B

With reference to the above exhibits: a) Describe what you observe (4 Marks)

A: Buff coloured dry waxy colonies on Lowenstein-Jensen medium. B: Thin rods with beaded appearance acid-fast bacilli in Ziehl-Neelsen stain. b) State the likely aetiological agent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. (1 Mark)

c) State the infection caused by the organism (1Mark) Tuberculosis. d) Name two antibiotics in the treatment of this infection (2 Marks) Isoniazid, rifampicin. e) State two complications due to this infection (2 Marks) Military tuberculosis, UTI, meningitis.

With reference to the display: a) What do you observe (4 Marks) A Culture plate pinpoint colonies with -hemolysis on the blood agar. B Stained slide gram positive cocci arranged in chain. a) State the likely organism (1 Mark) Group A -hemolytic streptococci @ Streptococcus pyogenes. b) State two infections it may cause (2 Marks) Streptococcal pharyngitis, Scarlet fever. c) State two complications that may occur due to infection of this organism (2 Marks) Rheumatic heart disease, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. d) What is the antibiotic of choice to treat infections from this organism (1 Mark) Penicillin G.

With reference to the above exhibit: a) Briefly describe what is seen in (4 Marks) A: Lancelet-shaped gram positive diplococci. B: -hemolytic draughtsman colonies seen on blood agar (indicates autolytic activity of MO) b) Name the test shown in B used for identifying the organism (1 Mark) Optochin test. c) State the likely aetiological agent. (1 Mark) Strepcoccus pneumoniae. d) State one infection caused by the organism identified (1 Mark) Lobar pneumonia. e) State two virulence factor of the organism. (2 Marks) Capsule, pneumolysin. f) State the antimicrobial of choice used to treat the infection. (1 Marks) Penicillin.

With reference to the above exhibit: a) Describe what you observe (2 Marks) Sucrose fermenting colonies on thiosulfate citrate bile sucrose (TCBS) agar. b) Name the selective medium shown (1 Mark) TCBS agar. c) State the likely aetiological agent. (1 Mark) Vibrio cholerae. d) State the transport medium used to isolate the agent. (1 Mark) Alkaline peptone water. e) State two major symptoms noticed in the infection with the above pathogen. (2 Marks) Diarrhea, vomiting. f) How is the infection transmitted? (1 Mark) Fecal-oral route. g) Name the natural host of this organism and one measure to control its spread? (2 Mark) Man. Proper sewage disposal.

h) With reference to the above exhibit: a) Describe the appearance of this specimen. (4 Marks) A: gram positive bacilli arranged in Chinese letter fashion. (if Alberts@methylene blue stain, state metachromatic granules). B: gray-black colonies seen on potassium tellurite blood agar. b) State the likely aetiological agent (1 Mark) Corynebacterium diphteriae. c) State the virulence factor and how is tested (2 Marks) Exotoxin (diphtheria toxin). ELEK plate. d) State two measure to manage this infection. (2 Marks) Antimicrobial (penicillin). Antitoxin. e) Name one preventive measure for this infection (1 Mark) DPT vaccine.

With reference to the above exhibit: a) Describe the appearance of this specimen. (4 Marks) A B Slide: - Conidiophores with swollen rounded ends. - Conidia form radiating chains. Culture: powdery dry colonies, black in appearance on the Sabourauds dextrose agar (SDA)

b) State what method is used to visualize the agent in A (1 Mark) Lactophenol cotton blue. c) State the likely aetiological agent (1 Mark) Aspergillus niger. d) State one predisposing factor for this agent to cause lung infection (1 Mark) Immunocompromised patients, previous tuberculous cavity (aspergilloma). e) State two pathogenic species of the above agent (2 Marks) Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus. f) State one antimicrobial used to treat the infection (1 Mark) Amphotericin B.

With reference to the above exhibit: a) Describe the appearance of this specimen and name the test shown in B to identify the organism (4 Marks) A B Slide: gram positive cocci arranged in clusters. Culture: mannitol fermenter colonies show shiny yellow discolouration.

b) Name the likely pathogen (1 Mark) Staphylococcus aureus. c) Name two infections caused by this pathogen (2 Marks) Infective endocarditis, toxic shock syndrome, food poisoning. d) Name two virulence factors of this pathogen (2 Marks) Coagulase, hyaluronidase. e) Name the antimicrobial of choice (1 Mark) Cloxacillin.

With reference to the above exhibit: a) Describe the appearance of this specimen. (4 Marks) A B Culture: mucoid colonies with green pigment production (aeruginosin). Slide: gram negative bacilli.

b) Name a test to presumptively identify this pathogen (1 Mark) Oxidase test (+ve). c) Name the pathogen (1 Mark) Pseudomonas aeruginosa. d) State the natural reservoir of this organism (1 Mark) Soil, water. e) State three infections the pathogen causes (2 Marks) Nosocomial pneumonia, UTI, corneal infection.

With reference to the above exhibit: a) Describe the appearance of this specimen in A. (2 Marks) Gram negative pleomorphic coccobacilli. b) Describe and name the test shown in B to identify this organism (3 Marks) Satellitism around colonies of Staph. aureus on blood agar. c) Name the organism (1 Mark) Haemophilus influenzae. d) Name two infections caused by this pathogen (2 Marks) Community-acquired pneumonia, meningitis. e) Name two complications caused by infection with this organism (2 Marks) Otitis media, epiglotitis.

E.coli With reference to the above exhibit on Maconkey agar: a) Describe the appearance of this specimen. (2 Marks) Pink (lactose fermenting), dry colonies on Mac Conkey agar. b) What will be the Gram reaction of this organism (2 Marks) Gram negative. c) Name three infections it causes (3 Marks) UTI, infantile diarrhea, wound infection. d) Name the normal habitat of this organism in human body (1 Mark) Mans large intestine. e) State two antimicrobials used in treatment of this infection (2 Marks) Gentamicin, co-trimoxazole.

Name and state the principle of this test shown above Coagulase test. Clotting of fibrin after plasma added by Staph. aureus. Name the organism it differentiates Staph. aureus and Staph. epidermidis.

Urease +ve e.g. Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus spp.

Salmonella on SS

Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, etc.

Salmonella, Klebsiella on blood agar (pale colonies)