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Hydrodynamic and mechanical aspects of heat transfer in clay

Aspects hydrodynamiques et mécaniques de la diffusion de la chaleur dans les argiles

A. BURGHIGNOLI, Associate Professor of Soil Mechanics, University of Rome, Italy

P. PAOLIANI, ENEA-DISP, Rome, Italy

SYNOPSIS The b e h a v i o u r o f n a t u r a l s o ils s u b j e c t e d t o t e m p e r a t u r e changes has been e x t e n s i v e l y s t u d i e d i n p a s t decades

p a r tic u la r ly w ith r e f e r e n c e t o f r o s t and g e o th e r m a l p r o b l e m s . More r e c e n t l y , th e p o t e n t ia l use o f g e o l o g i c me dia as d i s ­
p o s a l s f o r r a d i o a c t i v e w a s te s has been c o n s i d e r e d , and t h u s t h e r e i s a g r o w i n g need f o r s p e c i f i c s t u d i e s on t h e b e h a v i o u r
o f s o i l s and r o c k s i n c o n t a c t w i t h h e a t i n g e l e m e n t s . T h i s p a p e r d e a l s w i t h an e x p e r i m e n t a l and t h e o r e t i c a l w ork on t h i s
t o p i c and i n p a r t i c u l a r t h e v a r i a t i o n o f t e m p e r a t u r e , p o r e - w a t e r p r e s s u r e and d i s p l a c e m e n t s p ro d u c e d by h e a t i n g a c l a y
mass u n d e r d i f f e r e n t b o u n d a ry c o n d i t i o n s . The e x p e r i m e n t a l p rogra m was c a r r i e d o u t i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y on l a r g e b l o c k s o f
o v e r c o n s o l i d a t e d u n d i s t u r b e d c l a y and on re m ould ed sp e cim ens o f n o r m a l l y c o n s o l i d a t e d c l a y . C om p ariso ns be tween t h e e x ­
p e r i m e n t a l d a t a and t h e t h e o r e t i c a l v a l u e s o b t a i n e d by t h e s i m p l e model o f d i f f u s i o n and by t h e c o u p l e d c o n s o l i d a t i o n
t h e o r y a r e p r e s e n t e d and d i s c u s s e d .

INTRODUCTION b l o c k s fr o m t h e T r i s a i a o v e r c o n s o l i d a t e d P l i o - P l e i s t o c e n e
c la y ; o n l y t e m p e r a t u r e changes w i t h i n t h e sample w ere mo­
The s t u d y o f t h e b e h a v i o u r o f n a t u r a l s o ils and r o c k s su b ­
n it o r e d d u rin g th e t e s t s .
j e c t e d t o therm al l o a d i n g has become i n c r e a s i n g l y i m p o r t a n t
i n r e c e n t y e a r s as a c on seq ue nc e o f t h e l a r g e use b e in g W i th t h e C - t e s t s a more c o m p l e t e s e t o f me asures were ob ­
made now o f n u c l e a r e n e r g y w h i c h ho we ver r a i s e s s e r i o u s ta in e d from e x p e rim e n ts . Remoulded sam ples f r o m t h e
p r o b le m s i n r e l a t i o n to th e d is p o s a l o f r a d io a c t iv e w astes. F i u m i c i n o H o lo c e n e c l a y were used i n t h e t e s t s ; p o re
p r e s s u r e cha ng es and d e f o r m a t i o n s r e l a t e d t o t h e h e a t i n g
T h i s p r o b l e m has been t a c k l e d by many c o u n t r i e s by s e l e c t ^
p r o c e s s w e re m e asure d. The ma in g e o t e c h n i c a l p ro p e rtie s
i n g a p p r o p r i a t e g e o l o g i c a l s i t e s and s t u d y i n g t h e i r m e c h a n i£
o f t h e c l a y s used i n t h e e x p e r i m e n t s a r e r e p o r t e d i n
a l , therm al and h y d r a u l i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . An a c t u a l lite £
T a ble I .
a t u r e has been d e v e l o p e d on t h i s t o p i c , b u t t o d a t e , a num
b e r o f problem s s t i l l a w a it a s o lu t io n . A t the l a s t C onfer F o r t h e D - t e s t s , 49 cm d i a m e t e r and 50 cm h i g h c y l i n d r i c a l
ence on F i e l d Me asurements i n Geomech anics h e l d i n Z u ric h sam ples w e re trim m e d f r o m u n d i s t u r b e d b l o c k s o f t h e T r i s a i a
in 19 83, W . H u s t r u l i d , i n h i s l e c t u r e on D e s ig n o f Geomecha c la y . An e l e c t r i c a l r e s i s t a n c e , c l o s e d i n a 1 . 7 cm dia m .
n ic a l e x p e r i m e n t s f o r R a d i o a c t i v e Waste D i s p o s a l , sa id : brass tube f i l l e d w ith s ilic o n o il, was i n s e r t e d i n a h o l e
".. ex p er im en t s t o d at e have so m et im es r a i s e d m ore q u e st io n : d r ille d a l o n g t h e a x i s o f t h e s am ple. T e m p e r a tu r e measure
t h an t h ey have an sw er ed " Thus t h e need f o r a g r e a t e r i n ­ ments w e re made by J - t y p e t h e r m o c o u p l e s d r i v e n i n t o the
s ig h t in to th is p r o b l e m seems u r g e n t . sample a t v a r i o u s d e p t h s and d i s t a n c e s fr o m t h e h e a t e r .
Th e rm o c o u p le s w e re a l s o i n s t a l l e d i n t h e h e a t e r and a l o n g
W i t h i n t h e European Community a common r e s e a r c h p rogra m on
t h e s i d e s o f t h e sample t o c o n t r o l t h e b o u n d a ry c o n d i t i o n s
r a d i o a c t i v e w aste d is p o s a l was d e v e l o p e d ( EEC, 1 9 8 1 ) , each
f o r th e d i f f u s i o n process. I n o r d e r t o m i n i m i z e t h e th e rm
c o u n t r y s t u d y i n g a p a r t i c u l a r p r o b l e m : Germany, e v a p o r i t i c
a l g r a d i e n t s a l o n g t h e a x i s o f t h e sample and t h e r e f o r e t o
fo rm a tio n s ; F r a n c e and E n g l a n d , g r a n i t e r o c k s ; B e l g i u m and
s i m p l i f y th e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f th e e xp e rim e n ta l d a t a , two
Ita ly , c la y e y fo rm a tio n s .
d is c s , 5 cm t h i c k , o f p o l y s t y r e n e w ere p l a c e d a t b o t h en ds .
T h is paper de a ls w i t h some p r e l i m i n a r y r e s u l t s o f a r e s e a r c h
The D - t e s t s were a l l c a r r i e d o u t in u n d ra in e d c o n d i t i o n s ,
on h e a t t r a n s f e r i n c l a y e y s o i l s . Some s e l e c t e d r e s u l t s o f
w ith th e s u rfa c e coated w it h p a r a f f i n wax. The scheme o f
l a b o r a t o r y t e s t s a r e p r e s e n t e d and d i s c u s s e d , a t t e n t i o n be­
th e e x p e rim e n ta l e q u i p m e n t used i n such t e s t s i s re present
ing focused p a r t i c u l a r l y on t h e h e a t d i f f u s i o n p r o c e s s and
ed i n F i g . 1.
on i t s h y d r o d y n a m i c and m e c h a n i c a l e ffe c ts .
E l e c t r i c a l powers o f 20 and 30 w a t t s w e re s u p p l i e d t o t h e
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM h e a te r; t h i s c o r r e s p o n d s t o 0 . 7 5 and 1 .1 2 kW/m? r e s p e c t i v e
ly . Maximum power was a p p l i e d i n s t a n t a n e o u s l y and k e p t
Two d i f f e r e n t s e r i e s o f t e s t s - D - t e s t s and C - t e s t s - were
c o n s t a n t f o r a b o u t 40 h o u r s . Then t h e powe r was s u d d e n l y
used i n th e e xp e rim e n ts. The D - t e s t s were m a i n l y c o n c e i v e d
removed b u t t e m p e r a t u r e r e a d i n g s w e re ta k e n d u r i n g t h e
to v e r if y t h e c a p a b i l i t y o f t h e m a t h e m a t i c a l model o f s i m p l e
fo llo w in g 20 h o u r s a l s o .
d iffu s io n to p r e d i c t th e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f te m p e ra tu re i n c r e ­
ments p r o d u c e d i n t h e sam ple by an e l e c t r i c a l h e ater. In th e C - t e s t s , re m ould ed spe cim ens o f n o r m a l l y c o n s o l i d a t
These t e s t s were c a r r i e d o u t on sam ples o b t a i n e d f r o m l a r g e ed c l a y were used t o o b t a i n more r e l i a b l e me asureme nts o f

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T a ble I - G e o te c h n ic a l c h a r a c t e r is t ic s o f th e te s te d
c la y s .
LL IP CF y U Sr X k K c' qp’
(Í) (I) (I) (ItN/m ) (1) (m/s) (kPa)
TRISAIA
UNDISTURBED ..
CLAY 53 32 45 27.4 26 0.9B 0.200 0.020 4-10 4 23
FIUMICINO
REMOULDED
CLAY 68 43 42 27.5 59 1 0.243 0.043 1.6-10' 0 25

t h e e xce ss p o r e p r e s s u r e in d u c e d by t h e r m a l lo a d in g s .
M oreover, in o r d e r to e s t a b l i s h w e l l - c o n t r o l l e d b o u n d a ry
c o n d itio n s in te r m s o f s t r e s s e s and p o re p r e s s u r e s , a 4 -
i n c h t r i a x i a l c e l l was u s e d . The c e l l , s u i t a b l y m o d i f i e d ,
a l l o w s f o r t h e i n s e r t i o n o f m i c r o p i e z o m e t e r s and t h e rm o ­
c o u p l e s f r o m t h e p e d e s t a l i n t o t h e s am ple. The p i e z o m e t e r s
c o n s i s t o f t h i n h y p o d e r m ic n e e d l e s c o n n e c te d t o a s t r a i n
gauge p r e s s u r e t r a n s d u c e r . A l l t h e s p e c im e n s , 12 cm h i g h , were
t r i n m e d fr o m a l a r g e re m o u ld e d sample c o n s o l i d a t e d t o 40
kPa i n a R ow e-type o e d o m e te r. The scheme o f t h e e q u i p m e n t
is shown i n F i g . 2.

The h e a t e r was o b t a i n e d by p l a c i n g an e l e c t r i c re s is ta n c e F ig .2 M o d ifie d 4 -in c h t r i a x i a l c e ll used i n t h e C - t e s t s

in to t h e l o a d i n g head o f t h e c e l l . A p o ro u s s t o n e a t t h e
ba se o f t h e spe cim en a l l o w e d d r a i n a g e o f t h e w a t e r ; a
t h e r m o c o u p l e was i n s t a l l e d i n t o t h e h e a t i n g h e a d , w h i l e
t h r e e o t h e r t h e r m o c o u p l e s were p l a c e d t o m o n i t o r t h e tem­
p e r a t u r e a t t h e b o u n d a r i e s o f t h e sp e cim en and i n t h e a m b i e n t
a m b ie n t; t h e s pe c im ens were i n s u l a t e d by r u b b e r membranes
from th e s i l i c o n o il, used as c e l l flu id .

B e f o r e t h e h e a t i n g p h a s e , each spe cim en was i s o t r o p i c a l l y

c o n s o l i d a t e d up t o p 1 = 200 kPa. F u ll s a t u r a t i o n o f the
c l a y was g u a r a n t e e d by a ba ck p r e s s u r e o f 300 kPa. A fte r
c o n s o lid a tio n , an e l e c t r i c a l po w e r o f 44 w a t t s ( 5 . 6 kW/m2 )
was i n s t a n t a n e o u s l y a p p l i e d and k e p t c o n s t a n t f o r f o u r
days. The powe r was th e n c o m p l e t e l y removed b u t t h e d a t a
r e c o r d i n g was c o n t i n u e d f o r two more d a y s .

ANALYSIS OF THE EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

A ty p ic a l r e s u l t o f th e D - te s ts is shown i n F i g . 3 a , whe re
t h e t e m p e r a t u r e cha nges w i t h t i m e f o r W= 30 w a t t s a r e r e ­
TIME (hours)
po rted . A maximum t e m p e r a t u r e i n c r e m e n t o f a b o u t 30 °C w a s
me as ured w i t h th is te s t. The c u r v e s show a s h a r p te m p e r a ­
t u r e cha ng e d u r i n g t h e f i r s t h o u r o f h e a t i n g and v a l u e s
n e a r t h e s t e a d y s t a t e c o n d i t i o n a f t e r one d a y . V e ry s i m i ­ TEMPERATURE (°C)
50
l a r ch anges b u t o f o p p o s i t e s i g n were o b s e r v e d d u r i n g t h e
c o o l i n g phase a f t e r t h e powe r b r e a k . T h e r a d i a l d is tr ib u tio n 45

40

35

30 t - 40 hour s

25 t " 6 hour s
__
20 «--- t =1 hour

15

10
.05 .1 .15 .2 .25
DISTANCE FROM THE HEATER (m )

F ig .3 D - Test : T e m p e r a tu r e ch anges w i t h t i m e ( a )
and t h e i r r a d i a l d is tr ib u tio n (b)

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o f te m p e ra tu re s a t d i f f e r e n t tim e s d u r in g th e t e s t i s re ­ p : d e n s ity
po rte d in F ig . 3b. q : in te rn a l h e a t source

E xp e rim e n ta l d a t a have been com pared w i t h th e r e s u l t s ob­ Eq. ( 1 ) was s o l v e d n u m e r i c a l l y w i t h t h e a p p r o p r i a t e b o u n d a ry

t a i n e d by t h e d i f f u s i o n th e o ry . By n e g l e c t i n g th e e f f e c t c o n d itio n s . By a f i t t i n g procedure th e f o llo w in g v a lu e s o f
o f mass t r a n s p o r t becau se o f t h e l o w p e r m e a b i l i t y o f c l a y s , th e therm al c h a ra c te ris tic s o f t h e T r i s a i a c l a y were f o u n d :
t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g e q u a t i o n can be w r i t t e n , u s i n g p o l a r co­
o r d in a te s , in th e f o llo w in g form : _W_ Ws
A = 1.6
m°K m3oK
U T ,r ) , + (X /r)T , q - cp T ,t = 0 (1)
w here X : therm al c o n d u c tiv ity U s in g t h e same v a l u e s a good f i t was o b t a i n e d f o r t h e t e s t
c : s p e c if ic heat w here W = 20 w a t t s ; m o re o v e r, th e y agree w i t h th o s e m e asur­
ed on t h e same c l a y by o t h e r a u t h o r s (GERA e t a l . , 1 9 7 6 ) .
TEMPERATURE CHANGE (°C)
E xp e rim e n ta l re s u lts o f one o f t h e C - t e s t s a r e shown i n
—- T0 F i g . 4 w here t h e t e m p e r a t u r e , p o r e p r e s s u r e and s t r a i n
50 cha nges w i t h t i m e a r e r e p o r t e d f o r a c y c l e o f t h e r m a l lo a d ­
r
i n g and u n l o a d i n g .
40
T e m p e ra tu re s r o s e v e r y q u i c k l y d u r i n g t h e f i r s t s ix ho urs
o f h e a t i n g and re a c h e d s t a t i o n a r y v a l u e s a f t e r a b o u t one
30 day. S i m i l a r v a r i a t i o n s w e re o b s e r v e d d u r i n g t h e c o o l i n g
phase ( F i g . 4 a ) . Maximum v a l u e s o f a b o u t 16°C and 10°C
20 w ere me asured by t h e t h e r m o c o u p l e s T1 and T2 r e s p e c t i v e l y ,
T1
w hereas t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t e m p e r a t u r e ch ange a t t h e h e a t e r
12 was a b o u t 55°C.
10
As a co n se que nce o f t h e t h e r m a l w a t e r e x p a n s i o n , p o re
0 p re ssu re s in c re a s e d r a p i d l y i n th e e a r l y stag e o f th e t e s t
a) 0 20 60 80 100 120 140 and maximum ch anges o f 30 and 23 kPa were me asured a f t e r
TIME (hours)
a b o u t s i x h o u rs by t h e p i e z o m e t e r s P1 and P2 ( F i g . 4 b ) .
A fte r w a r d s , th e process o f h y d r a u lic d i f f u s i o n p r e v a ile d
o v e r th e therm al e f f e c t s and d i s s i p a t i o n o f pore pre s s u re
was measured f o r f o u r more d a y s . A s i m i l a r b e h a v i o u r was
o b s e r v e d d u r i n g t h e c o o l i n g ph ase.

A c l o s e r i n s p e c t i o n o f t h e t e m p e r a t u r e and p o r e p r e s s u r e
c u r v e s , shows a c o r r e s p o n d e n c e betwee n t h e change i n tempe­
r a t u r e r a t e and t h e maximum p o r e p r e s s u r e . T h is b e h a v io u r
is p r o b a b l y t o be r e l a t e d t o a mass t r a n s p o r t e f f e c t , a l ­
th o u g h o n l y t o a s m a ll e x te n t.

The d i a g r a m s i n F i g s . 4 c show t h e cha ng es w i t h tim e

o f the a x ia l and n e t v o l u m e t r i c s t r a i n s . The l a t t e r do n o t
correspond t o th e a c tu a l v o l u m e t r i c cha nges o f t h e s p e c im e n ,
as t h e s e depend a l s o on t h e r m a l exp a n sio n . T h is term r e f e r s
t o t h e volume o f w a t e r c r o s s i n g t h e p e r v i o u s b o u n d a ry o f
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 t h e spe cim en and t h e r e f o r e i t has been used t o re present
b) TIME (hours)
th e c o n s o lid a t io n e f f e c t .
AXIAL AND NET VOLUMETRIC STRAINS (%)
1 The a x i a l s t r a i n cha ng es r e f l e c t t h e v a r i a t i o n s in p o re
VOLUMETRIC pressure. A f t e r an e x p a n s i o n i n t h e e a r l y s t a g e o f t h e
1.4 STRAIN
te s t (w h e re maximum e x p a n s i o n c o i n c i d e d w i t h t h a t o f the
1.2 e xce ss p o r e p r e s s u r e ) , a p r o g r e s s i v e r e d u c t i o n o f t h e s p e c i ­
1 men h e i g h t was f o u n d d u r i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g d a y s . A fu rth e r,
b u t su d d e n , a x i a l r e d u c t i o n o c c u r r e d a f t e r t h e powe r b r e a k
.8
and t h e f i n a l va lu e ea = 0.4% was th e n reached.
.6 AXIAL
STRAIN F in a lly , r e g a rd in g th e c o n s o l i d a t i o n e f f e c t o f th e therm al
.4 c y c le , t h e maximum n e t v o l u m e t r i c s t r a i n ev = 1.3 % , and a
.2 fin a l va lu e ev = 1.0% were me asure d.

0 — I I I n o r d e r t o d e s c r i b e , i n an a n a l y t i c a l f o r m , t h e h y d ro d y n a m ic
-.2 e f f e c t s o f th e therm al l o a d i n g on t h e c l a y s and t h e c o r r e ­
s p o n d i n g d e f o r m a t i o n s , a n u m e r i c a l model o f cou pled conso­
- .4
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 l i d a t i o n was u s e d . T h i s model is based on t h e m o d i f i e d Cam-
C) TIME (hours) c l a y c o n s t i t u t i v e l a w (BURLAND, 1965) and a c c o u n t s f o r
F ig .4 C -T e st : T e m p e r a tu r e ( a ) , p o r e p r e s s u r e ( b ) and te m p e ra tu re e f f e c t s th ro u g h e q u iv a l e n t body f o r c e s .
s tra in (c) cha nges w i t h t i m e The g o v e r n i n g e q u a t i o n s a r e :

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l y on t h e l o w p e r m e a b i l i t y o f such s o i l s , w h i c h t h e r e f o r e
C i j k l (ekl + “ T) + u ’ j = 0 a r e n o t i n f l u e n c e d by phenomena o f mass t r a n s p o r t . The
fie ld o f t e m p e r a t u r e cha ng es may be t h u s e v a l u a t e d w i t h o u t
(K-i j ( u * j ) ) »i + V t ' ^ “ w + ( 1 ' n ) a s^ T >t = 0 keeping a cco u n t o f th e f l u i d flo w .

where C . s tre s s -s tra in tensor The m e c h a n i c a l e ffe c ts o f c la y h e a tin g c o n s is t m a in ly in

ijk l therm al and c o n s o l i d a t i o n s t r a i n s . Thermal s t r a i n s depend
K^j : p e rm e a b ility ten sor on t e m p e r a t u r e c h a n g e s , t h e b u l k m o dulu s o f t h e s o l i d ske­
a : therm al e x p a n s iv ity o f s o il l e t o n and e s p e c i a l l y on t h e t h e r m a l e x p a n s iv it y o f the
flu id ph a se . Due t o t h e l a t t e r e f f e c t , th e s e s t r a i n s a r e
aw : therm al e x p a n s iv ity o f w a te r a l m o s t r e c o v e r e d when t h e h e a t s u p p l y i s c u t o f f . Conso­
as : therm al e x p a n s iv ity o f s k e le ta l m a te ria l lid a tio n s t r a i n s depend on t h e c o n s t r a i n t betw ee n t h e
s o l i d and l i q u i d ph ase. Pore pressure ris e s d u r in g the
n : s o il p o ro s ity e a r l y stag e o f th e h e a tin g process u n t i l te m perature
These e q u a t i o n s w ere s o l v e d by an F . E .M . t e c h n i q u e , and th e changes d e v e l o p . L a te r,w h e n s t a t i o n a r y therm al c o n d itio n s
th e r e s u lt s co rre s p o n d in g to th e m a te r ia l p ro p e rtie s in a re re a ch e d , th e hydrodynam ic e f f e c t s p re v a il and t h e c o n ­
Table I and t h e b o u n d a ry c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e p r e s e n t c a s e , s o lid a tio n process ta k e s p la c e .
a r e r e p o r t e d i n F i g . 5. A firs t te n ta tiv e a n a ly tic a l model o f t h e o b s e r v e d b e h a v i o u r
A l t h o u g h t h e t h e o r e t i c a l r e s u l t s do n o t e x a c tly was d e v e l o p e d . The model i s based on C a m - c la y s t r e s s -
match t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a , t h e assumed m a t h e m a t i c a l s t r a i n r e l a t i o n s h i p s and a l l o w s f o r t h e r m a l e f f e c t s t h r o u g h
model seems t o be i n e x c e l l e n t q u a l i t a t i v e agreement w i t h e q u i v a l e n t body f o r c e s . The c o r r e s p o n d i n g e q u a t i o n s were
th e observed b e h a v io u r. n u m e r i c a l l y s o l v e d by t h e F .E .M .

The c o m p a r i s o n be tween e x p e r i m e n t a l and a n a l y t i c a l re s u lts

FINAL REMARKS AND CONCLUSIONS shows a good q u a l i t a t i v e a g r e e m e n t b u t f u r t h e r w o r k on t h i s
s u b je c t is r e q u i r e d so as t o r e a c h a b e t t e r q u a n t i t a t i v e
A lth o u g h the e x p e rim e n ta l work i s s till i n an e a r l y s t a g e ,
re p re s e n ta t io n o f exp erim e ntal e v id e n c e .
p r e l i m i n a r y c o n c l u s i o n s may be dr aw n.

H eat t r a n s f e r i n c l a y s may be r e p r e s e n t e d , w i t h o u t s e r i o u s
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
e r r o r s , by t h e s i m p l e d i f f u s i o n t h e o r y . T h i s depends m a in -

EXCESS PORE PRESSURE ( kPa) Thanks a r e e x p r e s s e d t o F . B r o g i and D . I r t i f o r t h e ir pre­

40 cio u s c o n t r ib u t io n in p re p a rin g th e la b o r a t o r y t e s t s . D r.P .
R ic c i i s a ls o thanked f o r h is h e lp i n th e c o m p u ta tio n a l
an a lyse s.

T h i s r e s e a r c h was p a r t i a l l y s u p p o r t e d by a g r a n t made
a v a i l a b l e by ENEA ( C o m i t a t o N a z i o n a l e p e r l a R ice rca e p e r
lo S v ilu p p o d e ll ' E n e r g i a N uclea re e d e ll e E nergie A l t e r n a ­
tiv e ) .

REFERENCES

B u r l a n d J . B . (1 9 6 5 ) The Y i e l d i n g and D i l a t i o n o f C lay .

C o r r e s p o n d a n c e , G é o t e c h n i q u e , 15, 211- 214.
E . E . C . ( 1981) . C o n f in a m e n to g e o l o g i c o d e i rifiu ti ra d io a t­
tiv i n e lla C om unità E u ro p e a . C ommissione d e l l e Comuni­
TI ME ( hour s)
t à E u ro p e e , B r u x e l l e s - L u s s e m b u r g o , 1981.
Gera F . , L e n z i G . , Sen si L . , Cassano G . ( 19 7 6 ) . D isposa l of
L o n g - L i v e d R a d i o a c t i v e Wastes i n Ita ly . Management o f
R a d i o a c t i v e Wastes f r o m t h e N u c l e a r Fu el C y c l e , V o l . 2.
IAEA, Wien .

TI ME ( hour s)
F ig .5 C om paris on be tween t h e o r e t i c a l and e x p e r i m e n t a l
re s u lts f o r a C -te s t

1248