Chapter1:Introduction

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DatabaseSystemConcepts,5thEd.

Chapter1:Introduction
s PurposeofDatabaseSystems s ViewofData s DatabaseLanguages s RelationalDatabases s DatabaseDesign s Objectbasedandsemistructureddatabases s DataStorageandQuerying s TransactionManagement s DatabaseArchitecture s DatabaseUsersandAdministrators s OverallStructure s HistoryofDatabaseSystems

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DatabaseManagementSystem(DBMS)
s DBMScontainsinformationaboutaparticularenterprise
q q q

Collectionofinterrelateddata Setofprogramstoaccessthedata Anenvironmentthatisbothconvenientandefficienttouse Banking:alltransactions Airlines:reservations,schedules Universities:registration,grades Sales:customers,products,purchases Onlineretailers:ordertracking,customizedrecommendations Manufacturing:production,inventory,orders,supplychain Humanresources:employeerecords,salaries,taxdeductions

s DatabaseApplications:
q q q q q q q

s Databasestouchallaspectsofourlives

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PurposeofDatabaseSystems
s Intheearlydays,databaseapplicationswerebuiltdirectlyontopof

filesystems
q

s Drawbacksofusingfilesystemstostoredata:

Dataredundancyandinconsistency

Multiplefileformats,duplicationofinformationindifferentfiles Needtowriteanewprogramtocarryouteachnewtask

Difficultyinaccessingdata

q q

Dataisolationmultiplefilesandformats Integrityproblems

Integrityconstraints(e.g.accountbalance>0)become buriedinprogramcoderatherthanbeingstatedexplicitly Hardtoaddnewconstraintsorchangeexistingones

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PurposeofDatabaseSystems(Cont.)
s Drawbacksofusingfilesystems(cont.)
q

Atomicityofupdates

Failuresmayleavedatabaseinaninconsistentstatewithpartial updatescarriedout Example:Transferoffundsfromoneaccounttoanothershould eithercompleteornothappenatall Concurrentaccessedneededforperformance Uncontrolledconcurrentaccessescanleadtoinconsistencies Example:Twopeoplereadingabalanceandupdatingitatthe sametime

Concurrentaccessbymultipleusers

Securityproblems

Hardtoprovideuseraccesstosome,butnotall,data

s Databasesystemsoffersolutionstoalltheaboveproblems

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LevelsofAbstraction
s Physicallevel:describeshowarecord(e.g.,customer)isstored. s Logicallevel:describesdatastoredindatabase,andtherelationships

amongthedata.

typecustomer=record customer_id:string; customer_name:string; customer_street:string; customer_city:integer; end;

s Viewlevel:applicationprogramshidedetailsofdatatypes.Viewscan

alsohideinformation(suchasanemployeessalary)forsecurity purposes.

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ViewofData
Anarchitectureforadatabasesystem

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InstancesandSchemas
s s

Similartotypesandvariablesinprogramminglanguages Schemathelogicalstructureofthedatabase
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Example:Thedatabaseconsistsofinformationaboutasetofcustomersand accountsandtherelationshipbetweenthem) Analogoustotypeinformationofavariableinaprogram Physicalschema:databasedesignatthephysicallevel Logicalschema:databasedesignatthelogicallevel Analogoustothevalueofavariable

q q q

Instancetheactualcontentofthedatabaseataparticularpointintime
q

PhysicalDataIndependencetheabilitytomodifythephysicalschemawithout changingthelogicalschema
q q

Applicationsdependonthelogicalschema Ingeneral,theinterfacesbetweenthevariouslevelsandcomponentsshouldbe welldefinedsothatchangesinsomepartsdonotseriouslyinfluenceothers.

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DataModels
s Acollectionoftoolsfordescribing

Data q Datarelationships q Datasemantics q Dataconstraints

q

s Relationalmodel s EntityRelationshipdatamodel(mainlyfordatabasedesign) s Objectbaseddatamodels(ObjectorientedandObjectrelational) s Semistructureddatamodel(XML) s Otheroldermodels:

q q

Networkmodel Hierarchicalmodel

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DataManipulationLanguage(DML)
s Languageforaccessingandmanipulatingthedataorganizedbythe

appropriatedatamodel
q

DMLalsoknownasquerylanguage Proceduraluserspecifieswhatdataisrequiredandhowtoget thosedata Declarative(nonprocedural)userspecifieswhatdatais requiredwithoutspecifyinghowtogetthosedata

s Twoclassesoflanguages
q

s SQListhemostwidelyusedquerylanguage

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DataDefinitionLanguage(DDL)
s Specificationnotationfordefiningthedatabaseschema

Example: createtableaccount( accountnumberchar(10), balanceinteger)

s DDLcompilergeneratesasetoftablesstoredinadatadictionary s Datadictionarycontainsmetadata(i.e.,dataaboutdata)
q q

Databaseschema Datastorageanddefinitionlanguage

Specifiesthestoragestructureandaccessmethodsused Domainconstraints Referentialintegrity(referencesconstraintinSQL) Assertions

Integrityconstraints

Authorization

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RelationalModel
s Exampleoftabulardataintherelationalmodel
Attributes

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ASampleRelationalDatabase

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SQL
s SQL:widelyusednonprocedurallanguage
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Example:Findthenameofthecustomerwithcustomerid192837465 select customer.customer_name from customer where customer.customer_id=192837465 Example:Findthebalancesofallaccountsheldbythecustomerwith customerid192837465 select account.balance from depositor,account where depositor.customer_id=192837465and depositor.account_number=account.account_number LanguageextensionstoallowembeddedSQL Applicationprograminterface(e.g.,ODBC/JDBC)whichallowSQL queriestobesenttoadatabase

s Applicationprogramsgenerallyaccessdatabasesthroughoneof
q q

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DatabaseDesign
Theprocessofdesigningthegeneralstructureofthedatabase:
s LogicalDesignDecidingonthedatabaseschema.Databasedesign

requiresthatwefindagoodcollectionofrelationschemas.
q

BusinessdecisionWhatattributesshouldwerecordinthe database? ComputerSciencedecisionWhatrelationschemasshouldwe haveandhowshouldtheattributesbedistributedamongthevarious relationschemas?

s PhysicalDesignDecidingonthephysicallayoutofthedatabase

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TheEntityRelationshipModel
s Modelsanenterpriseasacollectionofentitiesandrelationships
q

Entity:athingorobjectintheenterprisethatisdistinguishable fromotherobjects

Describedbyasetofattributes

Relationship:anassociationamongseveralentities

s Representeddiagrammaticallybyanentityrelationshipdiagram:

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ObjectRelationalDataModels
s Extendtherelationaldatamodelbyincludingobjectorientationand

constructstodealwithaddeddatatypes. valuessuchasnestedrelations.

s Allowattributesoftuplestohavecomplextypes,includingnonatomic s Preserverelationalfoundations,inparticularthedeclarativeaccessto

data,whileextendingmodelingpower.

s Provideupwardcompatibilitywithexistingrelationallanguages.

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XML:ExtensibleMarkupLanguage
s DefinedbytheWWWConsortium(W3C) s Originallyintendedasadocumentmarkuplanguagenota

databaselanguage

s Theabilitytospecifynewtags,andtocreatenestedtagstructures

madeXMLagreatwaytoexchangedata,notjustdocuments formats.

s XMLhasbecomethebasisforallnewgenerationdatainterchange s Awidevarietyoftoolsisavailableforparsing,browsingand

queryingXMLdocuments/data

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StorageManagement
s Storagemanagerisaprogrammodulethatprovidestheinterface

betweenthelowleveldatastoredinthedatabaseandtheapplication programsandqueriessubmittedtothesystem.
q q

s Thestoragemanagerisresponsibletothefollowingtasks:

Interactionwiththefilemanager Efficientstoring,retrievingandupdatingofdata Storageaccess Fileorganization Indexingandhashing

s Issues:
q q q

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QueryProcessing
1. Parsingandtranslation 2. Optimization 3. Evaluation

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QueryProcessing(Cont.)
s Alternativewaysofevaluatingagivenquery
q q

Equivalentexpressions Differentalgorithmsforeachoperation

s Costdifferencebetweenagoodandabadwayofevaluatingaquerycan

beenormous
q

s Needtoestimatethecostofoperations

Dependscriticallyonstatisticalinformationaboutrelationswhichthe databasemustmaintain Needtoestimatestatisticsforintermediateresultstocomputecostof complexexpressions

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TransactionManagement
s Atransactionisacollectionofoperationsthatperformsasingle

logicalfunctioninadatabaseapplication

s Transactionmanagementcomponentensuresthatthedatabase

remainsinaconsistent(correct)statedespitesystemfailures(e.g., powerfailuresandoperatingsystemcrashes)andtransactionfailures. concurrenttransactions,toensuretheconsistencyofthedatabase.

s Concurrencycontrolmanagercontrolstheinteractionamongthe

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DatabaseArchitecture
Thearchitectureofadatabasesystemsisgreatlyinfluencedby theunderlyingcomputersystemonwhichthedatabaseisrunning:
s Centralized s Clientserver s Parallel(multiprocessor) s Distributed

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DatabaseUsers
Usersaredifferentiatedbythewaytheyexpecttointeractwith thesystem
s ApplicationprogrammersinteractwithsystemthroughDMLcalls s Sophisticatedusersformrequestsinadatabasequerylanguage s Specializeduserswritespecializeddatabaseapplicationsthatdo

notfitintothetraditionaldataprocessingframework havebeenwrittenpreviously
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s Naveusersinvokeoneofthepermanentapplicationprogramsthat

Examples,peopleaccessingdatabaseovertheweb,banktellers, clericalstaff

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DatabaseAdministrator
s Coordinatesalltheactivitiesofthedatabasesystem;the

databaseadministratorhasagoodunderstandingofthe enterprisesinformationresourcesandneeds.
q q q q q q q

s Databaseadministrator'sdutiesinclude:

Schemadefinition Storagestructureandaccessmethoddefinition Schemaandphysicalorganizationmodification Grantinguserauthoritytoaccessthedatabase Specifyingintegrityconstraints Actingasliaisonwithusers Monitoringperformanceandrespondingtochangesin requirements

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OverallSystemStructure

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HistoryofDatabaseSystems
s 1950sandearly1960s:
q

Dataprocessingusingmagnetictapesforstorage

Tapesprovideonlysequentialaccess

Punchedcardsforinput Harddisksallowdirectaccesstodata Networkandhierarchicaldatamodelsinwidespreaduse TedCodddefinestherelationaldatamodel

s Late1960sand1970s:
q q q

WouldwintheACMTuringAwardforthiswork IBMResearchbeginsSystemRprototype UCBerkeleybeginsIngresprototype

Highperformance(fortheera)transactionprocessing

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History(cont.)
s 1980s:
q

Researchrelationalprototypesevolveintocommercialsystems

SQLbecomesindustrialstandard

q q

Parallelanddistributeddatabasesystems Objectorienteddatabasesystems Largedecisionsupportanddataminingapplications Largemultiterabytedatawarehouses EmergenceofWebcommerce XMLandXQuerystandards Automateddatabaseadministration

s 1990s:
q q q

s 2000s:
q q

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EndofChapter1

Silberschatz,KorthandSudarshan Seewww.dbbook.comforconditionsonreuse

DatabaseSystemConcepts,5thEd.

Figure1.4

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Figure1.7

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