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Culture Documents
T r a u t h
. .
Emery I n d u s t r i e s , I n c .
a p p l i c a b l e t o t h e ' o i l s from whicti t h e y a r e d e r i v e d , o r which t h e y may replace in application. The s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e end-product t o q u a l i t y Eac-
This tendency
i s s l i g h t f o r the long-chain
iures.
s a t u r a t e d a c i d s , e x c e p t a t e l e v a t e d tempera-
w i t h t h e more u n s a t u r a t e d a c i d s .
Thus, w h i l e most f a t t y a c i d s a r e n o t s o c o r r o s i v e a s t o
p r e c l u d e shipment i n o r d i n a r y u n l i n e d s t e e l drums o r t a n k c a r s , t h e c h a r a c -
I t i s t h i s con-
SteAkic a c i d a n d o t h e r h i g h - t i t e r a c i d s of t h e l o n g - c h a i n ' s a t u r a t e d t y p e
?
D e l i v e r i e s of mixed and long-chain a c i d s have t r a d i t i o n a l l y been made i n s t e e l drums o r s t e e l t a n k c a r s , b e c a u s e t h e pick-up of i r o n d u r i n g t h e s h i p p i n g p e r i o d i s i n c o n s e q u e n t i a l i n many u s e s . Howewer, where p r o d u c t q u a l i t y i s
l'ikely t o be a f f e c t e d o r c o l o r i s c r i t i c a l , drums and t a n k c a r s must b e r e s i n l i n e d o r of n o n - c o r r o s i v e meta 1 c o n s t r u c t i o n . S o l i d F a t t y Acids S t e a r i c a c i d (55/45 p a l m i t i c - t o - s t e a r i c t u r e as s u p p l i e d i n s o l i d s l a b form. r a t i o ) has a c r y s t a l l i n e struc-
Such c a k e s o r s l a b s a r e t y p i c a l l y However, s t e a r i c
and o t h e r s o l i d a c i d s a r e now i n c r e a s i n g l y s o l d i n f l a k e , powder o r bead form, i n m u l t i w a l l p a p e r b a g s , c l o t h o r b u r l a p b a g s , f i b e t drums, e t c . 80, 100 lb.) (50,
P o l y v i n y l o r p o l y e t h y l e n e l i n e r s have proved s a t i s f a c t o r y f o r
I t c o n s i s t s of
z ,
2
..
Yet, because t h e g l u e a l s o h a s
S l i d i n g t h e bags o f f w i t h o u t f i r s t
l i f t i n g themfi-ee may t e a r t h e o u t e r p l y of p a p e r ,
"
A power-driven
s a v i n g s from h a n d l i n g u n i t l o a d s ,
F o r e a s i e r h a n d l i n g , it i s g e n e r a l l y
d i s p o s a b l e p a l l e t s used f o r s h i p m e n t d o n o t h a v e s u f f k i e n t r i g i d i t y b. y. ,. . . . .
, .
carried
. .... .i
Tank c a r s h i p m e n t s of s o l i d f a t t y a c i d s r e q u i r e
U s e o f o r d i n a r y steel t a n k c a r s may b e e x p e c t e d t o
However, t h e h e a t r e q u i r e d t o m e l t t h e t a n k c a r To mini-
c o n t e n t s w i l l have some s l i g h t d i s c o l o r i n g e f f e c t on t h e a c i d s .
1
is
e s s e n t i a l t o t h e u n l o a d i n g of a t a n k c a r of f a t t y a c i d , 4,rFt%&-pressure
stqam s h o u l d b e used w i t h c a u t i o n .
- 3 -
Unloading B u l k S o l i d A c i d s .
Steam s h o u l d b e t u r n e d on g r a d u a l l y s o
p o r t a b l e s t e a m g e n e r a t o r s may b e c o n n e c t e d t o t a n k c a r s t e a m l i n e s .
To d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r t h e c o n t e n t s of a t a n k c a r a r e c o m p l e t e l y
m e l t e d , a n i n s p e c t i o n from t h e t o p of t h e c a r should be made, e i t h e r v i s u a l l y o r u s i n g a s t i c k o r t u b e sampler, Most steel t a n k s have t h e
I t s h o u l d b e emphasized t h a t i f s o l i d a c i d s r e m a i n
i n t h e bottom of t h e c a r below t h e s t e a m c o i l s , it w i l l b e i m p o s s i b l e t o unload c o m p l e t e l y , and t h e r e s i d u a l m a e r i a l w i l l have t o b e c h i p p e d o u t a n d removed b y hand. S o l i d f a t t y a c i d s , s u c h a s s t e a r i c , r e q u i r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 24 o r more h o u r s of s t e a m i n g , d e p e n d i n g on p r e v a i l i n g t e m p e r a t u r e s , f o r c o m p l e t e l i q u e faction. When t h e a c i d i s c o m p l e t e l y m e l t e d and h e a t e d t o a t e m p e r a t u r e
a b o u t 20% above i t s m e l t i n g p o i n t , it i s r e a d y f o r pumping, B e c a u s e of t h e h i g h t i t e r of s u c h a c i d s , it i s e s s e n t i a l t h a t a l l pumping l i n e s b e e q u i p p e d w i t h s t e a m t r a c e r s ( i i s u a l l y c o p p e r t u b i n g wound a b o u t t h e l i n e ) and k e p t a t a n e l e v a t e d t e m p e r a t u r e t o p r e v e n t s o l i d i f i c a t i o n and b l o c k a g e o f t h e l i n e , a s r e a d i l y a s any l o w - t i t e r With t h i s p r e c a u t i o n , s t e a r i c a c i d c a n b e pumped f a t t y acid. C l e a r i n g pumping l i n e s a f t e r u s e by
blowing o u t r e t a i n e d l i q u i d i s e s s e n t i a l t o p r e v e n t blockage.
I n e r t gases,
such as n i t r o g e n o r c a r b o n d i o x i d e , a r e p r e f e r a b l e f o r t h i s p u r p o s e , a l t h o u g h
I
m e l t i n g o u t any s o l i d i f i e d m a t e r i a l , b u t of c o u r s e t h e blown-out p r o d u c t
F u r t h e r pumpingsmay b e con-
l i n e , a n i n s p e c t i o n must be made t o d e t e r m i n e i f t h e v a l v e i s p r o p e r l y
8
seated.
T h i s i s done by t u r n i n g t h e v a l v e - o p e r a t i n g
l o c a t e d i n s i d e t h e dome.
and on
They a r e o f f e r e d o n l y a s a g e n e r a l g u i d e i n
s e t t i n g i n d i v i d u a l p r o c e d u r e s w i t h t h e c o o p e r a t i o n of t h e c a r r i e r
i
unloaded.
C a u t i o n s i g n s s h o u l d b e p l a c e d on t h e t r a c k o r c a r .
2. Open t h e dome of t h e c a r .
The p u r p o s e
of t h i s i s t h a t o t h e r w i s e
' c h a r g i n g a t a n k of f a t t y a c i d s on t h e t r a c k .
i s removed.
Make s u r e t h i s second v a l v e i s c l o s e d .
When t h e c a r i s h e a t e d ,
4. A t t a c h t h e d i s c h a r g e l i n e s a n d pumps g o i n g t o s t o r a g e .
5. A t t a c h t h e s t e a m h o s e t o t h e h e a t i n g c o i l s and a steam t r a p a t t h e
e x h a u s t end. The u s e of a steam t r a p w i l l s a v e c o n s i d e r a b l e steam consumpHowever, i f
t i o n and a l s o i n s u r e f a s t e r h e a t i n g of t h e c o n t e n t s of t h e c a r .
no steam t r a p i s a v a i l a b l e , p u t a v a l v e on t h e o u t l e t of t h e steam c o i l and u s e it a s a b l e e d e r t o keep steam coming t h r o u g h t h e c o i l . pounds of steam p r e s s u r e i s ample. Ten t o f i f t e e n
The s t e a m s h o u l d b e k e p t on t h e c a r u n t i l
6. A f t e r t h e c a r i s u n l o a d e d , t h e f a t t y a c i d l i n e s h o u l d b e blown w i t h
i n e r t g a s o r steam. A l s o , t h e s t e a m c o i l s on t h e t a n k c a r s h o u l d b e blown
'
Before e n t e r i n g t h e c a r f o r i n s p e c t i o n , s u f f i c i e n t t i m e
. Aluminum, r e s i n - l i n e d
/
f a t t y a c i d s a r e usually available i n t h e following sizes: 4,,000 g a l . 6,000 g a l . 8,000 g a l . Semi-Solid and L i q u i d F a t t y A c i d s Tank C a r S h i p m e n t s (30,ood. l b ) (45,000 l b ) (60t000 l b )
Aluminum i s h i g h l y r e s i s t a n t t o a t t a c k by t h e h i g h e r
As a r e s u l t o f t h i s r a p i d d e l i v e r y , p l u s t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y
if r e q u i r e d .
B y I.C.C.
r e g u l a t i o n s , however, s u c h t a n k t r u c k s are n o t a v a i l -
a b l e t o a l l areas.
1
30,000 pound) t a n k t r u c k s w i t h a
v a r i e t y of o t h e r s i z e s and compartment c o m b i n a t i o n s a v a i l a b l e as r e q u i r e d .
k s s t h a n 4,000 g a l l o n s h i p m e n t s c a n b e a r r a n g e d a t a n a p p r o p r i a t e added c o s t .
Compartmented t a n k t r u c k s o f f e r t h e u s e r t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o o r d e r small b u l k
s
I t should b e noted t h a t n e t
i s used f o r a n y t y p e of m a t e r i a l t h e t r u c k may c a r r y . a s o u r c e of p r o d u c t c o n t a m i n a t i o n .
t h e u s e of t h e pump,
I
It can, t h e r e f o r e , b e
I n many c a s e s , t o o , a c h a r g e i s made f o r
&@e b y t h e t r u c k e r f a r a l l l e n g t h s of h o s e o v e r 36 f e e t .
Tank t r u c k s must b e unloaded i m m e d i a t e l y on a r r i v a l t o a v o i d d e l a y " charges by t h e c a r r i e r . The E a s t e r n Tank C a r r i e r C o n f e r e n c e r u l i n g states
t h a t one h o u r i s a l l o w e d f o r u n l o a d i n g s h i p m e n t s of 4 , 7 5 0 g a l l o n s o r less,
h o u r s f o r more t h a n t h i s amount.
Any t i m e o v e r t h i s
' s t e e l drums.
movable head a t t a c h e d t o t h e d r u m by means of a r i n g l o c k w i t h a c e l l u l o s e o r n e o p r e n e sponge g a s k e t p r o h T b i t i n g a n y l o s s t h r o u g h l e a k a g e . I n a l l c a s e s where t h e p r e s e r v a t i o n of c o l o r i s i m p o r t a n t and m e t a l l i c c o n t a m i n a t i o n h a s t o b e a v o i d e d , l i n e d drums are u s e d t o s h i p f a t t y a c i d s . The l i n i n g s a r e m o s t l y of t h e p h e n o l i c o r "Epon'' r e s i n t y p e o r a m i x t u r e of
a d e p o s i t charge.
They a r e n o t s u b j e c t t o t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of p h y s i c a l dam-
s h o u l d be s t o r e d i n a c l e a n , d r y warehouse o r b u j l d i n g , however,
since the
dare s h o u l d a l s o b e e x e r c i s e d t o p r e v e n t t e a r i n g t h e bags d u r i n g h a n d l i n g .
I f l i f t t r u c k s a r e a v a i l a b l e t h e b a g s c a n b e r e a d i l y handled o r s t o r e d on
pallets.
n e c e s s a r y , b u t i n s i d e s t o r a g e i s much p r e f e r r e d i f t h e a c i d s a r e t o b e s t o r e d more t h a n a week o r two b e f o r e b e i n g used. o b l i t e r a t e drum markings and r u s t t h e drums. Outside s t o r a g e w i l l tend t o Where t h e c o n t e n t s of t h e drums
L by f a r t h e b e s t p r a c t i c e t o s t o r e drums of f a t t y a c i d s under c o n d i t i o n s s
df r e a s o n a b l y c o n s t a n t t e m p e r a t u r e . The f u l l open h e a d , l e v e k l o c k drums g e n e r a l l y used f o r s e m i s o l i d f a t t y a c i d s s h o u l d , s o f a r a s p o s s i b l e , be handled i n t h e u p r i g h t p o s i t i o n . Regti-
be t a k e n i n l o w e r i n g t h e drum from t h e v e r t i c a l p o s i t i o n n o t t o a l l o w t h e
drum t o f a l l on t h e c o v e r c l o s i n g r i n g s i n c e t h a t c a n d i s l o d g e t h e c o v e r g a s k e t a n d c a u s e l e a k a g e of l i q u i d a c i d s .
'
F a t t y a c i d drums s h o u l d a l w a y s b e s t o r e d i n t h e v e r t i c a l p o s i t i o n .
If
drums are s t a c k e d , p a l l e t s o r b o a r d s s h o u l d b e p l a c e d between e a c h two tiers t o p r e v e n t t o p p l i n g and t o p r o t e c t t h e drums a g a i n s t u n n e c e s s a r y damage. S o l i d i f i e d f a t t y acid drum s t o c k s s h o u l d be m e l t e d be o r e u s e t o i n s u r e uniformity.
I
S i n c e f a t t y a c i d s a r e p o o r h e a t c o n d u c t o r s it i s n e c e s s a r y t o Drum ! s t o c k s s h o u l d b e warmed i n a
d a r e s h o u l d b e t a k e n t o l o o s e n bungs p r i o r t o h e a t i n g .
synthetic resin-lined
s t a i n l e s s s t e e l t a n k s and r e i n f o r c e d p l a s t i c t a n k s .
C y p r e s s wood t a n k s may
Glass-lined
t a n k s a r e e n t i r e l y r e s i s t a n t t o a t t a c k by f a t t y a c i d s ;
t a n k s o b t a i n e d from t h e b r e w i n g i n d u s t r y
Of c o u r s e ,
a i c d and a l k a l i - r e s i s t a n t .
steel,
F i b e r g l a s s r e i n f o r c e d epoxy o r p o l y e s t e r r e s i n t a n k s a r e b e i n g i l n c r e a s i n g l y used f o r f a t t y a c i d s t o r a g e * Tanks c a n b e v e r t i c a l o r h o r i z o n t a l , round o r r e c t a n g u l a r , t o b e s t s u i t a v a i l a b l e space. When removing c o n t e n t s from t h e t a n k s , a g i t a t i o n s h o u l d b e T h i s c a n b e p r o v i d e d by m e c h a n i c e l
a g i t a t o r s , by s p a r g i n g w i t h i n e r t g a s o r by c i r c u l a t i n g t h e t a n k c o n t e n t s w i t h e x t e r n a l pumps,
k
I n d e s i g n i n g t a n k s f o r s t o r a g e , i t i s good p r a c t i c e t o p r o v i d e s t o r a g e
t i m e s t h e q u a n t i t y u s u a l l y purchased,
Thus, i f
w i t h a h o l d i n g c a p a c i t y of 12,000 g a l l o n s .
bf t h i n n e r s h e l l s e c t i o n s .
(Ha 1 -Tone ) f (Aluminum s t o r a g e t a n k of 1,000,000 l b c a p a c i t y c o n s t r u c t e d of 3/8 i n , and 1/2 in. s h e e t a l u m i num (3003) d i r e c t l y on a c o n c r e t e base. The b o t t o m s l o p e s t o one s i d e t o f a c i l i t a t e d r a i n a g e . )
(Half-Tone)
(A g r o u p of 12,OO 0-gallon aluminum h o l d i n g t a n k s mounted on s t r u c t u r a l s t e e l s u p p o r t i n g frames. The t a n k s have s h a l l o w cone-shaped b o t t o m s , are c o v e r e d and e q u i p p e d w i t h s t a i n l e s s steel h e a t i n g c o i l s . T h i s s i z e t a n k i s recommended f o r 8 , 0 0 0 g a l l o n tank-car p u r c h a s e s . )
'
H e a t i n g c o i l s should b e c o n s t r u c t e d of t y p e 316 s t a i n l e s s steel. Aluminum can b e used f o r c o i l s , b u t t h e mechanical p r o p e r t i e s of aluminum t u b i n g a r e such a s t o i n v i t e h i g h e r m a i n t e n a n c e t h a n w i l l b e e n c o u n t e r e d with s t a i n l e s s s t e e l . C a r e s h o u l d be t a k e n n o t t o o v e r h e a t f a t t y a c i d s .
It i s advisable
t o l i m i t t h e t e m p e r a t u r e of h e a t i n g s u r f a c e i n c o n t a c t w i t h f a t t y a c i d s
I
"hot room" c a n
'
I
Some b u l k u s e r s of f a t t y a c i d s employ i n e r t g a s ( c a r b o n d i o x i d e ,
n i t r o g e n o r m i x t u r e s of t h e two produced from c o m b u s t i o n g a s e s ) t o b l a n k e t t h e f a t t y a c i d s and p r o t e c t them from a i r o x i d a t i o n . n e c e s s a r y o n l y where c o l o r s e n s i t i v i t y However, t h i s i s When h i n e r t g a s i s u s e d , p r o v f s i o n s h o u l d b e made t o p r e v e n t e x c e s s p r e s s u r e b u i l d up when t h e , t a n k i s b e i n g f i l l e d o r c r e a t i o n of vacuum when t h e t a n k
of t h e p r o d u c t i s c r i t i c a l .
i s emptied.
1
b e s t r e s u l t s a g a i n s t d e t e r i o r a t i o n of q u a l i t y a r e o b t a i n e d by m a i n t a i n i n g t h e f a t t y a c i d s a t t h e l o w e s t t e m p e r a t u r e s at which t h e y a r e c o m p l e t e l y
I
A
l i q u i d and which p e r m i t s a t i s f a c t o r y h a b d l i n g f o r t h e u s e r .
Unsaturated
s u f f i c i e n t l e n g t h t o c a u s e t r o u b l e by p r o d u c t f r e e z e u p s s h o u l d b e s t e a m jacketed, s t e a m t r a c e d o r h e a t e d by e l e c t r i c a l t a p e s .
Fire P r o t e c t ion
F a t t y a c i d f i r e s , l i k e o i l f i r e s , a re n o t r e a d i l y c o m b a t b d w i t h w a t e r alone. U n l e s s c o m p l e t e and i n s t a n t a n e o u s f o g g i n g o r f l o o d i n g i s a c h i e v e d ,
14 - .
P i p i n g , Pumps and V a l v e s . f e r r e d m a t e r i a l of c o n s t r u c t i o n .
Copper and i t s a l l o y s s h o u l d b e c o m p l e t e l y
a v o i d e d i f c o l o r and o d o r s t a b i l i t y are d e s i r e d ,
I
C o n n e c t i o n s a r e b e s t made by w e l d i n g o r f l a n g i n g , b u t t h r e a d e d The
b e u s e d , b u t c a r e s h o u l d b e t a k e n t o u s e welded or f l a n g e d j o i n t s .
j o i n t s a r e n o t sat i s a c t o r y w i t h a luminum p i p i n g b e c a u s e of t h e r e l a t i v e
i!
s o f t n e s s of t h i s m e t a l ,
S t e e l o r c o p p e r t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e s are d e f i n i t e l y
..( '
Tine.
C o s t i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y $1,50 p e r f o o t f o r
F o r b e s t p e r f o r m a n c e , steam t r a c e d o r e l e c t r i c a l l y h e a t e d
l i n e s s h o u l d b e i n s u l a t e d , p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r o u t s i d e use.
15
stock.
Aluminum t a n k s a r e n o t recom-
s t o c k b e c a u s e of f r e e m o i s t u r e p r e s e n t .
Pumps.
a l l o y s a s 'Worthite"
( D u r i r o n Company) o r "Ircomet"
are recommended.
Bronze o r
s h o u l d b e m a i n t a i n e d on t h e s u c t i o n s i d e o f t h e pump.
S i n c e pumps have a way of b e i n g t r a n s f e r r e d from one s e r v i c e t o some o t h e r s e r v i c e , i t i s u s u a l l y good p r a c t i c e when p u r c h a s i n g a c e n t r i f u g a l pump. t o buy t h e motor t h a t i s termed n o n - o v e r l o a d i n g ,
i.e.,
a motor w i t h
I
s u f f i c i e n t horsepower t o h a n d l e t h e l o a d imposed on t h e pump when it i s pumping maximum c a p a c i t y a t minimum head. w i t h i n one o r two s i z e s T h i s motor w i l l u s u a l l y b e found The a d d i t i o n a l
of t h e motor r e q u i r e d f o r t h e job.
c o s t i s w e l l worth t h e v e r s a t i l i t y o b t a i n e d .
Valves*
"Ni-Resist"
..
For h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e a p p l i c a t i o n s , v a l v e s s h o u l d b e of t y p e 316
s t a i n l e s s steel, 'Worthite
," e t c ,