhead
Table 265: Miscellaneous universal Symbols \baudash \bauequal \bauface
\bauforms \bauhead \bauplus
\bauquarter \bauquestion \bauwindow
\varQ
Table 266: ifsym Weather Symbols

' 2 3 5 4
\Cloud \FilledCloud \FilledRainCloud \FilledSunCloud \FilledWeakRainCloud \Fog
# & ! (
\Hail \HalfSun \Lightning \NoSun \Rain \RainCloud
$ % 1 0
\Sleet \Snow \SnowCloud \Sun \SunCloud \ThinFog
" ) 6
\WeakRain \WeakRainCloud \FilledSnowCloud
In addition, \Thermo{0}. . .\Thermo{6} produce thermometers that are between 0/6 and 6/6 full of mercury: Similarly, \wind{ sun }{ angle }{ strength } will draw wind symbols with a given amount of sun (04), a given angle (in degrees), and a given strength in km/h (0 100). For example, \wind{0}{0}{0} produces H , \wind{2}{0}{0} produces H , and \wind{4}{0}{100} produces X . 80
Table 267: ifsym Alpine Symbols \SummitSign \StoneMan \Hut \FilledHut \Village \Summit \Mountain \IceMountain \VarMountain \VarIceMountain \SurveySign \Joch \Flag \VarFlag \Tent \HalfFilledHut \VarSummit
Table 268: ifsym Clocks \Interval \StopWatchEnd \StopWatchStart \Taschenuhr \VarClock \VarTaschenuhr \Wecker
ifsym also exports a \showclock macro. \showclock{ hours }{ minutes } outputs a clock displaying the corresponding time. For instance, \showclock{5}{40} produces . hours must be an integer from 0 to 11, and minutes must be an integer multiple of 5 from 0 to 55.
Table 269: Other ifsym Symbols \FilledSectioningDiamond \Fire \Irritant \StrokeOne \StrokeTwo \Letter \PaperLandscape \PaperPortrait \StrokeThree \StrokeFour \Radiation \SectioningDiamond \Telephone \StrokeFive
In addition, \Cube{1}. . .\Cube{6} produce dice with the corresponding number of spots:
Table 270: epsdice Dice \epsdice{1} \epsdice{2} \epsdice{3} \epsdice{4} \epsdice{5} \epsdice{6}
The epsdice package does not provide a font but rather an interface to a set of graphics drawn in Encapsulated PostScript. Consequently, epsdice does not work A with pdfL TEX.
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Table 271: skak Chess Informator Symbols g i b a e I RR n V t G \bbetter \bdecisive \betteris \bishoppair \bupperhand \centre \comment \compensation \counterplay \devadvantage \diagonal d L j P H O x y m S U \doublepawns \ending \equal \etc \file \kside \markera \markerb \mate \morepawns \moreroom N F o r M s l q T k u \novelty \onlymove \opposbishops \passedpawn \qside \samebishops \see \seppawns \timelimit \unclear \unitedpawns R f h J w A E C v c D \various \wbetter \wdecisive \weakpt \with \withattack \withidea \withinit \without \wupperhand \zugzwang
The preceding symbols are merely the named informator symbol. skak can typeset many more chess-related symbols, including those for all of the pieces ( / ), but only in the context of moves and boards, not A as individual, named L TEX symbols.
KQRBNP kqrbnp
Table 272: metre Metrical Symbols
\a \B \b \Bb \BB \bb \bB \bba \bbb \BBm
\bBm \bbm \Bbm \bbmb \bbmx \bm \Bm \c \C \Cc
\cc \Ccc \m \M \ma \Mb \mb \mBb \mbB \mbb
\Mbb \mbbx \oo \p \pm \pp \Pp \ppm \ppp \Ppp
\Pppp \pppp \Ppppp \ppppp \ps \pxp \Pxp \R \r \T
\t \tsbm \tsmb \tsmm \vppm \vpppm \x
The preceding symbols are valid only within the argument to the metre command.
Table 273: metre Small and Large Metrical Symbols
< <
> >
\anaclasis \antidiple \antidiple* \antisigma \asteriscus \catalexis \diple \diple* \obelus \obelus* \respondens \terminus \terminus*
< <
> >
\Anaclasis \Antidiple \Antidiple* \Antisigma \Asteriscus \Catalexis \Diple \Diple* \Obelus \Obelus* \Respondens \Terminus \Terminus*
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Table 274: phaistos Symbols from the Phaistos Disk J h X R K b D S c E M W U T f \PHarrow \PHbee \PHbeehive \PHboomerang \PHbow \PHbullLeg \PHcaptive \PHcarpentryPlane \PHcat \PHchild \PHclub \PHcolumn \PHcomb \PHdolium \PHdove e o H p G a Z Q m N O n k A i \PHeagle \PHflute \PHgaunlet \PHgrater \PHhelmet \PHhide \PHhorn \PHlid \PHlily \PHmanacles \PHmattock \PHoxBack \PHpapyrus \PHpedestrian \PHplaneTree B d l P L Y V r q C I g j s F \PHplumedHead \PHram \PHrosette \PHsaw \PHshield \PHship \PHsling \PHsmallAxe \PHstrainer \PHtattooedHead \PHtiara \PHtunny \PHvine \PHwavyBand \PHwoman
Table 275: protosem Proto-Semitic Characters a A b B g d D e \Aaleph \AAaleph \Abeth \AAbeth \Agimel \Adaleth \AAdaleth \Ahe E z w H h T y Y \AAhe \Azayin \Avav \Aheth \AAheth \Ateth \Ayod \AAyod k K l L m n o O \Akaph \AAkaph \Alamed \AAlamed \Amem \Anun \Aayin \AAayin s p P x X q Q r \Asamekh \Ape \AApe \Asade \AAsade \Aqoph \AAqoph \Aresh R S v V t \AAresh \Ashin \Ahelmet \AAhelmet \Atav
The protosem package denes abbreviated control sequences for each of the above. In addition, single-letter shortcuts can be used within the argument to the \textproto command (e.g., \textproto{Pakyn} produces Pakyn). See the protosem documentation for more information.
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Table 276: hieroglf Hieroglyphics A a B b c C D d e E f F G g h H \HA \Ha \HB \Hb \Hc \HC \HD \Hd \Hdual \He \HE \Hf \HF \HG \Hg \Hh \HH I i J j k K L l m M N \HI \Hi \Hibl \Hibp \Hibs \Hibw \HJ \Hj \Hk \HK \HL \Hl \Hm \HM \Hman \Hms \HN n O o p P + Q q ? R r s S / \Hn \HO \Ho \Hp \HP \Hplural \Hplus \HQ \Hq \Hquery \HR \Hr \Hs \HS \Hscribe \Hslash \Hsv T t U u V v | w W X x Y y z Z \HT \Ht \Htongue \HU \Hu \HV \Hv \Hvbar \Hw \HW \HX \Hx \HY \Hy \Hz \HZ
| 2
\Hone \Hten
3 4
\Hhundred \Hthousand
5 6
\HXthousand \HCthousand
\Hmillion
The hieroglf package denes alternate control sequences and single-letter shortcuts for each of the above which can be used within the argument to the \textpmhg command (e.g., \textpmhg{Pakin} produces Pakin). See the hieroglf documentation for more information.
Table 277: dictsym Dictionary Symbols a G A B C \dsaeronautical \dsagricultural \dsarchitectural \dsbiological \dschemical c H J L M \dscommercial \dsheraldical \dsjuridical \dsliterary \dsmathematical m X R T \dsmedical \dsmilitary \dsrailways \dstechnical
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Table 278: simpsons Characters from The Simpsons
\Bart
\Homer
\Maggie
\SNPP
\Burns
\Lisa
\Marge
The location of the characters pupils can be controlled with the \Goofy command. See A METAFONT of Simpsons characters [Che97] for more information. Also, each of the above can be prexed with \Left to make the character face left instead of right:
\Left\Bart
Table 279: staves Magical Staves \staveI \staveII \staveIII \staveIV \staveV \staveVI \staveVII \staveVIII \staveIX \staveX \staveXI \staveXII \staveXIII \staveXIV \staveXV \staveXVI \staveXXIV \staveXXV \staveXXVI \staveXXVII \staveXXVIII \staveXXIX \staveXXX \staveXXXI \staveXXXII \staveXXXIII \staveXXXIV \staveXXXV \staveXXXVI \staveXXXVII \staveXXXVIII \staveXXXIX \staveXLVII \staveXLVIII \staveXLIX \staveL \staveLI \staveLII \staveLIII \staveLIV \staveLV \staveLVI \staveLVII \staveLVIII \staveLIX \staveLX \staveLXI \staveLXII
85
\staveXVII \staveXVIII \staveXIX \staveXX \staveXXI \staveXXII \staveXXIII
\staveXL \staveXLI \staveXLII \staveXLIII \staveXLIV \staveXLV \staveXLVI
\staveLXIII \staveLXIV \staveLXV \staveLXVI \staveLXVII \staveLXVIII
The meanings of these symbols are described on the Web site for the Museum of Icelandic Sorcery and Witchcraft at http://www.galdrasyning.is/ index.php?option=com content&task=category&sectionid=5&id=18&Itemid= 60 (TinyURL: http://tinyurl.com/25979m). For example, \staveL ( ) is intended to ward o ghosts and evil spirits.
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Additional Information
Unlike the previous sections of this document, Section 7 does not contain new symbol tables. Rather, it provides A additional help in using the Comprehensive L TEX Symbol List. First, it draws attention to symbol names used by multiple packages. Next, it provides some guidelines for nding symbols and gives some examples regarding how to construct missing symbols out of existing ones. Then, it comments on the spacing surrounding symbols in math mode. After that, it presents an ASCII and Latin 1 quick-reference guide, showing how to enter all of A the standard ASCII/Latin 1 symbols in L TEX. And nally, it lists some statistics about this document itself.
7.1
Symbol Name Clashes
Unfortunately, a number of symbol names are not unique; they appear in more than one package. Depending A on how the symbols are dened in each package, L TEX will either output an error message or replace an earlier-dened symbol with a later-dened symbol. Table 280 presents a selection of name clashes that appear in this document. Using multiple symbols with the same name in the same documentor even merely loading conicting symbol packagescan be tricky but, as evidenced by the existence of Table 280, not impossible. The general procedure is to load the rst package, rename the conicting symbols, and then load the second package. A Examine the L TEX source for this document (symbols.tex) for examples of this and other techniques for handling symbol conicts. Note that symbols.texs \savesymbol and \restoresymbol macros have been extracted into the savesym package, which can be downloaded from CTAN. txfonts and pxfonts redene a huge number of symbolsessentially, all of the symbols dened by latexsym, A textcomp, the various AMS symbol sets, and L TEX 2 itself. Similarly, mathabx redenes a vast number of math symbols in an attempt to improve their look. The txfonts, pxfonts, and mathabx conicts are not listed in Table 280 because they are designed to be compatible with the symbols they replace. Table 281 on page 89 illustrates what compatible means in this context. To use the new txfonts/pxfonts symbols without altering the documents main font, merely reset the default font families back to their original values after loading one of those packages: \renewcommand\rmdefault{cmr} \renewcommand\sfdefault{cmss} \renewcommand\ttdefault{cmtt}
7.2
Resizing symbols
Mathematical symbols listed in this document as variable-sized are designed to stretch vertically. Each variable-sized symbol comes in one or more basic sizes plus a variation comprising both stretchable and nonstretchable segments. Table 282 on page 89 presents the symbols \} and \uparrow in their default size, in their \big, \Big, \bigg, and \Bigg sizes, in an even larger size achieved using \left/\right, andfor A contrastin a large size achieved by changing the font size using L TEX 2 s \fontsize command. Because the symbols shown belong to the Computer Modern family, the type1cm package needs to be loaded to support font sizes larger than 24.88 pt. Note how \fontsize makes the symbol wider and thicker. (The graphicx packages \scalebox or \resizebox commands would produce a similar eect.) Also, the \fontsize-enlarged symbol is vertically centered relative to correspondingly large text, unlike the symbols enlarged using \big et al. or \left/\right, which all use the same math axis regardless of symbol size. However, \fontsize is not limited to mathematical delimiters. Also, \scalebox and \resizebox are more robust to poorly composed symbols (e.g., two symbols made to overlap by backspacing a xed distance) but do not work with every TEX backend and will produce jagged symbols when scaling a bitmapped font. All variable-sized delimiters are dened (by the corresponding .tfm le) in terms of up to ve segments, as illustrated by Figure 1 on page 89. The top, middle, and bottom segments are of a xed size. The top-middle and middle-bottom segments (which are constrained to be the same character) are repeated as many times as necessary to achieve the desired height.
7.3
Where can I nd the symbol for . . . ?
If you cant nd some symbol youre looking for in this document, there are a few possible explanations:
87
Table 280: Symbol Name Clashes

A L TEX 2
Symbol AMS
stmaryrd
wasysym
mathabx
marvosym
bbding
ifsym
dingbat
wsuipa
D
S
88 B E
&
\baro \bigtriangledown \bigtriangleup \checkmark \Circle \Cross \ggg \Letter \lightning \Lightning \lll \Square \Sun \TriangleDown \TriangleUp
f o n
H Q I
Table 281: Example of a Benign Name Clash Symbol R \textrecipe Default (Computer Modern) txfonts (Times Roman)
Table 282: Sample resized delimiters Symbol Default size \big \Big \bigg \Bigg \left / \right \fontsize
\} }
\uparrow
top top-middle (extensible) middle
middle-bottom (extensible) bottom
Figure 1: Implementation of variable-sized delimiters
89
The symbol isnt intuitively named. As a few examples, the ifsym command to draw dice is \Cube; a plus sign with a circle around it (exclusive or to computer engineers) is \oplus; and lightning bolts in fonts designed by German speakers may have blitz in their names as in the ulsy package. The moral of the story is to be creative with synonyms when searching the index. The symbol is dened by some package that I overlooked (or deemed unimportant). If theres some A symbol package that you think should be included in the Comprehensive L TEX Symbol List, please send me e-mail at the address listed on the title page. The symbol isnt dened in any package whatsoever.
A Even in the last case, all is not lost. Sometimes, a symbol exists in a font, but there is no L TEX binding for it. For example, the PostScript Symbol font contains a symbol, which may be useful for representing a carriage return, but there is no package (as far as I know) for accessing that symbol. To produce an A A unnamed symbol, you need to switch to the font explicitly with L TEX 2 s low-level font commands [L T00] 4 and use TEXs primitive \char command [Knu86a] to request a specic character number in the font. In fact, \char is not strictly necesssary; the character can often be entered symbolically. For example, the symbol for an impulse train or Tate-Shafarevich group ( ) is actually an uppercase sha in the Cyrillic alphabet. (Cyrillic is supported by the OT2 font encoding, for instance). While a sha can be dened numerically as {\fontencoding{OT2}\selectfont\char88} it may be more intuitive to use the OT2 font encodings SH ligature: {\fontencoding{OT2}\selectfont SH}.
Reecting and rotating existing symbols A common request on comp.text.tex is for a reversed or rotated version of an existing symbol. As a last resort, these eects can be achieved with the graphicx (or graphics) packages \reflectbox and \rotatebox macros. For example, \textsuperscript{\reflectbox{?}} produces an irony mark ( ? ; cf. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irony mark), and \rotatebox[origin=c]{180}{$\iota$} produces the denite-description operator ( ). The disadvantage of the graphicx/graphics approach is that not every TEX backend handles graphical transformations.5 Far better is to nd a suitable font that contains the desired symbol in the correct orientation. For instance, if the phonetic package is available, then \textit{\riota} will yield a backend-independent . Similarly, tipas \textrevepsilon (3) or wsuipas \revepsilon (%) may be used to express the mathematical notion of such that in a cleaner manner than with \reflectbox or \rotatebox.6 Joining and overlapping existing symbols
A Symbols that do not exist in any font can sometimes be fabricated out of existing symbols. The L TEX 2 source le fontdef.dtx contains a number of such denitions. For example, \models (see Table 62 on page 30) is dened in that le with:
\def\models{\mathrel|\joinrel=} where \mathrel and \joinrel are used to control the horizontal spacing. \def is the TEX primitive upon A which L TEXs \newcommand is based. See The TEXbook [Knu86a] for more information on all three of those commands. With some simple pattern-matching, one can easily dene a backward \models sign (=|): \def\ismodeledby{=\joinrel\mathrel|} In general, arrows/harpoons, horizontal lines (=, -, \relbar, and \Relbar), and the various mathextension characters can be combined creatively with miscellaneous other characters to produce a variety of A new symbols. Of course, new symbols can be composed from any set of existing characters. For instance, L TEX denes \hbar ( ) as a character (\mathchar26) followed by a backspace of 9 math units (\mkern-9mu), followed by the letter h: \def\hbar{{\mathchar26\mkern-9muh}}
denes a convenient \Pisymbol command for accessing symbols in PostScript fonts by number. \Pisymbol{psy}{191} produces . 5 As an example, Xdvi ignores both \reflectbox and \rotatebox. 6 More common symbols for representing such that include |, :, and s.t..
4 pifont
For example,
90
We can just as easily dene other barred letters: \def\bbar{{\mathchar26\mkern-9mu b}} \def\dbar{{\mathchar26\mkern-12mu d}} (The space after the mu is optional but is added for clarity.) \bbar and \dbar dene and respectively. b d, Note that \dbar requires a greater backward math kern than \bbar; a 9 mu kern would have produced the less-attractive glyph. d The amsmath package provides \overset and \underset commands for placing one symbol respectively G above or below another. For example, \overset{G}{\sim}7 produces (sometimes used for equidecomposable with respect to G). Sometimes an ordinary tabular environment can be co-opted into juxtaposing existing symbols into a new symbol. Consider the following denition of \asterism (**) from a June 2007 post to comp.text.tex by * Peter Flynn: \newcommand{\asterism}{\smash{% \raisebox{-.5ex}{% \setlength{\tabcolsep}{-.5pt}% \begin{tabular}{@{}cc@{}}% \multicolumn2c*\\[-2ex]*&*% \end{tabular}}}} Note how the space between columns (\tabcolsep) and rows (\\[. . . ]) is made negative to squeeze the asterisks closer together. There is a TEX primitive called \mathaccent that centers one mathematical symbol atop another. For example, one can dene \dotcup ()the composition of a \cup and a \cdotas follows: \newcommand{\dotcup}{\ensuremath{\mathaccent\cdot\cup}} The catch is that \mathaccent requires the accent to be a math character. That is, it must be a character in a math font as opposed to a symbol dened in terms of other symbols. See The TEXbook [Knu86a] for more information. Another TEX primitive that is useful for composing symbols is \vcenter. \vcenter is conceptually similar A to \begin{tabular}{l} in L TEX but takes a list of vertical material instead of \\-separated rows. Also, it vertically centers the result on the math axis. (Many operators, such as + and are also vertically centered on the math axis.) Enrico Gregorio posted the following symbol denition to comp.text.tex in March 2004 in response to a query about an alternate way to denote equivalence: \newcommand*{\threesim}{% \mathrel{\vcenter{\offinterlineskip \hbox{$\sim$}\vskip-.35ex\hbox{$\sim$}\vskip-.35ex\hbox{$\sim$}}}} The \threesim symbol, which vertically centers three \sim () symbols with 0.35 x-heights of space between them, is rendered as . \offinterlineskip is a macro that disables implicit interline spacing. Without it, \threesim would have a full line of vertical spacing between each \sim. Because of \vcenter, \threesim aligns properly with other math operators: a b c d. A A related L TEX command, borrowed from Plain TEX, is \ooalign. \ooalign vertically overlaps symbols and works both within and outside of math mode. Essentially, it creates a single-column tabular environment with zero vertical distance between rows. However, because it is based directly on TEXs \ialign primitive, A \ooalign uses TEXs tabular syntax instead of L TEXs (i.e., with \cr as the row terminator instead of \\). The following example of \ooalign, a macro that denes a standard-state symbol (\stst, ) as a superscripted 8 Plimsoll line (\barcirc, ), is due to an October 2007 comp.text.tex post by Donald Arseneau: \makeatletter \providecommand\barcirc{\mathpalette\@barred\circ} \def\@barred#1#2{\ooalign{\hfil$#1-$\hfil\cr\hfil$#1#2$\hfil\cr}} \newcommand\stst{^{\protect\barcirc}} \makeatother
EXs \stackrel command is similar but is limited to placing a symbol above a binary relation. \barcirc illustrates how to combine symbols using \ooalign, the stmaryrd packages \minuso command (Table 42 on page 21) provides a similar glyph ( ) as a single, indivisible symbol.
8 While 7L T A
91
In the preceding code, note the \ooalign calls use of \hfil to horizontally center a minus sign () and a \circ (). As another example of \ooalign, consider the following code (due to Enrico Gregorio in a June 2007 post to comp.text.tex) that overlaps a \ni ( ) and two minus signs ( to produce an obscure variation ) , on the infrequently used 3 symbol for such thatdiscussed on page 90: \newcommand{\suchthat}{% \mathrel{\ooalign{$\ni$\cr\kern-1pt$-$\kern-6.5pt$-$}}} The slashed package, although originally designed for producing Feynman slashed-character notation, in fact facilitates the production of arbitrary overlapped symbols. The default behavior is to overwrite a given / character with /. For example, \slashed{D} produces D. However, the \declareslashed command provides the exibility to specify the mathematical context of the composite character (operator, relation, punctuation, etc., as will be discussed in Section 7.4), the overlapping symbol, horizontal and vertical adjustments in symbol-relative units, and the character to be overlapped. Consider, for example, the symbol for reduced quadrupole moment (I). This can be declared as follows: \newcommand{\rqm}{{% \declareslashed{}{\text{-}}{0.04}{0}{I}\slashed{I}}} \declareslashed{}{}{}{}{I} aects the meaning of all subsequent \slashed{I} commands in the same scope. The preceding denition of \rqm therefore uses an extra set of curly braces to limit that scope to a single \slashed{I}. In addition, \rqm uses amstexts \text macro (described on the next page) to make \declareslashed use a text-mode hyphen (-) instead of a math-mode minus sign () and to ensure that the hyphen scales properly in size in subscripts and superscripts. See slasheds documentation (located in slashed.sty itself) for a detailed usage description of the \slashed and \declareslashed commands. Somewhat simpler than slashed is the centernot package. centernot provides a single command, \centernot, which, like \not, puts a slash over the subsequent mathematical symbol. However, instead of putting the slash at a xed location, \centernot centers the slash over its argument: \not\longrightarrow vs. \centernot\longrightarrow
See the centernot documentation for more information. Making new symbols work in superscripts and subscripts To make composite symbols work properly within subscripts and superscripts, you may need to use TEXs \mathchoice primitive. \mathchoice evaluates one of four expressions, based on whether the current math style is display, text, script, or scriptscript. (See The TEXbook [Knu86a] for a more complete descripA tion.) For example, the following L TEX codeposted to comp.text.tex by Torsten Brongercomposes a sub/superscriptable symbol out of \top and \bot ( and ): \def\topbotatom#1{\hbox{\hbox to 0pt{$#1\bot$\hss}$#1\top$}} \newcommand*{\topbot}{\mathrel{\mathchoice{\topbotatom\displaystyle} {\topbotatom\textstyle} {\topbotatom\scriptstyle} {\topbotatom\scriptscriptstyle}}} The following is another example that uses \mathchoice to construct symbols in dierent math modes. The code denes a principal value integral symbol, which is an integral sign with a line through it. \def\Xint#1{\mathchoice {\XXint\displaystyle\textstyle{#1}}% {\XXint\textstyle\scriptstyle{#1}}% {\XXint\scriptstyle\scriptscriptstyle{#1}}% {\XXint\scriptscriptstyle\scriptscriptstyle{#1}}% \!\int} 92
\def\XXint#1#2#3{{\setbox0=\hbox{$#1{#2#3}{\int}$} \vcenter{\hbox{$#2#3$}}\kern-.5\wd0}} \def\ddashint{\Xint=} \def\dashint{\Xint-} (The preceding code was taken verbatim from the UK TEX Users Group FAQ at http://www.tex.ac.uk/ faq.) \dashint produces a single-dashed integral sign (), while \ddashint produces a double-dashed one (=). The \Xint macro dened above can also be used to generate a wealth of new integrals: (\Xint\circlearrowright), (\Xint\circlearrowleft), (\Xint\subset), (\Xint\infty), and so forth. A L TEX 2 provides a simple wrapper for \mathchoice that sometimes helps produce terser symbol definitions. The macro is called \mathpalette and it takes two arguments. \mathpalette invokes the rst argument, passing it one of \displaystyle, \textstyle, \scriptstyle, or \scriptscriptstyle, followed by the second argument. \mathpalette is useful when a symbol macro must know which math style is currently in use (e.g., to set it explicitly within an \mbox). Donald Arseneau posted the following \mathpalette-based denition of a probabilistic-independence symbol ( to comp.text.tex in June 2000: ) \newcommand\independent{\protect\mathpalette{\protect\independenT}{\perp}} \def\independenT#1#2{\mathrel{\rlap{$#1#2$}\mkern2mu{#1#2}}} The \independent macro uses \mathpalette to pass the \independenT helper macro both the current math style and the \perp symbol. \independenT typesets \perp in the current math style, moves two math units to the right, and nally typesets a secondoverlappingcopy of \perp, again in the current math style. \rlap, which enables text overlap, is described later on this page. ) as this helps visually distinguish Some people like their square-root signs with a trailing hook (i.e., expressions like 3x from those like 3x. In March 2002, Dan Luecking posted a \mathpalette-based denition of a hooked square-root symbol to comp.text.tex: \def\hksqrt{\mathpalette\DHLhksqrt} \def\DHLhksqrt#1#2{\setbox0=\hbox{$#1\sqrt{#2\,}$}\dimen0=\ht0 \advance\dimen0-0.2\ht0 \setbox2=\hbox{\vrule height\ht0 depth -\dimen0}% {\box0\lower0.4pt\box2}} Notice how \DHLhksqrt uses \mathpalette to recover the outer math style (argument #1) from within an \hbox. The rest of the code is simply using TEX primitives to position a hook of height 0.2 times the \sqrt height at the right of the \sqrt. See The TEXbook [Knu86a] for more understanding of TEX boxes and dimens. Sometimes, however, amstexts \text macro is all that is necessary to make composite symbols appear correctly in subscripts and superscripts, as in the following denitions of \neswarrow ( ) and \nwsearrow ( ):9 \newcommand{\neswarrow}{\mathrel{\text{$\nearrow$\llap{$\swarrow$}}}} \newcommand{\nwsearrow}{\mathrel{\text{$\nwarrow$\llap{$\searrow$}}}}
A \text resembles L TEXs \mbox command but shrinks its argument appropriately when used within a subscript or superscript. \llap (left overlap) and its counterpart, \rlap (right overlap), appear frequently when creating composite characters. \llap outputs its argument to the left of the current position, overlapping whatever text is already there. Similarly, \rlap overlaps whatever text would normally appear to the right of its argument. For example, A\llap{B} and \rlap{A}B each produce A. However, the result of the B former is the width of A, and the result of the latter is the width of B\llap{. . . } and \rlap{. . . } take up zero space. In a June 2002 post to comp.text.tex, Donald Arseneau presented a general macro for aligning an arbitrary number of symbols on their horizontal centers and vertical baselines:
\makeatletter \def\moverlay{\mathpalette\mov@rlay}
9 Note
that if your goal is to typeset commutative diagrams, then you should probably be using X -pic. Y
93
\def\mov@rlay#1#2{\leavevmode\vtop{% \baselineskip\z@skip \lineskiplimit-\maxdimen \ialign{\hfil$#1##$\hfil\cr#2\crcr}}} \makeatother

A The \makeatletter and \makeatother commands are needed to coerce L TEX into accepting @ as part of a macro name. \moverlay takes a list of symbols separated by \cr (TEXs equivalent of A L TEXs \\). For example, the \topbot command dened on page 92 could have been expressed as \moverlay{\top\cr\bot} and the \neswarrow command dened on the previous page could have been expressed as \moverlay{\nearrow\cr\swarrow}. The basic concept behind \moverlays implementation is that \moverlay typesets the given symbols in a table that utilizes a zero \baselineskip. This causes every row to be typeset at the same vertical position. See The TEXbook [Knu86a] for explanations of the TEX primitives used by \moverlay. A Modifying L TEX-generated symbols A Oftentimes, symbols composed in the L TEX 2 source code can be modied with minimal eort to produce useful variations. For example, fontdef.dtx composes the \ddots symbol (see Table 174 on page 61) out of three periods, raised 7 pt., 4 pt., and 1 pt., respectively:
\def\ddots{\mathinner{\mkern1mu\raise7\p@ \vbox{\kern7\p@\hbox{.}}\mkern2mu \raise4\p@\hbox{.}\mkern2mu\raise\p@\hbox{.}\mkern1mu}}

A \p@ is a L TEX 2 shortcut for pt or 1.0pt. The remaining commands are dened in The TEXbook [Knu86a]. To draw a version of \ddots with the dots going along the opposite diagonal, we merely have to reorder the \raise7\p@, \raise4\p@, and \raise\p@:
\makeatletter \def\revddots{\mathinner{\mkern1mu\raise\p@ \vbox{\kern7\p@\hbox{.}}\mkern2mu \raise4\p@\hbox{.}\mkern2mu\raise7\p@\hbox{.}\mkern1mu}} \makeatother \revddots is essentially identical to the mathdots packages \iddots command or the yhmath packages \adots command. Producing complex accents Accents are a special case of combining existing symbols to make new symbols. While various tables in this document show how to add an accent to an existing symbol, some applications, such as transliterations from non-Latin alphabets, require multiple accents per character. For instance, the creator of pdfTEX A writes his name as H`n Th Th`nh. The dblaccnt package enables L TEX to stack accents, as in H\an a e a Th\{\ê} Th\anh (albeit not in the OT1 font encoding). In addition, the wsuipa package denes \diatop and \diaunder macros for putting one or more diacritics or accents above or below a given character. For example, \diaunder[{\diatop[\|\=]}|\textsubdot{r}] produces . See the wsuipa documentation for r more information. The accents package facilitates the fabrication of accents in math mode. Its \accentset command enables any character to be used as an accent. For instance, \accentset{\star}{f} produces f and e \accentset{e}{X} produces X. \underaccent does the same thing, but places the accent beneath the character. This enables constructs like \underaccent{\tilde}{V}, which produces V . accents provides other accent-related features as well; see the documentation for more information. Creating extensible symbols A relatively simple example of creating extensible symbols stems from a comp.text.tex post by Donald Arseneau (June 2003). The following code denes an equals sign that extends as far to the right as possible, A just like L TEXs \hrulefill command:
94
\makeatletter \def\equalsfill{$\m@th\mathord=\mkern-7mu \cleaders\hbox{$\!\mathord=\!$}\hfill \mkern-7mu\mathord=$} \makeatother TEXs \cleaders and \hfill primitives are the key to understanding \equalsfills extensibility. Essentially, \equalsfill repeats a box containing = plus some negative space until it lls the maximum availA able horizontal space. \equalsfill is intended to be used with L TEXs \stackrel command, which stacks one mathematical expression (slightly reduced in size) atop another. Hence, \stackrel{a}{\rightarrow} produces and X \stackrel{\text{definition}}{\hbox{\equalsfill}} Y produces X = = = = Y . === If all that needs to extend are horizontal and vertical linesas opposed to repeated symbols such as the A = in the previous exampleL TEXs array or tabular environments may suce. Consider the following code (due to a February 1999 comp.text.tex post by Donald Arseneau) for typesetting annuities: \DeclareRobustCommand{\annu}[1]{_{% \def\arraystretch{0}% \setlength\arraycolsep{1pt}% adjust these \setlength\arrayrulewidth{.2pt}% two settings \begin{array}[b]{@{}c|}\hline \\[\arraycolsep]% \scriptstyle #1% \end{array}% }} One can then use, e.g., $A\annu{x:n}$ to produce Ax:n . A more complex example of composing accents is the following denition of extensible \overbracket, \underbracket, \overparenthesis, and \underparenthesis symbols, taken from a May 2002 comp.text.tex post by Donald Arseneau: \makeatletter \def\overbracket#1{\mathop{\vbox{\ialign{##\crcr\noalign{\kern3\p@} \downbracketfill\crcr\noalign{\kern3\p@\nointerlineskip} $\hfil\displaystyle{#1}\hfil$\crcr}}}\limits} \def\underbracket#1{\mathop{\vtop{\ialign{##\crcr $\hfil\displaystyle{#1}\hfil$\crcr\noalign{\kern3\p@\nointerlineskip} \upbracketfill\crcr\noalign{\kern3\p@}}}}\limits} \def\overparenthesis#1{\mathop{\vbox{\ialign{##\crcr\noalign{\kern3\p@} \downparenthfill\crcr\noalign{\kern3\p@\nointerlineskip} $\hfil\displaystyle{#1}\hfil$\crcr}}}\limits} \def\underparenthesis#1{\mathop{\vtop{\ialign{##\crcr $\hfil\displaystyle{#1}\hfil$\crcr\noalign{\kern3\p@\nointerlineskip} \upparenthfill\crcr\noalign{\kern3\p@}}}}\limits} \def\downparenthfill{$\m@th\braceld\leaders\vrule\hfill\bracerd$} \def\upparenthfill{$\m@th\bracelu\leaders\vrule\hfill\braceru$} \def\upbracketfill{$\m@th\makesm@sh{\llap{\vrule\@height3\p@\@width.7\p@}}% \leaders\vrule\@height.7\p@\hfill \makesm@sh{\rlap{\vrule\@height3\p@\@width.7\p@}}$} \def\downbracketfill{$\m@th \makesm@sh{\llap{\vrule\@height.7\p@\@depth2.3\p@\@width.7\p@}}% \leaders\vrule\@height.7\p@\hfill \makesm@sh{\rlap{\vrule\@height.7\p@\@depth2.3\p@\@width.7\p@}}$} \makeatother Table 283 showcases these accents. The TEXbook [Knu86a] or another book on TEX primitives is indispensible for understanding how the preceding code works. The basic idea is that \downparenthfill, \upparenthfill, \downbracketfill, and \upbracketfill do all of the work; they output a left symbol (e.g., \braceld [ ] for \downparenthfill), a horizontal rule that stretches as wide as possible, and a right symbol (e.g., \bracerd [ ] for \downparenthfill). \overbracket, \underbracket, \overparenthesis, and \underparenthesis 95
a denition
merely create a table whose width is determined by the given text, thereby constraining the width of the horizontal rules. Table 283: Manually Composed Extensible Accents abc abc \overbracket{abc} \underbracket{abc} abc abc \overparenthesis{abc} \underparenthesis{abc}
Note that the simplewick package provides mechanisms for typesetting Wick contractions, which utilize \overbracket- and \underbracket-like brackets of variable width and height (or depth). For example, \acontraction{}{A}{B}{C}\acontraction[2ex]{A}{B}{C}{D}\bcontraction{}{A}{BC}{D}ABCD produces ABCD See the simplewick documentation for more information. Developing new symbols from scratch Sometimes is it simply not possible to dene a new symbol in terms of existing symbols. Fortunately, most, if not all, TEX distributions are shipped with a tool called METAFONT which is designed specically for creating fonts to be used with TEX. The METAFONTbook [Knu86b] is the authoritative text on METAFONT. If you plan to design your own symbols with METAFONT, The METAFONTbook is essential reading. Nevertheless, the A following is an extremely brief tutorial on how to create a new L TEX symbol using METAFONT. Its primary A X-specic operations not mentioned in The METAFONTbook and to demonstrate purpose is to cover the L TE that symbol-font creation is not necessarily a dicult task. Suppose we need a symbol to represent a light bulb (A).10 The rst step is to draw this in METAFONT. It is common to separate the font into two les: a size-dependent le, which species the design size and various font-specic parameters that are a function of the design size; and a size-independent le, which draws characters in the given size. Figure 2 shows the METAFONT code for lightbulb10.mf. lightbulb10.mf species various parameters that produce a 10 pt. light bulb then loads lightbulb.mf. Ideally, one should produce lightbulb size .mf les for a variety of size s. This is called optical scaling. It enables, for example, the lines that make up the light bulb to retain the same thickness at dierent font sizes, which looks much nicer than the alternativeand defaultmechanical scaling. When a lightbulb size .mf le does not exist for a given size size , the computer mechanically produces a wider, taller, thicker symbol: .
A
10 pt.
vs.
20 pt.
vs.
30 pt.
vs.
A
40 pt.
vs.
A A
vs.
50 pt. 60 pt.
vs.
A
70 pt.
font identier := "LightBulb10"; font size 10pt#; em# := 10pt#; cap# := 7pt#; sb# := 1/4pt#; o# := 1/16pt#; input lightbulb
% Name the font. % Specify the design size. % M width is 10 points. % Capital letter height is 7 points above the baseline. % Leave this much space on the side of each character. % Amount that curves overshoot borders. % Load the le that draws the actual glyph.
Figure 2: Sample METAFONT size-specic le (lightbulb10.mf) lightbulb.mf, shown in Figure 3, draws a light bulb using the parameters dened in lightbulb10.mf. Note that the the lenames lightbulb10.mf and lightbulb.mf do not follow the Berry font-naming
10 Im
not a very good artist; youll have to pretend that A looks like a light bulb.
96
scheme [Ber01]; the Berry font-naming scheme is largely irrelevant for symbol fonts, which generally lack bold, italic, small-caps, slanted, and other such variants. mode setup; dene pixels(em, cap, sb); dene corrected pixels(o); % Target a given printer. % Convert to device-specic units. % Same, but add a device-specic fudge factor.
%% Dene a light bulb at the character position for A %% with width 1/2em#, height cap#, and depth 1pt#. beginchar("A", 1/2em#, cap#, 1pt#); "A light bulb"; pickup pencircle scaled 1/2pt; %% Dene the points we need. top z1 = (w/2, h + o); rt z2 = (w + sb + o x4 , y4 ); bot z3 = (z1 (0, w sb o)); lft z4 = (sb o, 1/2[y1 , y3 ]); path bulb; bulb = z1 . . z2 . . z3 . . z4 . . cycle;
% Use a pen with a small, circular tip.
% z1 is at the top of a circle. % z2 is at the same height as z4 but the opposite side. % z3 is at the bottom of the circle. % z4 is on the left of the circle. % Dene a path for the bulb itself. % The bulb is a closed path.
z5 = point 2 1/3 of bulb; % z5 lies on the bulb, a little to the right of z3 . z6 = (x5 , 0); % z6 is at the bottom, directly under z5 . z7 = (x8 , 0); % z7 is at the bottom, directly under z8 . z8 = point 2 + 1/3 of bulb; % z8 lies on the bulb, a little to the left of z3 . bot z67 = ( 1/2[x6 , x7 ], pen bot o 1/8pt); % z67 lies halfway between z6 and z7 but a jot lower. %% Draw the bulb and the base. draw bulb; draw z5 - - z6 . . z67 . . z7 - - z8 ; % Draw the bulb proper. % Draw the base of the bulb.
%% Display key positions and points to help us debug. makegrid(0, sb, w/2, w sb)(0, 1pt, y2 , h); % Label interesting x and y coordinates. penlabels(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 67, 7, 8); % Label control points for debugging. endchar; end Figure 3: Sample METAFONT size-independent le (lightbulb.mf) The code in Figures 2 and 3 is heavily commented and should demonstrate some of the basic concepts behind METAFONT usage: declaring variables, dening points, drawing lines and curves, and preparing to debug or ne-tune the output. Again, The METAFONTbook [Knu86b] is the denitive reference on METAFONT programming. METAFONT can produce proofs of fontslarge, labeled versions that showcase the logical structure of each character. In fact, proof mode is METAFONTs default mode. To produce a proof of lightbulb10.mf, issue the following commands at the operating-system prompt: prompt > mf lightbulb10.mf prompt > gftodvi lightbulb10.2602gf Produces lightbulb10.2602gf Produces lightbulb10.dvi
You can then view lightbulb10.dvi with any DVI viewer. The result is shown in Figure 4. Observe how the grid dened with makegrid at the bottom of Figure 3 draws vertical lines at positions 0, sb, w/2, and w sb and horizontal lines at positions 0, 1pt, y2 , and h. Similarly, observe how the penlabels command labels all of the important coordinates: z1 , z2 , . . . , z8 and z67 , which lightbulb.mf denes to lie between z6 and z7 . Most, if not all, TEX distributions include a Plain TEX le called testfont.tex which is useful for testing new fonts in a variety of ways. One useful routine produces a table of all of the characters in the font: prompt > tex testfont This is TeX, Version 3.14159 (Web2C 7.3.1) (/usr/share/texmf/tex/plain/base/testfont.tex Name of the font to test = lightbulb10 97
67
Figure 4: Proof diagram of lightbulb10.mf Now type a test command (\help for help):) *\table *\bye [1] Output written on testfont.dvi (1 page, 1516 bytes). Transcript written on testfont.log. The resulting table, stored in testfont.dvi and illustrated in Figure 5, shows every character in the font. To understand how to read the table, note that the character code for Athe only character dened by lightbulb10.mfis 41 in hexadecimal (base 16) and 101 in octal (base 8).
Test of lightbulb10 on March 11, 2003 at 1127
0 10x 11x 8
1 A 9
7 4x
Figure 5: Font table produced by testfont.tex

A The LightBulb10 font is now usable by TEX. L TEX 2 , however, needs more information before documents A can use the font. First, we create a font-description le that tells L TEX 2 how to map fonts in a given font family and encoding to a particular font in a particular font size. For symbol fonts, this mapping is fairly simple. Symbol fonts almost always use the U (Unknown) font encoding and frequently occur in only one variant: normal weight and non-italicized. The lename for a font-description le important; it must be of the form encoding family .fd, where encoding is the lowercase version of the encoding name (typically u for symbol fonts) and family is the name of the font family. For LightBulb10, lets call this bulb. Figure 6 lists A A the contents of ubulb.fd. The document L TEX 2 Font Selection [L T00] describes \DeclareFontFamily and \DeclareFontShape in detail, but the gist of ubulb.fd is rst to declare a U-encoded version of the bulb A font family and then to specify that a L TEX 2 request for a U-encoded version of bulb with a (m)edium font series (as opposed to, e.g., bold) and a (n)ormal font shape (as opposed to, e.g., italic) should translate into a TEX request for lightbulb10.tfm mechanically scaled to the current font size. A The nal step is to write a L TEX 2 style le that denes a name for each symbol in the font. Because we have only one symbol our style le, lightbulb.sty (Figure 7), is rather trivial. Note that instead of typesetting A we could have had \lightbulb typeset \char65, \char"41, or \char101 (respectively, decimal, hexadecimal, and octal character osets into the font). For a simple, one-character symbol font
98
\DeclareFontFamily{U}{bulb}{} \DeclareFontShape{U}{bulb}{m}{n}{<-> lightbulb10}{}

A Figure 6: L TEX 2 font-description le (ubulb.fd)
such as LightBulb10 it would be reasonable to merge ubulb.fd into lightbulb.sty instead of maintaining two separate les. In either case, a document need only include \usepackage{lightbulb} to make the \lightbulb symbol available. \newcommand{\lightbulb}{{\usefont{U}{bulb}{m}{n}A}}
A Figure 7: L TEX 2 style le (lightbulb.sty)
METAFONT normally produces bitmapped fonts. However, it is also possible, with the help of some external tools, to produce PostScript Type 1 fonts. These have the advantages of rendering better in Adobe Acrobat (at least in versions prior to 6.0) and of being more memory-ecient when handled by a PostScript interpreter. See http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=textrace for pointers to tools that can produce Type 1 fonts from METAFONT.
7.4
Math-mode spacing
Terms such as binary operators, relations, and punctuation in Section 3 primarily regard the surrounding A spacing. (See the Short Math Guide for L TEX [Dow00] for a nice exposition on the subject.) To use a symbol for a dierent purpose, you can use the TEX commands \mathord, \mathop, \mathbin, \mathrel, \mathopen, \mathclose, and \mathpunct. For example, if you want to use \downarrow as a variable (an ordinary symbol) instead of a delimiter, you can write $3 x + \mathord{\downarrow}$ to get the properly spaced 3x + rather than the awkward-looking 3x+ . Similarly, to create a dotted-union symbol () that spaces like the ordinary set-union symbol (\cup) it must be dened with \mathbin, just as \cup is. Contrast $A \dot{\cup} B$ (AB) with $A \mathbin{\dot{\cup}} B$ (A B). See The TEXbook [Knu86a] for the denitive description of math-mode spacing. The purpose of the log-like symbols in Tables 120 and 121 is to provide the correct amount of spacing around and within multiletter function names. Table 284 contrasts the output of the log-like symbols with various, na alternatives. In addition to spacing, the log-like symbols also handle subscripts properly. For ve example, \max_{p \in P} produces maxpP in text, but max as part of a displayed formula.
pP
Table 284: Spacing Around/Within Log-like Symbols

A L TEX expression
Output r sin rsin rsin rsin (best)
$r $r $r $r
\sin \theta$ sin \theta$ \mbox{sin} \theta$ \mathrm{sin} \theta$
The amsmath package makes it straightforward to dene new log-like symbols: \DeclareMathOperator{\atan}{atan} \DeclareMathOperator*{\lcm}{lcm} The dierence between \DeclareMathOperator and \DeclareMathOperator* involves the handling of subscripts. With \DeclareMathOperator*, subscripts are written beneath log-like symbols in display style and to the right in text style. This is useful for limit operators (e.g., \lim) and functions that tend to map over a set (e.g., \min). In contrast, \DeclareMathOperator tells TEX that subscripts should always be displayed to the right of the operator, as is common for functions that take a single parameter (e.g., \log and \cos). Table 285 contrasts symbols declared with \DeclareMathOperator and \DeclareMathOperator* in both text style ($. . .$) and display style (\[. . .\]).11
11 Note that \displaystyle can be used to force display style within $. . .$ and \textstyle can be used to force text style within \[. . .\].
99
Table 285: Dening new log-like symbols Declaration function \DeclareMathOperator \DeclareMathOperator* $\newlogsym {p \in P}$ newlogsympP newlogsympP \[ \newlogsym {p \in P} \] newlogsympP newlogsym
pP
It is common to use a thin space (\,) between the words of a multiword operators, as in \DeclareMathOperator*{\argmax}{arg\,max}. \liminf, \limsup, and all of the log-like symbols shown in Table 121 utilize this spacing convention.
7.5
Bold mathematical symbols
A L TEX does not normally use bold symbols when typesetting mathematics. However, bold symbols are occasionally needed, for example when naming vectors. Any of the approaches described at http://www.tex.ac.uk/ cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=boldgreek can be used to produce bold mathematical symbols. Table 286 contrasts the output produced by these various techniques. As the table illustrates, these techniques exhibit variation in their formatting of Latin letters (upright vs. italic), formatting of Greek letters (bold vs. normal), formatting of operators and relations (bold vs. normal), and spacing.
Table 286: Producing bold mathematical symbols Package none none none amsbsy amsbsy bm xmath Code $\alpha + b = \Gamma \div D$ $\mathbf{\alpha + b = \Gamma \div D}$ \boldmath$\alpha + b = \Gamma \div D$ $\pmb{\alpha + b = \Gamma \div D}$ $\boldsymbol{\alpha + b = \Gamma \div D}$ $\bm{\alpha + b = \Gamma \div D}$ $\mathbold{\alpha + b = \Gamma \div D}$ Output +b=D +b=D +b=D +b=D +b=D +b=D +b= D (no bold)
(faked bold)
7.6
ASCII and Latin 1 quick reference
Table 287 on the next page amalgamates data from various other tables in this document into a convenient A reference for L TEX 2 typesetting of ASCII characters, i.e., the characters available on a typical U.S. computer keyboard. The rst two columns list the characters ASCII code in decimal and hexadecimal. The third A column shows what the character looks like. The fourth column lists the L TEX 2 command to typeset the A character as a text character. And the fourth column lists the L TEX 2 command to typeset the character within a \texttt{. . .} command (or, more generally, when \ttfamily is in eect). The following are some additional notes about the contents of Table 287: " is not available in the OT1 font encoding. The characters <, >, and | do work as expected in math mode, although they produce, respectively, , , and in text mode when using the OT1 font encoding.12 The following are some alternatives for typesetting <, >, and |: Specify a document font encoding other than OT1 (as described on page 7). Use the appropriate symbol commands from Table 2 on page 8, viz. \textless, \textgreater, and \textbar. Enter the symbols in math mode instead of text mode, i.e., $<$, $>$, and $|$.
12 Donald
Knuth didnt think such symbols were important outside of mathematics so he omitted them from his text fonts.
100
A Table 287: L TEX 2 ASCII Table
Dec 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 . . . 57 58 59 60 61
Hex 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 2A 2B 2C 2D 2E 2F 30 31 32 . . . 39 3A 3B 3C 3D
Char ! " # $ % & ( ) * + , . / 0 1 2 . . . 9 : ; < =
Body text ! \textquotedbl \# \$ \% \& ( ) * + , . / 0 1 2 . . . 9 : ; \textless =
\texttt ! " \# \$ \% \& ( ) * + , . / 0 1 2 . . . 9 : ; < =
Dec 62 63 64 65 66 67 . . . 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 . . . 122 123 124 125 126
Hex 3E 3F 40 41 42 43 . . . 5A 5B 5C 5D 5E 5F 60 61 62 63 . . . 7A 7B 7C 7D 7E
Char > ? @ A B C . . . Z [ \ ] a b c . . . z { | }
Body text \textgreater ? @ A B C . . . Z [ \textbackslash ] \^{} \_ a b c . . . z \{ \textbar \} \~{}
\texttt > ? @ A B C . . . Z [ \char\\ ] \^{} \char\_ a b c . . . z \char\{ | \char\} \~{}
Note that for typesetting metavariables many people prefer \textlangle and \textrangle to \textless and \textgreater, i.e., lename instead of <lename>.
A Although / does not require any special treatment, L TEX additionally denes a \slash command which outputs the same glyph but permits a line break afterwards. That is, increase/decrease is always typeset as a single entity while increase\slash{}decrease may be typeset with increase/ on one line and decrease on the next.
\textasciicircum can be used instead of \^{}, and \textasciitilde can be used instead of \~{}. Note that \textasciitilde and \~{} produce raised, diacritic tildes. Text (i.e., vertically centered) tildes can be generated with either the math-mode \sim command (shown in Table 62 on page 30), which produces a somewhat wide , or the textcomp packages \texttildelow (shown in Table 36 on page 19), which produces a vertically centered ~ in most fonts but a baseline-oriented in Computer Modern, txfonts, pxfonts, and various other fonts originating from the TEX world. If your goal is to typeset tildes in URLs or Unix lenames, your best bet is to use the url package, which has a number of nice features such as proper line-breaking of such names. The various \char commands within \texttt are necessary only in the OT1 font encoding. In other encodings (e.g., T1), commands such as \{, \}, \_, and \textbackslash all work properly. The code page 437 (IBM PC) version of ASCII characters 1 to 31 can be typeset using the ascii package. See Table 209 on page 69. To replace and with the more computer-like (and more visibly distinct) ` and ' within a verbatim environment, use the upquote package. Outside of verbatim, you can use \char18 and \char13 to get the modied quote characters. (The former is actually a grave accent.) Similar to Table 287, Table 288 on the next page is an amalgamation of data from other tables in this document. While Table 287 shows how to typeset the 7-bit ASCII character set, Table 288 shows the Latin 1 (Western European) character set, also known as ISO-8859-1. 101
A Table 288: L TEX 2 Latin 1 Table
Dec 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208
Hex A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 AA AB AC AD AE AF B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 BA BB BC BD BE BF C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 CA CB CC CD CE CF D0
Char ` A A A A A A C ` E E E E ` I I I I
A L TEX 2
Dec (tc) (tc) (tc) (tc) (tc) 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255
Hex D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 DA DB DC DD DE DF E0 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 EA EB EC ED EE EF F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 FA FB FC FD FE FF
Char N ` O O O O O ` U U U U Y a ` a a a a a c ` e e e e ` n o ` o o o o u ` u u u y y
A L TEX 2
! \textcent \pounds \textcurrency \textyen \textbrokenbar \S \textasciidieresis \textcopyright \textordfeminine \guillemotleft \textlnot \\textregistered \textasciimacron \textdegree \textpm \texttwosuperior \textthreesuperior \textasciiacute \textmu \P \textperiodcentered \c{} \textonesuperior \textordmasculine \guillemotright \textonequarter \textonehalf \textthreequarters ? \{A} \{A} \^{A} \~{A} \"{A} \AA \AE \c{C} \{E} \{E} \^{E} \"{E} \{I} \{I} \^{I} \"{I} \DH
(T1) (tc)
(tc) (tc) (tc) (tc) (tc) (tc) (tc)
(tc) (T1) (tc) (tc) (tc)
\~{N} \{O} \{O} \^{O} \~{O} \"{O} \texttimes \O \{U} \{U} \^{U} \"{U} \{Y} \TH \ss \{a} \{a} \^{a} \~{a} \"{a} \aa \ae \c{c} \{e} \{e} \^{e} \"{e} \{} \{} \^{} \"{} \dh \~{n} \{o} \{o} \^{o} \~{o} \"{o} \textdiv \o \{u} \{u} \^{u} \"{u} \{y} \th \"{y}
(tc)
(T1)
(T1)
(tc)
(T1)
(T1)
102
The following are some additional notes about the contents of Table 288: A (tc) after a symbol name means that the textcomp package must be loaded to access that symbol. A (T1) means that the symbol requires the T1 font encoding. The fontenc package can change the font encoding document-wide. Many of the \text. . . accents can also be produced using the accent commands shown in Table 18 on page 13 plus an empty argument. For instance, \={} is essentially the same as \textasciimacron.
A The commands in the L TEX 2 columns work both in body text and within a \texttt{. . .} command (or, more generally, when \ttfamily is in eect).
The and $ glyphs occupy the same slot (36) of the OT1 font encoding, with appearing in italic A fonts and $ appearing in roman fonts. A problem with L TEXs default handling of this double-mapping is that {\sffamily\slshape\pounds} produces $, not . Other font encodings use separate slots for the two characters and are therefore robust to the problem of /$ conicts. Authors who use \pounds should select a font encoding other than OT1 (as explained on page 7) or use the textcomp package, which redenes \pounds to use the TS1 font encoding. Character 173, \-, is shown as - but is actually a discretionary hyphen; it appears only at the end of a line. Microsoft Windows normally uses a superset of Latin 1 called Code Page 1252 or CP1252 for short. CP1252 introduces symbols in the Latin 1 invalid range (characters 128159). Table 289 presents the characters with which CP1252 augments the standard Latin 1 table.
A Table 289: L TEX 2 Code Page 1252 Table
Dec 128 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 142
Hex 80 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 8A 8B 8C 8E
Char f ... S Z
A L TEX 2
Dec (tc) (T1) (T1) 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 158 159
Hex 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 9A 9B 9C 9E 9F
Char s z Y
A L TEX 2
\texteuro \quotesinglbase \textit{f} \quotedblbase \dots \dag \ddag \textasciicircum \textperthousand \v{S} \guilsinglleft \OE \v{Z}
(tc) (T1)
\textbullet ---\textasciitilde \texttrademark \v{s} \guilsinglright \oe \v{z} \"{Y}
(T1)
The following are some additional notes about the contents of Table 289: As in Table 288, a (tc) after a symbol name means that the textcomp package must be loaded to access that symbol. A (T1) means that the symbol requires the T1 font encoding. The fontenc package can change the font encoding document-wide. Not all characters in the 128159 range are dened. Look up euro signs in the index for alternatives to \texteuro. While too large to incorporate into this document, a listing of ISO 8879:1986 SGML/XML character entities A and their L TEX equivalents is available from http://www.bitjungle.com/~isoent/. Some of the characters A presented there make use of isoent, a L TEX 2 package (available from the same URL) that fakes some of the A missing ISO glyphs using the L TEX picture environment.13
13 isoent is not featured in this document, because it is not available from CTAN and because the faked symbols are not true characters; they exist in only one size, regardless of the body texts font size.
103
7.7
About this document
History David Carlisle wrote the rst version of this document in October, 1994. It originally contained all A of the native L TEX symbols (Tables 40, 52, 62, 95, 120, 122, 141, 142, 152, 157, 184, and a few tables that have since been reorganized) and was designed to be nearly identical to the tables in Chapter 3 of Leslie Lamports book [Lam86]. Even the table captions and the order of the symbols within each table matched! The AMS symbols (Tables 41, 63, 64, 98, 99, 123, 127, 137, and 185) and an initial Math Alphabets table (Table 196) were added thereafter. Later, Alexander Holt provided the stmaryrd tables (Tables 42, 54, 65, 101, 117, and 138). In January, 2001, Scott Pakin took responsibility for maintaining the symbol list and has since implemented A a complete overhaul of the document. The result, now called, The Comprehensive L TEX Symbol List, includes the following new features: the addition of a handful of new math alphabets, dozens of new font tables, and thousands of new symbols the categorization of the symbol tables into body-text symbols, mathematical symbols, science and technology symbols, dingbats, and other symbols, to provide a more user-friendly document structure an index, table of contents, and a frequently-requested symbol list, to help users quickly locate symbols symbol tables rewritten to list the symbols in alphabetical order
A appendices to provide additional information relevant to using symbols in L TEX
tables showing how to typeset all of the characters in the ASCII and Latin 1 font encodings Furthermore, the internal structure of the document has been completely altered from Davids original version. Most of the changes are geared towards making the document easier to extend, modify, and reformat. Build characteristics Table 290 lists some of this documents build characteristics. Most important is A the list of packages that L TEX couldnt nd, but that symbols.tex otherwise would have been able to take advantage of. Complete, prebuilt versions of this document are available from CTAN (http://www.ctan.org/ or one of its many mirror sites) in the directory tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive. Table 291 shows the package date (specied in the .sty le with \ProvidesPackage) for each package that was used to build this document and that species a package date. Packages are not listed in any particular order in either Table 290 or 291. Table 290: Document Characteristics Characteristic Source le: Build date: Symbols documented: Packages included: Value symbols.tex January 3, 2008 4947 textcomp latexsym amssymb stmaryrd euscript wasysym pifont manfnt bbding undertilde ifsym tipa tipx extraipa wsuipa phonetic ulsy ar metre txfonts mathabx fclfont skak ascii dingbat skull eurosym esvect yfonts yhmath esint mathdots trsym universa upgreek overrightarrow chemarr chemarrow nath trfsigns mathtools phaistos arcs vietnam t4phonet holtpolt semtrans dictsym extarrows protosem harmony hieroglf cclicenses mathdesign arev MnSymbol cmll extpfeil keystroke fge turnstile simpsons epsdice feyn universal staves igo accents nicefrac bm mathrsfs chancery calligra bbold mbboard dsfont bbm none
Packages omitted:
104
Table 291: Package versions used in the preparation of this document Name textcomp latexsym amssymb stmaryrd euscript wasysym pifont manfnt bbding undertilde ifsym tipa tipx wsuipa metre txfonts mathabx skak ascii dingbat skull eurosym yfonts mathdots trsym universa upgreek chemarr mathtools phaistos arcs t4phonet semtrans dictsym extarrows protosem harmony hieroglf cclicenses arev MnSymbol extpfeil keystroke fge turnstile epsdice feyn universal accents nicefrac bm calligra Date 2005/09/27 1998/08/17 2002/01/22 1994/03/03 2001/10/01 2003/10/30 2005/04/12 1999/07/01 1996/06/21 2000/08/08 2000/04/18 2002/08/08 2003/01/01 1994/07/16 2001/12/05 2005/01/03 2003/07/29 2003/09/27 2006/05/30 2001/04/27 2002/01/23 1998/08/06 2003/01/08 2006/03/16 2000/06/25 98/08/01 2003/02/12 2006/02/20 2004/10/10 2004/04/23 2004/05/09 2004/06/01 1998/02/10 2004/07/26 2002/03/30 2005/03/18 2007/05/03 2000/09/23 2005/05/20 2005/06/14 2007/01/21 2006/07/27 2003/08/15 2007/06/03 2007/06/23 2001/02/15 2002/04/23 97/12/24 2006/05/12 1998/08/04 2004/02/26 1996/07/18
105
7.8
Copyright and license
A The Comprehensive L TEX Symbol List Copyright 2008, Scott Pakin A This work may be distributed and/or modied under the conditions of the L TEX Project Public License, either version 1.3c of this license or (at your option) any later version. The latest version of this license is in
http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt
A and version 1.3c or later is part of all distributions of L TEX version 2006/05/20 or later. This work has the LPPL maintenance status maintained. The current maintainer of this work is Scott Pakin.
References
[AMS99] American Mathematical Society. Users Guide for the amsmath Package (Version 2.0), December 13, 1999. Available from ftp://ftp.ams.org/pub/tex/doc/amsmath/amsldoc.pdf. [Ber01] [Che97] Karl Berry. Fontname: Filenames for TEX fonts, June 2001. Available from http://www.ctan.org/ tex-archive/info/fontname. Raymond Chen. A METAFONT of Simpsons characters. Baskerville, 4(4):19, September 1997. ISSN 1354-5930. Available from http://tug.ctan.org/usergrps/uktug/baskervi/4 4/ bask4 4.ps.
A [Dow00] Michael Downes. Short math guide for L TEX, July 19, 2000. Version 1.07. Available from http:// www.ams.org/tex/short-math-guide.html.
[Gib97]
Jeremy Gibbons. Heyit works! TUGboat, 18(2):7578, June 1997. Available from http:// www.tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb18-2/tb55works.pdf.
[Knu86a] Donald E. Knuth. The TEXbook, volume A of Computers and Typesetting. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA, 1986. [Knu86b] Donald E. Knuth. The METAFONTbook, volume C of Computers and Typesetting. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA, 1986.
A [Lam86] Leslie Lamport. L TEX: A document preparation system. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA, 1986. A [L T98] A A L TEX3 Project Team. A new math accent. L TEX News. Issue 9, June 1998. Available from http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/doc/ltnews09.pdf (also included in many TEX distributions). A A L TEX3 Project Team. L TEX 2 font selection, January 30, 2000. Available from http:// www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/doc/fntguide.ps (also included in many TEX distributions).
A [L T00]
106
Index
If youre having trouble locating a symbol, try looking under T for \text. . .. Many text-mode commands begin with that prex. Also, accents are shown over/under a gray box, e.g., a for \. Some symbol entries appear to be listed repeatedly. This happens when multiple packages dene identical (or nearly identical) glyphs with the same symbol name.14 Symbols ........ ....... ........ ....... ....... ........ ........ \AAhe (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \AAhelmet (V) . . . . . . . . . . 83 \AAheth (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \AAkaph (K) . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \AAlamed (L) . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \Aaleph (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \AApe (P) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \AAqoph (Q) . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \AAresh (R) . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \AAsade (X) . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \Aayin (o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \AAyod (Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \Abeth (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 absolute value . see \lvert and \rvert abzglich . . see \textdiscount u \AC () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 \acarc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \acbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 accents . . 1317, 3335, 44, 46, 5660, 68, 79, 86, 9496 any character as . . . . . . 94 extensible . . 5760, 9596 multiple per character . 94 accents (package) 56, 94, 104, 105 \accentset . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 \Acht ( ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \AchtBL ( ) ]( ) .. \^ () . . a \^{} () \| ( ) . . \| (a) . . \= () . . a \={} () | (|) . . . \_ ( ) . . \{ ({) . . \} (}) . . \ (`) . . a \~ () . . a \~{} () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 . . . . . 13 . . . . 101 . . . . . 53 . . . . . 13 . . . . . 13 . . . . 103 . . . . . 53 . . 8, 101 8, 53, 101 8, 53, 101 . . . . . 13 . . . . . 13 . . . . 101 \Alas ({) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 \alas ({) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 \aleph () . . . . . . . . . . 50, 62 \aleph () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \Alif ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 \alpha () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 alphabets African . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Cyrillic . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Greek . . . . . . . . 49, 50, 65 Hebrew . . . . . . . . . 50, 65 hieroglyphic . . . . . . . . . 84 math . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 phonetic . . . . . . . . 1013 proto-Semitic . . . . . . . . 83 Vietnamese . . . . . . . . . . 9 \alphaup () . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 alpine symbols . . . . . . . . . . . 81 \Alt ( Alt ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 \AltGr ( AltGr ) . . . . . . . . . 69 \amalg ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 \amalg ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 \Amem (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 ampersand . . . . . . . . . . see \& AMS 7, 8, 21, 25, 30, 36, 37, 39, 41, 4953, 56, 58, 59, 6163, 66, 87, 104 amsbsy (package) . . . . . . . . 100 amsfonts (package) 20, 30, 36, 41, 62, 65 amsmath (package) 7, 49, 56, 91, 99 amssymb (package) 7, 20, 30, 36, 41, 56, 62, 65, 104, 105, 107 amstext (package) . . . . . 92, 93 \Anaclasis () . . . . . . . . . . 82 \anaclasis () . . . . . . . . . . 82 \anchor ( ) . and . . . . . . . . . \angle () . . . \angle ( ) . . . \angle () . . . angles . . . . . . . \Anglesign (W) Angstrm unit o math mode text mode \Angud ( ) . . . . \angud ( ) . . . . angular minutes angular seconds \Angus ( ) . . . . \angus ( ) . . . .
\" () a \# (#) \$ ($) \% (%) \& (&) \ () a ( (() .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . 13 8, 101 8, 101 8, 101 8, 101 . . . 13 . . . 53
( ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 ) ()) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 ) ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 * (*) . \, . . . \- (-) \. (a) / (/) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 . . . 100 102, 103 . . . . 13 . . . . 53
/ ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 < ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 [ ([) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 [ ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 \\ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 ] (]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
= =
A a (esvect package option) \a ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . \AA ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . A) \aa ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . a) \AAaleph (A) . . . . . . . . \AAayin (O) . . . . . . . . . \AAbeth (B) . . . . . . . . . = =
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
59 82 . 9 . 9 83 83 83
\AAcht ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \AAdaleth (D) . . . . . . . . . . . 83

14 This
\AchtBR ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \ACK ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 \acontraction . . . . . . . . . . 96 \AcPa (? ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 actuarial symbols . . . . . . . . 95 \acute () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 \acutus (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 \Adaleth (d) . . . . . . . . . . . 83 adjoint () . . . . . . . . . see \dag Adobe Acrobat . . . . . . . . . . 99 . \adots ( . . ) . . . . . . . . . 62, 94 advancing . see \textadvancing \AE () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 \ae () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 \agemO ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 \Agimel (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \Ahe (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \Ahelmet (v) . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \Aheth (H) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \ain (s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 \Akaph (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \Alad (}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 \alad (}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 \Alamed (l) . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
= =
. . . . . . . . . . . . 79
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . 77 see \wedge . . . . . . 63 . . . . . . 62 . . . . . . 63 . . . 6264 . . . . . . 64
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
see \mathring . . . . see \AA . . . . . . . . 56 . . . . . . . . 56 . . see \prime . see \second . . . . . . . . 56 . . . . . . . . 56
occurs frequently between amssymb and mathabx, for example.
107
\Ankh () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 \annu ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 annuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \Antidiple (<) . . . . . . . . . . 82 \antidiple (<) . . . . . . . . . . 82 \Antidiple* (<) . . . . . . . . . 82 \antidiple* (<) . . . . . . . . . 82 \Antisigma () . . . . . . . . . . 82 \antisigma () . . . . . . . . . . 82 \Anun (n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \Ape (p) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 APL modiers . . . . . . . . . . . 68 symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 \APLbox ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 \APLcirc () . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 \APLcomment ( ) . . . . . . . . . 68 \APLdown ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 68 \APLdownarrowbox ( ) . . . . 68 \APLinput ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 68 \APLinv () . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 \APLleftarrowbox ( ) . . . . 68 \APLlog ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 \APLminus () . . . . . . . . . . 68 \APLnot () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 \APLrightarrowbox ( ) . . . . 68 \APLstar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 68 \APLup ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 \APLuparrowbox ( ) . . . . . . 68 \APLvert ( | ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 \apprge ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 \apprle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 \approx () . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 \approx () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 \approxeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 30 \approxeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 32 \Aqoph (q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \Aquarius () . . . . . . . . . . 68 \aquarius ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 68 \AR ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 ar (package) . . . . . . . . 67, 104 arc . . . . . . . . . . . . see accents \arccos (arccos) . . . . . . . . . 49 arcminutes . . . . . . . see \prime arcs (package) . . . . 16, 104, 105 arcseconds . . . . . . . see \second \arcsin (arcsin) . . . . . . . . . 49 \arctan (arctan) . . . . . . . . . 49 \Aresh (r) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 arev (package) . 64, 78, 104, 105 \arg (arg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 \Aries () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 \Aries () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 \aries ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 \ArrowBoldDownRight ( ) . 71 \ArrowBoldRightCircled ( ) 71 \ArrowBoldRightShort ( ) . . 71 \ArrowBoldRightStrobe ( ) 71 \ArrowBoldUpRight ( ) . . . 71 \Arrownot () . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 \arrownot () . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
arrows . . . 4143, 47, 69, 71, 90 diagonal, for reducing subexpressions . . . . . . . . . . 57 double-headed, diagonal 93 extensible . . . . . . . 5760 etched . . . . . . . . . 47, 71 negated . . . . . . . 41, 42, 44 \Arrowvert ( ) . . . . . . . . . 53 \Arrowvert \arrowvert ( ) . . . . . . . . . 54 () . . . . . . . . . . 53
\Avav (w) . . average . . . . \Ayn ( ) . . . \Ayod (y) . . \Azayin (z)
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
83 20 13 83 83
\arrowvert ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 54 Arseneau, Donald . . . 91, 9395 \Asade (x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \Asamekh (s) . . . . . . . . . . . 83 ASCII . . . 7, 9, 69, 100101, 104 table . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 ascii (package) 69, 101, 104, 105 \ascnode ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 68 \Ashin (S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 aspect ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 \ast () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 \ast () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 \ast () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 \Asteriscus ( ) . . . . . . . . 82 \asteriscus () . . . . . . . . . 82 \Asterisk () . . . . . . . . . . 22 \Asterisk ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 74 \asterisk () . . . . . . . . . . . 22 \AsteriskBold (
B \B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \B ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . b (esvect package option) \b (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \b ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . \babygamma (3) . . . . . . . \backapprox ( ) . . . . . . \backapproxeq ( ) . . . . \backcong ( ) . . . . . . . . \backepsilon ( ) . . . . . \backeqsim ( ) . . . . . . . \backneg () . . . . . . . . . \backprime ( ) . . . . . . . \backprime ( ) . . . . . . . \backsim ( ) . . . . . . . . \backsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . \backsimeq ( ) . . . . . . \backsimeq ( ) . . . . . . . \backslash (\) . . . . . . . \backslash ( )
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
... 9 . . 82 . . 59 . . 13 . . 82 . . 11 . . 32 . . 32 . . 32 . . 30 . . 32 . . 63 . . 63 . . 63 . . 30 . . 32 . . 30 . . 32 53, 62
. . . . . . . . . 74 \asterism (**) . . . . * astrological symbols . astronomical symbols \astrosun ( ) . . . . \asymp ( ) . . . . . . . \asymp ( ) . . . . . . . \atan (atan) . . . . . . \ataribox ( ) . . . . . \Atav (t) . . . . . . . . \Ateth (T) . . . . . . . \AtForty () . . . . \AtNinetyFive () atomic math objects \AtSixty () . . . . \autoleftarrow (
e) . . . . . . . 74 \AsteriskCenterOpen (f) . . 74 \AsteriskRoundedEnds () . 74 asterisks . . . . . . . . . . . . 22, 74 \AsteriskThin (g) . . . . . . . 74 \AsteriskThinCenterOpen (h)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 . . . 68 . . . 68 . . . 68 . . . 30 . . . 48 . . . 99 . . . 78 . . . 83 . . . 83 . . . 80 . . . 80 49, 100 . . . . 80 . . . 60
. . . . . . . . . 54
\backslashdiv ( ) . . . . . . . 23 \backtriplesim ( ) . . . . . . . 32 banana brackets . . . . . . . . . . . . see \llparenthesis and \rrparenthesis \bar () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 \barb () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 \barcirc () . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \bard () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 \bari (9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 \barin () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 \barj (j) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \barl (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 \barlambda () . . . . . . . . . . 12 \barleftharpoon () . . . . . 43 \baro ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 \baro ( vs. `) . . . . . . . . . . 88 \baro (`) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \barp (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 barred letters . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \barrightharpoon () . . . . 43 \barsci (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \barscu () . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
y { z w x
DGGGGG) GGGGGA)
\Bart ()

\autoleftrightharpoons (
EGGGGG) GGGGGC GGGGGB FGGGGG)
. . . . . . . . . . . 60 . . 60
\autorightarrow (
\autorightleftharpoons ( . . . . . . . . . . . 60
\baru () . . . . \barwedge () \barwedge ( ) . \Bat () . . . . . \bauarrow ( ) \baucircle ( ) \baucircle ( ) \baucross ( )
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85 12 22 21 80 71 76 76 73
108
\baudash ( ) . . . . . . \baueclipse ( ) . . . . \bauequal ( ) . . . . . \bauface ( ) . . . . . . \bauforms ( ) . . . . .

\bauforms ( ) . . . . . . . . . 80 \bauhead ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 80 \bauhead ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 80 \bauhole ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 76 \bauplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 80 \baupunct ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 76 \bauquarter ( ) . . . . . . . . . 80 \bauquestion ( ) . . . . . . . . 80 \bausquare ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 76 \bausquare ( ) . . . . . . . . . 76 \bautriangle ( ) . . . . . . . . 76 \bautriangle ( ) . . . . . . . . 76 \bauwhitearrow ( ) . . . . . . 71 \bauwindow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 80 \BB ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \Bb ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \bB ( \bb ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \bba ( \bbalpha () . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 \bbar () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 b \bbb ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \bbbeta () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 \Bbbk (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 bbding (package) . 7175, 77, 88, 104, 105 \bbdollar ($) . . . . . . . . . . . 65 \bbetter (g) . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \bbeuro () . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 \bbfinalnun () . . . . . . . . . 65 \bbgamma ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 bbgreekl (mathbbol package option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 \BBm ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \Bbm ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \bBm ( bbm (package) . . . . . . . 65, 104 \bbm ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \bbmb ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \bbmx ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 65 \bbnabla bbold (package) . . . . . . 65, 104 \bbpe () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 \bbqof () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 \bbslash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 21 \bbyod () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 \bcontraction . . . . . . . . . . 96 \bdecisive (i) . . . . . . . . . 82 \Beam (") . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 \Bearing (#) . . . . . . . . . . . 70 \because ( ) . . . . . . . . 30, 61 \because ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 \BEL ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 \bell ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Berry, Karl . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 \beta () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
80 76 80 80 80
\betaup () . . . \beth ( ) . . . . \beth ( ) . . . . \betteris (b) \between (2) . . \between ( ) . . \between ( . ) \bibridge (a) . \Bicycle () . \Big . . . . . . . . \big . . . . . . . . \bigast () . .
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.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 87, 87, ...
50 50 50 82 31 30 32 15 76 89 89 22 70 25 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 25 29 29 29 20 74 75 29 22 26 75 25 29 29 29 29 26 25 29 29 26 25 29 29 75 29 29 29 29 89 89
\bigbosonloop (3) . . . . . \bigbox ( ) . . . .. . . . . \bigboxasterisk ( . . ) \bigboxbackslash ( ) . \bigboxbot ( . . . . . . ) \bigboxcirc ( ) . . . . . \bigboxcoasterisk ( ) \bigboxdiv () . . . . . . \bigboxdot ( . . . . . . ) \bigboxleft ( . . . . . ) \bigboxminus ) . . . . ( \bigboxplus ( . . . . . ) \bigboxright () . . . . \bigboxslash () . . . . \bigboxtimes ( ) . . . . \bigboxtop ( ) . . . . . . \bigboxtriangleup ( ) \bigboxvoid ( ) . . . . . \bigcap ( ) . . . . . . . . . \bigcap ( ) . . . . . . . . . \bigcapdot ( ) . . . . . . . \bigcapplus ( ) . . . . . . \bigcirc ( ) . . . . . . . . \bigcirc ( ) . . . . . . . . \BigCircle ( ) . . . . . . \bigcircle ( ) . . . . . . \bigcoast () . . .. . . . \bigcomplementop ( ) . . \BigCross ( ) . . . . . . . \bigcup ( ) . . . . . . . . . \bigcup ( ) . . . . . . . . . \bigcupdot ( ) . . . . . . . \bigcupplus ( ) . . . . . \bigcupplus ( . . . . . . ) \bigcurlyvee ( ) . . . . . \bigcurlyvee ( ) . . . . . \bigcurlyvee ( ) . . . . . \bigcurlyveedot ) . . ( \bigcurlywedge ( ) . . . \bigcurlywedge ( ) . . . \bigcurlywedge ( ) . . . \bigcurlywedgedot ( ) . \BigDiamondshape ( ) . \bigdoublecurlyvee ( ) \bigdoublecurlywedge ( \bigdoublevee ( ) . . . . \bigdoublewedge ( ) . . \Bigg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \bigg . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ) . ... ... 87, 87,
\BigHBar ( ) . . . . . . . . \biginterleave ( ) . . . \BigLowerDiamond ( ) . \bignplus ( ) . . . . . . . \bigoast ( ) . . . . . . .. \bigoasterisk ( . . . . ) \bigobackslash ( ) . . . \bigobackslash ( ) . . . \bigobot ( . . . . . . . . ) \bigocirc ( ) . . . . . . . \bigocirc ( ) . .. . . . . \bigocoasterisk ( ) . . \bigodiv ( ) . . . . . . . . \bigodot ( ) . . . . . . . . \bigodot ( . . . . . . . . ) \bigoleft ( . . . . . . . ) \bigominus ( ) . . . . . . \bigominus ( ) . . . . . . \bigoplus ( ) . . . . . . . \bigoplus ( . . . . . . . ) \bigoright () . . . . . . \bigoslash ( ) . . . . . . \bigoslash ( ) . . . . . . \bigostar ( ) . . . . . . . \bigotimes ( ) . . . . . . \bigotimes ( ) . . . . . . \bigotop ( ) . . . . . . . . \bigotriangle ( ) . . . . \bigotriangleup ( ) . . \bigovert ( . . . . . . . ) \bigovoid ( ) . . . . . . . \bigparallel ( ) . . . . . \bigparr () . . . . . . . . \bigplus ( ) . . . . . . . . \bigplus ( ) . . . . . . . . \BigRightDiamond ( ) . \bigsqcap ( ) . . . . . . . \bigsqcap ( ) . . . . . . . \bigsqcap ( ) . . . . . . . . \bigsqcapdot ( ) . . . . . \bigsqcapplus ( ) . . . . \bigsqcapplus ( ) . . . . \bigsqcup ( ) . . . . . . . \bigsqcup ( ) . . . . . . . . \bigsqcupdot ( ) . . . . . \bigsqcupplus ( ) . . . . \bigsqcupplus ( ) . . . . \BigSquare ( . . . . . . ) \bigsquplus ( ) . . . . . . \bigstar () . . . . . . . . \bigstar ( ) . . . . . . . . \bigstar ( . . . . . . . . ) \bigtimes ( ) . . . . . . . \bigtimes ( ) . . . . . . . . \BigTriangleDown ( ) . \bigtriangledown ( ) . \bigtriangledown ( vs. \bigtriangledown ( ) . \bigtriangledown ( ) . \BigTriangleLeft ( ) . \BigTriangleRight ( )
&
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 6
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ) .. .. .. ..
75 25 75 25 29 26 26 29 26 26 29 26 26 25 29 26 26 29 25 29 26 26 29 29 25 29 26 29 26 29 26 25 30 26 29 75 26 25 29 29 27 29 25 29 29 27 29 75 26 22 63 74 26 29 75 25 88 20 40 75 75
109
\BigTriangleUp ( ) . . . . . . 75 \bigtriangleup ( ) . . . . . . 25 \bigtriangleup ( vs. ) . 88 \bigtriangleup ( ) . . . . . . 20 \bigtriangleup ( ) . . . . . . 40 \biguplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 25 \biguplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 29 \bigvarstar () . . . . . . . . . 22 \BigVBar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 75 \bigvee ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 \bigvee ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 \bigveedot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 29 \bigwedge ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 25 \bigwedge ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 29 \bigwedgedot ( ) . . . . . . . . 29 \bigwith ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 30 \binampersand ( ) . . . . . . . 21 binary operators . . . . . . 2024 binary relations . . 3032, 3439, 47, 48 negated . . . . . . . . . 3033 \bindnasrepma ( ) . . . . . . . 21 \Biohazard (h) . . . . . . . . . 70 biological symbols . . . . . . . . 70 bishop . . . . . . see chess symbols \bishoppair (a) . . . . . . . . . 82 blackboard bold see alphabets, math \blackdiamond () . . . . . . . 22 \blacklozenge ( ) . . . . . . . 63 \blacklozenge ( ) . . . . . . . 74 \blacksmiley ( ) . . . . . . . . 78 \blacksquare ( ) . . . . . . . . 63 \blacksquare ( ) . . . . . . . . 24 \blackstone . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 \blacktriangle ( ) . . . . . . 63 \blacktriangle ( ) . . . . . . 40 \blacktriangledown () . . . 24 \blacktriangledown ( ) . . . 63 \blacktriangledown ( ) . . . 40 \blacktriangleleft () . . . 24 \blacktriangleleft ( ) . . . 39 \blacktriangleleft ( ) . . . 40 \blacktriangleright () . . 24 \blacktriangleright ( ) . . 39 \blacktriangleright ( ) . . 40 \blacktriangleup () . . . . . 24 blank . . . . . . . see \textblank \Bleech () . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 \blitza ( ) . . . . . . . . . 20, 48 \blitzb ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 \blitzc ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 \blitzd ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 \blitze ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 \Bm ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 bm (package) . . . . 100, 104, 105 \bm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 \bm ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \bmod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 body-text symbols . . . . . . 819 bold symbols . . . . . . . . . . . 100 \boldmath . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

\boldsymbol . . . . . . . . . . . 100 born . . . . . . . . . see \textborn bosons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 \bot () . . . . . . . . . . 20, 51, 92 \bot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 \botdoteq () . . . . . . . . . . 31 \Bouquet () . . . . . . . . . . . 80 \Bowtie ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 \bowtie ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 \bowtie ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 \Box ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 \Box ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 \Box ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \boxast ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 \boxasterisk (f) . . . . . . . . 24 \boxbackslash (n) . . . . . . . 24 \boxbackslash ( ) . . . . . . . 24 \boxbar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 \boxbot (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \boxbox ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 \boxbox ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \boxbslash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 21 \boxcirc (e) . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \boxcircle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 21 \boxcoasterisk (g) . . . . . . 24 \boxdiv () . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \boxdot (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \boxdot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 \boxdot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \boxdotLeft ( ) . . . . . . . . 42 \boxdotleft ( ) . . . . . . . . 42 \boxdotRight ( ) . . . . . . . 42 \boxdotright ( ) . . . . . . . 42 \boxempty ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 21 \boxLeft ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 42 \boxleft (h) . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \boxleft ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 42 \boxminus () . . . . . . . . . . 24 \boxminus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 21 \boxminus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \boxplus () . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \boxplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 21 \boxplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \boxRight ( ) . . . . . . . . . 42 \boxright (i) . . . . . . . . . . 24 \boxright ( ) . . . . . . . . . 42 \boxslash (m) . . . . . . . . . . 24 \boxslash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 21 \boxslash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \boxtimes () . . . . . . . . . . 24 \boxtimes ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 21 \boxtimes ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \boxtop (j) . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \boxtriangleup (o) . . . . . . 24 \boxvert ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \boxvoid (l) . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \boy (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 bra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 \braceld ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \bracerd ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 95 . \bracevert () . . . . . . . . . 53 \bracevert ( ) . . . . . . . . . 54
brackets . . . . . . . see delimiters braket (package) . . . . . . . . . 53 \Break ( Break ) . . . . . . . . . 69 breve . . . . . . . . . . see accents \breve () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 \breve (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 \brokenvert ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 78 Bronger, Torsten . . . . . . . . . 92 \BS ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 \BSEfree (n) . . . . . . . . . . . 70 \BSpace ( ) . . . . . . . . . 69 \bullet () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 \bullet ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 bullseye . . . see \textbullseye \Bumpedeq (%) . . . . . . . . . . 31 \bumpedeq (#) . . . . . . . . . . 31 \Bumpeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 \Bumpeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 \bumpeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 \bumpeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 \bupperhand (e) . . . . . . . . . 82
\Burns ()
. . . . . . . . 85
C \C ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 c (esvect package option) . . . 59 \c () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 102 a \c ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 calligra (package) . . 65, 104, 105 Calligra (font) . . . . . . . . . . . 65 calrsfs (package) . . . . . . . . . 65 \CAN ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 cancel (package) . . . . . . . . . 57 \Cancer () . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 \cancer ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 \Cap ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 \Cap ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 \cap () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 \cap () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 \cap () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 \capdot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 \capplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 \Capricorn () . . . . . . . . . . 68 \capricornus ( ) . . . . . . . . 68 card suits . . . . . . . . . 6264, 77 cardinality . . . . . . . see \aleph care of (c/o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 caret . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \^ Carlisle, David . . . . . . . 1, 104 caron . . . . . . . . . . see accents carriage return . 69, 77, 90, see also \hookleftarrow \carriagereturn ( ) . . . . . 77 castle . . . . . . see chess symbols \Catalexis () . . . . . . . . . . 82 \catalexis () . . . . . . . . . . 82 catamorphism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \llparenthesis and \rrparenthesis \Cc ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
110
\cc ( CC ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 \cc ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \ccby ( BY: ) . . . . . . . . . . . 18 \Ccc ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 cclicenses (package) 18, 104, 105 \ccnc ( $ ) . . . . . . . . . . . 18 \ccnd ( = ) . . . . . . . . . . . 18 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 \ccsa ( \cdot () . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 91 \cdot () . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 61 \cdotp () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 \cdotp () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 \cdots ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Cedi . see \textcolonmonetary cedilla . . . . . . . . . . see accents celestial bodies . . . . . . . . . . 68 \celsius ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 67 \Celtcross () . . . . . . . . . . 80 \cent () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 \centerdot () . . . . . . . . . . 22 \centerdot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 21 centernot (package) . . . . . . . 92 \centernot . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 \centre (I) . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 cents . . . . . . . . . see \textcent \CEsign (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 chancery (package) . . . . . . . 104 \changenotsign . . . . . . . . . 32 \char . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 90 Charter (font) . . . . . . . . 17, 29 \check () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 check marks . . . . . . . 73, 76, 77 \checked ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 78 \CheckedBox ( ) . . . . . . . . . 73 \Checkedbox (V) . . . . . . . . . 76 \Checkmark ( ) . . . . . . . . . 73 \checkmark ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 8 \checkmark ( ) . . . . . . . . . 63 \checkmark ( vs. ) . . . . . 88 \checkmark ( ) . . . . . . . . . 77 \CheckmarkBold ( ) . . . . . . 73 chemarr (package) . 59, 104, 105 chemarrow (package) 47, 60, 104 \chemarrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . 47 Chen, Raymond . . . . . . . . 106 chess symbols . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \chi () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 \chiup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \circ () . . . . . . . . . 20, 64, 92 \circ () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 \circeq (&) . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 \circeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 \circeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 \CIRCLE ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 \Circle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 \Circle ( vs. ) . . . . . . . 88 \Circle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 \circlearrowleft () . . . . 42 \circlearrowleft ( ) . . . . 41 \circlearrowleft ( ) . . . . 44 \circlearrowright () . . . . 42
D
A
\circlearrowright ( ) . . . 41 \circlearrowright ( ) . . . 44 circled numbers . . . . . . . 73, 76 \CircledA () . . . . . . . . . . 80 \circledast ( ) . . . . . . . . . 21 \circledast ( ) . . . . . . . . . 24 \circledbar ( ) . . . . . . . . . 21 \circledbslash ( ) . . . . . . 21 \circledcirc ( ) . . . . . . . . 21 \circledcirc ( ) . . . . . . . . 24 \circleddash ( ) . . . . . . . . 21 \circleddash ( ) . . . . . . . . 24 \circleddot . . . . . . see \odot \circleddotleft ( ) . . . . 42 \circleddotright ( ) . . . . 42 \circledgtr ( ) . . . . . . . . . 31 \circledless ( ) . . . . . . . . 31 \circledminus . . . see \ominus \circledotleft . . . . . . . . see \circleddotleft \circledotright . . . . . . . see \circleddotright \circledplus . . . . . see \oplus \circledR ( ) . . . . . . . . 8, 51 \circledS ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 51 \circledslash . . . see \oslash \circledtimes . . . see \otimes \circledvee ( ) . . . . . . . . . 21 \circledwedge ( ) . . . . . . . 21 \circleleft ( ) . . . . . . . . 42 \circleright ( ) . . . . . . . 42 circles . . . . . . . . . . . . 75, 76, 78 \CircleShadow ( ) . . . . . . . 75 \CircleSolid ( ) . . . . . . . . 75 \Circpipe () . . . . . . . . . . 70 \circplus () . . . . . . . . . . 22 \Circsteel () . . . . . . . . . 70 circumex . . . . . . . see accents \circumflexus (a) . . . . . . . 16 \CleaningA () . . . . . . . . . . 80 \CleaningF () . . . . . . . . . . 80 \CleaningFF () . . . . . . . . . 80 \CleaningP () . . . . . . . . . . 80 \CleaningPP ( ) . . . . . . . . . 80 \clickb (Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \clickc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \clickt () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \clock ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 clock symbols . . . . . . . . . . . 81 \Clocklogo (U) . . . . . . . . . . 76 \closedcurlyvee ( ) . . . . . . 23 \closedcurlywedge ( ) . . . . 23 \closedequal ( ) . . . . . . . . 32 \closedniomega (c) . . . . . . 12 \closedprec ( ) . . . . . . . . . 32 \closedrevepsilon (') . . . . 12 \closedsucc ( ) . . . . . . . . . 32 \Cloud ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 clovers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 clubs (suit) . . . . . . . . 6264, 77 \clubsuit () . . . . . . . . . . 62 \clubsuit () . . . . . . . . . . . 63
cmll (package) 20, 23, 30, 36, 104 \coAsterisk () . . . . . . . . . 22 \coasterisk () . . . . . . . . . 22 code page 1252 . . . . . . . . . 103 table . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 code page 437 . . . . . . . 69, 101 \Coffeecup (K) . . . . . . . . . 76 \coh () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \colon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 \colon ( : ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 \colon ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 \Colonapprox ( ) . . . . . . . 31 \Colonapprox (::) . . . . . . . 34 \colonapprox (:) . . . . . . . . 34 \colonapprox ( ) . . . . . . . . 31 \Coloneq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 31 \Coloneq (::) . . . . . . . . . . . 34 \coloneq (!) . . . . . . . . . . . 31 \coloneq (:) . . . . . . . . . . . 34 \coloneq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 31 \Coloneqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 31 \Coloneqq (::=) . . . . . . . . . . 34 \coloneqq (:=) . . . . . . . . . . 34 \coloneqq ( ) . . . . . . . 20, 31 \Colonsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 31 \Colonsim (::) . . . . . . . . . . 34 \colonsim (:) . . . . . . . . . . 34 \colonsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 31 \comment (RR) . . . . . . . . . . 82 communication symbols . . . . 69 comp.text.tex (newsgroup) . 7, 20, 9095 \compensation (n) . . . . . . . 82 \complement (e) . . . . . . . . . 51 \complement ( ) . . . . . . . . . 51 \complement ( ) . . . . . . . . . 29 complex numbers (C) . . . . see alphabets, math Comprehensive TEX Archive Network 1, 7, 57, 66, 87, 103, 104 computer hardware symbols . 69 computer keys . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Computer Modern (font) 87, 89, 101 \ComputerMouse () . . . . . . . 69 \cong ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 \cong () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 conjunction . . . . . . . see \wedge \conjunction ( ) . . . . . . . . 68 consequence relations . . . . . . 34 contradiction symbols . . 20, 48 control characters . . . . . . . . 69 \convolution () . . . . . . . . 22 \coprod ( ) . . . . . . . . . 20, 25 \coprod ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 copyright . . . . . . . . . 8, 18, 102 \copyright () . . . . . . . . . . 8 \corner (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 \Corresponds (=) . . . . . . . . 64 \corresponds ()) . . . . . . . . 31 \cos (cos) . . . . . . . . . . . 49, 99 \cosh (cosh) . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
\
C
111
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 93 41 44 42 41 44 31 31 30 33 31 73
\dfourier ( c \DFT ( \dft (
\Dfourier (
.. .. . ..
c . . . . . . . . 35 )
)
. . . . . . . . 35
) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
112
\cot (cot) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 \coth (coth) . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 \counterplay (V) . . . . . . . . 82 Courier (font) . . . . . . . . . . . 17 CP1252 . . . . see code page 1252 CP437 . . . . . see code page 437 \CR ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 \cr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Creative Commons licenses . 18 crescent (fge package option) 56 \Cross ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 \Cross ( vs. vs. ) . . . . . 88 \Cross ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 \Cross () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 \crossb () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \CrossBoldOutline ( ) . . . . 72 \CrossClowerTips ( ) . . . . 72 \crossd () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \Crossedbox (X) . . . . . . . . . 76 crosses . . . . . . . . . . . 72, 76, 80 \crossh (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \CrossMaltese ( ) . . . . . . . 72 \crossnilambda (Q) . . . . . . 12 \CrossOpenShadow ( ) . . . . . 72 \CrossOutline ( ) . . . . . . . 72 crotchet . . see musical symbols \crtilde () . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 a crucixes . . . . . . . . . . . . 72, 80 \Crux () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 \crux () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 \csc (csc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 CTAN see Comprehensive TEX Archive Network \Ctrl ( Ctrl ) . . . . . . . . . . . 69 \Cube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81, 90 cube root . . . . . . . . see \sqrt \Cup ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 \Cup ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 \cup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 \cup () . . . . . . . . . . 20, 91, 99 \cup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 \cupdot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 \cupplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 \curlyc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \curlyeqprec () . . . . . . . . 31 \curlyeqprec ( ) . . . . . . . . 30 \curlyeqprec ( ) . . . . . . . . 32 \curlyeqsucc () . . . . . . . . 31 \curlyeqsucc ( ) . . . . . . . . 30 \curlyeqsucc ( ) . . . . . . . . 32 \curlyesh (x) . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \curlyvee (y) . . . . . . . . . . 22 \curlyvee ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 21 \curlyvee ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 23 \curlyveedot ( ) . . . . . . . . 23 \curlyveedownarrow ( ) . . . 21 \curlyveeuparrow ( ) . . . . . 21 \curlywedge (x) . . . . . . . . . 22 \curlywedge ( ) . . . . . . . . . 21 \curlywedge ( ) . . . . . . . . . 23 \curlywedgedot ( ) . . . . . . 23
B
E R
\curlywedgedownarrow ( ) . 21 \curlywedgeuparrow ( ) . . . 21 \curlyyogh () . . . . . . . . . . 12 \curlyz () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \currency () . . . . . . . . . . . 17 currency symbols . . . . . . 17, 65 \curvearrowbotleft () . . 42 \curvearrowbotleftright () . . . . . . . . . 42 \curvearrowbotright () . . 42 \curvearrowdownup ( ) . . . . 43 \curvearrowleft () . . . . . 42 \curvearrowleft ( ) . . . . . 41 \curvearrowleft ( ) . . . . . 44 \curvearrowleftright () . 42 \curvearrowleftright ( ) . 43 \curvearrownesw ( ) . . . . . 43 \curvearrownwse ( ) . . . . . 43 \curvearrowright () . . . . 42 \curvearrowright ( ) . . . . 41 \curvearrowright ( ) . . . . 44 \curvearrowrightleft ( ) . 43 \curvearrowsenw ( ) . . . . . 43 \curvearrowswne ( ) . . . . . 43 \curvearrowupdown ( ) . . . . 43 \Cutleft (s) . . . . . . . . . . . 71 \Cutline (r) . . . . . . . . . . . 71 cuto subtraction . see \dotdiv \Cutright (q) . . . . . . . . . . 71 D \D (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . d (esvect package option) . \d (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \dag () . . . . . . . . . . . . \dagger () . . . . . . . . . . . \daleth ( ) . . . . . . . . . . \daleth ( ) . . . . . . . . . . dangerous bend symbols . \DArrow ( ) . . . . . . . . \dasharrow . . . . . . . . . . . \dashrightarrow \dasheddownarrow ( ) . . . \dashedleftarrow ( ) . . \dashednearrow ( ) . . . . \dashednwarrow ( ) . . . . \dashedrightarrow ( ) . . \dashedsearrow ( ) . . . . \dashedswarrow ( ) . . . . \dasheduparrow ( ) . . . . . \dashint ( ) . . . . . . . . . \dashleftarrow ( ) . . . . \dashleftarrow ( ) . . . . \dashleftrightarrow ( ) \dashrightarrow ( ) . . . \dashrightarrow ( ) . . . \DashV (A) . . . . . . . . . . . \Dashv (A) . . . . . . . . . . . \dashv ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . \dashv ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . \dashVv (E) . . . . . . . . . . \davidsstar ( ) . . . . . . .
\DavidStar ( ) . \DavidStarSolid ( \dbar ( . . . . . . . d) \dbend ( ) . . . . dblaccnt (package) \dblcolon (::) . . . \DCa ( ) . . . . . . . \DCb ( ) . . . . . . . \DCc ( ) . . . . . . . \DCd ( ) . . . . . . . \DD (D ) . . . . . . . D \ddag () . . . . . . \ddagger () . . . . \ddashint (= ) . . . .... \ddddot ( ) . . . . ... \dddot ( ) . . . . . \dddtstile ( \DDohne (D ) / D \ddot () . . \ddotdot ( ) . \ddots ( . . ) \ddots ( ) . \ddststile ( \ddtstile (
G)
.... . .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 74 . . 74 . . 91 . . 76 . . 94 . . 34 . . 69 . . 69 . . 69 . . 69 . . 79 8, 103 . . 20 . . 93 . . 56 . . 56
) . . . . . . . . . 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 . . . . . . . . . 23, 61 . . . . . . . . . 61, 94 . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 ) . . . . . . . . . 34 ) . . . . . . . . . . 34
. . 16 . . 59 . . 13 8, 103 . . 20 . . 50 . . 50 . . 76 . . 69 . see
) . . . . . . . . 34 \ddttstile ( \DeclareFontFamily . . . . . . 98 \DeclareFontShape . . . . . . . 98 \DeclareMathOperator . . . . 99 \DeclareMathOperator* . . . 99 \declareslashed . . . . . . . . 92 denite-description operator ( ) . . . . . . . . . 90 denition symbols . . . . . 20, 95 \deg (deg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 \degree (H) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 \degree () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 degrees . . . . . see \textdegree \DEL ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 \Del ( Del ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 \Deleatur . . . . . see \Denarius delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . 5256 text-mode . . . . . . . . . . 56 variable-sized . . . . . 5355 wavy-line . . . . . . . . 54, 55 \Delta () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 \delta () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 \deltaup () . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 demisemiquaver . . . see musical symbols \Denarius () . . . . . . . . . . 17 \dental (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 g derivitive, partial . see \partial \descnode ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 68 \det (det) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 \devadvantage (t) . . . . . . . 82
\DH () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 102 \DH (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \dh () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 102 \dh ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 diacritics . . . . . . . . see accents \diaeresis (a) . . . . . . . . . . 16 diresis . . . . . . . . see accents \diagdown () . . . . . . . . . . 63 \diagdown ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 63 \diagdown ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 33 \diagonal (G) . . . . . . . . . . 82 \diagup () . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 \diagup ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 \diagup ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 \diameter (s) . . . . . . . . . . 63 \diameter ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 20 \diameter ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 63 \diameter ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 78 \Diamond ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 62 \Diamond ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 63 \Diamond ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \diamond ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 \diamond ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \diamondbackslash ( ) . . . . 24 \Diamondblack ( ) . . . . . . . 63 \diamonddiamond ( ) . . . . . 24 \Diamonddot ( ) . . . . . . . . . 63 \diamonddot ( ) . . . . . . . . . 24 \DiamonddotLeft ( ) . . . . 42 \Diamonddotleft ( ) . . . . 42 \DiamonddotRight ( ) . . . . 42 \Diamonddotright ( ) . . . . 42 \diamonddots ( ) . . . . . 23, 61 \DiamondLeft ( ) . . . . . . . 42 \Diamondleft ( ) . . . . . . . 42 \diamondminus ( ) . . . . . . . 24 \diamondplus ( ) . . . . . . . . 24 \DiamondRight ( ) . . . . . . 42 \Diamondright ( ) . . . . . . 42 diamonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 diamonds (suit) . . . . . 6264, 77 \DiamondShadowA ( ) . . . . . 75 \DiamondShadowB ( ) . . . . . 75 \DiamondShadowC ( ) . . . . . 75 \Diamondshape ( ) . . . . . . . 75 \diamondslash ( ) . . . . . . . 24 \DiamondSolid ( ) . . . . . . . 75 \diamondsuit () . . . . . . . . 62 \diamondsuit ( ) . . . . . . . . 63 \diamondtimes ( ) . . . . . . . 24 \diamondvert ( ) . . . . . . . . 24 \diatop . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 94 \diaunder . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 94 dice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81, 90 dictionary symbols . . . 1013, 84 dictsym (package) . 84, 104, 105 died . . . . . . . . . see \textdied dierential, inexact . see \dbar \digamma ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 49 digits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 LCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Mayan . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
old-style . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 segmented . . . . . . . . . . 67 \dim (dim) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 \ding . . . . . . . . . . 9, 7175, 77 dingautolist . . . . . . . . . . . 73 dingbat (package) 72, 77, 88, 104, 105 dingbat symbols . . . . . . 7177 \Diple (>) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \diple (>) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \Diple* (>) . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \diple* (>) . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Dirac notation . . . . . . . . . . . 53 discount . . . see \textdiscount discretionary hyphen . . . . . 103 disjoint union . . . . . . . . . . . 20 disjunction . . . . . . . . see \vee \displaystyle . . 92, 93, 95, 99 ditto marks . see \textquotedbl \div () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 \div () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 \divdot () . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 \divideontimes () . . . . . . 22 \divideontimes ( ) . . . . . . 21 \divides (#) . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 \divides ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 33 division . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 57 non-commutative . . . . . 60 division times . . . . . . . . . . see \divideontimes divorced . . . see \textdivorced \DJ () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 \dj () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 \dlbari (@) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \DLE ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 \dlsh () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 \dndtstile ( ) . . . . . . . . . 34 \dnststile ( ) . . . . . . . . . 34 \dntstile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 34 \dnttstile ( ) . . . . . . . . 35 does not divide . . . . see \nmid does not exist . . . see \nexists \Dohne (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 / dollar . . . . . . see \textdollar dollar sign . . . . . . . . . . . see \$ \Dontwash () . . . . . . . . . . 80 \dot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 dot symbols . . . . . 8, 61, 62, 94 \dotcup () . . . . . . . . . 20, 91 \dotdiv () . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 \Doteq . . . . . . . see \doteqdot \Doteq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 \doteq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 \doteq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 \doteqdot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 30 \doteqdot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 33 dotless i () math mode . . . . . . 56, 62 text mode . . . . . . . . . . 13 dotless j () math mode . . . . . . 56, 62 text mode . . . . . . . . . . 13
\dotmedvert ( ) . . . . . . . . . 23 \dotminus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 23 \dotplus () . . . . . . . . . . . 22 \dotplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 21 \dots (. . . ) . . . . . . . . . . 8, 103 dots (ellipses) . . . . 8, 61, 62, 94 \dotsb ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 \dotsc (. . .) . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 \dotseq () . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 \dotsi ( . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 ) \dotsint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 28 \dotsm ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 \dotso (. . .) . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 dotted union () . . . . . . . . . 99 .. \dottedtilde () . . . . . . . . 15 a \dottimes () . . . . . . . . . . 22 \double . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 \doublebarwedge () . . . . . 22 \doublebarwedge ( ) . . . . . 21 \doublecap . . . . . . . . see \Cap \doublecap () . . . . . . . . . . 22 \doublecap ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 23 \doublecup . . . . . . . . see \Cup \doublecup () . . . . . . . . . . 22 \doublecup ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 23 \doublecurlyvee ( ) . . . . . 23 \doublecurlywedge ( ) . . . . 23 \doublefrown ( ) . . . . . . . . 48 \doublefrowneq ( ) . . . . . . . 48 \doublepawns (d) . . . . . . . . 82 \doublesmile ( ) . . . . . . . . 48 \doublesmileeq ( ) . . . . . . . 48 \doublesqcap ( ) . . . . . . . . 23 \doublesqcup ( ) . . . . . . . . 23 \doubletilde () . . . . . . . . 15 a \doublevee ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 23 \doublewedge ( ) . . . . . . . . 23 \DOWNarrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 78 \Downarrow () . . . . . . . 41, 53 \Downarrow () . . . . . . . . . . 43 \downarrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 \downarrow () . . . . . . . 41, 53 \downarrow () . . . . . . . . . . 43 \downarrowtail ( ) . . . . . . . 43 \downbracketfill . . . . . . . . 95 \downdownarrows () . . . . . 42 \downdownarrows ( ) . . . . . 41 \downdownarrows ( ) . . . . . 43 \downdownharpoons () . . . . 43 Downes, Michael J. . . . 49, 106 \downfilledspoon ( ) . . . . . 47 \downfootline ( ) . . . . . . . . 32 \downfree ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 32 \downharpoonccw ( ) . . . . . . 46 \downharpooncw ( ) . . . . . . . 46 \downharpoonleft () . . . . . 43 \downharpoonleft ( ) . . . . . 41 \downharpoonright () . . . . 43 \downharpoonright ( ) . . . . 41 \downlsquigarrow ( ) . . . . . 43 \downmapsto ( ) . . . . . . . . . 43 \downModels ( ) . . . . . . . . . 32 \downmodels ( ) . . . . . . . . . 32
113
\downp ( ) . . . . . . . . . \downparenthfill . . . \downpitchfork () . . \downpropto ( ) . . . . \downrsquigarrow ( ) \downslice ( ) . . . . . \downspoon () . . . . . \downt ( ) . . . . . . . . . \downtherefore () . \downtouparrow ( ) . \downuparrows ( ) . . \downuparrows ( ) . . \downupharpoons ( ) . \downupharpoons () . \downVdash () . . . . . \downvdash () . . . . . \downY ( ) . . . . . . . . \drsh ( ) . . . . . . . . . \DS (S ) . . . . . . . . . . . S \Ds (s . . . . . . . . . . . s) \dsaeronautical (a) \dsagricultural (G) \dsarchitectural (A) \dsbiological (B) . . \dschemical (C) . . . . \dscommercial (c) . . \dsdtstile ( ) . . . dsfont (package) . . . \dsheraldical (H) . \dsjuridical (J) . . \dsliterary (L) . . . \dsmathematical (M) \dsmedical (m) . . . . \dsmilitary (X) . . . \dsrailways (R) . . . . . . . . . . . .
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16 95 47 32 43 24 47 16 61 42 42 43 43 46 32 32 23 42 79 79 84 84 84 84 84 84
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. . . . 35 65, 104 . . . . 84 . . . . 84 . . . . 84 . . . . 84 . . . . 84 . . . . 84 . . . . 84
\EightFlowerPetalRemoved ( ) . . . . . . . . . 74 eighth note see musical symbols \eighthnote () . . . . . . . . . 78 \eighthnote ( ) . . . . . . . . . 78 \EightStar ( ) . . . . . . . . . 74 \EightStarBold ( ) . . . . . . 74 \EightStarConvex ( ) . . . . 74 \EightStarTaper ( ) . . . . . 74 \ejective ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 12 electrical symbols . . . . . . . . 67 electromotive force (E) . . . . see alphabets, math \ell ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 \Ellipse ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 75 ellipses (dots) . . . . 8, 61, 62, 94 ellipses (ovals) . . . . . . . . . . . 75 \EllipseShadow ( ) . . . . . . 75 \EllipseSolid ( ) . . . . . . . 75 \EM () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 \Email (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 \Emailct (z) . . . . . . . . . . . 69 \emgma ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \emptyset () . . . . . . . . . . . 62 \emptyset () . . . . . . . . . . . 63 \End ( End ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 end of proof . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 \ending (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \eng ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 engineering symbols . . . . 67, 70 \engma ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \ENQ () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 entails . . . . . . . . . . see \models \Enter ( Enter ) . . . . . . . . . 69 \Envelope ( ) . . \enya ( ) . . . . . \EOT () . . . . . . epsdice (package) \epsdice ( \epsi ( ) . . . . . \epsilon ( ) . . . \epsilonup ( ) . \eqbump ( ) . . . . \eqbumped ( ) . \eqcirc ( ) . . . \eqcirc ( ) . . . \eqcirc () . . . . \Eqcolon ( ) . . \Eqcolon (::) . . \eqcolon ( ) . . \eqcolon (:) . . \eqcolon ( ) . . \eqdot () . . . . \eqfrown ( ) . . . \Eqqcolon ( ) . \Eqqcolon (=::) . \eqqcolon (=:) . \eqqcolon ( ) . \eqsim ( ) . . . . \eqsim () . . . . \eqslantgtr ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 . . . . . . . 12 . . . . . . . 69 81, 104, 105 ) . . . . . 81 . . . . . . . . 12 . . . . . . . . 49 . . . . . . . . 50 . . . . . . . . 32 . . . . . . . . 31 . . . . . . . . 31 . . . . . . . . 30 . . . . . . . . 32 . . . . . . . . 31 . . . . . . . . 34 . . . . . . . . 31 . . . . . . . . 34 . . . . . . . . 31 . . . . . . . . 32 . . . . . . . . 48 . . . . . . . . 31 . . . . . . . . 34 . . . . . . . . 34 . . . . . . . . 31 . . . . . . . . 31 . . . . . . . . 32 . . . . . . . . 38
\dsststile ( ) . . . . . . . . . 35 \dstechnical (T) . . . . . . . . 84 \dststile ( \dsttstile ( \dtdtstile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 35 ) . . . . . . . . 35 ) . . . . . . . . . 35
\dtimes ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 \dtimes ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 \dtststile ( \dttstile ( \dtttstile ( ) . . . . . . . . . 35 ) . . . . . . . . . . 35 ) . . . . . . . . 35
DVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 69, 97 \dz ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 E e (esvect package option) \e (e ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -TEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \Earth ( ) . . . . . . . . . . \Earth () . . . . . . . . . . \earth () . . . . . . . . . . \Ecommerce () . . . . . .
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59 51 53 68 68 68 17
\EightAsterisk ( ) . . . . . . 74 \EightFlowerPetal ( ) . . . 74
\eqslantgtr ( ) . . . . . . . . . 37 \eqslantgtr () . . . . . . . . . 39 \eqslantless ( ) . . . . . . . . 38 \eqslantless ( ) . . . . . . . . 37 \eqslantless () . . . . . . . . 39 \eqsmile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 \equal (=) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 \equal (j) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \equalclosed ( ) . . . . . . . . 32 \equalsfill . . . . . . . . . 20, 95 equidecomposable . . . . . . . . 91 equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . see \rightleftharpoons \equiv () . . . . . . . . . . 20, 30 \equiv () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 equivalence . . . . . . . . . . . . see \equiv, \leftrightarrow, and \threesim \equivclosed ( ) . . . . . . . . 32 \er ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 es-zet . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \ss \ESC () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 \Esc ( Esc ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 escapable characters . . . . . . . 8 \esh ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 \esh ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 esint (package) . . . . . . . 28, 104 \Estatically (J) . . . . . . . . 70 estimated . see \textestimated esvect (package) . . . . . . 59, 104 \eta () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 \etaup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \ETB () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 \etc (P) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \eth () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 \eth ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 \eth ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \ETX () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 eufrak (package) . . . . . . . . . 65 Euler Roman . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \EUR (e ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 \EURcr (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 \EURdig (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 \EURhv (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 \euro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 euro signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 blackboard bold . . . . . . 65 eurosym (package) . 17, 104, 105 \EURtm (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 euscript (package) . 65, 104, 105 evaluated at . . . . . . see \vert evil spirits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 exclusive or . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 \exists ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 \exists () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 \exists () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 \exp (exp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 \Explosionsafe (`) . . . . . . 70 extarrows (package) 60, 104, 105 extensible accents 5760, 9596 extensible arrows . . . . . . 5760
114
extensible symbols, creating 94 96 extensible tildes . . . . . . . 57, 59 extension characters . . . 48, 49 extpfeil (package) . . 60, 104, 105 extraipa (package) . . . . 15, 104 \eye ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 \EyesDollar () . . . . . . . . . 17
F f (esvect package option) . . . 59 faces . . . . . . . . . . 69, 78, 80, 85 \fallingdotseq ( ) . . . . . . 31 \fallingdotseq ( ) . . . . . . 30 \fallingdotseq ( ) . . . . . . . 32 \FallingEdge ( ) . . . . . . . . 67 \fatbslash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 21 \fatsemi ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 \fatslash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 21 \FAX (u) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 \fax (t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 \Faxmachine (v) . . . . . . . . 69 fc (package) . . . . . . . . . . 9, 13 fclfont (package) . . . . . . . . 104 feet . . . . . . . . . see \prime and \textquotesingle \FEMALE () . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 \Female (~) . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 \female () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 \FemaleFemale () . . . . . . . 70 \FemaleMale () . . . . . . . . . 70 . \Ferli (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 . \Fermi (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 fermions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 feyn (package) . . . . 70, 104, 105 Feynman slashed character notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Feynman-diagram symbols . . 70 \feyn{a} () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 \feyn{c} () . . . . . . . . . . . 70 \feyn{fd} () . . . . . . . . . . . 70 \feyn{fl} (n) . . . . . . . . 70
\feyn{fs} (e) \feyn{fu} () \feyn{fv} () . \feyn{f} (f) \feyn{glu} (w) \feyn{gl} (o) . \feyn{gu} () \feyn{gvs} () \feyn{gv} () . \feyn{g} (g) \feyn{hd} () \feyn{hs} (i) \feyn{hu} () \feyn{h} (h) \feyn{ms} (l) \feyn{m} (m) \feyn{p} (p) \feyn{x} (x) . .
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70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70
\FF ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 fge (package) . 47, 52, 56, 62, 64, 104, 105 fge-digits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 \fgeA (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 \fgebackslash (K) . . . . . . . . 64 \fgebaracute (M) . . . . . . . . 64 \fgebarcap (O) . . . . . . . . . . 64 \fgec (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 \fgecap (S) . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 \fgecapbar (Q) . . . . . . . . . . 64 \fgecup (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 \fgecupacute (R) . . . . . . . . 64 \fgecupbar (P) . . . . . . . . . . 64 \fged (p) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 \fgee (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 \fgeeszett () . . . . . . . . . . 52 \fgeeta () . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 \fgeF (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 \fgef (f) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 \fgeinfty (i) . . . . . . . . . . 64 \fgelangle (h) . . . . . . . . . . 64 \fgelb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 \fgelb () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 \fgeleftB (D) . . . . . . . . . . . 52 \fgeleftC (C) . . . . . . . . . . . 52 \fgeN () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 \fgeoverU () . . . . . . . . . . . 52 \fgerightarrow (!) . . . . . 47 \fgerightB (B) . . . . . . . . . . 52 \fges (s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 \fgestruckone (1) . . . . . . . . 62 \fgestruckzero (0) . . . . . . . 62 \fgeU (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 \fgeuparrow (") . . . . . . . . . 47 \fgeupbracket (L) . . . . . . . 64 \FHBOLOGO (f) . . . . . . . . . . . 80 \FHBOlogo (F) . . . . . . . . . . . 80 \file (H) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \FilledBigCircle ( ) . . . . 75 \FilledBigDiamondshape ( ) 75 \FilledBigSquare ( ) . . . . 75 \FilledBigTriangleDown ( ) 75 \FilledBigTriangleLeft ( ) 75 \FilledBigTriangleRight ( ) . . . . . . . . . 75 \FilledBigTriangleUp ( ) . 75 \FilledCircle ( ) . . . . . . . 75 \FilledCloud ( ) . . . . . . . . 80 \filleddiamond ( ) . . . . . . . 24 \FilledDiamondShadowA ( ) 75 \FilledDiamondShadowC ( ) 75 \FilledDiamondshape ( ) . . 75 \FilledHut ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 81 \filledlargestar ( ) . . . . 74 \filledlozenge ( ) . . . . . . . 74 \filledmedlozenge ( ) . . . . 74 \filledmedsquare ( ) . . . . . 24 \filledmedtriangledown ( ) 24, 40
\filledmedtriangleleft ( ) 24, 40 \filledmedtriangleright ( ) . . . . . . . 24, 40 \filledmedtriangleup ( ) 24, 40 \FilledRainCloud ( ) . . . . 80 \FilledSectioningDiamond ( ) . . . . . . . . . 81 \FilledSmallCircle ( ) . . 75 \FilledSmallDiamondshape ( ) . . . . . . . . . 75 \FilledSmallSquare ( ) . . 75 \FilledSmallTriangleDown ( ) . . . . . . . . . 75 \FilledSmallTriangleLeft ( ) . . . . . . . . . 75 \FilledSmallTriangleRight ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 \FilledSmallTriangleUp ( ) 75 \FilledSnowCloud ( ) . . . . 80 \FilledSquare ( ) . . . . . . . 75 \filledsquare ( ) . . . . . . . . 24 \FilledSquareShadowA ( ) . 75 \FilledSquareShadowC ( ) . 75
v s r
u p
\filledsquarewithdots ( ) 77 \filledstar ( ) . . . . . . . . . 24 \FilledSunCloud ( ) . . . . . 80 \FilledTriangleDown ( ) . . 75 \filledtriangledown ( ) 24, 40 \FilledTriangleLeft ( ) . . 75 \filledtriangleleft ( ) 24, 40 \FilledTriangleRight ( ) . 75 \filledtriangleright ( ) 24, 40 \FilledTriangleUp ( ) . . . 75 \filledtriangleup ( ) . 24, 40 \FilledWeakRainCloud ( ) . 80 nger, pointing . . . . . . see sts \finpartvoice (a) . . . . . . . 15 \finpartvoiceless (a) . . . . 15 \fint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 \fint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 \Finv (p) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 \Finv ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 \Fire ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 sh hook . . . . . . see \strictif sts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 \fivedots ( ) . . . . . . . . 23, 61 \FiveFlowerOpen ( ) . . . . . 74 \FiveFlowerPetal ( ) . . . . 74 \FiveStar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 74 \FiveStarCenterOpen ( ) . . 74 \FiveStarConvex ( ) . . . . . 74 \FiveStarLines ( ) . . . . . . 74 \FiveStarOpen ( ) . . . . . . . 74 \FiveStarOpenCircled ( ) . 74
d "
c U W
115
\FiveStarOpenDotted ( ) . . 74 \FiveStarOutline ( ) . . . . 74 \FiveStarOutlineHeavy ( ) 74 \FiveStarShadow ( ) . . . . . 74 \Fixedbearing (%) . . . . . . . 70 . \fixedddots ( . . ) . . . . . . . . 61 . \fixedvdots (. . . . . . . . . . . 61 .) xmath (package) . . . . . . . 100 \fj (p) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \Flag ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 \flap (f) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \flapr (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 \flat ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 62, 78 \flat ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 \Flatsteel () . . . . . . . . . . 70 etched arrows . . . . . . . 47, 71 orin . . . . . . see \textflorin owers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Flynn, Peter . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \Fog ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 font encodings . . . . . 7, 100, 103 7-bit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 8-bit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 ASCII . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 document . . . . . . . . . . 103 Latin 1 . . . . . . . . . . . 104 limiting scope of . . . . . . . 7 LY1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 OT1 7, 9, 13, 94, 100, 101, 103 OT2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 T1 . . . . . 7, 9, 13, 101, 103 T4 . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 13, 16 T5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 13 TS1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 fontdef.dtx (le) . . . . . 90, 94 fontenc (package) . . 7, 9, 13, 103 \fontencoding . . . . . . . . . . . 7 fonts Calligra . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Charter . . . . . . . . . 17, 29 Computer Modern . 87, 89, 101 Courier . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Garamond . . . . . . . 17, 29 Helvetica . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Symbol . . . . . . . . . 50, 90 Times Roman . . . . 17, 89 Type 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Utopia . . . . . . . . . . 17, 29 Zapf Chancery . . . . . . . 65 Zapf Dingbats . . . . 71, 73 \fontsize . . . . . . . . . . . 87, 89 \Football (o) . . . . . . . . . . . 76 \forall () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 \forall () . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 \Force (l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 \Forward () . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \ForwardToEnd () . . . . . . . 79 \ForwardToIndex () . . . . 79
` a b d
\FourAsterisk ( ) . . . . . . . 74 \FourClowerOpen ( ) . . . . . 74 \FourClowerSolid ( ) . . . . 74 ) . . . . . . . . . 35 Fourier transform (F) . . . . see alphabets, math \FourStar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 74 \FourStarOpen ( ) . . . . . . . 74 \fourth (R) . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 fraktur . . . see alphabets, math Frege logic symbols 47, 52, 62, 64 \frown ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 \frown ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 frown symbols . . . . . . . . . . . 48 \frowneq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 \frowneqsmile ( ) . . . . . . . 48 \frownie ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 78 \frownsmile ( ) . . . . . . . . . 48 \frownsmileeq ( ) . . . . . . . 48 \Frowny () . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 \FS ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 \FullFHBO () . . . . . . . . . . 80 \fullmoon (w) . . . . . . . . . . 68 \fullmoon ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 68 \fullnote ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 78 \fourier ( c \Fourier (
c . . . . . . . . . 35 )
'
G \G (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 g (esvect package option) . . . 59 \Game (q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 \Game ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 \Gamma () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 \gamma () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 \gammaup () . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \Ganz ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \GaPa (<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Garamond (font) . . . . . . 17, 29 \gcd (gcd) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 \ge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \geq \Gemini () . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 \Gemini () . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 \gemini ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 genealogical symbols . . . . . . 78 \geneuro (A ) . . . . . . . . . . . 17 C \geneuronarrow (B ) . . . . . . 17 C \geneurowide (C ) . . . . . . . . 17 C gensymb (package) . . . . . . . . 67 \Gentsroom (x) . . . . . . . . . . 76 geometric shapes . . . . . . 7476 \geq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 \geq () . . . . . . . . . . . . 37, 38 \geq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 \geqclosed ( ) . . . . . . . 39, 40 \geqdot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 \geqq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 \geqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \geqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 \geqslant ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 37 \geqslant ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 39 \geqslantdot ( ) . . . . . . . . 39
german (keystroke package option) . . . . . . . . . 69 \gets . . . . . . . see \leftarrow \gg (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 \gg ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \gg ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 \ggcurly () . . . . . . . . . . . 31 \ggg () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 \ggg ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \ggg ( vs. ) . . . . . . . . . 88 \ggg ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 \gggtr . . . . . . . . . . . see \ggg \gggtr ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 ghosts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Gibbons, Jeremy . . . . . . . . 106 \gimel ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \gimel ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \girl (f) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 \glotstop () . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \glottal (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \gluon ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 67 gluons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 \gnapprox () . . . . . . . . . . 38 \gnapprox ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 37 \gnapprox ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 39 \gneq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 \gneq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \gneqq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 \gneqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \gneqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 \gnsim () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 \gnsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \gnsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Go boards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Go stones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 goban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 \Goofy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 graphics (package) . . . . . . . . 90 graphicx (package) . . . 16, 87, 90 \grave (`) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 \gravis (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 ` greater-than signs . . . . . . . see inequalities Greek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49, 50 blackboard bold . . . . . . 65 bold . . . . . . . . . . 49, 100 upright . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Gregorio, Enrico . . . . . . 91, 92 \GS ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 \gtr (>) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 \gtrapprox () . . . . . . . . . . 38 \gtrapprox ( ) . . . . . . . . . 37 \gtrapprox ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 39 \gtrclosed ( ) . . . . . . . 39, 40 \gtrdot () . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 \gtrdot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \gtrdot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 \gtreqless () . . . . . . . . . . 38 \gtreqless ( ) . . . . . . . . . 37 \gtreqless ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 39 \gtreqlessslant ( ) . . . . . . 39 \gtreqqless () . . . . . . . . . 38
116
\gtreqqless ( ) . . . . . . . . . 37 \gtreqqless ( ) \gtrless () . . \gtrless ( ) . . \gtrless ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 38 37 39
\HB (B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 \Hb (b) . . . \HBar ( ) . . \hbar ( ) . . \hbipropto ( \HC (C) . . . .
\Hman () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 \Hmillion (7) . . . . . . . . . . 84 \Hms () \HN (N) \Hn (n) \HO (O) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 84 84 84
'
\gtrneqqless ( ) . . . . . . . . 39 \gtrsim () . . . . . . \gtrsim ( ) . . . . . . \gtrsim ( ) . . . . . . . \guillemotleft () . \guillemotright () \guilsinglleft () . \guilsinglright () \gvertneqq () . . . . \gvertneqq ( ) . . . \gvertneqq ( ) . . . . . . . 38 . . . 37 . . . 39 9, 102 9, 102 9, 103 9, 103 . . . 38 . . . 37 . . . 39
.... .... .... ) . ....
. . . . .
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. . . . .
. . . . .
... ... 51, ... ...
84 75 90 23 84
\Hc (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 \hcrossing ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 32 \HCthousand (6) . . . . . . . . 84 \HD (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 \Hd (d) . . . . . . . . . \hdotdot ( ) . . . . . . \hdots ( ) . . . . . . . \Hdual () . . . . . . . \HE (E) . . . . . . . . . \He (e) . . . . . . . . . heads . . . . . . . . . . . \Heart () . . . . . . . hearts (suit) . . . . . . \heartsuit () . . . . \heartsuit ( ) . . . . Hebrew . . . . . . . . . . Helvetica (font) . . . . \HERMAPHRODITE () \Hermaphrodite (}) \hexagon ( ) . . . . . \Hexasteel () . . . . \hexstar ( ) . . . . . \HF (F) . . . . . . . . . . \HF (F) . . . . . . . . \Hf (f) . . . . . . . . \hfil . . . . . . . . . . . \HG (G) . . . . . . . . . . \Hg (g) . . . . . . . . . \HH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 . 23, 61 . . . . 61 . . . . 84 . . . . 84 . . . . 84 see faces . . . . . 80 6264, 77 . . . . . 62 . . . . . 63 . . 50, 65 . . . . . 17 . . . . . 70 . . . . . 70 . . . . . 74 . . . . . 70 . . . . . 73 . . . . . 67 . . . . . 84 . . . . . 84 . . . . . 92 . . . . . 84 . . . . . 84 . . . . . 79 . . . . . .
\Ho (o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Holt, Alexander . . . . . . . 1, 104 \holter ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 60
holtpolt (package) . . . . 60, 104 \hom (hom) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 \Home ( Home ) . . . . . . . . . 69
H \H () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a h (esvect package option) \h ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \HA (A) . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
13 59 13 84
\Ha (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 hek . . . . . . . . . . see accents ac \Hail ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 \Halb ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 half note . . see musical symbols \HalfCircleLeft ( ) . . . . . . 75 \HalfCircleRight ( ) . . . . . 75 \HalfFilledHut ( ) . . . . . . 81 \halflength (p) . . . . . . . . . 16 \halfnote ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 78 \HalfSun ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Hamiltonian (H) see alphabets, math \HandCuffLeft ( ) . . . . . . . 72 \HandCuffLeftUp ( ) . . . . . 72 \HandCuffRight ( ) . . . . . . 72 \HandCuffRightUp ( ) . . . . 72 \HandLeft ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 72 \HandLeftUp ( ) . . . . . . . . 72 \HandPencilLeft ( ) . . . . . 72 \HandRight ( ) . . . . . . . . . 72 \HandRightUp ( ) . . . . . . . 72 hands . . . . . . . . . . . . . see sts \Handwash () . . . . . . . . . . 80 \HaPa (<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 harmony (package) . 79, 104, 105 harpoons . . . . . . . . . . 41, 43, 46 \hash (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 hash mark . . . . . . . . . . . see \# \hat () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 \hateq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 \hausaB (f) . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \hausab () . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \hausaD () . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \hausad (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \hausaK (u) . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \hausak (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
... \Hone (|) . . . . . . . . . . \hookb () . . . . . . . . \hookd () . . . . . . . . \hookd (h) . . . . . . . . \hookdownminus () . \hookg ()) . . . . . . . . \hookh (6) . . . . . . . . \hookheng (7) . . . . . . \hookleftarrow ( ) . \hookleftarrow ( ) . \hookrevepsilon (&) . \hookrightarrow ( ) \hookrightarrow ( ) \hookupminus ( ) . . . Horn, Berthold . . . . . \HP (P) . . . . . . . . . \Hp (p) . . . . . . . . . . . \Hplural () . . . . .
\Homer ()
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
85 84 12 12 12 63 12 12 12 41 44 12 41 44 63 66 84 84 84
"
\HH (H) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 \Hh (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 \Hhundred (3) . . . . . . . . . . . 84 \HI (I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 \Hi (i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 \Hibl () . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 \Hibp () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 \Hibs () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 \Hibw () . . . . hieroglf (package) hieroglyphics . . . Hilbert space (H) math \hill (a) . . . . .
{
\Hplus (+) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 \HQ (Q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 \Hq (q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 \Hquery (?) \HR (R) . . \Hr (r) . \HS (S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 84 84 84

\Hs (s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 \Hscribe () . . . . . . . . . . . 84 \Hslash (/) \hslash ( ) \Hsv () . \HT (T) . . \HT ( ) . . . \Ht (t) . . \Hten (2) . .. . .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 51 84 84 69 84 84
. . . . . . . . . 84 . 84, 104, 105 . . . . . . . . . 84 see alphabets, . . . . . . . . . 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 84 84 84 93 84 84 84
\HJ (J) . . . \Hj (j) . . \HK (K) . . . \Hk (k) . . \hksqrt ( \HL (L) . . \Hl (l) . . \HM (M) . .
. . . . ) .. .. ..
. . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
\Hthousand (4) . . . . . . . . . . 84 \Htongue () . . . . . . . . . . 84 \HU (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 \Hu (u) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Hungarian umlaut . see accents \Hut ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
\Hm (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
\HV (V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
117
\Hv (v) . \hv (4) . . \Hvbar (|) \HW (W) . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
84 12 84 84
\Hw (w) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 \HX (X) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 \Hx (x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 \HXthousand (5) . . . . . . . . . 84 \HY (Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 \Hy (y) . . . . . . . . . hyphen, discretionary \HZ (Z) . . . . . . . . . \Hz (z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 103 . 84 . 84
I \i () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 \ialign . . . . . . . . . . 91, 93, 95 \ibar () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 i IBM PC . . . . . . . . . . . 69, 101 Icelandic staves . . . . . . . . . . 85 \IceMountain ( ) . . . . . . . . 81 . \iddots ( . . ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 \iddots () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 \idotsint ( ) . . . . . . . 25 \idotsint ( ) . . . . . . . . 27 \idotsint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 29 \iff . see \Longleftrightarrow ifsym (package) . 67, 75, 80, 81, 88, 90, 104, 105 igo (package) . . . . . . . . 76, 104 \igocircle ( ) . . . . . . . . . 76 \igocircle ( ) . . . . . . . . . 76 \igocross ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 76 \igocross ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 76 \igonone ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 76 \igonone ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 76 \igosquare ( ) . . . . . . . . . 76 \igosquare ( ) . . . . . . . . . 76 \igotriangle ( ) . . . . . . . . 76 \igotriangle ( ) . . . . . . . . 76 \iiiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . 25 \iiiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 27 \iiiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 28 \iiiint ) . . . . . . . . . . . 29 ( \iiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 \iiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 25 \iiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . 25, 27 \iiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 \iiint ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 ( \iint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 \iint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 \iint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 25, 27 \iint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 \iint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 \Im ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 \im (j) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 \imath () . . . . . . . . . . . 51, 56 \impliedby see \Longleftarrow
"
} } | | ~ ~

\implies see \Longrightarrow and \vdash impulse train . . . . . . . . see sha \in () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 \in () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 \in () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 \in () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 inches . . . . . . . see \second and \textquotedbl \incoh () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 independence probabilistic . . . . . . . . . 93 statistical . . . . . . . . . . . 93 stochastic . . . . . see \bot \independent ( . . . . . . . . 93 ) \Industry (I) . . . . . . . . . . 76 inequalities . . . . . . . . . 8, 3739 inexact dierential . . see \dbar \inf (inf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 innity () . . . . . . . see \infty \Info (i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 information symbols . . . . . . 76 informator symbols . . . . . . . 82 \infty (V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 \infty () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 \infty () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 \inipartvoice (a) . . . . . . . 15 \inipartvoiceless (a) . . . . 15 \injlim (inj lim) . . . . . . . . . 49 \inplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 \Ins ( Ins ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 \int ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 \int ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 \int ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 \int () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 \intclockwise ( ) . . . . . . . 29 integers (Z) see alphabets, math integrals . . . . . 2529, 63, 9293 integrals (wasysym package option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 \intercal ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 21 \intercal ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 51 \interleave ( ) . . . . . . . . . 21 intersection . . . . . . . . see \cap \Interval ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 81 \inva () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \invamp ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 \invbackneg ( ) . . . . . . . . . 63 \invdiameter ( ) . . . . . . . . 78 \inve ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \InversTransformHoriz ( ) 35
\invscr (u) . . . . . . \invscripta () . . . \invv () . . . . . . . . \invw () . . . . . . . . \invy () . . . . . . . . \iota () . . . . . . . . . \iotaup () . . . . . . . \ipagamma (2) . . . . . \IroningI () . . . . \IroningII () . . . \IroningIII () . . irony mark (? ) . . . . . \Irritant ( ) . . . . \ismodeledby (=|) . . ISO character entities isoent (package) . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12 12 12 12 12 49 50 12 80 80 80 90 81 90 103 103
J \j () . . . . . . . . \JackStar ( ) . \JackStarBold ( Jewish star . . . . \jmath () . . . . . \Joch ( ) . . . . . \Join ( ) . . . . . \Join ( ) . . . . . \joinrel . . . . . \Jupiter (i) . . \Jupiter () . . . \jupiter ( ) . .
&
.. .. ) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . 13 . . . 74 . . . 74 73, 74 51, 56 . . . 81 . . . 30 . . . 23 . . . 90 . . . 68 . . . 68 . . . 68
\InversTransformVert ( ) . inverted symbols . 1012, 16, \invf (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \invglotstop (d) . . . . . . . . \invh (8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \invlegr (s) . . . . . . . . . . . . \invm (S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \invneg ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . \invneg ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . \invr (q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
K \k ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 \kappa () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 \kappaup () . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \ker (ker) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 ket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 \Keyboard () . . . . . . . . . . 69 keyboard symbols . . . . . . . . 69 keys, computer . . . . . . . . . . 69 keystroke (package) 69, 104, 105 \keystroke ( ) . . . . . . . . 69 king . . . . . . . see chess symbols knight . . . . . . see chess symbols Knuth, Donald E. . . 7, 100, 106 symbols by . . . . . . . 76, 79 \Kr ( l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 ) \kreuz ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 \kside (O) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \Kutline (R) . . . . . . . . . . . 71 L \L (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 \l (l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 \labdentalnas (R) . . . . . . . 11 \labvel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \Ladiesroom (y) . . . . . . . . . 76 Lagrangian (L) . see alphabets, math \Lambda () . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 \lambda () . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 \lambdabar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 63
35 90 12 12 12 12 12 30 63 12
118
\lambdaslash ( ) \lambdaup () . . Lamport, Leslie . \land . . . . . . % . . \landdownint ( )
. . . . . . . . 63 . . . . . . . . . 50 . . . . . 104, 106 . . . see \wedge . . . . . . . . 28
\landdownint ( ) . . . . . . . . 29 # \landupint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 28 \landupint ( ) \Langle (<) . . \lAngle ( ) . . . \langle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 . . . 65 . . . 55 20, 53
\langle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 \langlebar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 54 \laplace ( c Laplace transform (L) . . . . see alphabets, math Laplacian () . . . . . see \Delta Laplacian ( 2 ) . . . . see \nabla \largecircle ( ) . . . . . . . . 74 \largediamond ( ) . . . . . . 74 \largelozenge ( ) . . . . . . . 74 \Laplace ( s
c . . . . . . . . . 35 ) s . . . . . . . . . 35 )
\largepencil (
W)
. . . . . . . 72
\largepentagram ( ) . . . . . 74 \largesquare ( ) . . . . . . . . 74 \largestar ( ) . . . . . . . . . 74 \largestarofdavid ( ) . . . 74 \largetriangledown ( ) . . 40 \largetriangleleft ( ) . . 40 \largetriangleright ( ) . 40 \largetriangleup ( ) . . . . 40 \LArrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 69 \larrowfill . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 \Laserbeam (a) . . . . . . . . 70 A L TEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 7, 25, 49, 53, 61, 62, 71, 82, 87, 9096, 99101, 103, 104, 106 A L TEX 2 . 1, 7, 8, 1820, 30, 36, 41, 57, 61, 62, 66, 87, 88, 90, 93, 94, 98103, 106 latexsym (package) 20, 30, 36, 41, 62, 87, 104, 105 \latfric (G) . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Latin 1 . . . . . . 7, 101, 103, 104 table . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 laundry symbols . . . . . . . . . 80 \Lbag ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 \lbag ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 \lbrace ( ) \Lbrack ([) . \lBrack ([[) . LCD digits . \lCeil ( ) . . \lceil ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 65 55 67 55 53
\lceil ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 \lcirclearrowdown ( ) . . . 43 \lcirclearrowleft ( ) . . . 43 \lcirclearrowright ( ) . . 43 \lcirclearrowup ( ) . . . . . 43 \lcircleleftint ( ) . . . . . . 29 \lcirclerightint ( ) . . . . . 29 \lcm (lcm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 \lcorners (v) . . . . . . . . . . . 52 \lcurvearrowdown ( ) . . . . . 43 \lcurvearrowleft ( ) . . . . 43 \lcurvearrowne ( ) . . . . . . 43 \lcurvearrownw ( ) . . . . . . 43 \lcurvearrowright ( ) . . . . 43 \lcurvearrowse ( ) . . . . . . 43 \lcurvearrowsw ( ) . . . . . . 43 \lcurvearrowup ( ) . . . . . . . 43 \ldbrack (v) . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 \ldotp (.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 \ldots (. . .) . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 \le . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \leq \leadsto ( ) . . . . . . . . 30, 41 \leadsto ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 44 leaf . . . . . . . . . . see \textleaf \Left . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 \left . . . . . . . . . 53, 55, 87, 89 \LEFTarrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 78 \Leftarrow () . . . . . . 20, 41 \Leftarrow () . . . . . . . . . 43 \leftarrow () . . . . . . . . . 42 \leftarrow () . . . . . . . . . 41 \leftarrow () . . . . . . . . . . 43 \leftarrowtail ( ) . . . . . 41 \leftarrowtail ( ) . . . . . . 44 \leftarrowtriangle ( ) . . 42 \leftbarharpoon () . . . . . 43 \LEFTCIRCLE ( ) . . . . . . . . . 78 \LEFTcircle ( ) . . . . . . . . . 78 \Leftcircle ( ) . . . . . . . . . 78 \leftevaw ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 32 32 23 23 46 46 43 41 43 41 42 41 44 43 44 44 32 32 68
. . . . .
\leftfilledspoon ( ) \leftfootline ( ) . . . \leftfree ( ) . . . . . . \lefthalfcap ( ) . . . . \lefthalfcup ( ) . . . . \leftharpoonccw ( ) . \leftharpooncw ( ) . . \leftharpoondown () \leftharpoondown ( ) \leftharpoonup () . . \leftharpoonup ( ) . . \leftleftarrows () . \leftleftarrows ( ) . \leftleftarrows ( ) . \leftleftharpoons () \leftlsquigarrow ( ) \leftmapsto ( ) . . . . . \leftModels ( ) . . . . . \leftmodels ( ) . . . . . \leftmoon (u) . . . . . . .
\leftmoon ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 68 \leftp (v) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 \leftpitchfork ( ) . . . . . . 47 \leftpointright ( ) . . . . 72 \leftpropto () . . . . . . . . . 32 \Leftrightarrow () . . . . . 41 \Leftrightarrow () . . . . . 44 \leftrightarrow () . . . . . 42 \leftrightarrow () . . . . . 41 \leftrightarrow () . . . . . 44 \leftrightarroweq ( ) . . . . 42 \leftrightarrows () . . . . 42 \leftrightarrows ( ) . . . . 41 \leftrightarrows ( ) . . . . 44 \leftrightarrowtriangle ( ) . . . . . . . . . 42 \leftrightharpoon () . . . 43 \leftrightharpoondownup ( ) . . . . . . . . . 46 \leftrightharpoons () . . 43 \leftrightharpoons ( ) . . 41 \leftrightharpoons ( ) . . . 46 \leftrightharpoonsfill . . . 60 \leftrightharpoonupdown ( ) . . . . . . . . . 46 \Leftrightline ( ) . . . . . . 32 \leftrightline ( ) . . . . . . 32 \leftrightsquigarrow () 42 \leftrightsquigarrow ( ) 41 \leftrightsquigarrow ( ) . 44 \leftrsquigarrow ( ) . . . . 44 \Leftscissors (S) . . . . . . . 71 \leftslice ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 21 \leftslice ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 32 \leftspoon ( ) . . . . . . . . . 47 \leftsquigarrow () . . . . 42 \leftsquigarrow ( ) . . . . . 42 \leftt (n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 \lefttherefore ( ) . . . 23, 61 \leftthreetimes (6) . . . . . 63 \leftthreetimes ( ) . . . . . 21 \leftthreetimes ( ) . . . . . . 23 \leftthumbsdown ( ) . . . . 72 \leftthumbsup ( ) . . . . . . 72 \lefttorightarrow () . . . 42 \Lefttorque (&) . . . . . . . . 70 \leftturn ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 78 \leftVdash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 32 \leftvdash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 32
D U
\leftwave ( ) \leftY ( ) . legal symbols \legm (T) . . \legr (i) . . \length (q) . \Leo () . . . \leo ( ) . . . \leq () . . . \leq () . . . \leq () . . . \leqclosed ( .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. )
. . . . . . . . . . 55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 8, 18, 102 . . . . . 11 . . . . . 11 . . . . . 16 . . . . . 68 . . . . . 68 . . . . . 38 . . 37, 38 . . . . . 39 . . 39, 40
119
\leqdot ( ) . . . . . . . \leqq () . . . . . . . . \leqq ( ) . . . . . . . . \leqq ( ) . . . . . . . . \leqslant ( ) . . . . \leqslant ( ) . . . . . \leqslantdot ( ) . . \less (<) . . . . . . . . less-than signs . . see \lessapprox () . . . \lessapprox ( ) . . . \lessapprox ( ) . . . \lessclosed ( ) . . . \lessdot () . . . . . \lessdot ( ) . . . . . \lessdot ( ) . . . . . . \lesseqgtr () . . . . \lesseqgtr ( ) . . . \lesseqgtr ( ) . . . . \lesseqgtrslant ( ) \lesseqqgtr () . . . \lesseqqgtr ( ) \lessgtr () . . \lessgtr ( ) . . \lessgtr ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 39 . . . . . . 38 . . . . . . 37 . . . . . . 39 . . . . . . 37 . . . . . . 39 . . . . . . 39 . . . . . . 39 inequalities . . . . . . 38 . . . . . . 37 . . . . . . 39 . . . 39, 40 . . . . . . 38 . . . . . . 37 . . . . . . 39 . . . . . . 38 . . . . . . 37 . . . . . . 39 . . . . . . 39 . . . . . . 38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 38 37 39
\lesseqqgtr ( ) . . . . . . . . . 37
\lessneqqgtr ( ) . . . . . . . . 39 \lesssim () . . . \lesssim ( ) . . . \lesssim ( ) . . . . \Letter ( ) . . . . \Letter (B vs. ) \Letter (B) . . . . letter-like symbols letters . . . . . . . . . barred . . . . . non-ASCII . . slashed . . . . variant Latin . . . . . . . 38 . . . . . . . 37 . . . . . . . 39 . . . . . . . 81 . . . . . . . 88 . . . . . . . . 69 . . . . . 51, 52 see alphabets . . . . . . . . 91 ......... 9 . . . . . . . . 92 . . . . . . . . 50
\lhookrightarrow ( ) . . . . 44 \lhooksearrow ( ) . . . . . . . 44 \lhookswarrow ( ) . . . . . . . 44 \lhookuparrow ( ) . . . . . . . . 44 \Libra () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 \libra ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Lie derivative (L) see alphabets, math life-insurance symbols . . . . . 95 \lightbulb (A) . . . . . . . . . . 98 lightbulb.mf (le) . . . . 96, 97 lightbulb.sty (le) . . . 98, 99 lightbulb10.2602gf (le) . . 97 lightbulb10.dvi (le) . . . . 97 lightbulb10.mf (le) . . 9698 lightbulb10.tfm (le) . . . . 98 \Lightning (E vs. ) . . . . . 88 \Lightning ( ) . . . . . . . . . 80 \Lightning (E) . . . . . . . . . . 69 \lightning ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 42 \lightning ( vs. ) . . . . . . 88 \lightning ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 44 \lightning ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 78 \lim (lim) . . . . . . . . . . . 49, 99 \liminf (lim inf) . . . . . 49, 100 limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 \limsup (lim sup) . . . . 49, 100 linear implication see \multimap linear logic symbols . . 20, 30, 36 \Lineload (L) . . . . . . . . . . 70 linguistic symbols . . . . . 1013
\lJoin ( ) \ll (3) . . . \ll ( ) . . \ll ( ) . .
\Lisa ()
. . . . . . . . \llangle ( )
. . . .
. . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
85 31 38 37 39
. . . . . . . . . . . 54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 53 52 52 52
\levaw ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 \LF ( ) . 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 \lfilet (7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 7 \lFloor ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 \lfloor ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 \lfloor ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 \lg (lg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 . \lgroup () . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 \lgroup ( ) . . . . . \LHD ( ) . . . . . . . . . \lhd ( ) . . . . . . . . . \lhd ( ) . . . . . . . . . \lhdbend ( ) . . . . \lhookdownarrow ( ) \lhookleftarrow ( ) \lhooknearrow ( ) . \lhooknwarrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . ... ... 20, 39, ... ... ... ... ... 54 21 21 40 76 44 44 44 44
7
\llap . . . . . . . \llbracket ( ) \llceil ( ) . . . \llcorner (z) . \llcorner ( ) .
\llcorner ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 54 \llcurly () . . . . \Lleftarrow ( ) . \Lleftarrow ( ) . \llfloor ( ) . . . . . \lll () . . . . . . . . \lll ( ) ....... \lll ( vs. ) . . \lll ( ) . . . . . . . \llless . . . . . . . . \llless ( ) . . . . \llparenthesis ( ) \lmoustache () \lmoustache ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 . . . . 41 . . . . 44 . . . . 52 . . . . 38 . . . . 37 . . . . 88 . . . . 39 see \lll . . . . . 39 . . . . . 52
. . . . . . . . 53
) . . . . . . . . 54
\ln (ln) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 \lnapprox () . . . . . . . . . . 38 \lnapprox ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 37 \lnapprox ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 39 \lneq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 \lneq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \lneqq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 \lneqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \lneqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 \lnot . . . . . . . . . . . . see \neg \lnot () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 \lnsim () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 \lnsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \lnsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 local ring (O) . . see alphabets, math \log (log) . . . . . . . . . . . 49, 99 log-like symbols . . . . . . 49, 100 logical operators and . . . . . . . . . see \wedge not . . . see \neg and \sim or . . . . . . . . . . . see \vee \logof ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 lollipop . . . . . . . see \multimap long division . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 longdiv (package) . . . . . . . . . 57 \Longleftarrow (=) . . . . . 41 \Longleftarrow ( ) . . . . . 43 \longleftarrow ( ) . . . . . 43 \longleftarrow () . . . . . 41 \Longleftrightarrow () 41 \Longleftrightarrow () 43 \longleftrightarrow () . 43 \longleftrightarrow () 41 \Longmapsfrom (=) . . . . . . 42 \longmapsfrom () . . . . . . 42 \Longmapsto (=) . . . . . . . 42 \longmapsto ( ) . . . . . . . . 43 \longmapsto () . . . . . . . 41 \LongPulseHigh ( ) . . . . . 67 \LongPulseLow ( ) . . . . . 67 \Longrightarrow (=) . . . . 41 \Longrightarrow ( ) . . . . 43 \longrightarrow ( ) . . . . 43 \longrightarrow () . . . . 41 \looparrowdownleft () . . 42 \looparrowdownright () . . 42 \looparrowleft () . . . . . . 42 \looparrowleft ( ) . . . . . . 41 \looparrowleft ( ) . . . . . . 43 \looparrowright () . . . . . 42 \looparrowright ( ) . . . . . 41 \looparrowright ( ) . . . . . 43 \Loosebearing ($) . . . . . . . 70 \lor . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \vee \LowerDiamond ( ) . . . . . . . 75 lowering . . . see \textlowering \lozenge () . . . . . . . . 62, 63 \lozenge ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 \Lparen (() . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 \lrcorner ({) . . . . . . . . . . . 52 \lrcorner ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 52
8 9
120
\lrcorner ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 54 \lrJoin . . . . . . . . . see \Join \lrtimes ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 \lsem ( ) . . . \lsemantic . . . \Lsh () . . . . . \Lsh ( ) . . . . . \Lsh ( ) . . . . . \Lsteel () . . \ltimes () . . \ltimes ( ) . . \ltimes ( ) . . \ltriple . . . . Luecking, Dan . \lVert ( ) . . . \lVert (||) . . . . \lvert (|) . . . . \lvertneqq () \lvertneqq ( ) \lvertneqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 54 see \ldbrack . . . . . . . . 42 . . . . . . . . 41 . . . . . . . . 43 . . . . . . . . 70 . . . . . . . . 22 . . . . . . . . 21 . . . . . . . . 23 . . . . . . . . 55 . . . . . . . . 93 . . . . . . . . 53 . . . . . . . . 55 . . . . . . . . 53 . . . . . . . . 38 . . . . . . . . 37 . . . . . . . . 39
\manpenkidney ( )
. . . . . . . 79
\manquadrifolium ( ) . . . . 79 \manquartercircle ( ) . . . . 79 \manrotatedquadrifolium ( ) . . . . . . . . . 79 \manrotatedquartercircle ( ) . . . . . . . . . 79 \manstar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \mantiltpennib ( ) . . . . . . 79 \mantriangledown ( ) . . . . . 79 \mantriangleright ( ) . . . . 79 \mantriangleup ( ) . . . . . . 79 \manvpennib ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 79 \Mappedfromchar () . . . . . . . 48 \mappedfromchar () . . . . . . . 48 \Mapsfrom () . . . . . . . . . . 42 \mapsfrom () . . . . . . . . . . 42 \Mapsfromchar () . . . . . . . . 49 \Mapsfromchar () . . . . . . . . 48 \mapsfromchar () . . . . . . . . 49 \mapsfromchar () . . . . . . . . 48 \Mapsto () . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 \mapsto () . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 \mapsto ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 \Mapstochar () . . . . . . . . . . 49 \Mapstochar () . . . . . . . . . . 48 \mapstochar () . . . . . . . . . . 49
\lwave ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 \lWavy ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
\lwavy ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 \lz (I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 M ... ... ... ... ... .... (a) . . . . .
\M . . . . \M ( ) \m . . . . \m ( ) \ma () macron \macron
\Maggie ( ) . . . . . . . . . 85 magical signs . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 majuscules . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 \makeatletter . . . . . . . . . . 94 \makeatother . . . . . . . . . . . 94 \MALE ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 \Male (|) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 \male () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 \MaleMale () . . . . . . . . . . 70 \maltese ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 \maltese ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 63 \manboldkidney ( ) . . . . . . . 79 \manconcentriccircles ( ) 79 \manconcentricdiamond ( ) 79 \mancone ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \mancube ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \manerrarrow ( ) . . . . . . . 79 \manfilledquartercircle ( ) 79 manfnt (package) 76, 79, 104, 105 \manhpennib ( ) . . . . . . . . . 79 \manimpossiblecube ( ) . . . 79 \mankidney ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 79 \manlhpenkidney ( ) . . . . . . 79
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... ... ... ... ... see ....
.... 9 . . . 82 .... 9 . . . 82 . . . 82 accents . . . 16
\Marge ( ) . . . . . . . . . 85 \markera (x) . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \markerb (y) . . . . . . . . . . . 82 married . . . . . see \textmarried \Mars (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 \Mars () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 \mars () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 \MartinVogel () . . . . . . . . 80 marvosym (package) . 17, 62, 64, 6871, 76, 79, 80, 88 matbbol (package) . . . . . . . . 65 \mate (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 material biconditional . . . . . . . . see \leftrightarrow and \equiv material conditional . . . . . . see \rightarrow and \supset material equivalence . . . . . . . . . see \leftrightarrow and \equiv material implication . . . . . . see \rightarrow and \supset math alphabets . . . . . . . . . . 65 math-text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 mathabx (package) . . 22, 24, 26, 3032, 3638, 40, 42, 43, 49, 5154, 56, 58, 62, 63, 68, 76, 87, 88, 104, 105, 107 \mathaccent . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \mathbb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 \mathbbm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
\mathbbmss . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 \mathbbmtt . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 mathbbol (package) . . . . . . . 65 \mathbf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 \mathbin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 \mathbold . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 mathcal (euscript package option) . . . . . . . . . 65 \mathcal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 \mathcent () . . . . . . . . . . . 51 \mathchoice . . . . . . . . . 92, 93 \mathclose . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 mathcomp (package) . . . . . . 62 mathdesign (package) 17, 23, 29, 51, 55, 64, 104 \mathdollar ($) . . . . . . . . . 20 mathdots (package) . 56, 61, 62, 94, 104, 105 \mathds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 \mathellipsis (. . .) . . . . . . 20 mathematical symbols . . 2066 \mathfrak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 \mathit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 \mathnormal . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 \mathop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 \mathopen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 \mathord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 \mathpalette . . . . . . . . . . . 93 \mathparagraph () . . . . . . 20 \mathpunct . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 \mathpzc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 \mathrel . . . . . . . . . . . 90, 99 \mathring () . . . . . . . . 56, 57 \mathrm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 mathrsfs (package) . . . . 65, 104 mathscr (euscript package option) . . . . . . . . . 65 \mathscr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 \mathsection () . . . . . . . . 20 \mathsterling () . . . . . 20, 51 mathtools (package) . 34, 58, 59, 104, 105 \mathunderscore ( ) . . . . . . 20 \max (max) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Maxwell-Stefan diusion coecient . . . . . . . . . . . . see \DH \maya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 \Mb ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \mb ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \Mbb ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \mBb ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \mbB ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \mbb ( mbboard (package) . . . . 65, 104 \mbbx ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 . \mbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 \measuredangle (b) . . . . . . 63 \measuredangle ( ) . . . . . . 63 \measuredangle ( ) . . . . . . 63 mechanical scaling . . . . . 96, 98 \medbackslash ( ) . . . . . . . 23 \medbullet ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 21
121
\medcirc ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 \medcircle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 23 \meddiamond ( ) . . . . . . . . . 24 \medlozenge ( ) . . . . . . . . . 74 \medslash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 23 \medsquare ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 24 \medstar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \medstarofdavid ( ) . . . . . 74 \medtriangledown ( ) . 24, 40 \medtriangleleft ( ) . 24, 40 \medtriangleright ( ) . 24, 40 \medtriangleup ( ) . . . 24, 40 \medvert ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 \medvertdot ( ) . . . . . . . . . 23 \Mercury (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 \Mercury () . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 \mercury ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 \merge ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 METAFONT . . . . . 66, 96, 97, 99 METAFONTbook symbols . . . 79 metre (package) . 16, 56, 82, 104, 105 metre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 metrical symbols . . . . . . . . . 82 \mho ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 62, 63 micro . . . . . . . . . . see \textmu \micro () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Microsoft Windows . . . 103 \mid (|) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 54 \middle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 \midtilde ({) . . . . . . . . . . . 16 millesimal sign . . . . . . . . . see \textperthousand \min (min) . . . . . . . . . . 49, 99 minim . . . . see musical symbols minus . . . . . . . see \textminus \minus () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 \minusdot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 23 \minushookdown () . . . . . . 63 \minushookup ( ) . . . . . . . . 63 \minuso ( ) . . . . . . . . . 21, 91 minutes, angular . . . see \prime miscellaneous symbols . . 6264, 7786 Missing $ inserted . . . . 20 \Mmappedfromchar ( ) . . . . . . 48 \mmappedfromchar ( ) . . . . . . 48 \Mmapstochar ( ) . . . . . . . . . 48 \mmapstochar ( ) . . . . . . . . . 48 MnSymbol (package) 23, 24, 29, 32, 33, 37, 39, 40, 4348, 50, 51, 54, 5658, 61, 63, 64, 74, 104, 105 \Mobilefone (H) . . . . . . . . . 69 \mod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 \models (|=) . . . . . . . . . 30, 90 \models ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 moduli space . . . see alphabets, math monetary symbols . . . . . 17, 65 \moo ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 \Moon (u) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
\Moon () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 \morepawns (S) . . . . . . . . . . 82 \moreroom (U) . . . . . . . . . . 82 \Mountain ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 81 mouse . . . . see \ComputerMouse \MoveDown () . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \moverlay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 \MoveUp () . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \mp ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 \mp ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 \mu () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 \multimap ( ) . . . . . . . 30, 31 \multimap ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 47 \multimapboth ( ) . . . . . . 31 \multimapbothvert ( ) . . . . 31 \multimapdot ( ) . . . . . . . . 31 \multimapdotboth ( ) . . . . 31 \multimapdotbothA ( ) . . . 31 \multimapdotbothAvert ( ) . 31 \multimapdotbothB ( ) . . . 31 \multimapdotbothBvert ( ) . 31 \multimapdotbothvert ( ) . . 31 \multimapdotinv ( ) . . . . . 31 \multimapinv ( ) . . . . . . . . 31 multiple accents per character 94 \Mundus (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Museum of Icelandic Sorcery and Witchcraft . . . . . . . . . 86 musical symbols 19, 62, 63, 78, 79 musixtex (package) . . . . . . . . 79 \muup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \MVAt (@) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 \MVEight (8) . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 \MVFive (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 \MVFour (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 \MVNine (9) . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 \MVOne (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 \MVRightarrow (:) . . . . . . . 80 \MVSeven (7) . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 \MVSix (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 \MVThree (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 \MVTwo (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 \MVZero (0) . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
N \nabla ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 \nabla () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 \NAK ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 \napprox (') . . . . . . . . . . . 32 \napprox ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 \napproxeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 31 \napproxeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 33 \nasymp ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 \nasymp ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 nath (package) . . . . . 52, 55, 104 \natural ( ) . . . . . . . . . 62, 78 \natural ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 natural numbers (N) . . . . . see alphabets, math navigation symbols . . . . . . . 79 \nbackapprox ( ) . . . . . . . . 33 \nbackapproxeq ( ) . . . . . . . 33
\nbackcong ( ) . . . . . . . . . . \nbackeqsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . \nbacksim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . \nbacksim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . \nbacksimeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . \nbacksimeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . \nbacktriplesim ( ) . . . . . . \NBSP ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \nBumpeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . \nBumpeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . \nbumpeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . \nbumpeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . \ncirceq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . \ncirclearrowleft ( ) . . . \ncirclearrowright ( ) . . \nclosedequal ( ) . . . . . . . \ncong ()) . . . . . . . . . . . . . \ncong ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . \ncong ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . \ncurlyeqprec () . . . . . . . \ncurlyeqprec ( ) . . . . . . . \ncurlyeqsucc () . . . . . . . \ncurlyeqsucc ( ) . . . . . . . \ncurvearrowdownup ( ) . . . \ncurvearrowleft ( ) . . . . \ncurvearrowleftright ( ) \ncurvearrownesw ( ) . . . . \ncurvearrownwse ( ) . . . . \ncurvearrowright ( ) . . . . \ncurvearrowrightleft ( ) \ncurvearrowsenw ( ) . . . . \ncurvearrowswne ( ) . . . . \ncurvearrowupdown ( ) . . . \ndasharrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . \ndasheddownarrow ( ) . . . . \ndashedleftarrow ( ) . . . . \ndashednearrow ( ) . . . . . \ndashednwarrow ( ) . . . . . \ndashedrightarrow ( ) . . . \ndashedsearrow ( ) . . . . . \ndashedswarrow ( ) . . . . . \ndasheduparrow ( ) . . . . . . \ndashleftarrow ( ) . . . . . \ndashrightarrow ( ) . . . . \nDashV (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . \nDashv (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . \ndashV (G) . . . . . . . . . . . . \ndashv (9) . . . . . . . . . . . . \ndashv ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . \ndashVv (G) . . . . . . . . . . . \nddtstile ( ) . \ndiagdown ( ) . \ndiagup ( ) . . . \ndivides ( ) . . . \nDoteq ( ) . . . . . \ndoteq ( ) . . . . . \ndoublefrown ( ) \ndoublefrowneq ( \ndoublesmile ( ) \ndoublesmileeq ( \nDownarrow ( ) . \ndownarrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) . . . ) . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33 33 31 33 31 33 33 69 31 33 31 33 33 46 46 33 32 30 33 32 33 32 33 44 46 44 44 44 46 44 44 44 44 46 44 44 45 45 45 45 45 45 46 46 32 32 32 32 34 32 35 34 34 34 33 33 48 48 48 48 45 45
122
\ndownarrowtail ( ) . . \ndowndownarrows ( ) . \ndownfilledspoon ( ) \ndownfootline ( ) . . . \ndownfree ( ) . . . . . . \ndownharpoonccw ( ) . \ndownharpooncw ( ) . . \ndownlsquigarrow ( ) \ndownmapsto ( ) . . . . \ndownModels ( ) . . . . \ndownmodels ( ) . . . . \ndownpitchfork ( ) . \ndownrsquigarrow ( ) \ndownspoon ( ) . . . . . \ndownuparrows ( ) . . \ndownupharpoons ( ) . \ndownVdash ( ) . . . . . \ndownvdash ( ) . . . . . \ndststile (
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45 45 47 33 33 46 46 45 45 33 33 47 45 47 45 46 33 33
) . . . . . . . . . 35
\ndtstile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 35 \ndttstile ( ) . . . . . . . . . 35 \ne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \neq \ne () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 \Nearrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 42 \Nearrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 43 \nearrow () . . . . . . . . . . . 42 \nearrow ( ) . . . . . . 41, 93, 94 \nearrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 43 \nearrowtail ( ) . . . . . . . . 43 \nefilledspoon ( ) . . . . . . 47 \nefootline ( ) . . . . . . . . . 32 \nefree ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 \neg () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 \neg () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 negation . . . see \neg and \sim \neharpoonccw ( ) . . . . . . . 46 \neharpooncw ( ) . . . . . . . . 46 \nelsquigarrow ( ) . . . . . . 43 \nemapsto ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 43 \neModels ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 32 \nemodels ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 32 \nenearrows ( ) . . . . . . . . 43 \nepitchfork ( ) . . . . . . . . 47 \Neptune (r) . . . . . . . . . . . 68 \Neptune () . . . . . . . . . . . 68 \neptune ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 \neq ($) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 \neq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \neq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 \neqbump ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 \neqcirc ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 \neqdot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 \neqfrown ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 48 \neqsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 \neqslantgtr () . . . . . . . . 38 \neqslantgtr ( ) . . . . . . . . 39 \neqslantless () . . . . . . . 38 \neqslantless ( ) . . . . . . . 39 \neqsmile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 48 \nequal () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 \nequalclosed ( ) . . . . . . . 33
\nequiv ( ) . . . . . . . \nequiv ( ) . . . . . . . . \nequivclosed ( ) . . \nersquigarrow ( ) . \nespoon ( ) . . . . . . \Neswarrow ( ) . . . . \neswarrow ( ) . . . . \neswarrow ( ) . . . . \neswarrows ( ) . . . \neswbipropto ( ) . . \neswcrossing ( ) . . \neswharpoonnwse ( ) \neswharpoons ( ) . . \neswharpoonsenw ( ) \Neswline ( ) . . . . . \neswline ( ) . . . . . \Neutral ({) . . . . . . \neVdash ( ) . . . . . . \nevdash ( ) . . . . . . \newextarrow . . . . . . \newmoon (x) . . . . . . \newmoon ( ) . . . . . . \newtie (a) . . . . . . . . \nexists (i) . . . . . . . \nexists ( ) . . . . . . . \nexists ( ) . . . . . . . \nfallingdotseq ( ) . \nfrown ( ) . . . . . . . . \nfrowneq ( ) . . . . . . \nfrowneqsmile ( ) . . \nfrownsmile ( ) . . . \nfrownsmileeq ( ) . . \NG () . . . . . . . . . . . \ng () . . . . . . . . . . . \ngeq () . . . . . . . . . \ngeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . \ngeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . \ngeqclosed ( ) . . . . \ngeqdot ( ) . . . . . . . \ngeqq () . . . . . . . . \ngeqq ( ) . . . . . . . . \ngeqq ( ) . . . . . . . . \ngeqslant ( ) . . . . \ngeqslant ( ) . . . . . \ngeqslantdot ( ) . . \ngets ( ) . . . . . . . . \ngg ( ) . . . . . . . . . \ngg ( ) . . . . . . . . . . \nggg ( ) . . . . . . . . \ngtr () . . . . . . . . . \ngtr ( ) . . . . . . . . . \ngtr ( ) . . . . . . . . . \ngtrapprox () . . . . \ngtrapprox ( ) . . . . \ngtrclosed ( ) . . . . \ngtrdot ( ) . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 31 . . 33 . . 33 . . 43 . . 47 . . 43 93, 94 . . 43 . . 43 . . 23 . . 33 . . 46 . . 46 . . 46 . . 32 . . 32 . . 70 . . 32 . . 32 . . 60 . . 68 . . 68 . . 13 . . 51 . . 51 . . 51 . . 33 . . 48 . . 48 . . 48 . . 48 . . 48 ... 9 ... 9 . . 38 37, 38 . . 39 39, 40 . . 39 . . 38 . . 37 . . 39 . . 37 . . 39 . . 39 . . 46 . . 38 . . 39 . . 39 . . 38 . . 37 . . 39 . . 38 . . 38 39, 40 . . 39
\ngtreqless ( ) . . . . . . . . . 39 \ngtreqlessslant ( ) . . . . . 39 \ngtreqqless ( ) . . . . . . . . 39 \ngtrless ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 38 \ngtrless ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 39
\ngtrsim () . . . . . . . . . . . 38 \ngtrsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 \nhateq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 \nhookleftarrow ( ) . . . . . 46 \nhookrightarrow ( ) . . . . 46 \ni ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51, 92 \ni () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 \nialpha () . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \nibar . . . . . . . . see \ownsbar \nibeta () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \NibLeft ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 72 \NibRight ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 72 nibs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 \NibSolidLeft ( ) . . . . . . . 72 \NibSolidRight ( ) . . . . . . 72 nicefrac (package) . 64, 104, 105 \nichi () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \niepsilon ($) . . . . . . . . . . 12 \nigamma (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \niiota (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \nilambda (P) . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \nin () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 \niomega (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \niphi (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \niplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 \nisigma (y) . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \nitheta () . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \niupsilon () . . . . . . . . . . 12 \niv ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 \nj (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \nlcirclearrowdown ( ) . . 45 \nlcirclearrowleft ( ) . . 45 \nlcirclearrowright ( ) . 45 \nlcirclearrowup ( ) . . . . 45 \nlcurvearrowdown ( ) . . . . 45 \nlcurvearrowleft ( ) . . . . 45 \nlcurvearrowne ( ) . . . . . 45 \nlcurvearrownw ( ) . . . . . 45 \nlcurvearrowright ( ) . . . 45 \nlcurvearrowse ( ) . . . . . 45 \nlcurvearrowsw ( ) . . . . . 45 \nlcurvearrowup ( ) . . . . . . 45 \nleadsto ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 46 \nLeftarrow () . . . . . . . . 42 \nLeftarrow ( ) . . . . . . . . 41 \nLeftarrow ( ) . . . . . . . . 45 \nleftarrow () . . . . . . . . 42 \nleftarrow ( ) . . . . . . . . 41 \nleftarrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . 45 \nleftarrowtail ( ) . . . . . 45 \nleftfilledspoon ( ) . . . 47 \nleftfootline ( ) . . . . . . 33 \nleftfree ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 33 \nleftharpoonccw ( ) . . . . 46 \nleftharpooncw ( ) . . . . . 46 \nleftleftarrows ( ) . . . . 45 \nleftlsquigarrow ( ) . . . . 45 \nleftmapsto ( ) . . . . . . . . 45 \nleftModels ( ) . . . . . . . . 33 \nleftmodels ( ) . . . . . . . . 33 \nleftpitchfork ( ) . . . . . 47 \nLeftrightarrow () . . . . 42
0 )
2 1
123
\nLeftrightarrow ( ) . . . . 41 \nLeftrightarrow ( ) . . . . 45 \nleftrightarrow () . . . . 42 \nleftrightarrow ( ) . 20, 41 \nleftrightarrow ( ) . . . . 45 \nleftrightarrows ( ) . . . . 45 \nleftrightharpoondownup ( ) . . . . . . . . . 46 \nleftrightharpoons ( ) . . 46 \nleftrightharpoonupdown ( ) . . . . . . . . . 46 \nLeftrightline ( ) . . . . . 33 \nleftrightline ( ) . . . . . 33 \nleftrightsquigarrow ( ) 46 \nleftrsquigarrow ( ) . . . . 45 \nleftspoon ( ) . . . . . . . . 47 \nleftVdash ( ) . . . . . . . . . 33 \nleftvdash ( ) . . . . . . . . . 33 \nleq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 \nleq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 37, 38 \nleq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 \nleqclosed ( ) . . . . . . 39, 40 \nleqdot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 \nleqq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 \nleqq ( ) . . . . . \nleqq ( ) . . . . . \nleqslant ( ) . \nleqslant ( ) . . \nleqslantdot ( ) \nless () . . . . . \nless ( ) . . . . . \nless ( ) . . . . . \nlessapprox () \nlessapprox ( ) \nlessclosed ( ) \nlessdot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 39, ... 37 39 37 39 39 38 37 39 38 38 40 39
\nlesseqgtr ( ) . . . . . . . . . 39 \nlesseqgtrslant ( ) . . . . . 39 \nlesseqqgtr ( ) . . . . . . . . 39 \nlessgtr ( ) . . . . . . . \nlessgtr ( ) . . . . . . . \nlesssim () . . . . . . \nlesssim ( ) . . . . . . . \nlhookdownarrow ( ) . \nlhookleftarrow ( ) \nlhooknearrow ( ) . . \nlhooknwarrow ( ) . . \nlhookrightarrow ( ) \nlhooksearrow ( ) . . \nlhookswarrow ( ) . . \nlhookuparrow ( ) . . . \nll ( ) . . . . . . . . . . \nll ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . \nLleftarrow ( ) . . . . \nlll ( ) . . . . . . . . . \nmapsto ( ) . . . . . . . \nmid ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . \nmid ( ) . . . . . . . . . . \nmodels ( ) . . . . . . . . \nmultimap ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 39 38 38 45 45 45 44 44 44 44 44 38 39 44 39 46 30 34 34 47
\nndtstile ( ) . . . . . . . . . 35 \nNearrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 44 \nnearrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 42 \nnearrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 44 \nnearrowtail ( ) . . . . . . . 44 \nnefilledspoon ( ) . . . . . 47 \nnefootline ( ) . . . . . . . . 33 \nnefree ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 33 \nneharpoonccw ( ) . . . . . . 46 \nneharpooncw ( ) . . . . . . . 46 \nnelsquigarrow ( ) . . . . . 44 \nnemapsto ( ) . . . . . . . . . 45 \nneModels ( ) . . . . . . . . . 33 \nnemodels ( ) . . . . . . . . . 33 \nnenearrows ( ) . . . . . . . 45 \nnepitchfork ( ) . . . . . . . 47 \nnersquigarrow ( ) . . . . . 45 \nnespoon ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 47 \nNeswarrow ( ) . . . . . . . . 45 \nneswarrow ( ) . . . . . . . . 45 \nneswarrows ( ) . . . . . . . 45 \nneswharpoonnwse ( ) . . . 46 \nneswharpoons ( ) . . . . . . 46 \nneswharpoonsenw ( ) . . . 46 \nNeswline ( ) . . . . . . . . . 33 \nneswline ( ) . . . . . . . . . 33 \nneVdash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 33 \nnevdash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 33 \nnststile ( ) . . . . . . . . . 35 \nntstile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 34 \nnttstile ( ) . . . . . . . . . 34 \nNwarrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 45 \nnwarrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 42 \nnwarrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 45 \nnwarrowtail ( ) . . . . . . . 45 \nnwfilledspoon ( ) . . . . . 47 \nnwfootline ( ) . . . . . . . . 33 \nnwfree ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 33 \nnwharpoonccw ( ) . . . . . . 46 \nnwharpooncw ( ) . . . . . . . 46 \nnwlsquigarrow ( ) . . . . . 45 \nnwmapsto ( ) . . . . . . . . . 45 \nnwModels ( ) . . . . . . . . . 33 \nnwmodels ( ) . . . . . . . . . 33 \nnwnwarrows ( ) . . . . . . . 45 \nnwpitchfork ( ) . . . . . . . 47 \nnwrsquigarrow ( ) . . . . . 45 \nNwsearrow ( ) . . . . . . . . 45 \nnwsearrow ( ) . . . . . . . . 45 \nnwsearrows ( ) . . . . . . . 45 \nnwseharpoonnesw ( ) . . . 46 \nnwseharpoons ( ) . . . . . . 46 \nnwseharpoonswne ( ) . . . 46 \nNwseline ( ) . . . . . . . . . 33 \nnwseline ( ) . . . . . . . . . 33 \nnwspoon ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 47 \nnwVdash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 33 \nnwvdash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 33 \NoBleech () . . . . . . . . . . 80 \NoChemicalCleaning () . . 80 nointegrals (wasysym package option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\NoIroning () . . . . . . . . . 80 non-commutative division . . 60 nonbreaking space . . . . . . . . 69 norm . . see \lVert and \rVert \NoSun ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 not . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \neg \not . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32, 92 not equal (= vs. =) . . . . . . . 32 \notasymp (0) . . . . . . . . . . 32 \notbackslash () . . . . . . . 68 \ \notbot (w) . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 \notdivides (1) . . . . . . . . . 32 \notequiv (%) . . . . . . . . . . 32 \notin () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 \notin ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 \notin () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 \notin () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 \notni ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 \notowner () . . . . . . . . . . . 51 \notowns . . see \notowner and \notni \notperp (w) . . . . . . . . . . . 32 \notslash () . . . . . . . . . . 68 / \notsmallin ( ) . . . . . . . . . 51 \notsmallowns ( ) . . . . . . . . 51 \nottop (v) . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 \NoTumbler () . . . . . . . . . . 80 \novelty (N) . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \nowns ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 \nparallel ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 30 \nparallel ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 34 \nperp ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 \npitchfork ( ) . . . . . . . . . 47 \nplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 \nprec () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 \nprec ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 \nprec ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 \nprecapprox () . . . . . . . . 32 \nprecapprox ( ) . . . . . . . . 31 \nprecapprox ( ) . . . . . . . . 33 \npreccurlyeq () . . . . . . . 32 \npreccurlyeq ( ) . . . . . . . 31 \npreccurlyeq ( ) . . . . . . . 33 \npreceq () . . . . . . . . . . . 32 \npreceq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 30 \npreceq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 \npreceqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 31 \nprecsim () . . . . . . . . . . 32 \nprecsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 31 \nprecsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 33 \nrcirclearrowdown ( ) . . 45 \nrcirclearrowleft ( ) . . 45 \nrcirclearrowright ( ) . 45 \nrcirclearrowup ( ) . . . . 45 \nrcurvearrowdown ( ) . . . . 45 \nrcurvearrowleft ( ) . . . . 45 \nrcurvearrowne ( ) . . . . . 45 \nrcurvearrownw ( ) . . . . . 45 \nrcurvearrowright ( ) . . . 45 \nrcurvearrowse ( ) . . . . . 45 \nrcurvearrowsw ( ) . . . . . 45 \nrcurvearrowup ( ) . . . . . . 45
124
\nRelbar ( ) . . . . . . . . . \nrelbar ( ) . . . . . . . . . \nrestriction ( ) . . . . . \nrhookdownarrow ( ) . . . \nrhookleftarrow ( ) . . \nrhooknearrow ( ) . . . . \nrhooknwarrow ( ) . . . . \nrhookrightarrow ( ) . . \nrhooksearrow ( ) . . . . \nrhookswarrow ( ) . . . . \nrhookuparrow ( ) . . . . . \nRightarrow () . . . . . . \nRightarrow ( ) . . . . . \nRightarrow ( ) . . . . . . \nrightarrow () . . . . . . \nrightarrow ( ) . . . . . \nrightarrow ( ) . . . . . . \nrightarrowtail ( ) . . \nrightfilledspoon ( ) \nrightfootline ( ) . . . \nrightfree ( ) . . . . . . . \nrightharpoonccw ( ) . . \nrightharpooncw ( ) . . \nrightleftarrows ( ) . . \nrightleftharpoons ( ) \nrightlsquigarrow ( ) . \nrightmapsto ( ) . . . . . \nrightModels ( ) . . . . . \nrightmodels ( ) . . . . . \nrightpitchfork ( ) . . \nrightrightarrows ( ) . \nrightrsquigarrow ( ) . \nrightspoon ( ) . . . . . . \nrightsquigarrow ( ) . . \nrightVdash ( ) . . . . . . \nrightvdash ( ) . . . . . . \nrisingdotseq ( ) . . . . . \nRrightarrow ( ) . . . . . \nsdtstile ( ) . . . . \nSearrow ( ) . . . . . \nsearrow ( ) . . . . . \nsearrowtail ( ) . . \nsefilledspoon ( ) \nsefootline ( ) . . . \nsefree ( ) . . . . . . \nseharpoonccw ( ) . \nseharpooncw ( ) . . \nselsquigarrow ( ) \nsemapsto ( ) . . . . \nseModels ( ) . . . . \nsemodels ( ) . . . . \nsenwarrows ( ) . . \nsenwharpoons ( ) . \nsepitchfork ( ) . . \nsersquigarrow ( ) \nsesearrows ( ) . . \nsespoon ( ) . . . . . \nseVdash ( ) . . . . . \nsevdash ( ) . . . . . \nshortmid ( ) . . . . . \nshortmid ( ) . . . . . \nshortparallel ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34 34 46 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 42 41 45 42 41 45 45 47 33 33 46 46 44 46 44 44 33 33 47 44 44 47 46 33 33 33 44 34 44 44 44 47 33 33 46 46 44 45 33 33 45 46 47 45 45 47 33 33 30 33 30
\nshortparallel ( ) . . . . \nsim (&) . . . . . . . . . . . . \nsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . \nsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . \nsimeq (() . . . . . . . . . . \nsimeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . \nsimeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . \nsmile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . \nsmileeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . \nsmileeqfrown ( ) . . . . . \nsmilefrown ( ) . . . . . . \nsmilefrowneq ( ) . . . . . \nsqdoublefrown ( ) . . . . \nsqdoublefrowneq ( ) . . \nsqdoublesmile ( ) . . . . \nsqdoublesmileeq ( ) . . \nsqeqfrown ( ) . . . . . . . \nsqeqsmile ( ) . . . . . . . \nsqfrown ( ) . . . . . . . . . \nsqfrowneq ( ) . . . . . . . \nsqfrowneqsmile ( ) . . . \nsqfrownsmile ( ) . . . . . \nsqsmile ( ) . . . . . . . . . \nsqsmileeq ( ) . . . . . . . \nsqsmileeqfrown ( ) . . . \nsqsmilefrown ( ) . . . . . \nSqsubset ( ) . . . . . . . . \nsqSubset () . . . . . . . . \nsqsubset () . . . . . . . . \nsqsubset ( ) . . . . . . . . \nsqsubset ( ) . . . . . . . . \nsqsubseteq () . . . . . . \nsqsubseteq ( ) . . . . . . \nsqsubseteq ( ) . . . . . . \nsqsubseteqq () . . . . . \nsqsubseteqq ( ) . . . . . \nSqsupset ( ) . . . . . . . . \nsqSupset () . . . . . . . . \nsqsupset () . . . . . . . . \nsqsupset ( ) . . . . . . . . \nsqsupset ( ) . . . . . . . . \nsqsupseteq () . . . . . . \nsqsupseteq ( ) . . . . . . \nsqsupseteq ( ) . . . . . . \nsqsupseteqq () . . . . . \nsqsupseteqq ( ) . . . . . \nsqtriplefrown ( ) . . . . \nsqtriplesmile ( ) . . . . \nsquigarrowdownup ( ) \nsquigarrowleftright ( \nsquigarrownesw ( ) . . \nsquigarrownwse ( ) . . . \nsquigarrowrightleft ( \nsquigarrowsenw ( ) . . \nsquigarrowswne ( ) . . \nsquigarrowupdown ( ) . \nsststile (
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ) .. .. ) .. .. ..
33 32 30 33 32 31 33 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 37 37 37 36 37 37 36 37 37 37 37 37 37 36 37 37 36 37 37 37 48 48 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45
\nsubset () . . . . . . \nsubset () . . . . . . . \nsubseteq () . . . . . \nsubseteq ( ) . . . . \nsubseteq ( ) . . . . . \nsubseteqq () . . . . \nsubseteqq ( ) . . . . \nsubseteqq ( ) . . . . \nsucc () . . . . . . . . \nsucc ( ) . . . . . . . . \nsucc ( ) . . . . . . . . \nsuccapprox () . . . \nsuccapprox ( ) . . . \nsuccapprox ( ) . . . \nsucccurlyeq () . . \nsucccurlyeq ( ) . . \nsucccurlyeq ( ) . . \nsucceq () . . . . . . \nsucceq ( ) . . . . . . \nsucceq ( ) . . . . . . . \nsucceqq ( ) . . . . . . \nsuccsim () . . . . . \nsuccsim ( ) . . . . . . \nsuccsim ( ) . . . . . . \nSupset () . . . . . . \nSupset ( ) . . . . . . . \nSupset ( ) . . . . . . . \nsupset () . . . . . . \nsupset ( ) . . . . . . . \nsupseteq () . . . . . \nsupseteq ( ) . . . . \nsupseteq ( ) . . . . . \nsupseteqq () . . . . \nsupseteqq ( ) . . . . \nsupseteqq ( ) . . . . \nSwarrow ( ) . . . . . \nswarrow ( ) . . . . . \nswarrowtail ( ) . . \nswfilledspoon ( ) \nswfootline ( ) . . . \nswfree ( ) . . . . . . \nswharpoonccw ( ) . \nswharpooncw ( ) . . \nswlsquigarrow ( ) \nswmapsto ( ) . . . . \nswModels ( ) . . . . \nswmodels ( ) . . . . \nswnearrows ( ) . . \nswneharpoons ( ) . \nswpitchfork ( ) . . \nswrsquigarrow ( ) \nswspoon ( ) . . . . . \nswswarrows ( ) . . \nswVdash ( ) . . . . . \nswvdash ( ) . . . . . \ntdtstile ( ntheorem (package) \nthickapprox ( ) \nto ( ) . . . . . . . . \ntriangleeq ( ) . \ntriangleleft () . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37 37 37 36 37 37 36 37 32 30 33 32 31 33 32 31 33 32 30 33 31 32 31 33 37 36 37 37 37 37 36 37 37 36 37 45 45 45 47 33 33 46 46 45 45 33 33 45 46 47 45 47 45 33 33 62 31 46 40 40
) . . . . . . . . . 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 37 36 37
) . . . . . . . . . 34
\nststile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 34 \nsttstile ( ) . \nSubset () . . . \nSubset ( ) . . . . \nSubset ( ) . . . .
125
\ntriangleleft ( ) . . . . . . \ntriangleleft ( ) . . . . 39, \ntrianglelefteq () . . . . \ntrianglelefteq ( ) . . . . \ntrianglelefteq ( ) . . 39, \ntrianglelefteqslant ( ) \ntriangleright () . . . . . \ntriangleright ( ) . . . . . \ntriangleright ( ) . . . 39, \ntrianglerighteq () . . . . \ntrianglerighteq ( ) . . . \ntrianglerighteq ( ) . 39, \ntrianglerighteqslant ( ) \ntriplefrown ( ) . . . . . . . \ntriplesim ( ) . . . . . . . . . \ntriplesmile ( ) . . . . . . . \ntststile (
39 40 40 39 40 40 40 39 40 40 39 40 40 48 33 48
) . . . . . . . . . 35
\nttstile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 35 \ntttstile ( ) . . . . . . . . . 35 \ntwoheaddownarrow ( ) . . . 45 \ntwoheadleftarrow ( ) . . . 31 \ntwoheadleftarrow ( ) . . 45 \ntwoheadnearrow ( ) . . . . 45 \ntwoheadnwarrow ( ) . . . . 45 \ntwoheadrightarrow ( ) . . 31 \ntwoheadrightarrow ( ) . . 45 \ntwoheadsearrow ( ) . . . . 45 \ntwoheadswarrow ( ) . . . . 45 \ntwoheaduparrow ( ) . . . . . 45 \nu () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 nuclear power plant . see \SNPP \NUL ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 null set . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62, 63 number . . . . . see \textnumero number sets see alphabets, math numbers . . . . . . . . . . see digits circled . . . . . . . . . . 73, 76 \NumLock ( Num ) . . . . . . . . 69 \nUparrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 45 \nuparrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 45 \nuparrowtail ( ) . . . . . . . 45 \nUpdownarrow ( ) . . . . . . . 45 \nupdownarrow ( ) . . . . . . . 45 \nupdownarrows ( ) . . . . . . 45 \nupdownharpoonleftright ( ) . . . . . . . . . 46 \nupdownharpoonrightleft ( ) . . . . . . . . . 46 \nupdownharpoons ( ) . . . . . 46 \nUpdownline ( ) . . . . . . . . 33 \nupdownline ( ) . . . . . . . . 33 \nupfilledspoon ( ) . . . . . . 47 \nupfootline ( ) . . . . . . . . 33 \nupfree ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 \nupharpoonccw ( ) . . . . . . . 46 \nupharpooncw ( ) . . . . . . . 46 \nuplsquigarrow ( ) . . . . . . 45 \nupmapsto ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 45 \nupModels ( ) . . . . . . . . . 33 \nupmodels ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 33
\nuppitchfork ( ) . . \nuprsquigarrow ( ) . \nupspoon ( ) . . . . . . \nupuparrows ( ) . . . \nupVdash ( ) . . . . . \nupvdash ( ) . . . . . . \nuup () . . . . . . . . . \nvargeq () . . . . . . \nvarleq () . . . . . . \nvarparallel ( ) . . \nvarparallelinv ( ) \nVDash (B) . . . . . . . \nVDash ( ) . . . . . . . \nVDash ( ) . . . . . . . \nVdash (F) . . . . . . . \nVdash ( ) . . . . . . . \nVdash ( ) . . . . . . . \nvDash (B) . . . . . . . \nvDash ( ) . . . . . . . \nvDash ( ) . . . . . . . \nvdash (8) . . . . . . . \nvdash ( ) . . . . . . . \nvdash ( ) . . . . . . . \nVvash (F) . . . . . . . \Nwarrow ( ) . . . . . . \Nwarrow ( ) . . . . . . \nwarrow () . . . . . . \nwarrow ( ) . . . . . . \nwarrow ( ) . . . . . . \nwarrowtail ( ) . . . \nwfilledspoon ( ) . \nwfootline ( ) . . . . \nwfree ( ) . . . . . . . \nwharpoonccw ( ) . . \nwharpooncw ( ) . . . \nwlsquigarrow ( ) . \nwmapsto ( ) . . . . . \nwModels ( ) . . . . . \nwmodels ( ) . . . . . \nwnwarrows ( ) . . . \nwpitchfork ( ) . . . \nwrsquigarrow ( ) . \Nwsearrow ( ) . . . . \nwsearrow ( ) . . . . \nwsearrow ( ) . . . . \nwsearrows ( ) . . . \nwsebipropto ( ) . . \nwsecrossing ( ) . . \nwseharpoonnesw ( ) \nwseharpoons ( ) . . \nwseharpoonswne ( ) \Nwseline ( ) . . . . . \nwseline ( ) . . . . . \nwspoon ( ) . . . . . . \nwVdash ( ) . . . . . . \nwvdash ( ) . . . . . . O \O () . . . . . . \o () . . . . . . . o (o) . . . . . . . . \oast ( ) . . . . \oasterisk (f)
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.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 41, .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
47 45 47 45 33 33 50 38 38 31 31 32 30 34 32 31 34 32 30 34 32 30 34 32 42 43 42 93 43 43 47 32 32 46 46 43 43 32 32 43 47 43 43 93 43 43 23 32 46 46 46 32 32 47 32 32
\obackslash (n) . . . . . . . . . 24 \obackslash ( ) . . . . . . . . . 24 \obar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 \Obelus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \obelus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \Obelus* ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \obelus* ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \oblong ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 \obot (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \obslash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 21 \oc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 \ocirc (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \ocirc ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \ocircle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 21 \ocoasterisk (g) . . . . . . . . 24 \octagon ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 74 \Octosteel () . . . . . . . . . . 70 \od (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \odiv () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \odot (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \odot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 \odot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \odplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \OE () . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 103 \oe () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 103 \officialeuro (e) . . . . . . . 17 \offinterlineskip . . . . . . . 91 ogonek . . . . . . . . . see accents \ogreaterthan ( ) . . . . . . . 21 { \ohill (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 ohm . . . . . . . . . . see \textohm \ohm () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 \Ohne (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 / \OHORN () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 \ohorn () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 \oiiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 27 \oiiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 29 \oiiintclockwise ( ) . . . . 27 \oiiintctrclockwise ( ) . 27 \oiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 \oiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 25, 27 \oiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 \oiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\oiint ( ) . . . . . . . . \oiintclockwise ( ) \oiintctrclockwise ( \oint ( ) . . . . . . . . . \oint ( ) . . . . . . . . .
... ... ) ... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29 27 27 26 25 29 27 28 29 27 28 29 18 18 24 21
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. 9 . 9 49 24 24
\oint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . \ointclockwise ( ) . . \ointclockwise ( ) . . . \ointclockwise ( ) . . . \ointctrclockwise ( ) \ointctrclockwise ( ) \ointctrclockwise ( ) old-style digits . . . . . . . \oldstylenums . . . . . . \oleft (h) . . . . . . . . . \olessthan ( ) . . . . . .
126
\Omega () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 \omega () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 \omegaup () . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \ominus () . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \ominus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 \ominus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \onlymove (F) . . . . . . . . . . 82 \oo ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \oo (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \ooalign . . . . . . . . . . . 91, 92 \open (z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 open unit disk (D) . . . . . . see alphabets, math \openJoin ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 31 \openo (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \openo () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \openo ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \opentimes ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 31 operators binary . . . . . . . . . . 2024 logical see logical operators set . . . . . see set operators unary . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 \oplus () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \oplus () . . . . . . . . . . 20, 90 \oplus () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \opposbishops (o) . . . . . . . 82 \opposition ( ) . . . . . . . . 68 optical scaling . . . . . . . . . . . 96 options . . . see package options or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \vee \oright (i) . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \OrnamentDiamondSolid ( ) 77 orthogonal to . . . . . . see \bot \oslash (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \oslash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 \oslash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \ostar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \otimes () . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \otimes () . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 \otimes () . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \otop (j) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \otriangle ( ) . . . . . . . 24, 40 \otriangleup (o) . . . . . . . . 24 ovals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 \ovee ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 \overarc (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
\overline ( ) . . . . . . . . 20, 57 \overlinesegment ( ) . . . . 58 \overparenthesis ( ) \Overrightarrow (= ) . overrightarrow (package) \overrightarrow ( ) . \overrightharpoon ( ) \overring (x) . . . . . . \overset . . . . . . . . . . \overt ( ) . . . . . . . . . \ovoid (l) . . . . . . . . . \owedge ( ) . . . . . . . . \owns . . . . . . . . . . . . . \owns () . . . . . . . . . . \owns ( ) . . . . . . . . . . \owns () . . . . . . . . . . \ownsbar () . . . . . . . . . 95, 96 . . . . 57 57, 104 . . . . 57 . . . . 58 . . . . 16 . . . . 91 . . . . 24 . . . . 24 . . . . 21 see \ni . . . . 51 . . . . 51 . . . . 51 . . . . 51
hk ik j k k
\overbrace ( \overbrace (
) . . . . . . . 58 ) . . . . . . . . 58
\overbrace ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 58 \overbrace ( ) . . . . . . . . 57 \overbracket ( ) . . . . . . . . 58 \overbracket ) . . . . . 95, 96 ( \overbridge (a) . . . . . . . . . 15

hk k j k
\overgroup (
) . . . . . . . . 58 . . 58 . . 57 . . 58 . 58
\overgroup ( ) . . . . . . . \overleftarrow () . . . . \overleftharpoon ( ) . . \overleftrightarrow ( )
P \P () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 102 \p ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \p@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 . package options a (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . 59 b (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . 59 bbgreekl (mathbbol) . . . 65 c (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . 59 crescent (fge) . . . . . . . . 56 d (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . 59 e (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . 59 f (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . 59 g (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . 59 german (keystroke) . . . . 69 h (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . 59 integrals (wasysym) . . . . 25 mathcal (euscript) . . . . . 65 mathscr (euscript) . . . . . 65 nointegrals (wasysym) . . 25 sans (dsfont) . . . . . . . . . 65 varg (txfonts/pxfonts) . . 50 packages longdiv . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 accents . . . 56, 94, 104, 105 amsbsy . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 amsfonts 20, 30, 36, 41, 62, 65 amsmath . 7, 49, 56, 91, 99 amssymb . 7, 20, 30, 36, 41, 56, 62, 65, 104, 105, 107 amstext . . . . . . . . . 92, 93 ar . . . . . . . . . . . . 67, 104 arcs . . . . . . . . 16, 104, 105 arev . . . . . 64, 78, 104, 105 ascii . . . . 69, 101, 104, 105 bbding . 7175, 77, 88, 104, 105 bbm . . . . . . . . . . . 65, 104 bbold . . . . . . . . . . 65, 104 bm . . . . . . . 100, 104, 105 braket . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 calligra . . . . . . 65, 104, 105 calrsfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
cancel . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 cclicenses . . . . 18, 104, 105 centernot . . . . . . . . . . . 92 chancery . . . . . . . . . . . 104 chemarr . . . . . 59, 104, 105 chemarrow . . . . 47, 60, 104 cmll . . . 20, 23, 30, 36, 104 dblaccnt . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 dictsym . . . . . 84, 104, 105 dingbat 72, 77, 88, 104, 105 dsfont . . . . . . . . . 65, 104 epsdice . . . . . . 81, 104, 105 esint . . . . . . . . . . 28, 104 esvect . . . . . . . . . 59, 104 eufrak . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 eurosym . . . . . 17, 104, 105 euscript . . . . . 65, 104, 105 extarrows . . . . 60, 104, 105 extpfeil . . . . . . 60, 104, 105 extraipa . . . . . . . . 15, 104 fc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 13 fclfont . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 feyn . . . . . . . . 70, 104, 105 fge . 47, 52, 56, 62, 64, 104, 105 xmath . . . . . . . . . . . 100 fontenc . . . . . 7, 9, 13, 103 gensymb . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 graphicx . . . . . . . 16, 87, 90 harmony . . . . . 79, 104, 105 hieroglf . . . . . 84, 104, 105 holtpolt . . . . . . . . 60, 104 ifsym 67, 75, 80, 81, 88, 90, 104, 105 igo . . . . . . . . . . . . 76, 104 isoent . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 keystroke . . . . 69, 104, 105 latexsym . 20, 30, 36, 41, 62, 87, 104, 105 manfnt . . . 76, 79, 104, 105 marvosym 17, 62, 64, 6871, 76, 79, 80, 88 matbbol . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 mathabx . . . . . . 22, 24, 26, 3032, 3638, 40, 42, 43, 49, 5154, 56, 58, 62, 63, 68, 76, 87, 88, 104, 105, 107 mathbbol . . . . . . . . . . . 65 mathcomp . . . . . . . . . . 62 mathdesign . 17, 23, 29, 51, 55, 64, 104 mathdots 56, 61, 62, 94, 104, 105 mathrsfs . . . . . . . . 65, 104 mathtools . . 34, 58, 59, 104, 105 mbboard . . . . . . . . 65, 104 metre . 16, 56, 82, 104, 105 MnSymbol . . . . 23, 24, 29, 32, 33, 37, 39, 40, 4348, 50, 51, 54, 5658, 61, 63, 64, 74, 104, 105
127
musixtex . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 nath . . . . . . . . . 52, 55, 104 nicefrac . . . . . 64, 104, 105 ntheorem . . . . . . . . . . . 62 overrightarrow . . . . 57, 104 phaistos . . . . . 83, 104, 105 phonetic . . . 12, 15, 90, 104 pifont 9, 7175, 77, 90, 104, 105 polynom . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 protosem . . . . 83, 104, 105 psnfss . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 pxfonts . . 20, 21, 27, 30, 31, 36, 38, 41, 42, 48, 50, 51, 62, 63, 65, 87, 101 rotating . . . . . . . . . 18, 69 savesym . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 semtrans . 13, 16, 104, 105 simplewick . . . . . . . . . . 96 simpsons . . . . . . . 85, 104 skak . . . . . . . . 82, 104, 105 skull . . . . . . . . 76, 104, 105 slashed . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 staves . . . . . . . . . 85, 104 stmaryrd . . . . . . 21, 25, 30, 36, 40, 42, 48, 52, 53, 88, 91, 104, 105 t4phonet . 13, 16, 104, 105 textcomp . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8, 13, 1719, 41, 56, 64, 67, 78, 87, 101, 103105 timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 tipa . 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 90, 104, 105 tipx . . . . . . . . 11, 104, 105 trfsigns . . . . 35, 51, 60, 104 trsym . . . . . . . 35, 104, 105 turnstile . . 34, 35, 104, 105 txfonts 20, 21, 27, 30, 31, 36, 38, 41, 42, 48, 50, 51, 62, 63, 65, 87, 89, 101, 104, 105 type1cm . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 ulsy . . . . . . 24, 48, 90, 104 underscore . . . . . . . . . . . 8 undertilde . . . . 59, 104, 105 units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 universa . . 76, 80, 104, 105 universal 71, 73, 76, 80, 104, 105 upgreek . . . . . 50, 104, 105 upquote . . . . . . . . . . . 101 url . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . 104 vntex . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 13 wasysym . 12, 17, 1921, 25, 30, 36, 38, 41, 6163, 67, 68, 70, 73, 74, 78, 88, 104, 105 wsuipa 11, 15, 16, 88, 90, 94, 104, 105 yfonts . . . . . . 65, 104, 105 yhmath 57, 59, 62, 94, 104 Pakin, Scott . . . . . . . . . 1, 104 \PaperLandscape ( ) . . . . . 81
\PaperPortrait ( ) . . . . . . 81 par . . . . . . . . . . . . see \invamp paragraph mark . . . . . . . see \P parallel . see also \varparallel \parallel ( ) . . . . . . . . 30, 54 \parallel ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 33 \ParallelPort () . . . . . . . 69 \parr (`) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 \partial (f ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 \partial () . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 \partialslash (g ) . . . . . . . 51 \partialvardint ( ) . . . . 64 \partialvardlanddownint ( ) 64 \partialvardlandupint ( ) 64 \partialvardlcircleleftint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 \partialvardlcircleleftint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 \partialvardlcirclerightint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 \partialvardlcirclerightint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 \partialvardoiint ( ) . . . 64 \partialvardoint ( ) . . . . . 64 \partialvardrcircleleftint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 \partialvardrcircleleftint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 \partialvardrcirclerightint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 \partialvardrcirclerightint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 \partialvardstrokedint ( ) 64 \partialvardsumint ( ) . . . 64 \partialvartint ( ) . . . . . 64 \partialvartlanddownint ( ) 64 \partialvartlandupint ( ) 64 \partialvartlcircleleftint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 \partialvartlcircleleftint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 \partialvartlcirclerightint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 \partialvartlcirclerightint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 \partialvartoiint ( ) . . . 64 \partialvartoint ( ) . . . . . 64 \partialvartrcircleleftint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 \partialvartrcircleleftint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 \partialvartrcirclerightint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 \partialvartrcirclerightint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 \partialvartstrokedint ( ) 64 \partialvartsumint ( ) . . . 64 particle-physics symbols . . . . 70 parts per thousand . . . . . . see \textperthousand \partvoice (a) . . . . . . . . . . 15 \partvoiceless (a) . . . . . . . 15 \passedpawn (r) . . . . . . . . 82 .
$) . . . . . . . . () . . . . . \PencilLeftUp (&) . . . . . . . \PencilRight (#) . . . . . . . \PencilRightDown (') . . . . \PencilRightUp (%) . . . . . .

\PencilLeft ( \PencilLeftDown (
pawn . . . . . . see chess symbols \Peace ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 72 72 72 72 72
72 pencils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 \pentagon ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 74 \pentagram ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 24 people . . . . . . . . . . . . see faces percent sign . . . . . . . . . see \% \permil ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 \Perp ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 \perp () . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 93 \perp () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 \perthousand () . . . . . . . 67 \Pfund () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 \PgDown ( Page ) . . . . . . . 69 \PgUp ( Page ) . . . . . . . . . 69 phaistos (package) . 83, 104, 105 Phaistos disk . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 pharmaceutical prescription see \textrecipe \PHarrow (J) . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \PHbee (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
\PHbeehive (X) . . . . . . . . 83 \PHboomerang (R) . . . . . . . 83 \PHbow (K) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \PHbullLeg (b) . . . . . . . . . . 83 \PHcaptive (D) . . . . . . . . . 83 \PHcarpentryPlane (S) . . . 83 \PHcat (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \PHchild (E) . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \PHclub (M) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \PHcolumn (W) . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \PHcomb (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \PHdolium (T) . . . . . . . . . . 83 \PHdove (f) . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \PHeagle (e) . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \PHflute (o) . . . . . . . . . . . 83
\PHgaunlet (H) . . . . . . . . . 83 \PHgrater (p) . . . . . . . . . . 83
\PHhelmet (G) . . . . . . . . . . 83 \PHhide (a) . . . . . . . . . . . 83
128
\PHhorn (Z) \Phi () . . \phi () . . \phiup ()
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
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. . . .
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83 49 49 50
\PHlid (Q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \PHlily (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 . . . . . . . . 83
\PHmanacles (N)
\PHmattock (O) . . . . . . . . . 83 \Phone ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 \phone ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 \PhoneHandset ( ) . . . . . . . 77 phonetic (package) 12, 15, 90, 104 phonetic symbols . . . . . . 1013 \photon () . . . . . . . . . 67 photons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
\PHoxBack (n) . . . . . . . . . . 83 \PHpapyrus (k) . . . . . . . . . . 83 \PHpedestrian (A) . . . . . . 83 \PHplaneTree (i) . . . . . . . . 83 \PHplumedHead (B) . . . . . 83 \PHram (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \PHrosette (l) . . . . . . . . . 83 \PHsaw (P) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \PHshield (L) . . . . . . . . . . 83 \PHship (Y) . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \PHsling (V) . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \PHsmallAxe (r) . . . . . . . . 83 \PHstrainer (q) . . . . . . . 83
pitchfork symbols . . . . . . . . 47 \piup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \planck ( h) . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \Plane ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 planets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 playing cards . . . . see card suits Plimsoll line 91, see also \minuso \Plus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 \plus (+) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 plus-or-minus sign . . . . see \pm \PlusCenterOpen ( ) . . . . . 72 \pluscirc () . . . . . . . . . . 22 \PlusOutline ( ) . . . . . . . . 72 plusses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 \PlusThinCenterOpen ( ) . . 72 \Pluto (s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 \Pluto () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 \pluto ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 \pm () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 \pm () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 \pm ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \pmb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 . \pmod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 \pod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 \pointer ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 pointing nger . . . . . . . see sts \Pointinghand (Z) . . . . . . . 76 \polishhook (~) . . . . . . . . . 16
\polter (
) . . . . . . . . . . . 60
\PHtattooedHead (C) . . . . 83 \PHtiara (I) . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \PHtunny (g) . . . . . . . . . . 83 \PHvine (j) . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \PHwavyBand (s) . . . . . . . . . 83 \PHwoman (F) . . . . . . . . . . . 83 physical symbols . . . . . . . . . 67 \Pi () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 \pi () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 \Pickup (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 pifont (package) 9, 7175, 77, 90, 104, 105 pilcrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \P pipe . . . . . . . . . see \textpipe \Pisces () . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 \pisces ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 \Pisymbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 \pitchfork (8) . . . . . . . . . . 63 \pitchfork ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 30 \pitchfork ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 47
polygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 polynom (package) . . . . . . . . 57 polynomial division . . . . . . . 57 PostScript 50, 66, 71, 81, 90, 99 PostScript fonts . . . . . . . 71, 90 \pounds () . . . . . . 8, 102, 103 power set (P) . . see alphabets, math \powerset ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 51 \Pp ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \pp ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \ppm ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 ) \Ppp ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \ppp ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \Pppp ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \pppp ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \Ppppp ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \ppppp ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \Pr (Pr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 \prec ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 \prec ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 \precapprox () . . . . . . . . . 31 \precapprox ( ) . . . . . . . . . 30 \precapprox ( ) . . . . . . . . . 32 \preccurlyeq () . . . . . . . . 31 \preccurlyeq ( ) . . . . . . . . 30 \preccurlyeq ( ) . . . . . . . . 32 \precdot () . . . . . . . . . . . 31 \preceq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 \preceq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 \preceqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\precnapprox () . . . . . . . . 32 \precnapprox ( ) . . . . . . . . 30 \precnapprox ( ) . . . . . . . . 33 \precneq () . . . . . . . . . . . 32 \precneqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 31 \precnsim () . . . . . . . . . . 32 \precnsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 30 \precnsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 33 \precsim () . . . . . . . . . . . 31 \precsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 30 \precsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 prescription . . see \textrecipe \prime ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 \prime () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 \Printer () . . . . . . . . . . . 69 printers st . . . . . . . . see sts probabilistic independence . . 93 \prod ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 \prod () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 \projlim (proj lim) . . . . . . . 49 pronunciation symbols . . . . see phonetic symbols proof, end of . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 \propto (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 \propto () . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 \propto () . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 proto-Semitic symbols . . . . . 83 protosem (package) 83, 104, 105 \ProvidesPackage . . . . . . . 104 \PrtSc ( PrtSc ) . . . . . . . . . 69 \ps ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \Psi () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 \psi () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 \psiup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 psnfss (package) . . . . . . . . . . 73 \Pu ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 pulse diagram symbols . . . . . 67 \PulseHigh ( ) . . . . . . . . . 67 \PulseLow ( ) . . . . . . . . . 67 punctuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 \pwedge () . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 pxfonts (package) 20, 21, 27, 30, 31, 36, 38, 41, 42, 48, 50, 51, 62, 63, 65, 87, 101 \Pxp ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \pxp ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
6 7
Q Q.E.D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 \qside (M) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \Quadrad (]]) . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 \quadrad (]]) . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 \Quadras ([[) . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 \quadras ([[) . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 quarter note see musical symbols \quarternote ( ) . . . . . . . . 78 \quarternote ( ) . . . . . . . . . 78 quaternions (H) see alphabets, math quaver . . . see musical symbols queen . . . . . . see chess symbols \quotedblbase () . . . . . 9, 103 \quotesinglbase () . . . 9, 103
129
R \R ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \r ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 a) \r ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \Radiation ( ) . . . . . . . . . 81 radicals . . see \sqrt and \surd \Radioactivity (j) . . . . . . 70 \Rain ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 \RainCloud ( ) . . . . . . . . . 80 raising . . . . . see \textraising \RaisingEdge ( ) . . . . . . . . 67 \Rangle (>) . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 \rAngle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 \rangle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 20, 53
\rangle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 \ranglebar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 54 \RArrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . \rarrowfill . . . . . . . . . . . rational numbers (Q) . . . . . alphabets, math rationalized Planck constant \hbar \Rbag ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . \rbag ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \rbrace ( ) \Rbrack (]) . \rBrack (]]) . \rc (a) . . . . \rCeil ( ) . . \rceil ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 . 60 see see . 52 . 52 . . . . . . 54 65 55 15 55 53
\Rectsteel () . . . . . . . . . . 70 reduced quadrupole moment see \rqm \reflectbox . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 registered trademark . . . . . see \textregistered relational symbols . . . . . . . . 30 binary 3032, 3439, 47, 48 negated binary . . . . 3033 triangle . . . . . . . . . 39, 40 \Relbar (=) . . . . . . . . . 48, 90 \Relbar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 \relbar () . . . . . . . . . 48, 90 \relbar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 \resizebox . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 \Respondens () . . . . . . . . . 82 \respondens ( ) . . . . . . . . . 82 \restoresymbol . . . . . . . . . 87 \restriction . . . . . . . . . . see \upharpoonright \restriction () . . . . . . . . 42 \restriction ( ) . . . . . . . . 46 retracting see \textretracting \Return ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 69 return . . . . . see carriage return \revaw ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 \revD () . . . . . . . . . . . \revddots ( . . ) . . . . . . \reve (#) . . . . . . . . . . \reveject (f) . . . . . . . \revepsilon (%) . . . . . reverse solidus . . . . . . . \textbackslash reversed symbols . . . . . \reversedvideodbend ( \revglotstop () . . . . \Rewind () . . . . . . . . \RewindToIndex () . \RewindToStart () . . ?
?
\rhoup () . . . . . . . . . . . \right . . . . . . . . 53, 55, \rightangle ( ) . . . . . . . \RIGHTarrow ( ) . . . . . . . \Rightarrow () . . . . . \Rightarrow () . . . . . . \rightarrow () . . . . . . \rightarrow () . . . . . . \rightarrow () . . . . . . . \rightarrowtail ( ) . . . \rightarrowtail ( ) . . . \rightarrowtriangle ( ) \rightbarharpoon () . . \RIGHTCIRCLE ( ) . . . . . . \RIGHTcircle ( ) . . . . . . \Rightcircle ( ) . . . . . . \RightDiamond ( ) . . . . .
.. 87, .. .. 20, .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
50 89 64 78 41 43 42 41 43 41 43 42 43 78 78 78 75
\rightevaw ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 55 \rightfilledspoon ( ) \rightfootline ( ) . . . \rightfree ( ) . . . . . . . \righthalfcap ( ) . . . . \righthalfcup ( ) . . . . \rightharpoonccw ( ) . \rightharpooncw ( ) . . \rightharpoondown () \rightharpoondown ( ) \rightharpoonup () . . \rightharpoonup ( ) . . \rightleftarrows () . \rightleftarrows ( ) . \rightleftarrows ( ) . \rightleftharpoon () \rightleftharpoons () \rightleftharpoons ( ) \rightleftharpoons ( ) \rightleftharpoons ( ) \rightleftharpoonsfill \rightlsquigarrow ( ) . \rightmapsto ( ) . . . . . \rightModels ( ) . . . . . \rightmodels ( ) . . . . . \rightmoon (v) . . . . . . . \rightmoon ( ) . . . . . . . \rightp (w) . . . . . . . . . . \rightpitchfork ( ) . . \rightpointleft ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 32 32 23 23 46 46 43 41 43 41 42 41 43 43 43 41 41 46 60 43 43 32 32 68 68 16 47 72 72 32 42 41 43 43 43 71 21 32 47 42 41 44
. . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . .
. . 12 . . 94 . . 12 . . 12 12, 90 . . see . . . . . . 90 76 12 79 79 79
\rceil ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 \rcirclearrowdown ( ) . . . 44 \rcirclearrowleft ( ) . . . 44 \rcirclearrowright ( ) . . 44 \rcirclearrowup ( ) . . . . . 44 \rcircleleftint ( ) . . . . . . 29 \rcirclerightint ( ) . . . . . 29 \rcorners (w) . . . . . . . . . . . 52 \rcurvearrowdown ( ) . . . . . 44 \rcurvearrowleft ( ) . . . . 44 \rcurvearrowne ( ) . . . . . . 44 \rcurvearrownw ( ) . . . . . . 44 \rcurvearrowright ( ) . . . . 44 \rcurvearrowse ( ) . . . . . . 44 \rcurvearrowsw ( ) . . . . . . 44 \rcurvearrowup ( ) . . . . . . . 44 \rdbrack (w) . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 \Re ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 real numbers (R) see alphabets, math recipe . . . . . . see \textrecipe \recorder ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 78 \Rectangle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 75 \RectangleBold ( ) . . . . . . . 75 rectangles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 \RectangleThin ( ) . . . . . . . 75 \Rectpipe () . . . . . . . . . . . 70
... ) ... ... ... ...
\rfilet (?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 ? \rFloor ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 \rfloor ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 \rfloor ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 \rgroup () . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 \rgroup ( ) . . . . . . \RHD ( ) . . . . . . . . . . \rhd ( ) . . . . . . . . . . \rhd ( ) . . . . . . . . . . \rho () . . . . . . . . . . \rhookdownarrow ( ) . \rhookleftarrow ( ) \rhooknearrow ( ) . . \rhooknwarrow ( ) . . \rhookrightarrow ( ) \rhooksearrow ( ) . . \rhookswarrow ( ) . . \rhookuparrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. ... ... 20, 39, ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 54 21 21 40 49 44 44 44 44 44 44 43 43
v t
\rightpointright ( ) . \rightpropto ( ) . . . . . . \rightrightarrows () . \rightrightarrows ( ) . \rightrightarrows ( ) . . \rightrightharpoons () \rightrsquigarrow ( ) . . \Rightscissors (Q) . . . . \rightslice ( ) . . . . . . . \rightslice ( ) . . . . . . . \rightspoon ( ) . . . . . . \rightsquigarrow () . \rightsquigarrow ( ) . . \rightsquigarrow ( ) . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
130
\rightt (o) . . . . . . . . . \righttherefore ( ) . . \rightthreetimes (7) \rightthreetimes ( ) \rightthreetimes ( ) . \rightthumbsdown ( ) \rightthumbsup ( ) . \righttoleftarrow () \Righttorque (') . . . . \rightturn ( ) . . . . . \rightVdash ( ) . . . . . \rightvdash ( ) . . . . .
d u
. . . . . . . . . .
... 23, ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
16 61 63 21 23 72 72 42 70 78 32 32
\rtriple . . . . \rVert (||) . . . . \rVert ( ) . . . \rvert (|) . . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
55 55 53 53
\scy () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \sddtstile ( \sdststile ( \sdtstile ( ) . . . . . . . . . 35 ) . . . . . . . . . 35 ) . . . . . . . . . . 35 . . . . . . . . 35 \textseagull . . . . . . . . 42 . . . . . . . . 43 . . . . . . . . 42 . . . . . 41, 93 . . . . . . . . 43 . . . . . . . . 43 . . . . . . . . 49
\rwave ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 \rWavy ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
\rwavy ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 S \S () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 102 safety-related symbols . . . . . 70 \Sagittarius () . . . . . . . . 68 \sagittarius ( ) . . . . . . . . 68 \samebishops (s) . . . . . . . . 82 sans (dsfont package option) . 65 \satellitedish ( ) . . . . . . 77 \Saturn (p) . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 \Saturn () . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 \saturn ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 savesym (package) . . . . . . . . 87 \savesymbol . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 \Sborder ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 77 \scalebox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 scaling mechanical . . . . . . . 96, 98 optical . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 \scd ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \scg (0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \schwa (!) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 \schwa (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Schwartz distribution spaces see alphabets, math \sci (B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 scientic symbols . . . . . . 6770 \ScissorHollowLeft ( ) . . 71 \ScissorHollowRight ( ) . 71 \ScissorLeft ( ) . . . . . . . 71 \ScissorLeftBrokenBottom ( ) . . . . . . . . . 71 \ScissorLeftBrokenTop ( ) 71 \ScissorRight ( ) . . . . . . . 71 \ScissorRightBrokenBottom ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 \ScissorRightBrokenTop ( ) 71 scissors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 \scn (X) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 \scoh () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \Scorpio () . . . . . . . . . . . 68 \scorpio ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 68 \scr (t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 script letters see alphabets, math \scripta () . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 \scriptg (() . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \scriptscriptstyle . . . 92, 93 \scriptstyle . . . . . . . . 92, 93 \scriptv () . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \Scroll ( Scroll ) . . . . . . . . 69 \scu () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
\rightwave ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 55 \rightY ( ) . . . . . \ring () . . . . . . . ring equal to . . . . . ring in equal to . . . \riota () . . . . . . . \rip (y) . . . . . . . . \risingdotseq () \risingdotseq ( ) \risingdotseq ( ) \rJoin ( ) . . . . . . \rlap . . . . . . . . . . \rmoustache () . . . . . . . 23 . . . . . . . 57 see \circeq see \eqcirc . . . . . . . 12 . . . . . . . 76 . . . . . . . 31 . . . . . . . 30 . . . . . . . 32 . . . . . . . 31 . . . . 75, 93
\sdttstile ( ) . seagull . . . . . see \Searrow ( ) . . . \Searrow ( ) . . . \searrow () . . . \searrow ( ) . . . \searrow ( ) . . . \searrowtail ( ) \sec (sec) . . . . . .
\SechBL (= ) =
\Sech ( ) )= . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 =
= = = ) \SechBl ( = = =) \SechBR ( = = \SechBr ( )
. . . . . . . . . . . . 79
. . . . . . . . . . . . 79 . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
. . . . . . . . 53
\rmoustache ( ) . . . . . . . . 54 rook . . . . . . . see chess symbols roots . . . . . . . . . . . . see \sqrt \rotatebox . . . . . . . . . . 16, 90 rotated symbols . . 1012, 16, 90 rotating (package) . . . . . 18, 69 \rotm (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \rotOmega () . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \rotr (r) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \rotvara (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \rotw (w) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \roty (y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \RoundedLsteel () . . . . . . 70 \RoundedTsteel () . . . . . . . 70 \RoundedTTsteel () . . . . . . 70 \Rparen ()) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 \rqm (I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 \rrangle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 52 52 42 43 52 69
\rrbracket ( ) . . . \rrceil ( ) . . . . . . \rrfloor ( ) . . . . . \Rrightarrow ( ) \Rrightarrow ( ) . \rrparenthesis ( ) \RS ( ) . . . . . . . . . \rsem ( ) . \rsemantic . \Rsh () . . . \Rsh ( ) . . . \Rsh ( ) . . . \rtimes () \rtimes ( ) \rtimes ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \second (P) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 seconds, angular . . see \second \secstress (i) . . . . . . . . . . . 16 section mark . . . . . . . . . see \S \SectioningDiamond ( ) . . 81 \see (l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \sefilledspoon ( ) . . . . . . 47 \sefootline ( ) . . . . . . . . . 32 \sefree ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 segmented digits . . . . . . . . . 67 \seharpoonccw ( ) . . . . . . . 46 \seharpooncw ( ) . . . . . . . . 46 \selectfont . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 \selsquigarrow ( ) . . . . . . 43 semantic valuation . . . . . . . see \llbracket/\rrbracket and \ldbrack/\rdbrack \semapsto ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 43 semibreve . see musical symbols semidirect products . . 21, 22, 63 semiquaver see musical symbols semitic transliteration . . 13, 16 \seModels ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 32 \semodels ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 32 semtrans (package) . 13, 16, 104, 105 \senwarrows ( ) . . . . . . . . 43 \senwharpoons ( ) . . . . . . . 46
. . . . . . . . 54 see \rdbrack . . . . . . . . 42 . . . . . . . . 41 . . . . . . . . 43 . . . . . . . . 22 . . . . . . . . 21 . . . . . . . . 23
\SePa ( @ ) . . . . . . . . . \separated ( ) . . . . . \sepitchfork ( ) . . . \seppawns (q) . . . . . \SerialInterface () \SerialPort () . . . . \sersquigarrow ( ) . \sesearrows ( ) . . . \sespoon ( ) . . . . . . set operators intersection . . . . union . . . . . . . . . \setminus (\) . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . .
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79 32 47 82 69 69 43 43 47
see \cap see \cup . . . . . 20
131
\setminus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 23 \seVdash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 32 \sevdash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 32 SGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 sha ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 \sharp ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 62, 78 \sharp ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 \Shift ( Shift ) . . . . . . . . 69 \shift () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 \Shilling () . . . . . . . . . . . 17 \shneg () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 \shortdownarrow ( ) . . . . . . 42 \ShortFifty () . . . . . . . . 80 \ShortForty () . . . . . . . . 80 \shortleftarrow ( ) . . . . . 42 \shortmid ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 30 \shortmid ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 23 \ShortNinetyFive () . . . . 80 \shortparallel ( ) . . . . . . . 30 \shortparallel ( ) . . . . . . 32 \ShortPulseHigh ( ) . . . . . 67 \ShortPulseLow ( ) . . . . . . 67 \shortrightarrow ( ) . . . . 42 \ShortSixty () . . . . . . . . 80 \ShortThirty () . . . . . . . 80 \shortuparrow ( ) . . . . . . . 42 \showclock . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 \shpos () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 \SI ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 \Sigma () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 \sigma () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 \sigmaup () . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \sim () . . . . . . . . . 30, 91, 101 \sim () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 \simeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 \simeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 simplewick (package) . . . . . . 96 simpsons (package) . . . . 85, 104 Simpsons characters . . . . . . . 85 \sin (sin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 \sincoh () . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \sinh (sinh) . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 \SixFlowerAlternate ( ) . . 74 \SixFlowerAltPetal ( ) . . 74 \SixFlowerOpenCenter ( ) . 74 \SixFlowerPetalDotted ( ) 74 \SixFlowerPetalRemoved ( ) 74 \SixFlowerRemovedOpenPetal ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 \SixStar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 74 \SixteenStarLight ( ) . . . 74 sixteenth note . . . . see musical symbols \sixteenthnote ( ) . . . . . . 78 skak (package) . . . . 82, 104, 105 skull (package) . . . . 76, 104, 105 \skull ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 \slash (/) . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 \slashb () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \slashc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \slashd () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4 5
y w v
\slashdiv ( ) . . . . . . . . . slashed (package) . . . . . . . \slashed . . . . . . . . . . . . slashed letters . . . . . . . . . slashed.sty (le) . . . . . . \slashu () . . . . . . . . . . . \Sleet ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . \sliding (a . . . . . . . . . . ) \smallbosonloop (2) . . . . . \SmallCircle ( ) . . . . . . \SmallCross ( ) . . . . . . \smalldiamond ( ) . . . . . \SmallDiamondshape ( ) \smallfrown ( ) . . . . . . . \smallfrown ( ) . . . . . . . \SmallHBar ( ) . . . . . . . \smallin ( ) . . . . . . . . . . \smallint ( ) . . . . . . . . . \SmallLowerDiamond ( ) \smalllozenge () . . . . . . \smallowns ( ) . . . . . . . . \smallpencil ( ) .... \smallprod ( ) . . . . . . . . \SmallRightDiamond ( ) \smallsetminus ( ) . . . . \smallsetminus ( ) . . . . \smallsmile ( ) . . . . . . . \smallsmile ( ) . . . . . . . \SmallSquare ( ) . . . . . . \smallsquare ( ) . . . . . . \smallstar ( ) . . . . . . . . \SmallTriangleDown ( ) \smalltriangledown () . \smalltriangledown ( ) \SmallTriangleLeft ( ) \smalltriangleleft () . \smalltriangleleft ( ) \SmallTriangleRight ( ) \smalltriangleright () \smalltriangleright ( ) \SmallTriangleUp ( ) . . \smalltriangleup () . . . \smalltriangleup ( ) . . \SmallVBar ( ) . . . . . . . \smile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . \smile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . smile symbols . . . . . . . . . \smileeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . \smileeqfrown ( ) . . . . . \smilefrown ( ) . . . . . . . \smilefrowneq ( ) . . . . . \Smiley () . . . . . . . . . . \smiley ( ) . . . . . . . . . . smiley faces . . . . . . . . 69, \sndtstile ( ) . . . . . . . \Snow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . \SnowCloud ( ) . . . . . . . \Snowflake ( ) . . . . . . . \SnowflakeChevron ( ) .
i
g f
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 24, .. .. 24, .. .. 24, .. .. 24, .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 78, .. .. .. .. ..
23 92 92 92 92 12 80 15 70 75 75 24 75 30 48 75 51 63 75 74 51 72 23 75 21 23 30 48 75 24 24 75 24 40 75 24 40 75 24 40 75 24 40 75 30 48 48 48 48 48 48 80 78 80 35 80 80 74 74
\SnowflakeChevronBold ( ) 74 snowakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 \SNPP ( ) . . . . . . . . \snststile ( ) . . . . \sntstile ( ) . . . . . \snttstile ( ) . . . . \SO ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . \SOH ( ) . . . . . . . . . . space thin . . . . . . . . . . space, visible . . . . . . . \Spacebar ( ) spades (suit) . . . . . . . \spadesuit () . . . . . \spadesuit () . . . . . \Sparkle ( ) . . . . . . \SparkleBold ( ) . . . sparkles . . . . . . . . . . special characters . . \SpecialForty () . \sphericalangle (c) \sphericalangle ( ) \sphericalangle ( ) \SpinDown () . . . . . . . \SpinUp () . . . . . . . . \spirituslenis (a) . . \spirituslenis () . . \splitvert () . . . . . spoon symbols . . . . . . \spreadlips (a) . . . . \sqbullet () . . . . . . \sqcap () . . . . . . . . \sqcap ( ) . . . . . . . . \sqcap ( ) . . . . . . . . \sqcapdot ( ) . . . . . . \sqcapplus ( ) . . . . . \sqcapplus ( ) . . . . . \sqcup () . . . . . . . . \sqcup ( ) . . . . . . . . \sqcup ( ) . . . . . . . . \sqcupdot ( ) . . . . . . \sqcupplus ( ) . . . . . \sqcupplus ( ) . . . . . \sqdoublecap () . . . \sqdoublecup () . . . \sqdoublefrown ( ) . . \sqdoublefrowneq ( ) \sqdoublesmile ( ) . . \sqdoublesmileeq ( ) \sqeqfrown ( ) . . . . . \sqeqsmile ( ) . . . . . \sqfrown ( ) . . . . . . . \sqfrowneq ( ) . . . . . \sqfrowneqsmile ( ) . \sqfrownsmile ( ) . . \sqiiint ( ) . . . . . \sqiint ( ) . . . . . . . \sqiint ( ) . . . . . . . \sqint ( ) . . . . . . . . \sqint ( ) . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
85 35 35 35 69 69
. . . . 100 ...... 8 . . . . 69 6264, 77 . . . . . 62 . . . . . 63 . . . . . 74 . . . . . 74 . . . . . 74 ...... 8 . . . . . 80 . . . . . 63 . . . . . 63 . . . . . 63 . . . . . 75 . . . . . 75 . . . . . 56 . . . . . 56 . . . . . 69 . . . . . 47 . . . . . 15 . . . . . 22 . . . . . 22 . . . . . 20 . . . . . 23 . . . . . 23 . . . . . 21 . . . . . 23 . . . . . 22 . . . . . 20 . . . . . 23 . . . . . 23 . . . . . 21 . . . . . 23 . . . . . 22 . . . . . 22 . . . . . 48 . . . . . 48 . . . . . 48 . . . . . 48 . . . . . 48 . . . . . 48 . . . . . 48 . . . . . 48 . . . . . 48 . . . . . 48 . . . . . 27 . . . . . 27 . . . . . 28 . . . . . 27 . . . . . 28
132
\sqrt ( ) ....... \sqsmile ( ) . . . . . . \sqsmileeq ( ) . . . . \sqsmileeqfrown ( ) \sqsmilefrown ( ) . \Sqsubset ( ) . . . . . \sqSubset () . . . . \sqsubset () . . . . \sqsubset ( ) . . . . \sqsubset ( ) . . . . . \sqsubseteq () . . . \sqsubseteq ( ) . . . \sqsubseteq ( ) . . . \sqsubseteqq () . . \sqsubseteqq ( ) . . \sqsubsetneq () . . \sqsubsetneq ( ) . . \sqsubsetneqq () . \sqsubsetneqq ( ) . \Sqsupset ( ) . . . . . \sqSupset () . . . . \sqsupset () . . . . \sqsupset ( ) . . . . \sqsupset ( ) . . . . . \sqsupseteq () . . . \sqsupseteq ( ) . . . \sqsupseteq ( ) . . . \sqsupseteqq () . . \sqsupseteqq ( ) . . \sqsupsetneq () . . \sqsupsetneq ( ) . . \sqsupsetneqq () . \sqsupsetneqq ( ) . \sqtriplefrown ( ) . \sqtriplesmile ( ) . \Square (
H)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57, .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
93 48 48 48 48 37 37 37 36 37 37 36 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 36 37 37 36 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 48 48
\SquareShadowTopRight (
\SquareSolid ( ) . . . . . . . . 75 \Squaresteel () . . . . . . . . 70 \squarewithdots ( ) . . \squigarrowdownup ( ) \squigarrowleftright ( \squigarrownesw ( ) . . \squigarrownwse ( ) . . . \squigarrowrightleft ( \squigarrowsenw ( ) . . \squigarrowswne ( ) . . \squigarrowupdown ( ) . \squplus () . . . . . . . . \SS (SS) . . . . . . . . . . . . \ss () . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i)
.. .. ) .. .. ) .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
\staveLXV ( \staveLXVI ( \staveLXVII (
) . . . . . . . . . 86 ) . . . . . . . . 86 ) . . . . . . . . 86
77 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 22 . 9 . 9
\staveLXVIII ( ) . . . . . . . 86 staves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 staves (package) . . . . . . 85, 104 \staveV ( \staveVI ( \staveVII ( \staveVIII ( \staveX ( \staveXI ( \staveXII ( \staveXIII ( \staveXIV ( \staveXIX ( \staveXL ( \staveXLI ( \staveXLII ( \staveXLIII ( \staveXLIV ( \staveXLIX ( \staveXLV ( \staveXLVI ( \staveXLVII ( \staveXLVIII ( \staveXV ( \staveXVI ( \staveXVII ( \staveXVIII ( \staveXX ( \staveXXI ( \staveXXII ( \staveXXIII ( \staveXXIV ( \staveXXIX ( \staveXXV ( \staveXXVI ( \staveXXVII ( ) ) ) ) . . . . . . . . . . 85 ) . . . . . . . . . 85 ) . . . . . . . . 85 ) . . . . . . . 85 . . . . . . . . . . 85 . . . . . . . . . . 85 ) . . . . . . . . . 85 ) . . . . . . . . 85 ) . . . . . . . . 85 ) . . . . . . . . 86 ) . . . . . . . . . . 86 ) . . . . . . . . . 86 ) . . . . . . . 86
\ssdtstile ( ) . . . . . . . . . 35 \ssearrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 42 \sslash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 \ssststile ( \sststile ( ) . . . . . . . . . 35 ) . . . . . . . . . . 35 .. .. 91, .. 20, .. 73, 73, .. 35 42 95 91 94 24 74 74 93
\ssttstile ( ) . . . . . . . \sswarrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . \stackrel . . . . . . . . . 20, standard state . . . . . . . . . \star ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . \star ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . Star of David . . . . . . . . stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63, statistical independence . . \staveI ( \staveII ( \staveIII ( \staveIV ( \staveIX ( \staveL ( \staveLI ( \staveLII ( \staveLIII ( \staveLIV ( \staveLIX ( \staveLV (
) . . . . . . . . . . 85 ) . . . . . . . . . . 85 ) . . . . . . . . 85 ) . . . . . . . . . 85 ) . . . . . . . . . . 85 ) . . . . . . . 85, 86 ) . . . . . . . . . 85 ) . . . . . . . . 85 ) . . . . . . . . 85 ) . . . . . . . . 85 ) . . . . . . . . 85 ) . . . . . . . . . . 85 ) . . . . . . . . . 85 ) . . . . . . . . 85 ) . . . . . . . 85 ) . . . . . . . 85 ) . . . . . . . . . 85 ) . . . . . . . . 85 ) . . . . . . . 86 ) . . . . . . . . . 86
) . . . . . . . . 86 ) . . . . . . . 86 ) . . . . . . . . 85 ) . . . . . . . . 86 ) . . . . . . . . 86 ) . . . . . . . 85 ) . . . . . 85 ) . . . . . . . . . 85 ) . . . . . . . . . 85 ) . . . . . . . . 86 ) . . . . . . . 86 . . . . . . . . . 86 ) . . . . . . . . 86 ) . . . . . . . . 86 ) . . . . . 86 ) . . . . . . . . 85 ) . . . . . . . 85 ) . . . . . . . . 85 ) . . . . . . . 85 ) . . . . . . . 85
. . . . . . . . . . . . 75
\Square ( vs. vs. ) . . . 88 \Square ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 \Square ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 \square () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 \square ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 \square ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 square root . . . . . . . see \sqrt hooked . . . . . see \hksqrt \SquareCastShadowBottomRight ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
f H
\SquareCastShadowTopLeft ( . . . . . . . . . 75 \SquareCastShadowTopRight ( ) .............. \Squaredot () . . . . . . . . . . \squaredots ( ) . . . . . . 23, \Squarepipe () . . . . . . . . . squares . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,
m)
\SquareShadowA ( \SquareShadowB (
) ) )
75 64 61 70 76
\staveLVI ( \staveLVII ( \staveLVIII ( \staveLX ( \staveLXI ( \staveLXII ( \staveLXIII ( \staveLXIV (
. . . . . . 75 . . . . . . 75
\SquareShadowBottomRight ( . . . . . . . . . 75 \SquareShadowC ( \SquareShadowTopLeft (
h)
. . . . . . 75
j) .
75
133
\staveXXVIII ( \staveXXX ( \staveXXXI ( \staveXXXII ( \staveXXXIII ( \staveXXXIV ( \staveXXXIX ( \staveXXXV ( \staveXXXVI ( \staveXXXVII ( \staveXXXVIII ( \stdtstile ( ) )
) . . . . . . 85 . . . . . . . . 85
) . . . . . . . . 85 ) . . . . . . 85 ) . . . . . . . 85 ) . . . . . . 85 ) . . . . . . 85 . . . . . . . 85 ) . . . . . . 85 ) . . . . . 85 ) . . . . 85
) . . . . . . . . . 34
\steaming ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 64 sterling . . . . . . . . . see \pounds stmaryrd (package) . . 21, 25, 30, 36, 40, 42, 48, 52, 53, 88, 91, 104, 105 stochastic independence see \bot \StoneMan ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 81 \Stopsign (!) . . . . . . . . . . 70
) . . . . . . . \StopWatchStart () . . . . .
\StopWatchEnd ( \stress (h) . . . . \strictfi ( ) . \strictif ( ) . \strictiff ( ) \strokedint ( ) \StrokeFive ( ) \StrokeFour ( ) \StrokeOne ( ) . . \StrokeThree ( ) \StrokeTwo ( ) . \stst ( ) . . . . .
81 81 16 31 31 31 29 81 81 81 81 81 91
Y XXXX X XXX XX
. . . . .
. . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
\stststile ( \sttstile ( \stttstile (
) . . . . . . . . . 34 ) . . . . . . . . . . 34 ) . . . . . . . . . 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 69 70 15 15 15 15 15 92 37 36 37 37 36 37
\STX ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . \SUB ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . subatomic particles . . . . \subcorner (a) . . . . . . . ^ \subdoublebar (a) . . . . \subdoublevert (a) . . . . \sublptr (a) . . . "". . . . . . \subrptr (a) . . . . . . . . . subscripts new symbols used in \Subset () . . . . . . . . . \Subset ( ) . . . . . . . . . \Subset ( ) . . . . . . . . . . \subset () . . . . . . . . . \subset () . . . . . . . . . \subset () . . . . . . . . . .
\subseteq () . . . . . . . \subseteq () . . . . . . . \subseteq () . . . . . . . . \subseteqq () . . . . . . . \subseteqq ( ) . . . . . . \subseteqq ( ) . . . . . . . \subsetneq () . . . . . . . \subsetneq ( ) . . . . . . \subsetneq ( ) . . . . . . . \subsetneqq () . . . . . . \subsetneqq ( ) . . . . . . \subsetneqq ( ) . . . . . . \subsetplus ( ) . . . . . . \subsetpluseq ( ) . . . . subsets . . . . . . . . . . . . . \succ ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . \succ ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . \succapprox () . . . . . . \succapprox ( ) . . . . . . \succapprox ( ) . . . . . . \succcurlyeq () . . . . . \succcurlyeq ( ) . . . . . \succcurlyeq ( ) . . . . . \succdot () . . . . . . . . \succeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . \succeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . \succeqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . \succnapprox () . . . . . \succnapprox ( ) . . . . . \succnapprox ( ) . . . . . \succneq () . . . . . . . . \succneqq ( ) . . . . . . . \succnsim () . . . . . . . \succnsim ( ) . . . . . . . \succnsim ( ) . . . . . . . . \succsim () . . . . . . . . \succsim ( ) . . . . . . . . \succsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . such that . . . . . . . . . . . \suchthat ( ) . . . . . . . \sum ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . \sum () . . . . . . . . . . . . \sumint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . \Summit ( ) . . . . . . . . . \SummitSign ( ) . . . . . . \Sun (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . \Sun ( vs. vs. d) . . \Sun ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . \Sun () . . . . . . . . . . . . \sun () . . . . . . . . . . . . \SunCloud ( ) . . . . . . . \SunshineOpenCircled ( \sup (sup) . . . . . . . . . . superscripts new symbols used in supersets . . . . . . . . . . . . \Supset () . . . . . . . . . \Supset ( ) . . . . . . . . . \Supset ( ) . . . . . . . . . . \supset () . . . . . . . . . \supset () . . . . . . . . .

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 36, ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 90, ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ) . ... ... 36, ... ... ... ... ...
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37 36 37 37 36 37 37 36 37 37 36 37 36 36 37 30 32 31 30 32 31 30 32 31 30 32 31 32 30 33 32 31 32 30 33 31 30 32 92 92 25 29 29 81 81 68 88 80 68 78 80 77 49 92 37 37 36 37 37 36
\supset () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \supseteq () . . . . . . . . . . 37 \supseteq () . . . . . . . . . . 36 \supseteq () . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \supseteqq () . . . . . . . . . . 37 \supseteqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . 36 \supseteqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 37 \supsetneq () . . . . . . . . . . 37 \supsetneq ( ) . . . . . . . . . 36 \supsetneq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 37 \supsetneqq () . . . . . . . . . 37 \supsetneqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . 36 \supsetneqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . 37 \supsetplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . 36 \supsetpluseq ( ) . . . . . . . 36 ` \surd ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 \SurveySign ( ) . . . . . . . . . 81 \Swarrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 42 \Swarrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 43 \swarrow () . . . . . . . . . . . 42 \swarrow ( ) . . . . . . 41, 93, 94 \swarrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 43 \swarrowtail ( ) . . . . . . . . 43 \swfilledspoon ( ) . . . . . . 47 \swfootline ( ) . . . . . . . . . 32 \swfree ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 \swharpoonccw ( ) . . . . . . . 46 \swharpooncw ( ) . . . . . . . . 46 \swlsquigarrow ( ) . . . . . . 43 \swmapsto ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 43 \swModels ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 32 \swmodels ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 32 \swnearrows ( ) . . . . . . . . 43 \swneharpoons ( ) . . . . . . . 46 \swpitchfork ( ) . . . . . . . . 47 \swrsquigarrow ( ) . . . . . . 43 \swspoon ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 47 \swswarrows ( ) . . . . . . . . 43 swung dash . . . . . . . . see \sim \swVdash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 32 \swvdash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 32 \syl (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \syllabic (j) . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Symbol (font) . . . . . . . . 50, 90 symbols actuarial . . . . . . . . . . . 95 alpine . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 APL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 astrological . . . . . . . . . 68 astronomical . . . . . . . . 68 biological . . . . . . . . . . . 70 body-text . . . . . . . . . 819 bold . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 chess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 communication . . . . . . . 69 computer hardware . . . . 69 contradiction . . . . . 20, 48 currency . . . . . . . . 17, 65 dangerous bend . . . . . . 76 denition . . . . . . . . 20, 95 dictionary . . . . . 1013, 84 dingbat . . . . . . . . . 7177
134
dot . . . . . . . . 8, 61, 62, 94 electrical . . . . . . . . . . . 67 engineering . . . . . . 67, 70 extensible 5760, 89, 9496 Feynman diagram . . . . . 70 Frege logic . . 47, 52, 62, 64 frown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 genealogical . . . . . . . . . 78 general . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Go stones . . . . . . . . . . 76 information . . . . . . . . . 76 informator . . . . . . . . . . 82 inverted . . . . 1012, 16, 90 keyboard . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Knuths . . . . . . . . . 76, 79 laundry . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 legal . . . . . . . . . 8, 18, 102 letter-like . . . . . . . . 51, 52 life insurance . . . . . . . . 95 linear logic . . . . . 20, 30, 36 linguistic . . . . . . . . 1013 log-like . . . . . . . . 49, 100 magical signs . . . . . . . . 85 mathematical . . . . . 2066 METAFONTbook . . . . . 79 metrical . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 miscellaneous 6264, 7786 monetary . . . . . . . . 17, 65 musical . 19, 62, 63, 78, 79 navigation . . . . . . . . . . 79 non-commutative division 60 particle physics . . . . . . 70 Phaistos disk . . . . . . . . 83 phonetic . . . . . . . . 1013 physical . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 pitchfork . . . . . . . . . . . 47 proto-Semitic . . . . . . . . 83 pulse diagram . . . . . . . 67 relational . . . . . . . . . . . 30 reversed . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 rotated . . . . 1012, 16, 90 safety-related . . . . . . . . 70 scientic . . . . . . . . 6770 Simpsons characters . . . 85 smile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 spoon . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 staves . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 subset and superset 36, 37 technological . . . . . 6770 TEXbook . . . . . . . . 76, 79 transliteration . . . . . . . 13 upside-down . 1012, 16, 90, 100101 variable-sized 2529, 87, 89 weather . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 zodiacal . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 symbols.tex (le) . . . . 87, 104 \SYN ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 T \T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 \T ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 \T ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 a
\t (a) . . . . . . . . . \t ( ) . . . . . . . . t4phonet (package) 105 \Tab ( ) . . . \tabcolsep . . . . . tacks . . . . . . . . . . \taild () . . . . . \tailinvr (r) . . . \taill (H) . . . . . . \tailn (W) . . . . . \tailr (p) . . . . . . \tails (v) . . . . . . \tailt () . . . . . . \tailz () . . . . . \Takt . . . . . . . . . \talloblong ( ) . tally markers . . . . \tan (tan) . . . . . . \tanh (tanh) . . . . \Tape ( ) . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 13 . . . . . . . . 82 . 13, 16, 104, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... 30, ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 69 91 51 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 79 21 81 49 49 77
\Taschenuhr ( ) . . . Tate-Shafarevich group \tau ( ) . . . . . . . . . . \Taurus () . . . . . . . \Taurus () . . . . . . . \taurus ( ) . . . . . . . \tauup () . . . . . . . . . \tccentigrade ( ) . . \tcmu () . . . . . . . . . \tcohm () . . . . . . . . \tcpertenthousand ( \tcperthousand () . \td (a) . . . . . . . . . . . .. \tddtstile ( ) ... \tdststile ( \tdtstile ( )
. . . . . 81 see sha . . . . . 49 . . . . . 68 . . . . . 68 . . . . . 68 . . . . . 50 . . . . . 62 . . . . . 62 . . . . . 62 ) . . 62 . . . . . 62 . . . . . 15 . . . . . 34
) . . . . . . . . . 34 . . . . . . . . . 34
\tdttstile ( ) . . . . . . . . 35 technological symbols . . 6770 \Telefon (T) . . . . . . . . . . . 69 \Telephone ( ) . . . . . . . . 81 Tennent, Bob . . . . . . . . . . . 20 \Tent ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 \Terminus () . . . . . . . . . . 82 \terminus () . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \Terminus* () . . . . . . . . . . 82 \terminus* () . . . . . . . . . . 82 \tesh () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 testfont.dvi (le) . . . . . . . 98 testfont.tex (le) . . . . 97, 98 TEX 40, 61, 87, 9099, 101, 106 TEXbook, The . . . . . . 9095, 99 symbols from . . . . . 76, 79 \text . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 92, 93 \textacutedbl ( ) . . . . . . . 17 \textacutemacron () . . . . . 13 a \textacutewedge () . . . . . . 13 a \textadvancing (a) . . . . . . . 14 \textaolig (") . . . . . . . . . . 11 \textasciiacute ( ) . . 17, 102
\textasciibreve ( ) . . . . . . 17 \textasciicaron ( ) . . . . . . 17 \textasciicircum () . . 8, 101, 103 \textasciidieresis ( ) 17, 102 \textasciigrave ( ) . . . . . . 17 \textasciimacron . . . . . . . 103 \textasciimacron ( ) 17, 102 \textasciitilde () 8, 101, 103 \textasteriskcentered () . 8, 19 \textbabygamma () . . . . . . . 10 \textbackslash (\) . . . . 8, 101 \textbaht ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 17 \textbar (|) . . . . . . 8, 100, 101 \textbarb (b) . . . . . . . . . . . 10 \textbarc (c) . . . . . . . . . . . 10 \textbard (d) . . . . . . . . . . . 10 \textbardbl ( ) . . . . . . . . . 19 \textbardotlessj () . . . . . 10 \textbarg (g) . . . . . . . . . . . 10 \textbarglotstop () . . . . . 10 \textbari (1) . . . . . . . . . . . 10 \textbarl () . . . . . . . . . . . 10 \textbaro (8) . . . . . . . . . . . 10 \textbarrevglotstop () . . 10 \textbaru (0) . . . . . . . . . . . 10 \textbeltl () . . . . . . . . . . 10 \textbenttailyogh (B) . . . . 11 \textbeta (B) . . . . . . . . . . . 10 \textbigcircle () . . . . . . 19 \textbktailgamma (.) . . . . . 11 \textblank ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 19 \textborn ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 78 \textbottomtiebar (a) . . . . 14 < \textbraceleft ({) . . . . . . . . 8 \textbraceright (}) . . . . . . . 8 \textbrevemacron () . . . . . 14 a \textbrokenbar () . . . 19, 102 \textbullet () . . . . 8, 19, 103 \textbullseye () . . . . . . . 10 \textcelsius ( ) . . . . . . . . 67 \textceltpal ( ) . . . . . . . . . 10 \textcent () . . . . . . . 17, 102 \textcentoldstyle () . . . . 17 \textchi (X) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 \textcircled ( ) . . . . . . . . 13 \textcircledP ( ) . . . . . . 18 \textcircumacute () . . . . . 14 a \textcircumdot ( . . . . . . . 14 a) \textcloseepsilon () . . . . 10 \textcloseomega () . . . . . . 10 \textcloserevepsilon () . . 10 \textcolonmonetary () . . . 17 \textcommatailz () . . . . . . 10 textcomp (package) . . . . . . . 7, 8, 13, 1719, 41, 56, 64, 67, 78, 87, 101, 103105 \textcopyleft ( ) . . . . . . 18 \textcopyright () . 8, 18, 102 \textcorner (^) . . . . . . . . . . 10 \textcrb () . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
135
\textcrd () . . . . . . . . . \textcrd () . . . . . . . . . \textcrg (g) . . . . . . . . . \textcrh () . . . . . . . . . \textcrh () . . . . . . . . . \textcrinvglotstop () \textcrlambda () . . . . \textcrtwo (2) . . . . . . . \textctc (C) . . . . . . . . . \textctd () . . . . . . . . . \textctdctzlig () . . . \textctesh () . . . . . . . \textctinvglotstop (D) \textctj (J) . . . . . . . . . \textctjvar (2) . . . . . . \textctn () . . . . . . . . . \textctstretchc (%) . . . \textctstretchcvar (&) \textctt () . . . . . . . . . \textcttctclig (C) . . . \textctturnt (@) . . . . . . \textctyogh () . . . . . . \textctz () . . . . . . . . . \textcurrency () . . . \textdagger () . . . . . . \textdaggerdbl () . . . .
. . . 10 . . . 13 . . . 10 . . . 10 . . . 13 . . . 10 . . . 10 . . . 10 . . . 10 . . . 10 . . . 10 . . . 10 . . . 11 . . . 10 . . . 11 . . . 10 . . . 11 . . . 11 . . . 10 . . . 10 . . . 11 . . . 10 . . . 10 17, 102 . 8, 19 . 8, 19
\textdbend ( ) . . . . . . . . . 76 \textdblhyphen ( ) . . . . . . . 19 \textdblhyphenchar ( ) . . . . 19 \textdblig ()) . . . . . . . . . 11 \textdctzlig (d) . . . . . . . . 10 \textdegree () . . . . . 64, 102 \textdied ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 78 \textdiscount ( ) . . . . . . . 19 \textdiv () . . . . . . . . . . . 64 \textdivorced ( ) . . . . . . . 78 \textdollar ($) . . . . . . . 8, 17 \textdollaroldstyle () . . 17 \textdong () . . . . . . . . . . . 17 \textdotacute () . . . . . . . 14 a \textdotbreve () . . . . . . . 14 a \textdoublebaresh (S) . . . . 10 \textdoublebarpipe (}) . . . 10 \textdoublebarpipevar (H) . 11 \textdoublebarslash (=) . . 10 / \textdoublegrave () . . . . . 14 a \textdoublegrave (a) . . . . . 16 \textdoublepipe ({) . . . . . . 10 \textdoublepipevar (G) . . . 11 \textdoublevbaraccent () . 14 a \textdoublevbaraccent (a) . 16 \textdoublevertline () . . 10 \textdownarrow () . . . . . . . 41 \textdownfullarrow () . . . 11 \textdownstep () . . . . . . . . 10 \textdyoghlig () . . . . . . . 10 \textdzlig (dz) . . . . . . . . . . 10 \texteightoldstyle () . . . 18 \textellipsis (. . . ) . . . . . . . 8 \textemdash () . . . . . . . . . 8 \textendash () . . . . . . . . . . 8 \textepsilon (E) . . . . . . . . 10
\textepsilon () . . . . . . . . 13 \textesh (S) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 \textesh () . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 \textestimated () . . . . . . 19 \texteuro ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 17 \texteuro () . . . . . . 17, 103 \textexclamdown () . . . . . . . 8 \textfemale (7) . . . . . . . . . 11 \textfishhookr (R) . . . . . . . 11 \textfiveoldstyle () . . . . 18 \textfjlig () . . . . . . . . . . 13 \textflorin () . . . . . . . . . . 17 \textfouroldstyle () . . . . 18 \textfractionsolidus () . . 64 \textfrak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 \textfrbarn (5) . . . . . . . . . 11 \textfrhookd () . . . . . . . . 11 \textfrhookdvar (() . . . . . . 11 \textfrhookt (?) . . . . . . . . 11 \textfrtailgamma (-) . . . . . 11 \textg () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 \textgamma (G) . . . . . . . . . . 11 \textglobfall () . . . . . . . 11 \textglobrise () . . . . . . . 11 \textglotstop (P) . . . . . . . 10 \textglotstopvari (T) . . . . 11 \textglotstopvarii (U) . . . 11 \textglotstopvariii (V) . . 11 \textgoth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 \textgravecircum () . . . . . 14 a \textgravedbl ( ) . . . . . . . 17 \textgravedot () . . . . . . . 14 a \textgravemacron (`) . . . . . 14 a \textgravemid () . . . . . . . 14 a \textgreater (>) . . 8, 100, 101 \textgrgamma (,) . . . . . . . . 11 \textguarani ( ) . . . . . . . . 17 \texthalflength (;) . . . . . . 10 \texthardsign () . . . . . . . 10 \textheng (0) . . . . . . . . . . . 11 \texthmlig (4) . . . . . . . . . 11 \texthooktop (#) . . . . . . . . . 10 \texthtb () . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 \texthtb () . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 \texthtbardotlessj () . . . . 10 \texthtbardotlessjvar (3) . 11 \texthtc () . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 \texthtc () . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 \texthtd () . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 \texthtd () . . . . . . . . . . . 13 \texthtg () . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 \texthth (H) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 \texththeng () . . . . . . . . . 10 \texthtk () . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 \texthtk () . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 \texthtp () . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 \texthtp () . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 \texthtq () . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 \texthtrtaild () . . . . . . . 10 \texthtscg () . . . . . . . . . . 10 \texthtt () . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 \texthtt () . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 \texthvlig () . . . . . . . . . . 10
\textifsym . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 \textinterrobang ( ) . . . . . 19 \textinterrobangdown ( ) . . 19 \textinvglotstop () . . . . . 10 \textinvomega (;) . . . . . . . 11 \textinvsca (p) . . . . . . . . . 11 \textinvscr (K) . . . . . . . . . 10 \textinvscripta (!) . . . . . . 11 \textinvsubbridge (a) . . . . 14 \textiota () . . . . . . . . . . . 10 \textiota () . . . . . . . . . . . 13 \textlambda () . . . . . . . . . 10 \textlangle () . . . . . 56, 101 \textlbrackdbl ( ) . . . . . . . 56 \textleaf ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 78 \textleftarrow () . . . . . . 41 \textlengthmark (:) . . . . . . 10 \textless (<) . . . . 8, 100, 101 \textlfishhookrlig (I) . . . 11 \textlhdbend ( ) . . . \textlhookfour (#) . . . \textlhookp (<) . . . . . \textlhookt () . . . . . \textlhti (1) . . . . . . . \textlhtlongi () . . . . \textlhtlongy () . . . \textlira () . . . . . . . \textlnot () . . . . . . . \textlonglegr () . . . . \textlooptoprevesh (>) \textlowering (a) . . . \textlptr () . . . . . . . \textlquill ( ) . . . . . \textltailm (M) . . . . . \textltailn () . . . . . \textltailn () . . . . . \textltilde () . . . . . \textlyoghlig () . . . \textmarried ( ) . . . . \textmho ( ) . . . . . . . \textmidacute () . . . a \textminus () . . . . . . \textmu () . . . . . . . . . \textmusicalnote () . \textnaira ( ) . . . . . . \textnineoldstyle () \textnrleg (6) . . . . . . \textnumero () . . . . . \textObardotlessj () \textObullseye (9) . . \textohm () . . . . . . . \textOlyoghlig () . . . \textomega () . . . . . . \textonehalf () . . . . \textoneoldstyle . . . . \textoneoldstyle () . \textonequarter () . . \textonesuperior () . \textopenbullet () . . \textopencorner (_) . . \textopeno (O) . . . . . . \textopeno () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 . . . 11 . . . 11 . . . 10 . . . 11 . . . 10 . . . 10 . . . 17 64, 102 . . . 10 . . . 11 . . . 14 . . . 10 . . . 56 . . . 10 . . . 10 . . . 13 . . . 10 . . . 10 . . . 78 . . . 67 . . . 14 . . . 64 67, 102 . . . 19 . . . 17 . . . 18 . . . 11 . . . 19 . . . 10 . . . 11 . . . 67 . . . 10 . . . 10 64, 102 . . . 18 . . . 18 64, 102 64, 102 . . . 19 . . . 10 . . . 10 . . . 13
. . . .
136
\textordfeminine () 8, 19, 102 \textordmasculine () . . 8, 19, 102 \textovercross () . . . . . . . 14 a \textoverw (a) . . . . . . . . . . 14 \textpalhook (%) . . . . . . . . . 10 \textpalhooklong () . . . . . 11 \textpalhookvar () . . . . . . 11 \textparagraph () . . . . 8, 19 \textperiodcentered () . 8, 19, 102 \textpertenthousand ( ) . 19 \textperthousand () 19, 103 \textpeso ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 17 \textphi (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 \textpilcrow ( ) . . . . . . . . 19 \textpipe (|) . . . . . . . . . . . 10 \textpipe (|) . . . . . . . . . . . 13 \textpipevar (F) . . . . . . . . . 11 \textpm () . . . . . . . . 64, 102 \textpmhg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 \textpolhook (a) . . . . . . . . 14 \textprimstress (") . . . . . . 10 \textproto . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \textqplig (=) . . . . . . . . . 11 \textquestiondown () . . . . . 8 \textquotedbl (") . . . . 9, 100 \textquotedblleft () . . . . . 8 \textquotedblright () . . . . 8 \textquoteleft () . . . . . . . . 8 \textquoteright () . . . . . . . 8 \textquotesingle (') . . . . . 19 \textquotestraightbase ( ) 19 \textquotestraightdblbase ( ) . . . . . . . . . 19 \textraiseglotstop () . . . 10 \textraisevibyi () . . . . . . 10 \textraising (a) . . . . . . . . 14 \textramshorns (7) . . . . . . . 10 \textrangle () . . . . . 56, 101 \textrbrackdbl ( ) . . . . . . . 56 \textrecipe ( ) . . . . . . 19, 89 \textrectangle () . . . . . . . 11 \textreferencemark ( ) 19, 20 \textregistered () 8, 18, 102 \textretracting (a) . . . . . . 14 \textretractingvar () . . . 11 \textrevapostrophe (\) . . . . 10 \textreve (9) . . . . . . . . . . . 10 \textrevepsilon (3) . . . 10, 90 \textreversedvideodbend ( . . . . . . . . . 76 \textrevglotstop (Q) . . . . \textrevscl (v) . . . . . . . . \textrevscr (z) . . . . . . . . \textrevyogh () . . . . . . . \textrhooka ( ) . . . . . . . . \textrhooke (*) . . . . . . . . \textrhookepsilon (+) . . . \textrhookopeno (:) . . . . . \textrhookrevepsilon () \textrhookschwa () . . . . . ) . . . . . . . . . . 10 11 11 10 11 11 11 11 10 11
\textrhoticity (~) . . . . . \textrightarrow () . . . \textringmacron () . . . . a \textroundcap () . . . . . a \textrptr () . . . . . . . . . \textrquill ( ) . . . . . . . \textrtaild () . . . . . . . \textrtaild () . . . . . . . \textrtailhth (/) . . . . . \textrtaill () . . . . . . . . \textrtailn () . . . . . . . \textrtailr () . . . . . . . \textrtails () . . . . . . . \textrtailt () . . . . . . . \textrtailt () . . . . . . . \textrtailz () . . . . . . . \textrthook ($) . . . . . . . . \textrthooklong () . . . . \textsca () . . . . . . . . . . \textscaolig (q) . . . . . . \textscb () . . . . . . . . . . \textscdelta (r) . . . . . . \textsce () . . . . . . . . . . \textscf (s) . . . . . . . . . . \textscg () . . . . . . . . . . \textsch () . . . . . . . . . . \textschwa (@) . . . . . . . . \textschwa () . . . . . . . . \textsci (I) . . . . . . . . . . \textscj () . . . . . . . . . . \textsck (t) . . . . . . . . . . \textscl () . . . . . . . . . . \textscm (w) . . . . . . . . . \textscn () . . . . . . . . . . \textscoelig () . . . . . . \textscomega () . . . . . . \textscp (x) . . . . . . . . . . \textscq (y) . . . . . . . . . . \textscr () . . . . . . . . . . \textscripta (A) . . . . . . \textscriptg (g) . . . . . . \textscriptv (V) . . . . . . \textscriptv () . . . . . . . \textscu () . . . . . . . . . . \textscy (Y) . . . . . . . . . . \textseagull (a) . . . . . . \textsecstress ( ) . . . . . \textsection () . . . . . . \textservicemark ( ) . . . \textsevenoldstyle () . \textsixoldstyle () . . . \textsoftsign () . . . . . . \textspleftarrow () . . . \textsterling () . . . . . \textstretchc () . . . . . \textstretchcvar ($) . . . \textstyle . . . . . . . . 92, \textsubacute (a) . . . . . \textsubarch (a) . . . . . . ....... \textsubbar (a) \textsubbridge (a) . . . . . \textsubcircum (a) . . . . . \textsubdot (a) . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, .. .. .. .. .. 8, .. .. 93, .. .. .. .. .. ..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11 41 14 14 11 56 11 13 11 11 10 10 10 10 13 10 10 11 10 11 10 11 10 11 10 10 10 13 10 10 11 10 11 10 10 10 11 11 10 10 10 10 13 10 10 14 10 19 18 18 18 10 11 17 10 11 99 14 14 14 14 14 14
\textsubdoublearrow () . . 11 \textsubgrave (a) . . . . . . . 14 \textsublhalfring (a) . . . . 14 \textsubplus (a) . . . . . . . . 14 \textsubrhalfring (a) . . . . 14 \textsubrightarrow () . . . 11 \textsubring (a) . . . . . . . . 14 \textsubsquare (a) . . . . . . . 14 \textsubtilde (a) . . . . . . . 14 \textsubumlaut ) . . . . . . . 14 (a \textsubw (a) . . . . . . . . . . 14 . \textsubwedge (a) . . . . . . . 14 \textsuperimposetilde (a) . 14 & \textsuperscript . . . . . . . . 15 \textsurd () . . . . . . . . . . . 64 \textswab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 \textsyllabic (a) . . . . . . . 15 " \texttctclig (tC) . . . . . . . . 10 \textteshlig () . . . . . . . . 10 \textteshlig () . . . . . . . . 13 \texttheta (T) . . . . . . . . . . 10 \textthorn () . . . . . . . . . . 10 \textthornvari (P) . . . . . . . 11 \textthornvarii (Q) . . . . . . 11 \textthornvariii (R) . . . . . 11 \textthornvariv (S) . . . . . . 11 \textthreeoldstyle () . . . 18 \textthreequarters () 64, 102 \textthreequartersemdash () . . . . . . . . . 19 \textthreesuperior () 64, 102 a) . . . . . . . 15 \texttildedot ( \texttildelow ( ) . . . 19, 101 \texttimes () . . . . . . . . . . 64 \texttoneletterstem () . . . 10 \texttoptiebar (> . . . . . . . 15 a) \texttrademark () . 8, 18, 103 \texttslig ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 10 \textturna (5) . . . . . . . . . . 10 \textturncelig () . . . . . . 10 \textturnglotstop (E) . . . . 11 \textturnh (4) . . . . . . . . . . 10 \textturnk () . . . . . . . . . . 10 \textturnlonglegr () . . . . 10 \textturnm (W) . . . . . . . . . 10 \textturnmrleg () . . . . . . 10 \textturnr () . . . . . . . . . . 10 \textturnrrtail () . . . . . . 10 \textturnsck (u) . . . . . . . . 11 \textturnscripta (6) . . . . . 10 \textturnscu ({) . . . . . . . . 11 \textturnt () . . . . . . . . . . 10 \textturnthree (C) . . . . . . . 11 \textturntwo (A) . . . . . . . . 11 \textturnv (2) . . . . . . . . . . 10 \textturnw () . . . . . . . . . . 10 \textturny (L) . . . . . . . . . . 10 \texttwelveudash ( ) . . . . . 19 \texttwooldstyle . . . . . . . . 18 \texttwooldstyle () . . . . . 18 \texttwosuperior () . 64, 102 \textuncrfemale (8) . . . . . . 11
137
\textunderscore ( ) . . \textuparrow () . . . . \textupfullarrow () . \textupsilon (U) . . . . \textupstep ( ) . . . . . \textvbaraccent () . . a \textvbaraccent (a) . . \textvertline () . . . . \textvibyi () . . . . . . \textvibyy () . . . . . . \textvisiblespace ( ) \textwon ( ) . . . . . . . \textwynn ( ) . . . . . . . \textyen () . . . . . . . \textyogh (Z) . . . . . . . \textyogh () . . . . . . . \textzerooldstyle () \TH () . . . . . . . . . . . . \th () . . . . . . . . . . . . Th`nh, H`n Th . . . . . a a e \therefore (T) . . . . . . \therefore () . . . . . . \therefore () . . . . . . \Thermo . . . . . . . . . . . \Theta () . . . . . . . . . \theta () . . . . . . . . . \thetaup () . . . . . . . . \thickapprox () . . . . \thicksim () . . . . . . \thickvert (~) . . . . . . thin space . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\ThinFog ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 80 \thinstar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \third (Q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 thirty-second note . see musical symbols \Thorn () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \thorn (f) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \thorn (p) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \thorn () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 thousandths . . . . . . . . . . . see \textperthousand \threesim () . . . . . . . . . . 91 tilde 8, 10, 11, 13, 16, 19, 56, 57, 59, 94, 101 extensible . . . . . . . 57, 59 vertically centered . . . 101 \tilde () . . . . . . . . . . 56, 94 \tildel (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 time of day . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 \timelimit (T) . . . . . . . . . 82 \times () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 \times () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Times Roman (font) . . . 17, 89 timing (package) . . . . . . . . . 67 tipa (package) 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 90, 104, 105 tipx (package) . . . . 11, 104, 105 \tndtstile ( ) . . . . . . . . 35 \tnststile ( ) . . . . . . . . . 35 \tntstile ( ) . . . . . . . . . 35
.... 8 . . . 41 . . . 11 . . . 10 . . . 10 . . . 15 . . . 16 . . . 10 . . . 11 . . . 11 .... 8 . . . 17 . . . 11 17, 102 . . . 11 . . . 13 . . . 18 9, 102 9, 102 . . . 94 . . . 31 30, 61 . . . 61 . . . 80 . . . 49 . . . 49 . . . 50 . . . 30 . . . 30 . . . 54 . . 100
\tnttstile ( ) . . . . . . . . 35 \to . . . . . . . . see \rightarrow \ToBottom () . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \tone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 \top ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 51, 92 \top ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 \topbot () . . . . . . . . . 92, 94 \topdoteq () . . . . . . . . . . 31 torus (T) . see alphabets, math \ToTop () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 trademark . see \texttrademark \TransformHoriz ( ) . . . . 35 transforms . . . . 35, 60, see also alphabets, math \TransformVert ( ) . . . . . . 35 transliteration semitic . . . . . . . . . . 13, 16 transliteration symbols . . . . 13 transversality . see \pitchfork trfsigns (package) 35, 51, 60, 104 \triangle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 62 \triangle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 40 triangle relations . . . . . . 39, 40 \TriangleDown ( ) . . . . . . . 75 \TriangleDown ( vs. ) . . 88 \TriangleDown ( ) . . . . . . . 75 \triangledown ( ) . . . . . . . 63 \triangledown ( ) . . . . . . . 40 \triangleeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . 40 \TriangleLeft ( ) . . . . . . . 75 \triangleleft () . . . . . . . 40 \triangleleft ( ) . . . . . . . 20 \triangleleft ( ) . . . . . . . 40 \trianglelefteq () . . . . . 40 \trianglelefteq ( ) . . . . . 39 \trianglelefteq ( ) . . . 39, 40 \trianglelefteqslant ( ) . 40 \triangleq ( ) . . . . . . 20, 39 \triangleq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 40 \TriangleRight ( ) . . . . . . 75 \triangleright () . . . . . . 40 \triangleright ( ) . . . . . . . 20 \triangleright ( ) . . . . . . 40 \trianglerighteq () . . . . 40 \trianglerighteq ( ) . . . . 39 \trianglerighteq ( ) . . 39, 40 \trianglerighteqslant ( ) 40 triangles . . . . . . . . . . 63, 75, 76 \TriangleUp ( ) . . . . . . . . 75 \TriangleUp ( vs. ) . . . . 88 \TriangleUp ( ) . . . . . . . . 75 \triple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 \triplefrown ( ) . . . . . . . . 48 \triplesim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 32 \triplesmile ( ) . . . . . . . . 48 trsym (package) . . . 35, 104, 105 \tsbm ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
\tsststile ( ) . . . . . . . . . 35 \Tsteel () . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 \tststile ( \tsttstile ( \ttdtstile ( \ttststile ( \tttstile ( \ttttstile ( ) ) . . . . . . . . . 35 ) . . . . . . . . 35 ) . . . . . . . . 35 ) . . . . . . . . . 35 . . . . . . . . . 35 ) . . . . . . . . 35
\TTsteel () . . . . . . . . . . . 70
o Q o
P
TUGboat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 \Tumbler () . . . . . . . . . . . 80 turnstile (package) . 34, 35, 104, 105 \TwelweStar ( ) . . . . . . . . 74 \twoheaddownarrow ( ) . . . . 43 \twoheadleftarrow ( ) . . . 41 \twoheadleftarrow ( ) . . . 43 \twoheadnearrow ( ) . . . . . 44 \twoheadnwarrow ( ) . . . . . 44 \twoheadrightarrow ( ) . . 41 \twoheadrightarrow ( ) . . 44 \twoheadsearrow ( ) . . . . . 44 \twoheadswarrow ( ) . . . . . 44 \twoheaduparrow ( ) . . . . . . 44 \twonotes ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 78 txfonts (package) 20, 21, 27, 30, 31, 36, 38, 41, 42, 48, 50, 51, 62, 63, 65, 87, 89, 101, 104, 105 type1cm (package) . . . . . . . . 87 Type 1 (font) . . . . . . . . . . . 99
n I n
U \U (a) . . . . . . \U (a) . . . . . . \u () . . . . . . a \UArrow ( ) \UB (< . . . . . ) \ubar (u) . . . ubulb.fd (le) \udesc (u) . . \udot () . . . . \udotdot ( ) . \udots ( ) . . \udtimes ( ) \UHORN () . . \uhorn () . . \ulcorner (x) \ulcorner ( )
.... .... .... ... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....
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. . 16 . . 13 . . 13 . . 69 . . 79 . . 12 98, 99 . . 12 . . 22 23, 61 . . 61 . . 23 ... 9 ... 9 . . 52 . . 52
\ulcorner ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 54 \ullcorner ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 54 \ulrcorner ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 54 ulsy (package) . . 24, 48, 90, 104 \Umd ( a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 umlaut . . . . . . . . . see accents unary operators . . . . . . . . . . 20
\tsdtstile ( ) . . . . . . . . 35 \tsmb ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \tsmm ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
138
\unclear (k) . . . . . \underaccent . . . . . \underarc (a) . . . . . \underarch (a) . . . . \underbrace (lo mo n) o o \underbrace ( \underbrace (
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82 94 16 15 58
\underbrace ( ) . . . . . . . . . 58 ) . . . . . . . 58 ) . . . . . . . 57 . . . . . . . 58 . . . . 95, 96
\underbracket ( ) \underbracket ( )
\underdots (r) . . . . . . . . . . 16 \undergroup (lo o n) . . . . . . . 58 o \undergroup ( ) . . . . . . . . 58 \underleftarrow () . . . . . 58 \underleftrightarrow ( ) 58 \underline ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 57 \underlinesegment ( ) . . . . 58 \underparenthesis ( ) 95, 96 \underrightarrow ( ) . . . . 58 \underring (y) . . . . . . . . . . 16 underscore . . . . . . . . . . see \_ underscore (package) . . . . . . . 8 \underset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 undertilde (package) 59, 104, 105 \undertilde (|) . . . . . . . . . 16 \underwedge (}) . . . . . . . . . 16 union . . . . . . . . . . . . see \cup unit disk (D) . . . see alphabets, math \unitedpawns (u) . . . . . . . . 82 units (package) . . . . . . . . . . 64 unity (1) . . see alphabets, math universa (package) . 76, 80, 104, 105 universal (package) 71, 73, 76, 80, 104, 105 \unlhd ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 20, 21 \unlhd ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 39, 40 \unrhd ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 20, 21 \unrhd ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 39, 40 \upalpha () . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \UParrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 \Uparrow () . . . . . . . . . 41, 53 \Uparrow () . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 \uparrow () . . . . . . . 41, 53, 87 \uparrow () . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 \uparrowtail ( ) . . . . . . . . 44 \upbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \upbeta () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \upbracketfill . . . . . . . . . 95 \upchi () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \Updelta () . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \updelta () . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \Updownarrow ( ) . . . . . 41, 53 \Updownarrow ( ) . . . . . . . . 44 \updownarrow ( ) . . . . . 41, 53 \updownarrow () . . . . . . . . 44 \updownarrows () . . . . . . . 42
\updownarrows ( ) . . . . . . . 44 \updownharpoonleftright ( ) 46 \updownharpoonrightleft ( ) 46 \updownharpoons () . . . . . . 43 \updownharpoons ( ) . . . . . . 46 \Updownline ( ) . . . . . . . . . 32 \updownline ( ) . . . . . . . . . 32 \upepsilon () . . . . . . . . . . 50 \upeta () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \upfilledspoon ( ) . . . . . . . 47 \upfootline ( ) . . . . . . . . . 32 \upfree ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 \Upgamma () . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \upgamma () . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 upgreek (package) . 50, 104, 105 \upharpoonccw ( ) . . . . . . . . 46 \upharpooncw ( ) . . . . . . . . 46 \upharpoonleft () . . . . . . . 43 \upharpoonleft ( ) . . . . . . . 41 \upharpoonright () . . . . . . 43 \upharpoonright ( ) . . . . . . 41 \upiota () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \upkappa () . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \Uplambda () . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \uplambda () . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \uplett . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \uplsquigarrow ( ) . . . . . . . 44 \uplus () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 \uplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 \uplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 \upmapsto ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 44 \upModels ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 32 \upmodels ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 32 \upmu () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \upnu () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \Upomega () . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \upomega () . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \upp (t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 \upparenthfill . . . . . . . . . 95 \Upphi () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \upphi () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \Uppi () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \uppi () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \uppitchfork ( ) . . . . . . . . 47 \uppropto ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 32 \Uppsi () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \uppsi () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 upquote (package) . . . . . . . 101 \uprho () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 upright Greek letters . . . . . . 50 \uprsquigarrow ( ) . . . . . . . 44 upside-down symbols . . 100101 upside-down symbols 1012, 16, 90 \Upsigma () . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \upsigma () . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \Upsilon () . . . . . . . . . . . 49 \upsilon () . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 \upsilonup () . . . . . . . . . . 50 \upslice ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \upspoon ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 \upt (l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 \uptau () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
\uptherefore () . \Uptheta () . . . . \uptheta () . . . . . \uptodownarrow () \upuparrows () . . \upuparrows ( ) . \upuparrows ( ) . . \upupharpoons () \Upupsilon () . . . \upupsilon () . . . \upvarepsilon () . \upvarphi () . . . . \upvarpi () . . . . \upvarrho () . . . . \upvarsigma () . . \upvartheta () . . \upVdash ( ) . . . . \upvdash () . . . . . \Upxi () . . . . . . . \upxi () . . . . . . . \upY ( ) . . . . . . . . \upzeta () . . . . . . \Uranus (q) . . . . . \Uranus () . . . . . . \uranus ( ) . . . . . . \urcorner (y) . . . . \urcorner ( ) . . . .
.... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....
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23, .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
61 50 50 42 42 41 44 43 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 32 32 50 50 23 50 68 68 68 52 52
\urcorner ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 54 url (package) \US ( ) . . . . \usepackage \ut (a) . . . . \utilde ( ) . \utimes ( ) \utimes ( ) Utopia (font) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 . . 69 ... 7 . . 15 . . 59 . . 23 . . 23 17, 29
V \v () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 a \vara () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \varangle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 63 \varbigcirc ( ) . . . . . . . . 21 \VarClock ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 81 \varclub ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 64 \varclubsuit ( ) . . . . . . . . 63 \varcurlyvee ( ) . . . . . . . . 21 \varcurlywedge ( ) . . . . . . 21 \vardiamond () . . . . . . . . . 64 \vardiamondsuit ( ) . . . . . . 63 \varEarth (t) . . . . . . . . . . . 68 \varepsilon () . . . . . . . . . 49 \varepsilonup () . . . . . . . . 50 \VarFlag ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 81 varg (txfonts/pxfonts package option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \varg ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \varg (q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \vargeq () . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 \varhash (5) . . . . . . . . . . . 63 \varheart () . . . . . . . . . . 64 \varheartsuit ( ) . . . . . . . 63
139
\varhexagon ( ) . . . . . . . . . 74 \varhexstar ( ) . . . . . . . . . 73 \vari (i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 variable-sized symbols 2529, 87, 89 \VarIceMountain ( ) . . . . . 81 \varinjlim (lim) . . . . . . . . . 49 \varint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 \various (R) . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \varkappa () . . . . . . . . . . 49 \varleq () . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 \varliminf (lim) . . . . . . . . . 49 \varlimsup (lim) . . . . . . . . . 49 \varmathbb . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 \VarMountain ( ) . . . . . . . . 81 \varnothing () . . . . 20, 62, 63 \varnothing ( ) . . . . . . . . . 63 \varnotin () . . . . . . . . . . . 51 \varnotowner () . . . . . . . . 51 \varoast ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 21 \varobar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 21 \varobslash ( ) . . . . . . . . . 21 \varocircle ( ) . . . . . . . . . 21 \varodot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 21 \varogreaterthan ( ) . . . . 21 \varoiiintclockwise ( ) . 27 \varoiiintctrclockwise ( ) . . . . . . . . . 27 ! \varoiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 28 \varoiintclockwise ( ) . . 27 \varoiintctrclockwise ( ) 27 \varoint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 25 \varointclockwise ( ) . . . . 27 \varointclockwise ( ) . . . . 28 \varointctrclockwise ( ) . 27 \varointctrclockwise ( ) . . 28 \varolessthan ( ) . . . . . . . 21 \varomega () . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \varominus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 21 \varopeno (g) . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \varoplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 21 \varoslash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 21 \varotimes ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 21 \varovee ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 21 \varowedge ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 21 \varparallel ( ) . . . . . . . . 31 \varparallelinv ( ) . . . . . . 31 \varphi () . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 \varphiup () . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \varpi ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 \varpiup ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \varprod ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 27 \varprojlim (lim) . . . . . . . . 49 \varpropto () . . . . . . . . . 30 \varpropto () . . . . . . . . . . 33 \varQ ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 \varrho ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 \varrhoup ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \varsigma () . . . . . . . . . . . 49 \varsigmaup () . . . . . . . . . 50 \varspade ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 64
\varspadesuit ( ) . . \varsqsubsetneq () \varsqsubsetneqq () \varsqsupsetneq () \varsqsupsetneqq () \varstar () . . . . . . . \varsubsetneq () . . \varsubsetneq ( ) . . \varsubsetneq ( ) . . \varsubsetneqq () . \varsubsetneqq ( ) . \varsubsetneqq ( ) . . \VarSummit ( ) . . . . \varsupsetneq () . . \varsupsetneq ( ) . . \varsupsetneq ( ) . . \varsupsetneqq () . \varsupsetneqq ( ) . \varsupsetneqq ( ) . .
\VarTaschenuhr ( ) . . \vartheta () . . . . . . . \varthetaup () . . . . . \vartimes ( ) . . . . . . . \vartriangle ( ) . . . . \vartriangle ( ) . . . . \vartriangleleft () \vartriangleleft ( ) \vartriangleleft ( ) . \vartriangleright () \vartriangleright ( ) \vartriangleright ( ) \varv ( ) . . . . . . . . . . \varw ( ) . . . . . . . . . . \vary ( ) . . . . . . . . . . \VBar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . \vbipropto ( ) . . . . . . \vcentcolon (:) . . . . . . \vcenter . . . . . . . . . . \vcrossing ( ) . . . . . . \VDash (@) . . . . . . . . . \VDash ( ) . . . . . . . . . \Vdash (D) . . . . . . . . . \Vdash ( ) . . . . . . . . . \Vdash ( ) . . . . . . . . . \vDash (@) . . . . . . . . . \vDash ( ) . . . . . . . . . \vDash ( ) . . . . . . . . . \vdash ( ) . . . . . . . . . \vdash ( ) . . . . . . . . . \vdotdot ( ) . . . . . . . . . .) \vdots (. . . . . . . . . . . \vdots ( ) . . . . . . . . . . \vec ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . \vec ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . \Vectorarrow (p) . . . . . \Vectorarrowhigh (P) . . \vee () . . . . . . . . . . . \vee () . . . . . . . . . . . \vee () . . . . . . . . . . . \veebar () . . . . . . . . \veebar ( ) . . . . . . . .
... ... .. ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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63 37 37 37 37 22 37 36 37 37 36 37 81 37 36 37 37 36 37 81 49 50 21 63 40 40 39 40 40 39 40 50 50 50 75 23 34 91 32 31 33 31 30 33 31 30 33 30 33 61 61 61 56 56 64 64 22 20 23 22 21
\veedot ( ) . . . . . \veedoublebar () \Venus (f) . . . . . . \Venus () . . . . . . \venus () . . . . . . \vernal ( ) . . . . . \Vert ( ) . . . . . . . \vert (|) . . . . . . . . \vertbowtie ( ) . . \vertdiv ( ) . . . . . \VHF ( ) . . . . . . . . \Vier ( ) . . . . . . . vietnam (package) .
\Village ( ) . . . . . . . . 81 \vin ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 vinculum . . . . . . see \overline \ViPa (> ) . . . . \Virgo () . . . \virgo ( ) . . \VM (>) . . . . . . vntex (package) \vod (v) . . . . . \voicedh (h) . . \vppm ( ) . . . . \vpppm ( ) . . . . \VT ( ) . . . . . #) . . . . . \vv ( \VvDash ( ) . . \Vvdash (D) . . \Vvdash ( ) . . \Vvdash ( ) . . \vvvert (~) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 79 68 68 79 13 12 12 82 82 69 59 31 31 30 32 54

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.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 39, .. .. 39, .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 23, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
W \WashCotton () . . . . . . . . 80 \WashSynthetics () . . . . 80 \WashWool () . . . . . . . . . . 80 \wasylozenge () . . . . . . . . 78 \wasypropto ( ) . . . . . . . . . 30 wasysym (package) . . . . . . . 12, 17, 1921, 25, 30, 36, 38, 41, 6163, 67, 68, 70, 73, 74, 78, 88, 104, 105 \wasytherefore () . . . . . . 61 wavy-line delimiters . . . . 54, 55 \wbetter (f) . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \wdecisive (h) . . . . . . . . . 82 \weakpt (J) . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \WeakRain ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 80 \WeakRainCloud ( ) . . . . . . 80 weather symbols . . . . . . . . . 80
\Wecker ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 81 \wedge () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 \wedge () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 \wedge () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 \wedgedot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Weierstrass function . see \wp \Wheelchair (w) . . . . . . . . . 76 \whistle (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \whitestone . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 whole note see musical symbols
140
Wick contractions \widearrow (t) . . \widebar (s) . . . . \widecheck (q) . . \widehat ( ) . . . . \widehat ( ) . . . . \wideparen (u) . . \wideparen ( ) . . \wideparen () . . \widering () . . .
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96 58 58 58 58 57 58 58 57
Xdvi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 \xhookleftarrow ( ) . . . . . 59 \xhookrightarrow ( ) \Xi () . . . . . . . . . . . . \xi () . . . . . . . . . . . . \xiup () . . . . . . . . . . =) \xLeftarrow ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 49 49 50
\xrightharpoonup ( ) . . . . 59 \xrightleftharpoons ( ) . 59 \xrightleftharpoons ( ) . 59 Xs . . . . . . . . . . . \XSolid ( ) . . . . \XSolidBold ( ) \XSolidBrush ( )
. . . . . . . . 59
. . . . . . . . 58
\xleftarrow ( . . . . . . . . 59 ) \xleftharpoondown ( ) . . . 59 \xleftharpoonup ( ) . . . . . 59 \xLeftrightarrow ( ) \xLeftrightarrow ( ) ) \xleftrightarrow ( \xleftrightarrow ( ) . . . 60 . . . 59 . . . 60 . . . 59
6 7
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
73, 76 . . . 73 . . . 73 . . . 73 60
\widering () . . . . . . . . . . . 57 \widetilde () . . . . . . . . . . 58 \widetilde ( ) . . . . . . . 57, 59 \widetriangle () . . . . . . . 57 \wind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 \with (&) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 \with (w) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \withattack (A) . . . . . . . . . 82 \withidea (E) . . . . . . . . . . 82 \withinit (C) . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \without (v) . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \wn (?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 \Womanface () . . . . . . . . . 80 won . . . . . . . . . . see \textwon \wp () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 \wp () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 \wr ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 \wr ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 \wreath ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 wreath product . . . . . . see \wr \Writinghand (b) . . . . . . . . 76 wsuipa (package) 11, 15, 16, 88, 90, 94, 104, 105 \wupperhand (c) . . . . . . . . . 82 X \x ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \XBox ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
\xtwoheadleftarrow ( )
\xtwoheadrightarrow ( ) 60 X -pic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Y Y \Ydown ( ) . . . . yen . . . . . . . . . . yfonts (package) . yhmath (package) 104 \Yinyang (Y) . . \Yleft ( ) . . . . \yogh () . . . . . \yogh (x) . . . . . \Yright ( ) . . . \Yup ( ) . . . . . .
\xleftrightharpoons ( ) . 59 \xlongequal (==) . . . . . . . . 60 = \xlongequal (==) . . . . . . . . 60 = \xLongleftarrow (=) . . . . 60 = \xlongleftarrow () . . . . 60 \xLongleftrightarrow (=) = . . . . . . . . . 60 \xlongleftrightarrow () . . . . . . . . . 60 = \xLongrightarrow (=) . . . 60 \xlongrightarrow () . . . 60 ) \xmapsto ( . . . . . . . . . . 59 \xmapsto ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 60 XML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 \xRightarrow (= ) . . . . . . . . 59 \xrightarrow ( ) . . . . . . . 59 \xrightharpoondown ( ) . . 59
. . . . . . . . . 21 . see \textyen . . 65, 104, 105 57, 59, 62, 94, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 21 12 12 21 21
Z Zapf Chancery (font) Zapf Dingbats (font) \Zborder ( ) . . . . . \zeta () . . . . . . . . \zetaup () . . . . . . . \Zodiac . . . . . . . . . zodiacal symbols . . .
) \ztransf ( c ... s . . . . . . . . . 35 \zugzwang (D) . . . . . . . . . . 82

.
. ) \Ztransf ( s ... c . . . . . . . . . 35
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
... 71, ... ... ... ... ...
65 73 77 49 50 68 68
\Zwdr ( * ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \ZwPa ( A ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
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Latex Symbols A4

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A The Comprehensive L TEX Symbol List Scott Pakin <scott+clsl@pakin.

org> 3 January 2008

Table Table Table Table Table Table Table

31: 32: 33: 34: 35: 36: 37:

77 78 78 78 78 78 78 79 79 79 79 80 80 80 80 80 81 81 81 81 82 82 82 83 83 84 84 85 85 87 87 87 87 99 100 100 104 106 106 107

Frequently Requested Symbols

.............................. .............. ........................ ......................

............................... .............................. ...................... .............................. .............................. ............................... and .........................

A Table 1: L TEX 2 Escapable Special Characters

A Table 2: Predened L TEX 2 Text-mode Commands

\ddag \dots \pounds

Table 5: Non-ASCII Letters (Excluding Accented Letters) a A

\aa \AA \AE \ae

\DH \dh \DJ \dj

\ss \SS \TH \th

\B{D} \B{d} \B{H} \B{h} \B{t} \B{T} \m{b} \m{B} \m{C}

\m{f} \m{F} \m{G} \m{g} \m{I} \m{i} \m{J} \m{j} \m{K}

\m{k} \m{N} \m{n} \m{o} \m{O} \m{P} \m{p} \m{s} \m{S}

\M{t} \M{T} \m{t} \m{T} \m{u} \m{U} \m{Y} \m{y} \m{z}

\m{Z} \T{E} \T{e} \T{O} \T{o}

\m{v} and \m{V} are synonyms for \m{u} and \m{U}.

Table 7: Letters Used to Typeset Vietnamese \OHORN \ohorn \UHORN \uhorn

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\textfishhookr \textg \textgamma \textglobfall \textglobrise

\textrhookschwa \textrhoticity \textrptr \textrtaild \textrtaill

\textvibyi \textvibyy \textwynn \textyogh

Table 11: tipx Phonetic Symbols

Table 13: wsuipa Phonetic Symbols

\babygamma \barb \bard \bari \barl

\eng \er \esh \eth \flapr

\labdentalnas \latfric \legm \legr \lz

\schwa \sci \scn \scr \scripta

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Table 15: phonetic Phonetic Symbols

\barj \barlambda \emgma \engma \enya \epsi \esh \eth \fj

\flap \glottal \hausaB \hausab \hausad \hausaD \hausak \hausaK \hookd

\ibar \openo \planck \pwedge \revD \riota \rotm \rotOmega \rotr

\rotvara \rotw \roty \schwa \thorn \ubar \udesc \vara \varg

\vari \varomega \varopeno \vod \voicedh \yogh

\texthtd \texthtk \texthtp \texthtt \textiota \textltailn \textopeno

\textpipe \textrtaild \textrtailt \textschwa \textscriptv \textteshlig \textyogh

Table 17: semtrans Transliteration Symbols \Alif \Ayn

Table 18: Text-mode Accents a A a A Aa a A a A \"{A}\"{a} \{A}\{a} \.{A}\.{a} \={A}\={a} \^{A}\^{a} Aa

\{A}\{a} \|{A}\|{a} \~{A}\~{a} \b{A}\b{a} \c{A}\c{a} Aa

\d{A}\d{a} \G{A}\G{a} \h{A}\h{a} \H{A}\H{a} \k{A}\k{a}

\r{A}\r{a} \t{A}\t{a} \u{A}\u{a} \U{A}\U{a} \v{A}\v{a}

Table 19: tipa Text-mode Accents a A a A \textacutemacron{A}\textacutemacron{a} \textacutewedge{A}\textacutewedge{a}

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Aa A< <a a A a A a A a A a A a A a A a A a A a A `a A` a A Aa Aa a A a A Aa Aa Aa Aa a A a A Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa A& &a

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Aa " " a A >> Aa a A

\textsyllabic{A}\textsyllabic{a} \texttildedot{A}\texttildedot{a} \texttoptiebar{A}\texttoptiebar{a} \textvbaraccent{A}\textvbaraccent{a}

Table 21: wsuipa Text-mode Accents Aa gg Aa  \dental{A}\dental{a} \underarch{A}\underarch{a}

Table 22: phonetic Text-mode Accents Aa

\hill{A}\hill{a} \od{A}\od{a} \ohill{A}\ohill{a}

\rc{A}\rc{a} \syl{A}\syl{a} \td{A}\td{a}

Table 24: t4phonet Text-mode Accents \textdoublegrave{A}\textdoublegrave{a} \textvbaraccent{A}\textvbaraccent{a} \textdoublevbaraccent{A}\textdoublevbaraccent{a}

Table 25: arcs Text-mode Accents Aa \overarc{A}\overarc{a} Aa \underarc{A}\underarc{a}

Table 26: semtrans Accents Aa \D{A}\D{a} aA Aa \U{A}\U{a}

Table 21: wsuipa Text-mode Accents Aa gg Aa \dental{A}\dental{a} \underarch{A}\underarch{a}