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ABSTRACT Theclassic method f quantitatively evaluating o c o a l s t i 1 1 u n d e r g r o u n id v o l v e s o b t a ' i n j n g o r e s f r o m n c b o r e h o l e s n d e v a l u a t i n gt h e s e c o r e s i n i h e l a b o r a t o r y a S i n c e . c o r i n gi s t i m e - c o n s u m i n g d c o s t l y , u s i n g an q u a n t ' i t a t i v e1 o g d a t a t o c a l c u l a t e c o a l q u a li t y i n f o r m a t i o n w i t h o u t c o m p l e t ed e p e n d e n co n c o r l s i s e d e s i r a b l e . Q u a il t y i n f o r m a t i o nd e r i v e d f r o m s u c h 1 o g d a t a a l l o w s a m o r ee x t e n s i v ee v a l u a t i o no f c o a l b e d s w h i l e d e c r e a s i n gc o r i n g c o s t s a n d a l l o w s t h e n f o r m a t i o nt o b e a v a i l a b l e a s s o o n a s t h e h o l e i s i o g g e d . A l t h o u g hi n i t i a l c o r r e l a t i o n o f c o r e w i t h 1ogdata for an area is required, later in situ a n a ) y s e s r e p o s s i b l e . I n i t i a l r e s u l t s s h o wt h e a v a l u e s g e n e r a t e d y t h e i n s i t u q u a l i t y m o d e lf a l l b within a few percentage oints of the core values p f o r m o i s t u r ea n d a s h a n d f a l l w i t h i n s e v e r a l p e r c e n t o f t h e c o r e h e a t c o n t e n tv a l u e s . I NTRODUCT I ON U n t i l r e c e n t l y , m o s t c o a l e v a l u a t i o nh a s b e e n accomplished ithout quantitative use of borehole w logs; logging def ineatedthe coal bed and thereby provided useful data of thjcknessand depth. t,liih t h e i n c r e a s i n g n e e d f o r d e v e l o p i n gc o a l r e s o u r c e s , h o w e v e r ,i n s i t u c o a l q u a li t y a n a l y s i s w a r r a n t s closer study. C o r i n g h a s b e e nt h e c o a l g e o l o g i s t ' s t r a d j tional source for quality information such as m o i s t u r e ,a s h , a n d h e a t c o n t e n t . S i n c e c o r i n q i s both costly and t'ime-consuming, reliable in situ a a n a l y s i s t e c h n i q u ea l l o w s s i g n i f i c a n t s a v i n g s . L o g data is being studied with the objective of-devel-o p i n g s u c h a n a n a l y s i s t e c h n i q u e . T h i s p a p e rd . i s cussesthe log parameters vailable, the core and a 1 o g r e l a t i o n s h i p s u s e d , h o w t h e r e l a t i o n s h . i D sa r e d e r i v e d , h o w t h e y a r e u s e d , s o m er e s u l t s , a n d t h e a d v a n t a g e s .n d p r o b l e m s s s o c j a t e dw i t h d e v e l o p i n g a a s u c ha t e c h n j q u e .

R E V I E W F C O A L O GP A R A M E T E R S O L T h e m o d e l9 0 3 0 4c o a l l o g g i n g t o o l w a s d e v e l o p e d f o r t h e C o m p u - L o gy s t e m o p r o v i d e c a l i b r a t e d S t m e a s u r e m e n t sr u s e i n t h e i n s i t u q u a l i t y a n a l y s i s fo t e c h n i q u e . T h e t o o l m e a s u r e sh e f o l l o w i n q o a r a t m e t e r s :n a t u r a l g a m m a ,a l i p e r , r e s i s t i v i t y , a n d c g a r m a - g a n m a n s i t y . T h e n a t u r a l g a r f f n a y s t e mu s e s de s a large crystal to gain needed tatistjcai qualitv s from the gamnaay flux found in coal operations.r T h e s i n g l e a r m c a l i p e r d e c e n t r a l j z e st h e t o o l f o r t h e b e n e f i t o f t h e d e n s i t y s y s t e ma n d p p q 6 u s g 6 5 c o n t i n u o u si n e a r m e a s u r e m eo ft h o l e s i z e . H o l e l n conditions shown y the caliper data substant.iate b t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e d e n s i t y m e a s u r e m e n t sn d i n d j c a t e a w h e nc o m p e n s a t i ofn r b o r e h o l ec o n d i t . i o n si s o
npa oQ c: r\/

T h e r e s i s t i v i t y m e a s u r e m e ns m a d eb y a it , f o c u s e d , t h r e e e l e c t r o d e g u a r d - t y p es y s t e m . T h i s s e n s o rh a s h i g h d y n a m i c a n g e , s y n m e t r . i c a t h i n b e d r l r e s p o n s e ,a n d g o o df o r m a t i o n p e n e t r a t i o n b y t h e s i x 'lnch m e a s u r e e a m . A d e p a r t u r ec u r v e h a s b e e n b d e r i v e d t o a l ' l o wp r o p e r c o r r e c t i o n s f o r b o r e h o l e s i z e a n d f l u i d r e s i s t i v i t y . T h e s ec o r r e c t i o n sc a n b e v e r y l a r g e w h e nf r e s h w a t e r d r i l l j n q f l u i d . i s ,
rrcad

i i e t e r e n c e sa n d I I l u s t r a t i o n s a t e n d o f p a p e r . -

T h e _ g a m n a - g a r i l n a s i t y s y s t e m p r o d u c e sa n den a c c u r a t e l y c a l i b r a t e d d e n s i t y m e a s u r e m e n ts i n g a u c o l I i m a t e d I 3 t C ss o u r c ea n d a c o l I i m a t e d N a I d e t e c t o r e i g h t i n c h e sa p a r t . T o o l d e c e n t r a l z a t j o n i m i n i m i z e sv a r i a t i o n s c a u s e db y c h a n q e si n b o r e h o l e f l u i d a n d b o r e h o l e i z e . T h ed e n s i i y u s e di n t h e s analysis is referred to as an apparentdensity. T h i s d i f f e r s f r o m t h e b u l k d e n s i t y b e c a u s e ,a i a practical approx'imation, he ganma-gamna nsity t de t o o l h a s a r e s p o n s ep r o p o r t i o n a l t o - t h e f o r m a t i o n e l e c t r o n d e n s i t y , w h i c h r e l a t e s t o t h e n u m b eo f r p r o t o n s , Z , j n t h e f o r m a t i o n . H o w e v e r ,t h e b u l k o r m a s sd e n s i t y i s r e l a t e d t o t h e a t o m i c w e i g h t , A , o f the material. In most comnon lements found in e f o r m a t i o n so f j n t e r e s t , 7 / A = 0 . 5 ; a n e x c e p t i o n j s .l.0. h y d r o g e nw i t h Z / A = W h e nh y d r o g e no r h e a v y elements re involved, a correction iatio, Z Z/A, a a r j s e s ; t h e r a t i o i s 2 Z / A b e c a u s et h e s y s t e mi s -

T R - l 7 5 ,p g . I o f 9

iN SITU COAL PRIDICTION TECHNIOUE QUALITY

ca'librated to a reference of 0.5. The Z/A rat'io of material is the sumof the atomic numbers f o t h e c o n s t i t u e n t a t o m s d i v i d e d b y t h e s u mo f t h e a t o m i c w e i g h t s . . |A0 0 n e x a m p l e ,w a t e r h a v i n g a .s a g / c c h a s a n a p p a r e n td e n s i t y o f true density of l.ll g/cc; since 7/A for water = 0.55, 2 7/A = 1.11. S i m i l a r l y , t h e Z / A v a l u e s f o r c o a l r aln0 2 f r o m.0 .6 .1 . . ge .l 0 5 to 0.53; the 2 7/A values rangefrom to T h e e i g h t i n c h s o u r c e - d e t e c t o rs p a c i n g p r o v i d e s d e n s i t y m e a s u r e m e n t sf a n e i g h t i n c h t h i c k s e c t i o n o o f t h e f o r m a t i o n . T h e d a t a f r o m s e a m st h i n n e r t h a n t h e s o u r c e - d e t e c t o rs p a c i n g r e g u i r e t h i c k n e s s d e r i v e d a m p il t u d e c o r r e c t i o n . C o a l h a s c e r t a i n p r o p e r t i e sw h i c h e a s i l y a l 1 o w its identification on a 1og. Usually,coal exhibits 1 o wg a n r n ao u n t s , l o w d e n s i t y , a n d r e l a t i v e l y h i g h c resistivity. S h a l eo r c l a y , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , s h o w sh i g h e r g a r m ac o u n t s , h i g h d e n s i t y , a n d r e l a t i v e l y 1 o wr e s i s t i v i t y . S a n d sd i s p l a y 1 o wg a n r n a counts, high density, and relatively high resistivity. THEORY t D u r i n g t h e d e v e l o p m e no f t h e m o d e l , v a r i o u s cross-plots were studied. The best results were obtainedusing the density curve. Furt[rermore, c ' s t u d i e s d i s c u s s e db y D y c k a n d M c K e n z i ea n d R e e v e s ' r ea s u b s t a n t j a t e t h e u s e o f g a n r n a - g a n dm n s i t y a s a v i a b l e i n s i t u c o a l q u a ii t y p r e d i c t o r . C o n s e q u e n t l y , the coal quality modeluses the following three l i n e a r r e l a t i o n s h i p st o e s t j m a t ei n s i t u q u a l i t y : , ' l d r y a s h v s a p p a r e n td e n s i t y ( g / c c ) , il moisture vs % dry ash, and ) d r y h e a t c o n t e n t ( B T U / L Bv s % d r y a s h . A 1 1q u a n t i t i e s e x c e p tt h e a p p a r e n t e n s i t y a r e c o r e d v a l u e s a n d a r e w e ' i g h t b a s i s m e a s u r e m e n t sh e d e n s i t y t; i s t h e 1 o g v a l u e a n d i s ' lb y n a t u r e a v o l u m e t r i cb a s i s og parameters re usedto m e a s u r e m e n T. h e o t h e r t a interest is truly a coal verify that the zone of z o n e . S e v e r a l s i m p l i f y i n g a s s u m p t i o n s r e m a d eb y a i the analysistechnique. Thecoal seams considered t o c o n s i s t o f t h r e e c o m p o n e n t sn l y : m o i s t u r e , a s h , o a n d " c o a l " . C o r e r e p o r t s a n a l y z e" c o a l " a s f i x e d r c a r b o na n d v o l a t i I e s . T h e c a r b o n / v o l a t i I e s a t i o varies with the type of coal but is re1atively constant for a given seam. Thedensjty vs dry ash r e l a t i o n s h i p a l l o w s t h e 1 o g i n f o r m a t i o nt o b e calibrated by core information and thereby allows later in situ analyses. Thecoal for a particular t s e a mi s a s s u m e do b e o f u n i f o r m r a n k ; a n i n c r e a s e i n t h e d e n s i t y , t h e r e f o r e , s h o u l dr e p r e s e n ta n i n c r e a s e i n a s h s i n c e a s h ' i s t h e m o s t d e n s eo f t h e t h r e e c o m p o n e n t s .T h e p o i n t o f i n t e r e s t o n t h e d r y i a s h v s a p p a r e n td e n s i t y 1 i n e , s h o w n n F i g u r e 1 , i s t h e 0 %d r y a .sl h 0 n t e r c e p t , w h i c h r e p r e s e n t st h e 0 i% theoretical c o a l a p p a r e n td e n s i t y . T h i s p o i n t r e p r e s e n t st h e d e n s ' i t y o f t h e c o a l w i t h t h e m o i s t u r e i n c lu d e d . T h e m o i s t u r e v s d r y a s h 1 i n e , s h o w ni n F i g u r e 2 , h a s t w o p o i n t s o f i n t e r e s t . F j r s t , t h e 0 %d r y o a s h i n t e r c e p t y i e l d s t h e p r o b a b l ea m o u n t f m o i s t u r e p r e s e n t i n a s h - f r e e c o a l . S e c o n d ,t h e 1 0 0 % r y a s h d t i n t e r c e p t y i e l d s t h e p r o b a b l ea m o u n o f m o i s t u r e present in "pure" ash. Since a three-component c systemis assumeda coal seam ontains moisture , w h o s ev a l u e r e p r e s e n t s a c o n t r i b u t i o n o f m o i s t u r e from both the coal and the ash. The moisture basis c a n b e e i t h e r " a s r e c e ' i v e d "o r " e q u i l i b r i u m " d e p e n d i n g o n t h e d e s i r e d a n a l y s i s m o d e . E q u i li b r i u m b a s i s v a l u e s r e d u c e v a r i a t i o n s c a u s e db y d i f f e r e n t s c o r e f i e l d h a n d li n g p r o c e d u r e .

sPE 946;

Thedry heat content vs % dry ash line, shown in Figure 3, has one mainpoint of interest: the m o i s t u r e - a s h - f r e e( M A F )h e a t c o n t e n t i n t e r c e p t . This represents the theoretical heat content of " p u r e ' 'c o a l. Thethree relationships are derived by co1l e c t i n g d a t a f r o m c o r e d h o l e s l o g g e dw i t h a C o m p u Logsystem. Averages or the 1og intervals f c o r r e s p o n d i n go t h e c o r e r e p o r t i n t e r v a l s a r e t cl a la s tl a t e d a n d u s e d w i t h t h e c o r e i n f o r m a t i o n i n a ' e cu s q u a r e sl i n e a r r e g r e s s i o np r o g r a m o g e n e r a t e t a s e t o f t h r e e s l o p e s a n d i n t e r c e p t sw h i c h a l l o w estimates f in sjtu quality usingthe density o system. I n s u n m a r y ,k n o w i n gt h e a p p a r e n t d e n s i t y a l l o w sc a l c u l a t i o n o f a d r y a s h v a l u e ; t h e d r y a s h v a l u e a l l o w s m o i s t u r ea n d h e a t c o n t e n t c a l c u l a t i o n s . F r o mt h e d r y b a s i s v a l u e s , m o i s t u r eb a s i s j n f o r m a t i o nc a n b e g e n e r a t e d . A n a n a l y s i s a l g o r i t h m c a n t h e n b e c r e a t e du s i n g t h e s e r e l a t i o n s h i p s . A p l o t o f q u a l i t y w i t h d e p t h j s t h e n p o s s i b l ea s s o o na s a h o l e i s l o g g e da f t e r t h e i n i t i a l c o r r e l a t i o n s h a v e b e e n m a d e . F i g u r e 4 s h o w sa s t a n d a r d c o a l l o g ; F i g u r e 5 s h o w s h e c o r r e s p o n d i nq u a l i t y t g p l o t f o r t h e c o a l s e a ms h o w n n F i g u r e 4 . i AND ADVANTAGES PROBLEMS T h em a i n a d v a n t a g o f a n i n s i t u a n a l y s i s e i t e c h n i q u es t h a t t h e c o a l q u a l i t y d a t a i s a v a i l a b l e i n r n e d i a t e l ya f t e r a h o l e i s l o g g e d . C u s t o m a r i 1 y , c o r e l a b o r a t o r y t u r n t i m e sa r e s l o w ; i m p r o p e r l y b a g g e d o r e s a r e s u b j e c t t o m o i s t u r ec h a n g e s c a s w e l l a s p o s s i b l el o s s i n h e a t c o n t e n t . C o n s e q u e n t l y ,t h e c o r e s a m p l e a y n o t r e f l e c t t h e t r u e m p r o p e r t i e so f t h e m i n a b l ec o a l s e a m . I n a d d i t i o n , ' i n f o r m a t i o a b o u ta s e a m s n i a v a i l a b l ew h i l e t h e a r e a i s b e i n o d r i l l e d r a t h e r t h a n s e v e r a lm o n t h s Iater. A n o t h e ra d v a n t a g es t h a t i n s i t u a n a l y s i s i allows a reduction in coring and therebyresults in a drilling program ost savings. In sjtu analys.is c i s n o t d e s i g n e d o r e p l a c ec o r i n g ; r a t h e r , i t i s t d e s i g n e dt o s u p p l e m e na c o r i n g p r o g r a m . A m o r e t e x t e n s i v e v a l u a t j o no f a c o a l b e d i s p o s s i b l e e ; w i t h o u t i n c r e a s i n gc o r i n g c o s t s . A t h i r d a d v a n t a g es t h a t t h e q u a l i t y v a r i a t i o n s i w i t h d e p t h c a n b e e a s i l y s e e nw h e nt h e d a t a i s p l o t t e d . T h e c o r e r e p r e s e n t sd i s c r e t e , p r e d e t e r m j n e di n t e r v a l s ; i n s o m e a s e s , l o o k i n g a t a c s 1 i 9 h t 1 yd i f f e r e n t j n t e r v a l c a n a f f e c t t h e r e s e r v e estimates. l,lith the core, the jntervals analyzed determ'inehe perspective. In other words, 1og t format qua'lity analysesadd flexibility to reserve c a l c uI a t i o n s. A f o u r t h a d v a n t a g es t h a t t h e i n s i t u a n a l y s i s i p r o v i d e s a q u a l i t y c o n t r o l m e t h o df o r f i e l d p r o c e d u r e sa n d f o r c o r e l a b o r a t o r i e s . F i e l d p r o b l e m s p r e v i o u s ' l yu n n o t i c e d c a n b e d e t e c t e d b y t h e a n a l y s i s . i s T h e s ep r o b l e m s n c l u d e i n c o n s i s t e n c ' i e i n p a r t i n g r e m o v a l ,i n c o r e d e p t h i n t e r v a l s e l e c t i o n s , a n d i n b a g g i n gp r o c e d u r e s . S i m i l a r l y , t h e a n a l y s i s c a n

T R- 1 7 5 ,p g . 2 o f 9

SPE 9467

O . N O R R IA N DR . T H O M A S S T a b l e 2 s h o w st h e d r y b a s i s r e s u l t s o f t h e t e s t i n w h i c h t h e g e o ' l o g i s tu p d a t e dt h e l o g i n t e r v a l s t o b e t t e r r e p r e s e n t t h e s u s p e c t e dc o r e d i n t e r v a l . C o m p a r i s otn T a b l e I s h o w st h a t t h e r e d e f i n i t i o n o o f i n t e r v a l s g e n e r a l l y i m p r o v e st h e c a l c u l a t i o n s ; t h e e s t i m a t e dv a l u e s g e n e r a l l y f a l l c l o s e r t o t h e core values than the case in which core intervals were used. The standard deviations of the differences b e t w e e n a l c u l a t e d a n d c o r e a r e r e d u c e da n d t h e r e b y c j n d i c a t e i m p r o v e d e s u l t s . I n m o s t c a s e st h e r p calculatedash falls within a few percentage oints of core and the calculated heat content falls w ' t h i n 5 %o f c o r e . i T a b l e 3 s h o w s h e e q u i l i b r i u mb a s i s r e s u l t s t f o r t h e t e s t i n w h i c h t h e g e o l o g i s t u p d a t e dt h e 1 o g i n t e r v a l s . N o t e a g a i n t h a t t h e c a l c u l a t e da s h a n d m o i s t u r ev a l u e s f a l l w i t h i n s e v e r a l p e r c e n t a g e points of core and that the calculated heat content f a l I s w i t h i n 5 ? io f c o r e . F u r t h e r r e f i n e m e n t st o t h e t e c h n i q u ew i l l enable better accuracy. Some f the d'ifferencesmay o b be caused y corediscrepancies r by difficulties o 'in selectingthe 1og interval whichtruly repr e s e n t s t h e c o r e d s a m p l e . T h e d r a m a t i c c h a n g ei n r e s u l t s f r o m T a b l e I t o T a b l e 2 s h o w s u c ha s p r o b l e mc a n i n d e e db e i m p o r t a n t .

s p o t s u s p i c j o u s c o r e v a l u e s . S u c ha c h e c k b e f o r e h a d t o b e d o n e b y s e n d i n g s a m p l e sf r o m o n e c o r e t o s e v e r a l l a b o r a t o r i e s f o r i n d e p e n d e na s s a y s . t 0 n t h e o t h e r h a n d , c e r t a i n p r o b l e m se x i s t i n d e v e i o p i n gs u c h a t e c h n i q u e . F i r s t , t h e b i g g e s t p r o b l e mi s t h a t o f m a t c h i n gt h e l o g a n d c o r e i n t e r v a l s . A l t h o u g h t h e 1 o g i s v e r y c a p a b l eo f a c c u r a t e d e p t h b o u n d a r y e t e r r n i n a t i o n ,t h e q u e s t i o n d arises as to what part of the core wasactually a n a l y z e di n t h e l a b o r a t o r y . W h e n n i t i a l i z i n g a n i area, it is important to select the log interval which depicts the true cored interval. Since the driIIer's depths usual1ydiffer somewhat om the fr l o g d e p t h s , s o m ed e p t h s h i f t i n g o f t h e c o r e i n t e r v a l o b t a i n e d f r o m d r i l l e r ' s d e p t h s m a yb e n e c e s s a r y o t fit the core interval to the log interval. if c o r e r e c o v e r yi s i n c o m p l e t e r t h e c o r e s w e 1 1 s , o t h e m a t c h - u pb e c o m e m o r e d i f f i c u l t . s A n o t h e r p r o b l e mo c c u r s w h e np a r t i n g s a r e removed nd not noted on the core report. In this a case the in situ anaiysis shows higherash value a than the core.

In addition, errors in the core reports o c c a s i o n a l l ya r i s e . I f a n e r r o n e o u s o r e i s u s e d c i n t h e i n i t i a l c o r r e l a t i o n s , s o m e r r o r m a yb e e i n t r o d u c e di n t o t h e c a l c u l a t e d v a lu e s . A f t e r t h e c a r e f u l i n i t i a l c o r r e l a t i o n , t h o u g h ,t h e i n s i t u CONCLUS 5 I ON results can be usedto spot suspicious ore procedures c f o r t h o s e h o l e s t h a t h a v e b e e nc o r e d . Test results indicate that the initial
rplai'inn nf lnn and.nrp nararietprs allows

corrga-

T E S TP R O C E D U R E R E S U L T S AND As a test case, core and Compu-1og ta was da c o l l e c t e df o r a U . S . l i g n i t e d e p o s i t . T h e l e a s t s q u a r e s l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n sw e r e r u n f o r t h e d r y a s h v s d e n s i t y , m o i s t u r ev s d r y a s h , a n d d r y h e a t contentvs dry ash relationships. Thepoints used i n t h e d r y a s h v s d e n s i t y r e g r e s s i o nw e r e f r o m t h e f i r s t 2 5 h o l e s c h r o n o l o g i c a l l yc o r e d ; o n e e x t r a h i g h a s h p o i n t w a s a d d e dt o g i v e b e t t e r r e s o l u t i o n at the high ash endof the range. Theequilibrium moisture vs dry ash and dry heat content vs dry a s h r e g r e s s i o n sw e r e c o m p o s e o f l l a n d 3 0 s a m p l e s d r e s p e c t i v e l y ; e q u j li b r i u m r e p o r t s w e r e n o t y e t a v a i l a b l e f o r m a n yh o l e s a t t h e t i m e t h e d a t a w a s c h o s e n . l . J h e nh e e q u i l i b r i u m m o i s t u r e d a t a b e c a m e t a v a i l a b l e . l a t e r , a m o i s t u r ev s d r y a s h r e g r e s s i o n w a s r u n o n 7 1 s a m p i e s ;t h e m o i s t u r e v s d r y a s h regression results were essent.iallythe same. A t e s t s e t o f h o l e s w a s c h o s e nf o r t h e p a r t i c u l a r a r e a a n d t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e r e g r e s s i o nw e r e u s e d fn ane l rrzo iho locf <ai T n i i i e l . , r r ' f.h, , e l J core i n t e r v a l s w e r e u s e df o r t h e 1 o g i n t e r v a l s . N e x t , a g e o l o g i s t u p d a t e dt h e 1 o g j n t e r v a l s e l e c t i o n s t o better represent the section of the hole he felt the core laboratory had analyzed. When ore c results became vailable for the test set, results a o f t h e f i e l d a n a l y s e sw e r e c o m p a r e d i t h c o r e . w T a b l e I s h o w st h e d r y b a s i s r e s u l t s o f t h e initial test using the core intervals for the 1og i n t e r v a l s . T h e c o l u m ns h o w i n gt h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e nt h e c a l c u l a t e d a n d t h e c o r e h e a t c o n t e n t exhibits a large number f sampies nderestimat'ing o u t h e h e a t c o n t e n t . A t t h e b o t t o mo f t h e t a b l e , t h e a r i t , h m e t i c a n d w e i g h t e d a v e r a g e sv e r i f y t h e u n d e r e s t i m a t i o no c c u r s .

s o n a b l e a l c u l a t i o n so f m o i s ' " u r e a s h , a n d h e a t , c t c o n t e n ti n s i t u . F u r t h e r r e f i n e m e n t s o t h e t e c h n i q u e i l I f u r t h e r i m p r o v et h e a n a l y s i s w results. Sincein situ analysisoffers both time a n d c o s t s a v i n g s ,i t s h o u l df i n d r o u t i n e u s e ' i n c o a l r e s e r v e c a . l c u l a t i o n s . A d d i t i o n a l1 o g d a t a shouldbe integrated into the nrethodo avoid t d e n e n d i n o n *a -s i 'n o ' l eI o o o a r a m e t e r - o w e v e r . h " J NOMENCLATURE r A = a t o m i cm a s sn u m b e ( t h e s u mo f a l l n e u t r o n s n d p r o t o n si n a n u c l e u s ) . a o Z = a t o m j c n u m b e r( t h e n u m b e r f p r o t o n s in a nucleus).
KLTLKLI\Lf)

, D y c k , J . H . a n d C . T . M c K e n z i e" E s t i m a t i n g C e r t a i n A n a l y t i c a l P r o p e r t i e so f L i g n i t e i n r or S a s k a t c h e w afn o m G a m m a - G a nBn ae h o l e D e n s i t y r I o o s " n a n F rn r p s p n t e da t 7 t h F o r m a t i o n l E v a l u a t i o nS y m p o s i u o f t h e C a n a d i a n, . l e l l m L o g g i n g o c i e t y , C a l g a r y ,A l b e r t a , 0 c t o b e r 2 l S 24,1979. R e e v e sD . R . , " I n - s i t u A n a l y s i so f C o a l b y , B o r e h o l eL o g g i n gT e c h n i q u e s " ,C a n a d i a n9l 7n i . g . lt ' i 1 n a n d M e t a l l u r g i c a lB u l l e t i n , F e b r u a r y ,

rK -

l/5

3 o f 9

Table I A n a l y s i s R e s u l t s U s i n gC o r e I n t e r v a l s f o r L o g I n t e r v a l s ( D r y B a s i s )
LUKE

THK
l r l /

THK /trT\

CALC ASH (%)

CORE ASH (%)

CORE

BTU/ LB

CORE BTU/LB

CALCCORE

HOLE#

3. 7 0 4.r0
+.LV

4.80 3. 7 0 3.70
? ? n
J.OU

3.30 4.20 3.50 3 .9 0 4.20 5.30 s.20 5.?0 4. 8 0 4.40 4.10 4.40
? a n

3. 4 0 3.70 3. 9 0 4.00 3.70 2.40 3. 8 0 4.20

3.70 4 .I 0 4. 2 0 4.80 3.70 3.70 3.30 3 .6 0 3.30 4.20 3 .s 0 3.90 4.20 5.3] 5. 2 0 5. 2 0 4.80 4. 4 0 4 .I 0 4.40 3.85 3.40 3.70 3.90 4 .0 0 3.70 2.40 4. 2 0

I B .l 0 14.20 9 20. 0 I l 9. .4 0 3 90 . .l5.80

1l 3 .. 0 .4 . 5 9 l 24.33 13.92 1402 . ts.l7

5.09 -1.74
-J. +J -.)a

I1 0 8 6 6 . ' 0353. 9974. I 0970. I 0 t0 3 . I 0 6.48 . . l7 t 0l I 0685. I 0367 . I0537. I1 0 6 8 5 . ' 0738. I 0500. 1A2)7. 10575. 'I 0 081 . I 0 t5 4 . I0058. I 0845. I 0594.
9UJY.

5.88
t+-aa

I9.80 to. (1 I . l5 . 6 0 i l . 0 8 8 . 0 0 t l66. .515 . 9 16.70 I 5 . 2 0 il .78 I l57. .6 0 I 5 . 4 6 . 00 19.10 1l 6 . 4 0 . 4.60

10.92 14.49 9 .6 6 ll .98 19.6s

I .45 .51
J.+a

I 0796. I0530. 9455. I 0893. I 0877. 10722. 10627 . I1256. I 0526. 1086]. il147.

-++J.

I
L

5 t9 . 77. -509. -571. -.l59.

-JL+.

5 6 7
tJ

I9.60 2l 0 .. 4 0 ? 2 1 6 . 43 0 . .l6.30 17 0]
I / . J J

.14 6 .0 8 4 .6 l 6.74 ?.6? - .05

-2 n6

r075r .

LL. JL 2 l. 9 0 1l 4 .. 5 0 1 4 .5 6 , 9 00

?2.60 Il6.40 ,5.60 24.50 I5.60

14.32 24.32 l 1 6? 1 ' 7. . 56 t7.4.l ?4.79

|| .oa

-1.29 -.42 - .06 4 .6 8 -1.7? -t .6t 7.09 I .71 -?.02

I 0824. 1022?. 9744. . I 068r 10 5 8 0 . 9497. 9232. . I 0681

111?2. I0936. 11273. 11?26. I 0 t9 3 . 9750. 10612. . I 0645 I 0083 . I0932. ilr59. 9820. . I 0605 I0639. 104r8. 9339. I0332.

-409. -66. -6?2. -719 . -698. -416. -39. 308. 233.

aA A

9 l0 il
l a

l4
tf,

t6 l7 18 t9 ?0
)1 LL

-108. -937. -76. 76. -59. -921. -.l07.

J+y.

23 24 25 26 ?7 28 29

= 0F N U M B E R S A M P L E S2 9 AVERAGES: .l7.84

I6.43

A')

I0383.

I0604.

aat

DE STANDARDVIATIONS: 3.24 AV |.IEIGHTED ERAGES: .l.l6.61 17.70 116.60

< t / A "t.)

517 .

?q?

tb. Jb

I .34

I0402.

t u oI J .

- aa tl

| .

T R- 1 7 5 , p g . 4 o f 9

Table2 A n a l y s i s R e s u l t s U s i n g U p d a t e dn t e r v a l s ( D r y B a s i s ) I
LALL

UU KC.

THK r FT'I

THK
/trT\

CALC ASH

I.U K E.

LALL

ASH

CORE ?.89
-L.L+ -J.+J

BTUiLB I1 0 9 3 3 . ' 0646. 997 4. I I 030. I 0694.

Iu/ ov.

CORE BTU/LB

CALCCORE

HOLE#

3.40 4.00 4.20 4. 7 0 4.00 3.70

J . I U J. JU J.qU

3.70 4.t0 4.20 4.80 3 .7 0 3.70

J . J U J. OU J.JU

r s . 9 0 1l 3 .. 0 1 . 5 94 I3.70
2l 0 .9 0 . 3.00 .l4. . l 8 94 0 .0 .l3. l0
IJ.au 4,+. JJ

13.92 14.02
t). t/

IJ.OU lo-4u

3.70 3. 4 0 3 .9 0 4.10 4.60 5.00 4.90 4.40 4.30 4.10 4.50 3.80 3.30 3.50 3.40 3. 9 0 3.80 2. 0 0 4.20

4.20 3. 5 0 3.90 4.20 5.31 5.20 5.20 4.80 4.40 4.]0 4.40 3.85 3.40 3.70 3.90 4.00 3 .7 0 2. 4 0 4.20

I l5 ..6 0 . 3 50 I5.80 I2.80 1l 3 . 8 0 . 7.20 19.70 I3.90 I6.80 1l 9 . 9 0 . 3.20 15.20 I l9 . 0 0 . 3.80 I5.70 16.50 25.40 I5.30

16.22 ll .08 16.55 16.19 il .78 I 5.46 14.49 ' l9 . 6 6 t .. 8 . l 9 96 5

-.t5 - 3 .0 9
1 na t , . l +

-.92 I .48 -.27 ?.18 2.5?

r0.92

2.58

I.3r
? 14

22.36 rl7 . 0 1 . 7. 59 22.3? 14. 6 5

t+.Jt

1. ? ? -t .85 -?.66
-? 11

24.32 17 ?1 . 16. 6 5 I7.4t 24.79 17.62

- .79 -3.12 - .66 .88 -5.32 -3.11 - .86 -.91 .61 -2.32

I 0304. I 0948. I0580. It0r6. I0994. I0685. r096. 1 I0754. 10 5 6 . 0993. 0389. 0129. 0909. 0517. 0205. 0905.
U/J+.

r0796. I0530. 94ss. I 0893. I0877. 10722. 10627 I I256. I0526. 10861. i l 14 7 . I 0 7 5. 1 11122. I0936. 11273. 112?6 I 0 l9 3 .
q76n

-150. 403 . 5 t9 . 137 . -183. 47. -323. -308. 54. 155. - 15 3 . -66. -t 6t. -182. -?17. -233. I96.
?7q

I z 5 6
a

8
t

t0
' I I

1?
1 A t *

l5 t6 17
t 6 l >

I061 . 2 II0 6 4 5 . '

nna?

297 . -t28.
12t

1A222. . 1 0 9s1 I0667. I0566. 9377 . 10727.

I0932. rII59. 9820. 10605. I0639. I04] . 8 9339. I0332.

- 2 7. -425. 442. 310. 28. I48. 38. 395.

?0 21 22
(J tA a+

26
L I

28
a>

= 0F N U M B E R S A M P L E S2 9 AVERAGES: 1 5- 9 2 DE STANDARDVIATIONS: 2.88 tiJEIGHTAVERAGES: ED 112.?0 1.l6.6.1 15.85 .l6.36 -.5? I0652.
tuotJ. Jv-

I6.43

r 0641 .

10604.

37.

4.07

104

517 .

? n

TR- T75. DC.5 of 9

T a b le 3 I A n a l y s i s R e s u l t s u s i n g U p d a t e d n t e r v a l s ( E QB a s i s )
^nn^ir ^ LI\L\,C A L C C O R E C A L C LUKE. MOIS MOIS CORE THK THK (%) (Fr) (Fr)

# CALC CORE CALC- CALC CORE CALC- HOLE B ASH ASH CORE BTU/LB TU/LB LUK L (1) (%) 10.90 9.30 I4.70 8.80 t l0 ..6 0 . 0 20
1 A C t l J . 2.25 7320. 7175 . 8.65 -1.49 7446. 7.l31. 1 t t 10.79 I 7 . 3 8 - 2 . 6 8 7 0 0 9 . 6 7 5 4 . 255. -.69 64. 9.49 7488. 7424. 9 ..6 5 .95 7341 7488. - t + t . . .l0 02 .18 7375. 7085. .YU. 1 2 . 8 0 1 1 . 4 6 I .34 7164. 7506. - J+t. 9 . 2 0 7. 5 1 1.69 7452. 76?8. -176 -.04 . 80. 7290. 7210 il .30 il .34 8 . 9 0 1 0 . 7 4 -1.84 7482. 7207. 275. . i t.t0 7473. 7473. 9.00 7.90 -74. .04 7337 74ll . . I 0 .7 0 I 0 . 6 6 q 2 0 7 \ 2 I .68 7459. 7665. -206. 10.30 9.90 .40 7368. 7476. - t u o . - aAa A . . . 2 . 2 4 74 9 9 7 5 4 3 B .7 0 6 . 4 6 .90 7472. 7596. - t l q . 9.00 8.10 . I 2 . 3 0 1 4 . 2 1 -t .91 7203 7245. ' 1a 5 . 9 I 3 . 8 0 I 5 . 7 9 -1.99 7082. 6887. -2.30 7436. 7360. 76. 9.50 il .80 7l qq I03. i 1.3 .0 0 i ll . 8 3 4 - ? ' 2 . 7 ) 6 ? .l 'l 6 4 . 5.1 - 1. 7 4 7 1 8 . 6 8 4 1 . 277. -.uJ lJ 6. /cJf,. /t3t, 9 . 5 0 9 .s 3 I 0 .4 0 9 . 6 ] .79 7359. 7492. 1 3 . 3 0 1 7 . 0 1 -3.71 71?6 6868. 258. . 9 . 4 0 1I . 7 6 - 2 . 3 6 7 4 3 9 . 7 2 4 5 . I 9 4 . -.36 7329. 716r-. 162. 10.80 il.16 - .9? 7?84. 7312. -?8. I I .30 12.2? .ua o/to. o6f,r. -IJf,. 18.20 t8.t8 -l.ot 255. /Jf,o. /tut. 10.50l2.ll
- 4 .

3.40 4.00 4.20 4.70 4.00 3.70 3.10 3.30 3.40 3.70 3. 4 0 3. 9 0 4.10 4.60 5. 0 0 4.90 4. 4 0 4.30 4.10 4.50 3.80 3. 3 0 3.50 3. 4 0 3. 9 0 3.80 2.00 3. 6 0 4.?0

3.70 31.20 -. Jd 4 . 1 0 3 . l . 9 0J t . 1 6 4-20 ?9.7028.56 l t4 4.80 32.,l0 -?4 3.70 3].40 3l.16 3.70 3l.50 'l.r3 3 . 3 0 3 0 . 5 02 9 . 3 7 -. JJ 3 . 6 0 3 l. 9 0 J I . L J 3 . 3 0 3 , l . . l 03 ] . 5 0 - . 4 0 4 . 2 0 3 2 . . l 03 3 . 6 5 - t . 5 5 0 3 .5 0 3 2 . 0 3 2 . 9 6 - . 9 6 .24 3 . 9 0 3 . .l 3 0 3 l . 0 6 .91 4 . 2 0 3 2 . 0 0 3 t. 0 9 5 . 3 . l 3 l. 5 0 3 1 . 6 4 - . 1 4 5. 2 0 3 2 . 2 0 3 3 . 0 9 - . 8 9 5.20 32.007 2 ? L - ? 4 7 4. 8 0 3 0 . 0 2 8 . 9 9 I . 7 , l .74 4 . 4 0 3 0 . 1 02 9 . 3 6 4 . 1 0 3 1 . 8 03 0 . 6 5 t . t 5 4.40 3.l.00 3. 8 5 3 0 . 3 0 3 2 . 1 5 - 1 . 8 5 . 5 3 . 4 0 3 1 8 0 3 4 . 3 - 2. 73 3 . 7 0 3 l. 4 0 J C . d O - t . + O 0 .?4 3.90 30.30 30. 6 21 4 . 0 0 3 l. 9 0 ? l 6 q 3 . 7 0 3 1 . 3 03 2 . 6 4 - t . 3 4 2.40 3]..l0 29.8? I .28 3.85 28.40 26.64 1.76 t J 4.20 3].40 Jt.(/
1 { i 4 - / 1 4 < / t a I / \

1
I /

3 4
f, O I

8 9 I0 l 1? t3
t+
l E I J

l o 1 1
I I

lB 19 20 21
LZ

?4 25 26 ?7
L6

29

= 0S N U M B E R F S A M P L E S2 9 AVERAGES:

. 3 1. 2 4 3 1 5 1

- .27

1 0 . 9 5l l . 3 r

-.JD

tJt+.

ta)o.

DE STANDARDVIATIONS: '86 I,/EIGHTAVERAGES: ED

I .79

1. 2 7

z- to

J.uf,

I .58

177 .

?55.

i 1 1 2 . 2 0l 6 . 6 1 3 . l . 2 6 3 l . s l

-.25

10.89

. l 1 . 2 6 -.37

7319.7261 .

qa

T R- 1 7 5 , p g . 6 o f 9

I 6000.

oRY 8TU./18yS roRY BSHBY yT

r {000.

12000.

I 0000.

6000.

6000.

4000.

2000.

rORY NsH 8Y VT -125.7f3 r X + 12636.i00

Fis. 3 - oRY 8IU/LB Z ORy By iij VS ASH

i BB

t !
i

200

?
?

f
]

l ?

G R M M R PI R

242

f F L i P E RI NP C '

ffi

0 .

4 0 RESISTIVITY HM_MO .

Fjg. 4 - STA|I0AR0 PLOT. C0AL

. i I

T R- 1 7 5 , p g . 8 o f 9

1r rORY NSH 8Y VT VS RPPFRENT ENSITY O

20.0

O L O (G / C C G ) 54.945r X

-16.211

F i q . I - Z 0 R Y S l 1 Y f , f V SA P P A R E0 E f t S I T y . A 8 IIT

O U .U

y rEO XOISIIJRE s rORYqSil BY vT

70.0

60.0

U v

:
F 6

o U

30.0

40.0

E0.0

90.0

1 0 0 ,o

rORY NSH 8Y VT -.3l7rX+ 36.201

Fiq. 2 - I E0ll0lSiURE Z tlRy Bym. VS ASH

TP - 175

7 ( (

<---t

1 \
I
l

? (

<.t-l-

I 1 ) ) )
n u
! n I U

l I

n
RSH I

K 8TU/18
t t s t l

M OS T U R E I I

Fig. 5 - SAMPLE 0UALITY PLOT. C0AL

T R-

.l75,

pg. 9 of 9