Recommendations For The Design of Segmental Bridges - 1996

8
Part 26
Recommendations for the Design of
Segmental Bridges1
— 1996 —
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section/Article Description Page

26.1 G eneral R equirem ents and M aterial ........................................ 8-26-4
26.1.1 G eneral(1996).......................................................... 8-26-4
26.1.2 N otations (1996) ........................................................ 8-26-4
26.1.3 Term s (1996)........................................................... 8-26-7 1
26.1.4 Concrete (1996)......................................................... 8-26-8
26.1.5 Segm entalB ridges,D esign R einforcem ent (1996) ............................. 8-26-8
26.2 M ethods of A nalysis ...................................................... 8-26-8
26.2.1 G eneral(1996).......................................................... 8-26-8
26.2.2 Strut-and-T ie-M odels (1996) .............................................. 8-26-8
26.2.3 E ffective Flange W idth (1996) ............................................. 8-26-8 3
26.2.4 T ransverse A nalysis (1996) ............................................... 8-26-11
26.2.5 LongitudinalA nalysis (1996).............................................. 8-26-12
26.3 D esign L oads ............................................................ 8-26-12
26.3.1 G eneral(1996).......................................................... 8-26-12
26.3.2 Dead Loads (1996).................................................... ... 8-26-13
26.3.3 E rection Loads (1996).................................................... 8-26-13
26.3.4 T herm alE ffects (1996)................................................... 8-26-13
26.3.5 Creep and Shrinkage (1996)............................................... 8-26-14
26.3.6 Post-T ensioning Force (1996).............................................. 8-26-17
26.4 L oad Factors............................................................. 8-26-17
26.4.1 G eneral(1996).......................................................... 8-26-17
26.4.2 Service Load Com binations for Part 2,reinforced concrete design,article 2.2.4 (1996) 8-26-17
26.4.3 Strength R eduction Factors (1996) ......................................... 8-26-18
26.4.4 Construction Load Com binations,Stresses and Stability (1996).... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-26-
26.5 A llow able Stresses........................................................ 8-26-22
26.5.1 Prestressing Steel(1996) ................................................. 8-26-22
26.5.2 Prestressed Concrete (1996)............................................... 8-26-22
1 R eferences,Vol.97,p.60.A dopted 1996.
© 2004, American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association 8-26-1

Concrete Structures and Foundations
TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT)

26.6 Prestress L osses (1996).................................................. .. 8-26-23
26.7 F lexural Strength ........................................................ 8-26-24
26.7.1 G eneral(1996) ...................................................... . . . 8-26-24
26.7.2 Strain Com patibility (1996)............................................... 8-26-24
26.7.3 Center ofG ravity Correction for Strand T endons (1996)....................... 8-26-24
26.8 Shear and T orsion ........................................................ 8-26-24
26.8.1 Scope (1996) ....................................................... . . . . 8-26-24
26.8.2 G eneralR equirem ents (1996)............................................. 8-26-25
26.8.3 T raditionalShear and T orsion D esign for Plane Section T ype R egions (1996) ..... 8-26-28
26.8.4 Strut-and-T ie T russ M odelD esign for E ither B eam T ype or D iscontinuity R egions (1996)8-26-30
26.8.5 SpecialR equirem ent for D iaphragm s,D eep B eam s,Corbels and B rackets (1996)... 8-26-32
26.8.6 Shear T ransfer at Interfaces (1996) ........................................ 8-26-33
26.8.7 T w o-w ay Punching Shear (1996) .......................................... 8-26-33
26.9 Fatigue Stress L im its ..................................................... 8-26-33
26.9.1 Fatigue Stress Lim its for B onded N onprestressed R einforcem ent (1996) . . . . . . . . . . 8-26-33
26.9.2 Fatigue Stress Lim its for Prestressed R einforcem ent (1996) .................... 8-26-33
26.10 D esign of L ocal and G eneral A nchorage Zones,A nchorage B listers and D eviation Saddles8-26-34
26.10.1 G eneral(1996) ...................................................... . . . 8-26-34
26.10.2 Forces and R einforcem ent in G eneralA nchorage Zones (1996).................. 8-26-34
26.10.3 R einforcem ent (1996).................................................... 8-26-35
26.10.4 R einforcem ent D etailing (1996) ........................................... 8-26-35
26.10.5 A nchorages in SpecialB listers (1996)....................................... 8-26-35
26.10.6 A nchorages in D iaphragm s (1996) ......................................... 8-26-36
26.10.7 A nchorage B earing R eaction Force (1996) ................................... 8-26-36
26.10.8 Deviation Saddles (1996)................................................ . 8-26-36
26.11 P rovisional P ost-T ensioning D ucts and A nchorages ........................... 8-26-37
26.11.1 G eneral(1996) ...................................................... . . . 8-26-37
26.11.2 Bridges w ith InternalD ucts (1996)......................................... 8-26-37
26.11.3 Provision for Future D ead Load or D eflection A djustm ent (1996)................ 8-26-37
26.12 D uct D etails ............................................................. 8-26-38
26.12.1 M aterialT hickness (1996)................................................ 8-26-38
26.12.2 Duct A rea (1996) .................................................... ... 8-26-38
26.12.3 M inim um R adius ofCurvature (1996) ...................................... 8-26-38
26.12.4 Duct Supports (1996).................................................. .. 8-26-39
26.12.5 Duct Size,Clearance and D etailing (1996)................................... 8-26-39
26.12.6 Duct Confinem ent R einforcem ent (1996).......... .......................... 8-26-39
26.13 C ouplers (1996) .......................................................... 8-26-40
26.14 C onnection of Secondary B eam s (1996)...................................... 8-26-40
26.15 C oncrete C over and R einforcem ent Spacing ................................. 8-26-41
26.15.1 Cover and Spacing (1996) ................................................ 8-26-41
26.15.2 R einforcem ent D etails for E rection Loads (1996) ............................. 8-26-41
© 2004, American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association
8-26-2 AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering

Recommendations for the Design of Segmental Bridges
TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT)
26.16 Inspection A ccess (1996) .................................................. 8-26-41

26.17 B ox G irder C ross Section D im ensions and D etails ............................ 8-26-42
26.17.1 M inim um Flange T hickness (1996)......................................... 8-26-42
26.17.2 M inim um W eb T hickness (1996) ........................................... 8-26-42
26.17.3 Length ofTop Flange Cantilever (1996) ..................................... 8-26-42
26.17.4 O verallCross Section D im ensions (1996) .................................... 8-26-42
Com m entary ................................................................... 8-26-42
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Description Page
8-26-1 Cross Sections and Corresponding E ffective Flange W idths,bm ,for B ending and Shear..... 8-26-9
8-26-2 Pattern ofthe E ffective Flange W idth bm ........................................... 8-26-10
8-26-3 E ffective Flange W idth bm /b Coefficients bfbs....................................... 8-26-10
8-26-4 E ffective Flange W idths bn for N orm alFaces ....................................... 8-26-11
8-26-5 Norm al D aily Minim um Tem peratures (Degrees F) for January ......... . . . . . . . . . . .....
8-26-6 N orm alD aily M axim um tem peratures (D egrees F) for July............................ 8-26-16 1
8-26-7 N egative M om ent R egion........................................................ 8-26-24
8-26-8 R einforcem ent D etails .......................................................... 8-26-41
8-26-9 R elative Joint D isplacem ent Shear K ey Behavior .................................... 8-2 6-46
8-26-10 Stress T rajectories in a B -R egion and N ear D iscontinuities (D -R egions)1 ................ 8-26-49
8-26-11 Beam w ith D irect Supports1 ..................................................... 8-26-49
8-26-12 T-beam 1...................................................................... 8-26-50
8-26-13 LongitudinalShear T ransfer by B ottom Slab to W eb H aunches1........................ 8-26-50 3
1
8-26-14 T russ M odelofa B eam w ith Cantilever ........................................... 8-26-53
8-26-15 T he T w o M ost Frequent and M ost U sefulStrut-and-T ie M odels1 ....................... 8-26-54
8-26-16 T he Com pression Strut in the W eb w ith the Stirrups1 ................................ 8-26-55
8-26-17 E xam ples ofthe B asic T ypes ofN odes1 ............................................ 8-26-56
8-26-18 Diaphragm ofa B ox G irder B ridge 1 ............................................... 8-26-57
8-26-19 Fan A ction1 ................................................................... 8-26-58
8-26-20 Different Support Conditions Lead to D ifferent Strut-and-T ieM odels and D ifferent
4
1
R einforcem entA rrangem ents ofCorbels .......................................... 8-26-59
8-26-21 Bursting Stresses U nder B earing Plate A nchorages1 ................................. 8-26-61
8-26-22 A T ypicalD -R egion1............................................................ 8-26-61
8-26-23 Schem atic D raw ing ofD ifferent T ypes of“H anger” R einforcem ent1 .................... 8-26-65
8-26-24 E xtent ofthe Intersection Zone for the Connection ofSecondary B eam s1 ................ 8-26-65
LIST OF TABLES
Table Description Page
8-26-1 Strength R eduction Factor f ..................................................... 8-26-19

8-26-2 A llow able Tensile Stresses for Construction Load Combinations........................ 8-26-21
1 R epublished through the courtesy ofthe Prestressed Concrete Institute PCI Journal, see indi
al
vidu
figure for volum e and page num ber.
AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering 8-26-3

SECTION 26.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND MATERIAL
26.1.1 GENERAL (1996)1
T he specifications ofthis part are intended for design oflongitudinallyand/or transversely post-tensioned
bridges utilizing norm alw eight concrete constructed w ith either precast or cast-in-place box segm ents ofsingle
or m ultiple cells,or com binations thereof,as w ellas sim ple span and continuous segm entalbeam -type bridges.
T he specifications pertain to bridges ofallsizes and are restricted to bridge span lengths of200 feet or less.
U nless otherw ise stated or superseded by these specifications,the provisions ofthe A R E M A M anualfor
R ailw ay E ngineering are intended to apply tothe design ofsegm entalconcrete bridges.
26.1.2 NOTATIONS (1996)
N otations are in accordance w ith Part2,R einforced Concrete D esign and Part17,Prestressed Concrete and the
follow ing:
A = area ofconcrete surrounding a bar,(see A rticle 26.15.2) square inch.

Ab = bearing area oftendon anchorage,square inch.
A' = m axim um area ofthe portion ofthe concrete anchorage surface that is geom etrically sim ilar to and
b
concentric w ith the bearing area of the tendon anchorage,square inch.
A cc = area ofconcrete in com pression chord,square inch.
A cn = area ofone face ofa truss node region,square inch.
A cp = area enclosed by outside perim eter ofconcrete cross section,square inch.
A cs = area ofinclined com pression strut,square inch.
Ag = gross area ofconcrete cross section,square inch.
Al = totalarea ofadditionallongitudinalreinforcem ent to resist torsion,square inch.
Ao = area enclosed by shear flow path,See A rticle 26.8.2j
, square inch.
As = area ofnonprestressed tensile reinforcem ent,square inch.
A's
= area ofcom pression reinforcem ent,square inch.
A *s = area ofprestressed reinforcem ent in tension zone,square inch.
At = area ofone leg ofcontinuous,closed transversetorsion reinforcem ent w ithin a distances,square
inch.
AV = area oftransverse shear reinforcem ent w ithin a distance s,square inch.
a = portion ofsingle span,end span,or span adjacent cantilever arm subject to shear lag effects (see
Figure 8-26-2),feet.
b = top or bottom flange w idth either side ofw eb (see Figure 8-26-1),feet.
be = m inim um effective shear flow w eb or flange w idth to resist torsional stresses,(see
A rticle 26.8.2j,
A rticle 26.8.2e and A rticle 26.8.3a),feet.
bf = effective flange w idth coefficient fr
o interior portion ofspan (see Figure 8-26-2 and Figure 8-26-3),
unitless.
bm = effective w idth offlange (see Figure 8-26-2),feet.
bm 1 = effective w idth ofcantilever flange ofbox girder (seeFigure 8-26-1),feet.
bm 2 = effective w idth ofhalfofinterior top flange ofbox girder (seeFigure 8-26-1),feet.
bm 3 = effective w idth ofhalfofbottom flange ofbox girder (see Figure 8-26-1),feet.
bm f = effective w idth for center portion ofspan (see Figure 8-26-2 and Figure 8-26-3),feet.
1 See Com m entary

bm s = effective w idth at support or for cantilever arm (see Figure 8-26-2 and Figure 8-26-3),feet.
bn = effective flange w idth for lateraldist
ribution ofpost-tensioning force (seeFigure 8-26-4),feet.
bno = w eb w idth at anchorage ofpost-tensioning force (see Figure 8-26-4),feet.
bo = w eb w idth (see Figure 8-26-1),feet.
bs = effective top or bottom flange w idth coefficient at supports and for cantilever arm s (see Figure 8-26-
2 and Figure 8-26-3),feet.
bw = m inim um w eb w idth,(see A rticle 26.8.2e),inches.
b1 = w idth ofcantilever flange ofbox girder (see Figure 8-26-1),feet.
b2 = w idth ofhalfofinterior top flange ofbox girder (see Figure 8-26-1),feet.
b3 = w idth ofhalfofinterior bottom flange ofbox girder (see Figure 8-26-1),feet.
CE = w eight ofspecialized construction equipm ent,kips.
CLE = longitudinalconstruction equipm ent load,kips.
CLL = construction live load,psf,norm ally taken as 10 psf.
c = portion ofcontinuous span adjacent to interior support subject to shear lag effects (see
Figure 8-26-
2),feet.
D = sum ofdead load ofstructure (D L),superim posed dead load (SD L),and perm anent effects oferection
loads (E L),kips.
D IFF = differential(unbalanced)dead load from one cantilever,kips.
DL = dead load ofstructure only,kips.
DT = therm aldifferentialfrom centerline oftop flange to centerline ofbottom slab,degrees F. 1
d = distance from the extrem e com pression fiber to the centroid ofthe longitudinaltension
reinforcem ent,inches.For prestressed concretem em bers,the greater ofthe distance from the
extrem e com pression fiber to the centroid ofthe prestressed tension reinforcem ent or 0.8h m ay be
used,feet.
da = depth ofanchor plate,inches.
dc = thickness ofcover from tension fiber to center ofbar,(see A rticle 26.15.2) inches. 3
do = totaldepth ofsection (see Figure 8-26-2),feet.
dO N = construction height ofsecondary beam (see Figure 8-26-8),feet.
dO H = construction height ofm ain beam (see Figure 8-26-8),feet.
dsp = totaldepth ofsym m etric concrete prism above and below the anchor plate (also assum ed to be the
length ofthe anchorage zone),inches.
E cm = secant m odulus ofelasticity,psior ksf. 4
E eff = effective m odulus ofelasticity for long term loads considering creep deform ations,psior ksf.
EL = perm anent effect oferection loads (finalstate),psior ksf.
e = base ofN aperian logarithm s
F bst = totalbursting force (tensile) due to a tendon anchorage,kips.
Fr = radialforce due to tendon curvature,lb per foot.
fc' = specified com pressive strength ofconcrete,psior ksf.
fc' = square root ofspecified com pressive strength ofconcrete,(see A rticle 26.8.2ffor lim it) psior ksf.
fci
' = com pressive strength ofconcrete at tim e ofinitialprestress,psior ksf.
fcn = com pressive stress in theconcrete node regions,(see A rticle if) psior ksf.
fcp = perm issible concrete com pressive stress under anchorage,psior ksf.
fcu = crushing strength ofdiagonally cracked concrete,(see A rticle id) psior ksf.

fpc = com pressive strength in concrete after allow ance for allprestress losses,psior ksf.Criticalstress to
be determined at:
(a) the centroid ofthe cross section resisting externalloads,or
(b) the junction ofthe w eb and com pression flange w hen the centroid lies w ithin the flange,or
(c)in com posite m em bers,the stress at (a)or (b)for stresses due to both prestress and the m om ents
resisted by the precast m em ber acting alone.
fpm = ultim ate strength ofprestressing steel,psi.
fs = stress in nonprestressed reinforcem ent under erection loads,(see A rticle 26.15.2),psi.
fs' = stress in com pression reinforcem ent,psi.
fst = steelstress at beginning oftim e intervals tl,psi.
*
fsu = average stress in prestressed reinforcem ent at ultim ate load,psi.
fsy = specified yield strength ofnonprestressed reinforcem ent,psi.
fy* = yield point stress ofprestressing steel,psi.
h = overallthickness ofm em ber,inches.
IE = im pact load from equipm ent
fpc
K = 1 + --------------- ,factor for torsionalcracking m om ent (see A rticle 26.8.2jand l)
2 f¢c
l = span length,(see Figure 8-26-2) feet.

li = span length for use in determ ining effective flange w idth,(see Figure 8-26-2) feet.
Mu = factored m om ent at section,in-lb or ft-lb.
N uc = factored com pressive axialforcenorm alto cross section,lb.
N ut = factored tensile axialforce norm alto cross section,lb.
P = tendon force,(see A rticle 26.12.3 and A rticle 26.12.6.1)lb.
pcp = outside perim eter ofthe concrete cross section,inches.
Pj = tendon jacking force,kips.
ph = perim eter ofcenterline ofouterm ost continuous closed transverse reinforcem ent,inches.
R = tendon radius ofcurvature,(A rticle 26.12.3) feet.
R = rib shortening and creep effects,(see A rticle 26.4.2 and A rticle 26.4.4.1) kips.
R lr = loss ofprestress due to steelrelaxation,low relaxation strand,psi.
R sr = loss ofprestress due to steelrelaxation,stress relieved steel,psi.
S = shrinkage effects,(seeA rticle 26.4.4.1) kips.
Su = force in a truss m em ber due to factored ultim ate loads,lb.
SD L = superim posed dead load,kips.
s = spacing ofshear or torsion reinforcem ent m easured parallelto the longitudinalaxis ofthe m em ber,
inches.
s = bar spacing,inches (see A rticle 26.15.2).
T = sum ofeffects oftherm alrise or fall(T R F) and therm aldifferential(D T ),kips.
T R F = therm alrise or fall,degrees F.
Tc = torsionalcracking m om ent,(see A rticle 26.8.2j) in-lb.
Tn = nom inaltorsion resistance,in-lb.
To = tendon stress at jacking end,psi.
Tu = factored torsion at section,in-lb.
U = load due to segm ent unbalance on opposite cantilever ends,kips.

Vc = nom inalshear strength provided by concrete,lb.

Vn = nom inalshear force resisted by m em ber,lb.
Vp = com ponent ofthe effective prestressing w hich acts in the direction ofthe applied shear (see
A rticle 26.8.1g and A rticle 26.8.2h).
Vs = nom inalshear resisted by the 45 degrees trussm odelas m easured by the stirrup capacity,lb.
VU = factored shear force at section,lb.
WT dl = area ofconcrete surrounding a bar,(see A rticle 26.15.2),square inch.
W U P = w ind uplift on cantilever,kips.
Z = correction dim ension for location ofcenter ofgravity oftendon bundle in duct,(see A rticle 26.7.3)
inch.
Z = quantity for detailing ofreinforcem ent to controlflexural cracking during erection,(see
A rticle 26.15.2) kips per inch.
so = average com pressive stress in the concrete section due to the post-tensioning anchorage force after
the force is distributed over the depth,d,ofthe section,psi.
sy = transverse tensile stress in the concrete section due to the post-tensioning anchorage force,psi(see
Figure 8-26-21).
f = strength reduction factor (see A rticle 26.4.3).
fb = strength reduction factor for bearing (see A rticle 26.4.3).
fc = creep coefficient,ratio ofcreep strain to elastic strain.
ff = strength reduction factor for flexure (see A rticle 26.4.3).
fv = strength reduction factor for shear and diagonaltension (see A rticle 26.4.3).
1
m = friction coefficient (per radian)
a = totalangular deviation from jacking end to point x,radians.
3
8 26
26.1.3 TERMS (1996)
Term s are in accordance w ith Part 2,R einforced Concrete D esign and Part 17,Prestressed Concrete and the
follow ing.R efer to the G lossary located at the end ofthe chapter for definitions. 4
A nchorage B lister G eneralZone Secondary M om ent
Closure InternalTendon Strut-and-T ie M odel
Confinem ent A nchorage LocalZone Tem perature G radient
D eviation Saddle Launching B earing T ype A Joints
E xternalTendon Launching N ose T ype B Joints
G eneralB ursting Forces Low R elaxation Steel

26.1.4 CONCRETE (1996)

Structuralconcrete used in segm entalconstruction shallhave a m inim um 28-day strength of4,500 psi,or
greater as specified by the E ngineer.T he required concrete strength at the tim e ofstressing shallbe
determ ined in accordance w ith A rticle 26.5.2.
26.1.5 SEGMENTAL BRIDGES, DESIGN REINFORCEMENT (1996)1

26.1.5.1 Prestressing Steel
As per Part 17,Prestressed Concrete.
26.1.5.2 Reinforcing Steel
a. A ST M G rade 60 unless otherw ise specified.
b. A llbridge deck reinforcem ent,including any reinforcem ent projecting from the w eb into the deck,shall
be provided w ith a corrosion protective system in aggressive environm ents.
SECTION 26.2 METHODS OF ANALYSIS
26.2.1 GENERAL (1996)2

E lastic analysis and beam theory m ay be used to determ ine design m om ents,shears,and deflections.T he
effects ofcreep,shrinkage,and tem perature differentials shallbe considered,as w ellas the effects ofshear lag.
Shear lag shallbe considered in accordance w ith the provisions of A rticle 26.2.3.
26.2.2 STRUT-AND-TIE-MODELS (1996)3

Strut-and-tie-m odels m ay be used for analysis w hen tensie
l stresses exceed the tensile strength ofthe concrete,
and for areas w here strain distribution is non-linear.
26.2.3 EFFECTIVE FLANGE WIDTH (1996)

26.2.3.1 General4
E ffective flange w idth m ay be determ ined by elastic analysis procedures (B ibliography 86 and 87),by the
provisions ofSection 3-10.2 ofthe 1983 O ntario H ighw ay B ridge D esign Code (B ibliography 63) or by the
provisions ofA rticle 26.2.3.2.
26.2.3.2 Effective Flange Width for Analysis, and for Calculation of Section Capacity and Stresses5
a. Section properties for analysis and for calculationofthe effects ofbending m om ents and shear forces
m ay be based on the flange w idths specified in this section,or m ay be based on flange w idths determ ined
by other procedures listed in A rticle 26.2.3.1.T he effects ofunsym m etricalloading on effective flange
w idth m ay be disregarded.For flange w idth,b,less than or equalto 0.3 do,bm m ay be assum ed equalto
b,w here do is taken as the w eb height in accordance w ith Figure 8-26-1. For flange widths, b,greater
than 0.3 do,the effective w idth m ay be determ ined in accordance w ith Figure 8-26-2 and Figure 8-26-3.
1
See Com m entary
2
See Com m entary
3
See Com m entary
4
See Com m entary
5 See Com m entary

T he value ofbs shallbe determ ined using the greater ofthe effective span lengths adjacent to the
support.Ifbm f is less than bm s in a span,the pattern ofthe effective w idth w ithin the span m ay be
determ ined by the connecting line ofthe effective w idth bm s at adjoining support points.H ow ever,bm
shallnot be greater than b.
Figure 8-26-1. Cross Sections and Corresponding Effective Flange Widths, bm, for Bending and Shear 4
b. T he section properties for norm alforcesm ay be based on the pattern according to Figure 8-26-4,or m ay
be determ ined by m ore rigorous analyticalprocedures.
c. Stresses due to bending,shear and norm alforces m ay be determ ined by using their corresponding
section properties.
d. For the superposition ofthe bending stresses ofthe m ain load-bearing structure over the slab bending
stresses generated by localloads,the form er m ay be assum ed to have a straight line pattern in
accordance w ith Figure 8-26-1.T he linear stress distribution is determ ined from the constant stress
distribution under the condition that the flange force rem ains unchanged.
e. T he capacity ofa cross-section at the ultim ate state m ay be determ ined by considering the fullflange
w idth effective.

Figure 8-26-2. Pattern of the Effective Flange Width bm
Figure 8-26-3. Effective Flange Width bm/b Coefficients bf bs

Figure 8-26-4. Effective Flange Widths bn for Normal Faces

4
1
26.2.4 TRANSVERSE ANALYSIS (1996)
a. T he transverse design ofbox girder segm ents for f exure

l shallconsider the segm ent as a rigid box fram e.
Flanges shallbe analyzed as variable depth sections considering the fillets betw een the flange and w ebs.
Com binations oftrack loads,ifthe structure m ay support m ore than one track,shallbe positioned to
provide m axim um m om ents,and elastic analysis shallbe used to determ ine the effective longitudinal
distribution ofw heelloads for each load location.T racks shallbe positioned on the structure in
accordance w ith clearance policies.Consideration shallbe given to the increase in w eb shear and other
effects on the cross-section resulting from eccentric loading or unsym m etricalstructure geom etry.
b. Influence surfaces (B ibliography 43,44 and 73)or other elastic analysis procedures m ay be used to
evaluate live load plus im pact m om ent effects in the top flange ofthe box section.
1 See Com m entary

c. T ransverse elastic and creep shortening due to pres

tressing and shrinkage shallbe considered in the
transverse analysis.
d. T he secondary effects due to prestressing shallbe included in stress calculations at w orking load.In
calculating ultim ate strength m om ent and shear requirem ents,the secondary m om ents or shears
induced by prestressing (w ith a load factor of1.0)shallbe added algebraically to the m om ents and shears
due to factored ultim ate dead and live loads.
26.2.5 LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS (1996)
26.2.5.1 General1
a. Longitudinalanalysis shallbe in accordance w ith the provisions of A rticle 26.2.1.Longitudinal analysis

ofsegm entalconcrete bridges shallconsider a specificconstruction m ethod and construction schedule,as
w ellas the tim e-related effects ofconcrete creep,shrinkage,and prestress losses.
b. T he secondary effects due to prestressing shallbe included in stress calculations at w orking load.In
calculating ultim ate m om ents and shear requirem ents,the secondary m om ents or shears induced by
prestressing (w ith a load factor of1.0) shallbe added algebraically to m om ents and shears due to
factored dead and live loads.
c. InternalTendons shallbe designed and constructedas bonded tendons.D etails ofconstruction m ethods
resulting in unbonded or partially unbonded internaltendons are not allow ed.
26.2.5.2 Erection Analysis
A nalysis ofthe structure during the construction stage,shallconsider the construction load com binations,
stresses,and stability considerations outlined in A rticle 26.4.4.
26.2.5.3 Analysis of the Final Structural System
T he finalstructuralsystem shallbe analyzed for redistribution oferection stage m om ents resulting from the
effects ofcreep and shrinkage,and from any change in the staticalsystem ,including the closure ofjoints.
T herm aleffects on the finalstructuralsystem shallbe considered in accordance w ith A rticle 26.3.4.T he effect
ofprestress losses occurring after closure shallbe evaluated in accordance w ith Section 26.6,Prestress Losses
(1996).T he m axim um m om ents resulting from the above analyses shallbe utilized in conjunction w ith the
com binations ofloads specified in A rticle 2.2.4 for determ ination ofrequired flexuralstrength.
SECTION 26.3 DESIGN LOADS
26.3.1 GENERAL (1996)
A llloadings shallbe in accordance w ith the latest edition ofthe M anual For R ailw
ay E ngineering except as
provided below.
1 See Com m entary

26.3.2 DEAD LOADS (1996)1
U nit w eight ofconcrete (including reinforcing steel) – 155 pcfor as determ ined for the project.W eight of
diaphragm s,anchor blocks,or any other deviations from the typicalcross section shallbe included in the dead
load calculations.
26.3.3 ERECTION LOADS (1996)2
a. E rection loads com prise allloadings arising from the designer’s anticipated system oftem porary
supporting w orks and/or special erection equipm ent to be used in accordance w ith the assum ed
construction sequence and schedule.T he assum ed erection loads (magnitude and configuration)and
acceptable closure forces due to m isalignm ent corrections shallbe stated on the draw ings.D ue allow ance
shallbe m ade for alleffects ofany changes to the staticalstructuralschem e during construction.T he
application,changes or rem ovalofthe assum ed tem porary supports or specialequipm ent shallbe
considered by taking into account residual“built-in” forces,m om ents,deform ations,secondary post-
tensioning effects,creep,shrinkage and any other strain induced effects.
b. A llelem ents ofthe bridge shallbe designed forthe anticipated construction system assum ed by the
E ngineer and show n on the plans.A ny accepted contractor proposals w hich present differing
construction loads shallbe evaluated,by the E ngineer,for effects upon the structure.
26.3.4 THERMAL EFFECTS (1996)
26.3.4.1 Normal Mean Temperature 1

U nless m ore precise localdata are available,norm alm ean tem perature for the location shallbe taken as the
average ofthe January and July values from Figure 8-26-5 and Figure 8-26-6,(B ibliography 45) respectively.
26.3.4.2 Seasonal Variation
a. For the purposes ofdesign ofthe structure,the m inim um and m axim um overalltem peratures shallbe
3
taken from Figure 8-26-5 and Figure 8-26-6,respectively,unless m ore precise localdata is available.
b. T he tem perature setting variations for bearings and expansion joints shallbe stated on the bridge plans.
26.3.4.3 Thermal Coefficient3

4
T he coefficient oftherm alexpansion used to determ ine tem perature effects shallbe taken as 6.0 ´ 10-6 per
degree F,unless m ore precise data are available.
26.3.4.4 Differential Temperature4
Positive and negative differentialsuperstructure tem perature gradients shallbe considered in accordance w ith
A ppendix A ofN ationalCooperative H ighw ay R esearch Program R eport276 “T herm alE ffects in Concrete
Bridge Superstructures.” (B ibliography 45) M ore precise data m ay be used ifavailable.
1
See Com m entary
2
See Com m entary
3
See Com m entary
4 See Com m entary

26.3.5 CREEP AND SHRINKAGE (1996)1
E ffects due to creep and shrinkage strains shallbe calculated in accordance w ith provisions of A rticle 26.2.5.3.
T he creep coefficient fc m ay be evaluated in accordance w ith the provisions ofthe A CI Com m ittee 209 R eport,
(B ibliography 2) the CE B -FIP M odelCode,(B ibliography 15)or by a com prehensive test program .Creep
strains and prestress losses (B ibliography 14)w hich occur after closure ofthe structure causes a redistribution
ofthe forces.Stresses shallbe calculated for this effect based on an assum ed construction schedule stated on
the plans.
1 See Com m entary

Figure 8-26-5. Normal Daily Minimum Temperatures (Degrees F) for January

Figure 8-26-6. Normal Daily Maximum temperatures (Degrees F) for July

26.3.6 POST-TENSIONING FORCE (1996)1
T he structure shallbe designed for both initialand finalpost-tensioning forces.Prestress losses shallbe
calculated for the construction schedule stated on the plans.T he finalpost-tensioning forces used in service
load stress calculations shallbe based on the m ost severe condition at each location along the structure.
SECTION 26.4 LOAD FACTORS
26.4.1 GENERAL (1996)
In the finalw orking condition,service or load factor load com binations shallbe in accordance w ith Part 2,
R einforced Concrete D esign as am ended below.A llow able stresses shallbe in accordance w ith Section 26.5,
A llow able Stresses.W hen checking tensile stresses for service load,G roups II through IX ,the variable load
effects shallbe divided by the allow able stress increases inPart 2,R einforced Concrete D esign,A rticle 2.2.4.
Strength reduction factors,f,shallbe in accordance w ith A rticle 26.4.3. During construction, load case
com binations,allow able stresses and st ability shallbe in accordance w ith A rticle 26.4.4.
26.4.2 SERVICE LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR PART 2, REINFORCED CONCRETE

DESIGN, ARTICLE 2.2.4 (1996)
1
26.4.2.1 Creep and Shrinkage
a. T he perm anent effects ofcreep and shrinkage shallbe added to allspecified loading com binations w ith a
load factor of1.0.
b. For the group loading com binations listed in Part 2,R einforced Concrete D esign,A rticle 2.2.4,the
follow ing abbreviations shallapply: 3
D = D L + SD L + E L and
O F = T R F + D T + R w here:
E L = E rection Loads (finalstate)

4
NOTE: See A rticle 26.4.2.2.
T R F = T herm al– R ise or Fall
D T = T herm al– D ifferential
R = Creep E ffects
NOTE: Creep effects to be considered,in conjunction w ith any rib shortening,shrinkage and
anticipated support settlem ent effects as loading designation R .
A therm aldifferentialof0.5D T is perm issible w hen the load com bination includes fulllive load +
im pact.
1 See Com m entary

26.4.2.2 Erection Loads at End of Construction
T he finalstate erection loads are defined as the finalaccum ulated “built-in” forces and m om ents resulting from
the construction process.
26.4.2.3 Additional Thermal Loading Combination
In addition to G roup Loads IV,V,and V I at service load,the follow ing com bination and stress shallapply:
(D L + SD L + E L)+ E + B + SF + R + S + (D T ) @ 100% A llow able Stress
NOTE: Letters in parenthesis are as per A rticle 26.1.2,others are as per Part 2,R einforced
Concrete D esign,A rticle 2.2.3.
26.4.3 STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTORS (1996)1
a. T he basic strength reduction factors,ff and fv for flexure and shear,respectively,shallconsider both the
type ofjoint betw een segm ents and the degree ofbonding ofthe post-tensioning system provided.T he
appropriate value f of
v listed below shallbe used for torsionaleffect calculations in Section 26.8,Shear
and T orsion.
b. Since the post-tensioning provided m ay be a m ixture offully bonded tendons and unbonded or partially
bonded tendons,the strength reduction factor at any section shallbe based upon the bonding conditions
for the tendons providing the m ajority ofthe prestressing force at the section.A llinternaltendons shall
be designed and constructed as bonded tendons.
c. In order for a tendon to be considered as fully bonded to the cross-section at a section,it m ust be bonded
beyond the criticalsection for a developm ent length.T he developm ent length shallbe calculated by a
rationalapproach based upon tendon pullout tests.
d. Cast-in-place concrete joints and w et concrete joints shallbe considered as T ype A joints.
e. E poxy joints betw een precast units shallbe considered as T ype B joints.
f. D ry joints betw een precast units shallbe considered as T ype B joints.
g. Strength reduction factor,f,shallbe taken as show n in Table 8-26-1.
1 See Com m entary

Table 8-26-1. Strength Reduction Factor f
ff fv
Type
Flexure Shear
Fully Bonded Tendons

T ype A Joints 0.95 0.85
T ype B Joints 0.90 0.80
Unbonded or Partially Bonded External
Tendons
T ype A Joints 0.90 0.90
T ype B Joints 0.85 0.75
NOTE: T he appropriate value offv from Table 8-26-1 shallbe used for torsionaleffectcalculations
in Section 26.8,Shear and T orsion.
h. T he strength reduction factor for bearing,fb shallbe taken as 0.70 for alltypes ofconstruction.T his
value shallnot be applied to bearing stressesunder anchorage plates for post-tensioning tendons.
26.4.4 CONSTRUCTION LOAD COMBINATIONS, STRESSES AND STABILITY (1996) 1

26.4.4.1 Erection Loads During Construction1
a. E rection Loads as defined by A R E M A and as stated on the plans shallbe as follow s:
(1) D ead load ofstructure (D L).U nit w eight ofconcrete (including rebar) 155 pcfor as determ ined for
the project.W eight ofdiaphragm s,anchor blocks,or any other deviations from the typicalcross- 3
section shallbe included in the dead load calculations.
(2) D ifferentialload from one cantilever (D IFF).T his only applies to balanced cantilever construction.
T he load is 2% ofthe dead load applied to one cantilever.
(3) Superim posed dead load (SD L).T his does not norm ally apply during construction.Ifit does,it
should be considered as part ofthe dead load (DL). 4
(4) D istributed construction live load (CLL).T his is an allow ance for m iscellaneous item s ofplant,
m achinery and other equipm ent apart from the m ajor specialized erection equipm ent.T he follow ing
m agnitudes shallbe used as m inim um unless loads ofdifferent m agnitudes can be verified.
D istributed load allow ance 10 psf.In cantilever construction,distributed load shallbe taken as 10 psf
on one cantilever and 5 psfon the other.For bridges built by increm entallaunching,construction
live load m ay be taken as zero.
(5) Specialized construction equipm ent(C E ).T his is the load from any specialequipm ent such as a
launching gantry,beam and w inch,truss or sim ilar m ajor item .T his also includes segm ent delivery
trucks and the m axim um loads applied to the structure by the equipm ent during the lifting of
segm ents.
1 See Com m entary

(6) Im pactLoad from equipm ent(IE ).To be determ ined according to the type ofm achinery anticipated.
For very graduallifting ofsegm ents,w here the load involves sm alldynam ic effects,the im pact load
m ay be taken as 10% .
(7) Longitudinalconstruction equipm entload (CLE ). T he longitudinalforce from the construction

equipm ent.
(8) Segm entunbalance (U ).T his applies prim arily to balanced cantilever construction but can be
extended to include any “unusual” lifting sequence w hich m ay not be a prim ary feature ofthe
generic construction system .T he load “U ” is the effect ofany out ofbalance segm ents or other
unusualcondition as applicable.
(9) W ind uplifton cantilever (W U P).5 psfm inim um (balanced cantilever construction applied to one
side only).
(10) A ccidentalrelease or application ofa precastsegm entload or othersudden im pactfrom an otherw ise
static segm entload ofW T d1.Force plus Im pact = 2W T 1.
(11) Creep (R ).In accordance w ith A rticle 26.3.5.Creep effects shallbe considered as part ofrib
shortening (R ).
(12) Shrinkage (S).In accordance w ith A rticle 26.3.5.
(13) T herm al(T ).T he sum ofthe effects due to therm alrise and fall(T R F)and differentialtem perature
(D T ) from A rticle 26.3.4.
26.4.4.2 Construction Load Combinations and Allowable Stresses
a. Stresses shallbe checked under the service load com binations given inTable 8-26-2.T he distribution
and application ofthe individualerection loads (A rticle 26.4.4.1)appropriate to a construction phase
shallbe such as to produce the m ost unfavorable effects.Table 8-26-2 is a guide;ifm ore unfavorable
conditions m ay occur w ith the particular construction system ,these shallbe taken into account.T he
m axim um allow able construction load com pressive stress shallbe 0.5 fc' .
b. Load factor design need not be used for construction conditions w ith the exception ofA rticle 26.4.4.3.
26.4.4.3 Construction Load Combinations Load Factor Design Check
U sing strength reduction factors (f) in accordance w ith A rticle 26.4.3,the strength provided shallnot be less
than required by the follow ing load factor com binations:
a. For m axim um forces and m om ents:
1.1 (D L + D IFF)+ 1.3CE + 2A
b. For m inim um forces and m om ents:
D L + CE + 2A

Table 8-26-2. Allowable Tensile Stresses for Construction Load Combinations
Super-
Segmental
Dead Loads Live Loads Wind Loads structure
Substructure Only
Only
(1)
Allowable (2) bE
(R+S+T) Including B SF (3) (4)
Stress (Note 3) Excluding Including
(R+S+T)
Comments
DL DIFF U CLL CE IE CLE W WUP WE (Note 4) (R+S+T) (R+S+T)
Combination
Allowable
Allowable Allowable
Stress
Stress Stress
(Note 4)
a 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 6 fc' 1 7 fc' bE 1 1 6 fc' 7 fc'
b 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering

6 fc' 7 fc' bE 6 fc' 7 fc'
0.7
c 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0.7 0 6 fc' 1 7 fc' 1 1 1 7 fc' 7 fc'
(N ote 1)
E quipm ent
0.7
d 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0.7 7 fc' 1 7 fc' bE 1 1 7 fc' 7 fc' not
(N ote 1)
w orking
0.3 N orm al
e 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0.3 7 fc' 1 7 fc' bE 1 1 7 fc' 7 fc'
(N ote 2) E rection
0.3 M oving
f 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0.3 7 fc' 1 7 fc' bE 1 1 7 fc' 7 fc'
(N ote 2) E quipm ent
T he allow able stresses in Colum ns (1)and (2)apply to the sum m ation ofallthe loads m ultiplied by their tabulated coefficients in allthe colum ns
to the left.Sim ilarly for Colum ns (3)and (4)w ith the exceptions of(R + S+ T )as noted.
N ote 1: R eduction is to allow for lesser probability ofm axim um w ind during construction period.

N ote 2: R eduction is to allow for lim iting ndwbeyond
i w hich construction is halted.
N ote 3: T he bE term is as defined in A A SH T O Section 3.22.
N ote 4: W hen less than 50% ofthe tendon capacity is provided by internaltendons,the m axim um allow able construction stresses shallbe
3 fc' for T ype A joints, dan0 for Type B joints.
8-26-21
SECTION 26.5 ALLOWABLE STRESSES
26.5.1 PRESTRESSING STEEL (1996)
T he allow able stresses for prestressing steelshallbe in accordance w ith the provisions ofPart 17,Prestressed
Concrete.
26.5.2 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE (1996)
26.5.2.1 Temporary Stresses Before Losses Due to Creep and Shrinkage, at the Time of Application of the
Prestress
a. M axim um Com pression:
0.55 fci
'.
b. Longitudinalstresses in the PR E CO M PR E SSE D tensile zone:
(1) T ype A joints w ith m inim um bonded m ild steelauxiliary reinforcem ent through the joints sufficient
to carry the calculated tensile force at a stress of0.5 fsy;internaltendons.
' m axim um tension

3 fci
(2) T ype A joints w ithout the m inim um bonded m ild steelauxiliary reinforcem ent through the joints;
internalor externaltendons:0 tension
(3) T ype B joints,externaltendons not less than:200 psim inim um com pression
(4) Tension in other areas w ithout bonded nonprestressed reinforcem ent:0 tension.
(5) Where the calculated tensile stress exceeds the a llow able tensile value,bonded reinforcem ent shall
be provided at a stress of0.5 fsy to resist the totaltensile force in concrete com puted on the
assum ption ofan uncracked section.In such cases,the m axim um tensile stress shallnot exceed
6 fci
' .
26.5.2.2 Stresses at the Service Level After Losses
a. M axim um Com pression:
0.4fc'
b. Longitudinalstresses in the PR E CO M PR E SSE D tensile zone:
(1) T ype A joints w ith m inim um bonded auxiliary reinforcem ent through the joints sufficient to carry
the calculated tensile force at a stress of0.5 fsy;internaltendons:
3 fc' m axim um tension
(2) T ype A joints w ithout m inim um bonded auxiliary reinforcem ent through joints:0 tension

(3) T ype B joints,externaltendons,not less than:200 psim inim um com pression
(4) Tension in other areas w ithout bonded reinforcem ent:zero tension
(5) Where the calculated tensile stress exceeds this va lue,bonded reinforcem ent shallbe provided at a
stress of0.5 fsy to resist the totaltensile force in the concrete com puted on the assum ption ofan
uncracked section.In such cases,the m axim um tensile stress shallnot exceed
6 fc' .
c. T ransverse tension in the precom pressed tensile zone:
3 fc' m axim um tension
26.5.2.3 Anchorage
a. T he bearing stresses under the anchor plates shallbe in accordance w ith the provisions of Part 17,
Prestressed Concrete,A rticle 17.16.2.4 as m odified by this section.T he stresses calculated at application
ofthe post-tensioning force and at the service load shallbe lim ited to 5,000 psiand 6,250 psi,
respectively.
b. A nchorage devices w hich function on the basis ofconfinem ent reinforcing need not conform to the
bearing stress lim itations for plat
type
e anchorage devices specified in paragraph a.A cceptance ofsuch 1
anchorage devices shallbe based on review oftest data or on the basis ofdocum ented perform ance on
m ajor bridge projects.1
c. T he concrete splitting force shallbe calculated in accordance w ith A rticle 26.10.2;by test results based
on sim ilar anchorages,tendon trajectory,and concrete section geom etry;or by m ore rigorous analytical
procedures.2
3
d. R einforcem ent shallbe provided to resist the anchorage splitting forces.
e. Tensile stress in anchorage splitting reinforcem entat the tim e ofapplication ofthe prestress:0.6 fsy ,
w here fsy shallnot exceed 60,000 psi.
SECTION 26.6 PRESTRESS LOSSES (1996)
Prestress losses shallbe com puted in accordance w ith the provisions ofPart 17,Prestressed Concrete. Lum p
sum losses shallonly be used for prelim inary design purposes.Losses due to creep,shrinkage,and elastic
shortening ofthe concreteas w ellas friction,w obble,anchor set and relaxation in the tendon shallbe
calculated for the construction m ethod and schedule show n on the plans in accordance w ith tim e-related
procedures for calculation ofprestress losses.
1
See Com m entary
2 See Com m entary

SECTION 26.7 FLEXURAL STRENGTH
26.7.1 GENERAL (1996)1
Flexuralstrength ofsegm entalconcrete bridges shallbe calculated in conjunction w ith Part 17,Prestressed
Concrete.T he flexuralcapacity required by the load factor provisions ofA rticle 26.4.1 shallbe less than or
equalto ff tim es the flexuralcapacity provisions ofPart 17,Prestressed Concrete.T he values offf shallbe
taken from A rticle 26.4.3.
26.7.2 STRAIN COMPATIBILITY (1996)
A s an alternative to use ofPart 17,Prestressed Concrete,flexuralstrength ofbonded tendon bridges m ay be

calculated in accordance w ith the strain com patibility provisions ofSection 10.2 ofthe A CI 318 B uilding Code
(B ibliography 4).Strain com patibility analysis m ay also be used for com putation ofbridges w ith unbonded
tendons provided that the analysis correctly recognizes the differences in strain betw een the tendons and the
concrete section,and provided that the analysis recognizes the effect oftendon anchorage lateralrestraints and
deflection geom etry changes on the effective stress in the tendons.
26.7.3 CENTER OF GRAVITY CORRECTION FOR STRAND TENDONS (1996)
D raped strand tendons shallbe assum ed to be at the bottom ofthe duct in negative m om ent areas,and at the
top ofthe duct in positive m om ent areas.For both strength and allow able stress calculations,the location ofthe
tendon center ofgravity w ith respect to the center line ofthe duct shallbe assum ed as illustrated by Figure 8-
26-7 (negative m om ent area show n).
Figure 8-26-7. Negative Moment Region
SECTION 26.8 SHEAR AND TORSION
26.8.1 SCOPE (1996)2
a. T he provisions ofthis section shallapply to the design ofprestressed concrete segm entalbridges
subjected to shear or com bined shear and torsion.D esign for shear ofcom bined shear and torsion shall
1
See Com m entary
2 See Com m entary

be based on ultim ate load conditions.T he provisions ofA rticle 26.8.2 shallapply to allparts ofthis
section.
b. R egions w ith one-w ay beam or thin plate type action or sim ilar conditions in w hich the plane sections
assum ption offlexuraltheory can be applied shallbe designed for shear or shear and torsion according to
A rticle 26.8.1,and either the traditionalapproach ofA rticle 26.8.3 or the strut-and-tie m odelapproach of
A rticle 26.8.4.D etailing ofallshear and torsion reinforcem ent m ust m eet the requirem ents of
A rticle 26.8.2.1
c. D iscontinuity regions w here the plane sections assum ption offlexuraltheory is not applicable such as
regions adjacent to abrupt changes in cross sections,openings,dapped ends,regions w here large
concentrated loads,reactions,or post-tensioning forces are applied or deviated,diaphragm s,deep beam s,
corbels or joints shallbe designed for the applied forces causing shear or shea r and torsion according to
A rticle 26.8.2 and the strut-and-tie m odelapproach ofA rticle i.In addition,specialdiscontinuity regions
like deep beam s,brackets and corbels should be designed for the applicable parts ofA rticle 26.8.5.2
d. Interfaces betw een elem ents such as w ebs and flanges,betw een dissim ilar m aterials,betw een concretes
cast at different tim es,or at an existing or potentialm ajor crack shallbe designed for shear transfer in
accordance w ith A rticle 26.8.6.3
e. Slab type regions subjected to localconcentrated forces such as concentrated loads or colum n reactions
shallbe designed for tw o-w ay punching shear in accordance w ith A rticle 26.8.7.
f. T he applied shear on a cross section shallconsist ofthe shear due to factored ultim ate dead load (VuD L )
including continuity effects,factored ultim ate live load (VuLL )and any other factored ultim ate load cases
1
specified.Torsionalm om ents (T u) shallbe included in design forfactored ultim ate load w hen their
m agnitude exceeds the value specified in A rticle 26.8.2j.4
g. T he applied shear due to the com ponent ofthe effective longitudinalprestress force w hich acts in the
direction ofthe section being exam ined (V p) shallbe considered as a load effect.
3
h. T he verticalcom ponent ofinclined tendons shallonly be considered to reduce the applied shear on the
w ebs for tendons w hich cross the w ebs and are anchored or fully developed by anchorages,deviators,or
internalducts located in the outer ¹⁄ ofthe w ebs.
26.8.2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS (1996)
a. For m em bers subjected to com bined shear and torsion,the resulting shear forces in the different 4
elem ents ofthe structure from the com bined shear flow s from shear and from torsion shallbe
considered.T he individualelem ents shallbedesigned for the resultant shear forces.
b. T he effects ofaxialtension due to creep,shrinkage and therm aleffects in restrained m em bers shallbe
considered w herever applicable.
c. T he com ponent ofthe effective prestressing force in the direction ofthe shear force shallbe considered
in accordance w ith A rticle 26.8.1f.
d. T he com ponents ofinclined flexuralcom pression or tension in variable depth m em bers shallbe
considered.
1
See Com m entary
2
See Com m entary
3
See Com m entary
4 See Com m entary

e. T he effects ofany openings or ducts in m em bers shallbe considered.In determ ining the effective w eb
w idth,bw or be the diam eters ofungrouted ducts or one-halfthe diam eters ofgrouted ducts shallbe
subtracted from the w eb w idth at the levelofthese ducts.
f. T he values of fc' used in any part ofthis section shallnot exceed 100 psi.1
g. T he design yield strength ofnonprestressed transverse shear or torsion reinforcem ent shallnot exceed
60 ksi.T he shear and torsion resistance contribution ofprestressed transverse shear or torsion
reinforcem ent shallbe based on substitution ofthe effective stress after allow ance for allprestress losses
plus 60 ksi,but not to exceed fy* ,in place offsy in transverse reinforcem ent expressions.
h. In pretensioned elem ents,the reduced prestress in the transfer length ofthe prestressing tendons shall
be considered w hen com puting fpc and V p.T he prestress force due to a given tendon shallbe assum ed to
vary linearly from zero at the point at w hich bonding com m ences to a m axim um at a transfer length
2
w hich m ay be assum ed as 50 diam eters for ¹⁄ inch diam eter strand.
i. Shear effects m ay be neglected in areas ofm em bers w here the factored shear force V u is less than fV c/2
(V c is defined in this article (B ibliography 3).N om inalm inim um stirrup capacity ofnot less than the
equivalent oftw o N o.4 G rade 60 bars at 1 foot on centers shallbe provided per w eb in such areas or the
m inim um shrinkage and tem perature reinforcem ent required by Part 2,R einforced Concrete D esign,
A rticle 2.12.3
j. Torsionaleffects m ay be neglected in m em bers w here the factored torsionalm om ent T u is less than
fT c/3. In lieu ofa m ore detailed calculation,T c m ay be taken as
T c = 2K fc'(2A obe)
K shallbe com puted as
1 + (fpc ¤2 fc') but K £ 2.0
H ow ever,K shallnot exceed 1.0 at any section w here the stress in the extrem e tension fiber due to
factored load and effective prestress force exceeds 6 fc' in tension.T he influence ofaxialtension,N ut,
shallbe accounted for by replacing fpc by (fpc – N u t/A g).T he influence ofaxialcom pression,N uc,shall
be accounted for by replacing fpc by the term (fpc + N uc/A g).A o is the area enclosed by the shear flow
path defined by the centroids ofthe longitudinalchords ofthe space truss m odelresisting the applied
torsion.In lieu ofa m ore precise analysis,A o m ay be taken as 85% ofthe area enclosed by the centerline
ofthe exterior closed transverse torsion reinforcem ent.be is the effective w idth ofthe shear flow path of
the elem ents m aking up the space truss m odelresisting torsion.In box girders be m ay be taken as
A cp /p cp ,w here A cp is the area enclosed by the outside perim eter ofthe concrete cross section and P cp is
the outside perim eter ofthe concrete cross section.T he effects ofopenings and ducts m ust be considered
as required in paragraph e.
k. In a statically indeterm inate structure w here significant reduction of torsionalm om ent in a m em ber can
occur due to redistribution ofinternalforces upon cracking,the factored torsion m om ent T u m ay be
reduced to fT c [T c is defined in paragraph j],provided that m om ents and forces in the m em ber and in
1
See Com m entary
2
See Com m entary
3 See Com m entary

adjoining m em bers are adjusted to account for the redistribution.In lieu ofa m ore exact analysis,the
torsionalloading from a slab m ay be assum ed as linearly distributed along the m em ber.
l. T ransverse reinforcem ent shallbe provided in allelem ents except for slabs and footings,and elem ents
w here V u is less than 0.5 fV c.In lieu ofm ore detailed calculations,V c m ay be taken as:
V c = 2K fc' bw d
K shallbe com puted in accordance w ith paragraph j.
m . W here transverse reinforcem ent is required,the m inim um tensile capacity ofthe transverse
reinforcem ent shallbe 50 bw s,w here bw and s are in inches.G reater am ounts m ay be required to carry
shear and torsion to m eet the requirem ents ofA rticle 26.8.3 or A rticle 26.8.5.
n. T ransverse reinforcem ent m ay consist of:
(1) Stirrups perpendicular to the axis ofthe m em ber or m aking an angle of45 degrees or m ore w ith the
longitudinaltension reinforcem ent,inclined to intercept potentialcracks.
(2) W elded w ire fabric sheets or cages w ith w ires located perpendicular to the axis ofthe m em ber.
(3) Longitudinalbars bent to provide an inclined portion m aking an angle of30 degrees or m ore w ith
the longitudinaltension reinforcem ent and inclined to intercept potentialdiagonalcracks.
(4) W ell-anchored prestressed tendons w hich are carefully detailed and constructed to m inim ize seating
1
and tim e dependent losses.
(5) Com binations ofstirrups,tendons,and bent longitudinalbars.
(6) Spirals.
3
o. T ransverse reinforcem ent shallbe detailed so thatthe shear forces betw een the different elem ents or
zones ofa m em ber are effectively transferred.T ransverse shear or torsion reinforcem ent shall extend as
a continuous tie from the extrem e com pression fiber (less cover)to the outerm ost tension reinforcem ent.
A lltransverse reinforcem ent shallbe fully anchored according to Part 2,R einforced Concrete D esign,
A rticle 2.13.1.
p. Torsion reinforcem ent shallconsist oflongitudinalbars or tendons and: 4

(1) closed stirrups or closed ties,perpendicular to the axis ofthe m em ber;
(2) a closed cage ofw elded w ire fabric w ith transverse w ires perpendicular to the axis ofthe m em ber:
(3) spirals.
q. T ransverse torsion reinforcem entshallbe m ade fully continuous and shallbe anchored according to Part
2,R einforced Concrete D esign,Section 2.21b(1),w here the concrete surrounding the anchorage is
restrained against spalling by flange or slab or sim ilar elem ent.A nchorage shallbe by 135 degrees
standard hooks around longitudinalreinforcem ent w here the concrete surrounding the anchorage is
unrestrained against spalling.Spacing ofclosed stirrups or closed ties shallnot exceed one-halfofthe
shortest dim ension ofthe cross section,nor 12 inches.
r. At any place on the cross section w here the axialtension due to torsion and bending exceeds the axial
com pression due to prestressing an d bending,either supplem entary tendons to counter the tension m ust

be added or locallongitudinalreinforcem ent w hich is continuous across the joints betw een segm ents is
required.
s. Ifsupplem entary tendons are added,they shallbe distributed around the perim eter ofthe
precom pressed tension zone inside the closed stirrups.At least one tendon shallbe placed near each
corner ofthe stirrups in the precom pressed tension zone.
t. Iflongitudinalreinforcem ent is added,the bars shallbe distributed around the perim eter form ed by the
closed stirrups.Perim eter bar spacing shallnot exceed 18 inches.At least one longitudinalbar shallbe
placed in each corner ofthe stirrups.T he m inim um diam eter ofthe corner bars shallbe ¹⁄ ofthe
stirrup spacing but no less than that ofa # 5 bar.
u. M axim um spacing oftransverse reinforcem ent shallnot exceed 0.5d in nonprestressed elem ents,0.75h
in prestressed elem ents nor 36 inches.W hen V u exceeds 6f fc'bw d ,these m axim um spacings shallbe
reduced by one-half.
v. Flexuralreinforcem ent,including tendons,shallbe extended beyond the theoreticalterm ination or

deviation points for a distance ofat least h /2.T ransverse reinforcem ent for shear and torsion shallbe
1
provided for a distance at least h /2 beyond the point theoretically requi red.
w. Shear keys in w ebs ofprecast segm entalbridges shallextend for as m uch ofthe w eb height as is
com patible w ith other detailing requirem ents.A lignm ent shear keys shallalso be provided in top and
bottom flanges.
26.8.3 TRADITIONAL SHEAR AND TORSION DESIGN FOR PLANE SECTION TYPE
REGIONS (1996)2
a. T he design ofbeam -type m em bers or regions for shear and torsion m ay be carried out according to this
article provided:
(1) V n does not exceed 10 fc'bw d
2 2
(2) (V n ¤bw d ) + (T n ¤2A obe) does not exceed 15 fc' .
(3) T here are no significant discontinuities such as abrupt changes in cross section or openings.
(4) N o concentrated load located w ithin 2d ofa support causes m ore than one-third ofthe shear at that
support.
(5) W here required,shear reinforcem ent consists oftendons and stirrups perpendicular to the axis of
the m em ber or w elded w ire fabric sheets or cages w ith w ires perpendicular to the axis ofthe m em ber,
and conform s to A rticle 26.8.2.
(6) Where required,torsion reinfo rcem ent consists oflongitudinal bars,and closed stirrups
perpendicular to the axis ofthe m em ber,and conform s to A rticle 26.8.2.
b. T he design ofcross sections subject to shear shallbe based on V u £ fV n w here V u is the factored shear
force and V n is the nom inalshear strength.V u shallconsider any unfavorable effects ofprestressing and
m ay consider favorable effects ofprestressing in accordance w ith A rticle 26.8.1f.For the purposes ofthis
section,V n m ay be com puted as:
1
See Com m entary
2 See Com m entary

Vn = Vc + Vs
w here:
V c = m ay be determ ined from A rticle 26.8.2l

V s = m ay be determ ined from paragraph d.
In equations for V c and V s,d shallbe the distance from the extrem e com pression fiber to the centroid of
the prestressed reinforcem ent in the tension chord or 0.8h,w hichever is greater.
c. T he applied shear V u in regions near supports m ay be reduced to the value com puted at a distance h /2
from the support w hen both ofthe follow ing conditions are satisfied:
(1) T he support reaction,in the direction ofthe applied shear,introduces com pression into the support
region ofthe m em ber,and
(2) N o concentrated load occurs w ithin a distance h from the face ofthe support.
d. T he nom inalshear contribution ofthe truss m odelw ith concrete diagonals at 45 degrees inclination as
determ ined by the shear reinforcem ent perpendicular to the axis ofthe m em ber is
V s = A vfsyd/s
1
e. W here required by A rticle 26.8.2j,torsion reinforcem ent shallbe provided in addition to the
reinforcem ent required to resist the factored shear,flexure and axialforces thatact in com bination w ith
the torsion.
f. T he longitudinaland transverse reinforcem ent required for torsion shallbe determ ined from :
T u £ fT n 3
g. T he nom inaltorsionalresistance provided by a space truss w ith concrete diagonals at 45 degrees
inclination and the indicated transverse reinforcem ent for torsion is:
T n = 2A oA tfsy/s
w here:
4
A o = defined in A rticle 26.8.2j
h. T he additional longitudinalreinforcement for torsion shallnot be less than:
A l = (T nph) / (2A
ofsy)
w here:
ph = the perim eter ofthe polygon defined by the centroids ofthe longitudinalchords ofthe space
truss resisting torsion.

ph m ay be taken as the perim eter ofthe centerline ofthe outerm ost closed stirrups.A l shallbe
distributed around the perim eter ofthe closed stirrups in accordance w ith A rticle 26.8.2t.1
i. T he area ofadditionallongitudinaltorsion reinforcem ent in the flexuralcom pression zone m ay be

reduced by an am ount equalto M u /(0.9d fsy) w here M u is the factored bending m om ent acting at that
section except that the reinforcem ent provided shallnot be less than required by A rticle 26.8.2t.
26.8.4 STRUT-AND-TIE TRUSS MODEL DESIGN FOR EITHER BEAM TYPE OR

DISCONTINUITY REGIONS (1996)2
a. T he design ofany region for shear and torsion m ay be carried out according to this article based on an
analysis ofthe internalload paths for allforces acting on the m em ber or region.T he effects ofthe
prestress force shallbe included in accordance w ith A rticle 26.8.1f.T he internalload paths shallbe
idealized using appropriate strut-and-tie or space truss m odels consisting of:
(1) Concrete and com pressive reinforcem ent com pression chords.
(2) Inclined concrete com pressive struts.
(3) Longitudinalreinforcem ent tension chords or ties.
(4) T ransverse reinforcem ent tension m em bers or ties.
(5) N ode regions at alljoints ofchords,struts and ties.3
b. T he proportions ofthe elem ents and the reinforcem ent shallbe selectedso that the tension ties yield
before the com pression chords or struts crush.Chord capacities shallbe based on underreinforced
sections for flexure.
c. T he size ofthe m em bers and joint regions in the truss shall be chosen so that the com puted forces in the
struts,ties,and truss m em bers,Su,due to factored loads shallsatisfy:
(1) Com pression chords
ff(085fc' A cc + A ' f' )³ S u

s s
w here:
ff = the appropriate f value for flexure
(2) Inclined com pressive struts
fv(fcuA cs)³ Su
w here:
fv = the appropriate f value for shear and diagonaltension

fcu = the lim iting strut com pressive stress from paragraph d
1
See Com m entary
2
See Com m entary
3 See Com m entary

(3) R einforcem ent tension chords
ff(A sfsy + A *sfsu

* )³ S
u
w here:
ff = the appropriate f value for flexure
* = the average stress in prestressing steelat ultim ate load considering the anchorage and
fsu
bonding conditions
(4) T ransverse reinforcem ent tension m em bers or ties:
fv(A vfsy)³ Su
w here:
fv = the appropriate f value for shear and diagonaltension
W hen such m em bers or ties are prestressed,the effective stress after prestress losses shallbe used in
place offsy.
(5) N ode regions

1
fb(fcnA cn)³ Su
w here:
fb = the appropriate f value for bearing

fcn = the lim iting com pressive stress in a node region from paragraph f 3
d. T he com pressive stress in an inclined com pressive strut,fcu shallnot exceed:
(1) For essentially undisturbed,uniaxialcom pressive stress states 0.6 fc' .
(2) For com pressive stress states w here tensile strains in the cross-direction or transverse tensile
4
reinforcem ent m ay cause cracking ofnorm alcrack w idth parallelto the strut 0.45 fc' .
(3) For com pressive stress states w ith skew cracking or skew transverse reinforcem ent 0.35 fc' .
(4) For com pressive stress states w ith very w ide skew cracks w hen the strut orientation differs
appreciably from the elastic orientation ofthe internalload path 0.25 fc' .
e. T he tension chord and alltension ties shallbe effectively anchored to transfer the required tension to the
truss node regions in accordance w ith the ordinary requirem ents ofPart 2,R einforced Concrete D esign
for developm ent ofreinforcem ent (Section 2.14) and shallbe detailed to satisfy the stress lim its of
paragraph f.

f. U nless specialconfining reinforcem ent is provided,the concrete com pressive stress fcn in the node
regions shallnot exceed:
(1) 0.85fc' in node regions bounded by com pressive struts and bearing areas,
(2) 0.70fc' in node regions anchoring only one tension tie,or
(3) 0.60fc' in node regions anchoring tension ties in m ore than one direction.
26.8.5 SPECIAL REQUIREMENT FOR DIAPHRAGMS, DEEP BEAMS, CORBELS AND

BRACKETS (1996)
26.8.5.1 General
A lldiscontinuity regions m ust be proportioned using the strut-and-tie m odelapproach ofA rticle i.Special
discontinuity regions like diaphragm s,deep beam s,corbel s,brackets m ust also satisfy the special provision of
A rticle 26.8.5.
26.8.5.2 Diaphragms and Deep Beams
a. D iaphragm s are ordinarily required in pier and abutm entsuperstructure segm ents to distribute the high
shear forces to the bearings.Verticaland transverse post-tensioning shallbe analyzed using the strut-
and-tie m odelofA rticle iand the effective prestress forces ofA rticle 26.8.1f
.T he diaphragm tendons
m ust be effectively tied into the diaphragm s w ith bonded nonprestressed reinforcem ent to resist tendon
forces at the corners ofopenings in the diaphragm s.1
b. D eep beam s are m em bers in w hich the distance from the point ofzero shear to the face ofthe support is
less than 2d or m em bers in w hich a load causing m orethan one-third ofthe shear at a support is closer
than 2d from the face ofthe support.
(1) T he strut-and-tie m odelofA rticle ishallbe used to analyze and design deep beam s.2
(2) T he m inim um tensile capacity oftransverse reinforcem ent shallbe 120bw s,and s shallnot exceed
d/4 nor 12 inches.
(3) Bonded longitudinalbars shallbe w elldistributed over each face ofthe verticalelem ents in pairs.
T he m inim um tensile capacity ofthis bonded reinforcem ent pair shallbe 120bw s.T he vertical
spacing betw een each pair,s,shallnot exceed d/3 nor 12 inches.
(4) In deep beam verticalelem ents w ith a w idth less than 10 inches,the pairs ofbonded bars required by
paragraph (3) m ay be replaced by a single bar w ith the required tensile capacity.
26.8.5.3 Brackets and Corbels
a. T he strut-and-tie m odelofA rticle ishallbe used to analyze and design brackets and corbels.3
b. T he depth at the outside edge ofthe bearing area shallbe at least halfthe depth at the face ofthe
support.
1
See Com m entary
2
See Com m entary
3 See Com m entary

c. Corbels and brackets shallbe designed to resist the calculated externaltensile force N ut acting on the
bearing area,but Nut shallnot be less than 0.2 V u unless specialprovisions are m ade to avoid tensile
forces.T herefore,N ut shallbe regarded as a live load even w hen tension results from creep,shrinkage or
tem perature change.
c ¤fsy ,w here d is m easured at the

d. T he steelratio A s/bd at the face ofthe support shallbe at least 0.04f'
face ofthe support.
e. Closed stirrups or ties parallelto the prim ary tensile tie reinforcem ent,A s,w ith a totalarea notless than
0.5 A s shallbe uniform ly distributed w ithin ²⁄ ofthe effective depth adjacent to A s.
f. At the front face ofa bracket or corbel,the prim ary tension reinforcem ent A s shallbe effectively
anchored to develop the specified yield strength,fsy,by:
(1) A structuralw eld to a transverse bar ofat least equalsize,or;
(2) Bending the prim ary bars,A s back to form a continuous loop,or;
(3) Som e other positive m eans ofanchorage.
g. T he bearing area ofthe load on a bracket or corbelshallnot project beyond the interior portion ofthe
prim ary tension bars,A s,nor project beyond the interior face ofany transverse anchor bar.
26.8.6 SHEAR TRANSFER AT INTERFACES (1996) 1

Shear transfer at interfaces shallbe designed in accordance w ith Part 2,R einforced Concrete D esign,
A rticle 2.35.4 using the fvalues found in this Part.
26.8.7 TWO-WAY PUNCHING SHEAR (1996)
T w o-w ay punching shear slab type elem ents shallbe designed in accordance w ith Part 2,R einforced Concrete 3
D esign,A rticle 2.35.6 using the appropriate f values from this Specification.
SECTION 26.9 FATIGUE STRESS LIMITS 4

26.9.1 FATIGUE STRESS LIMITS FOR BONDED NONPRESTRESSED REINFORCEMENT
(1996)1
D esign ofbonded nonprestressed reinforcem entfor fatigue shallconform to the provisions ofPart2,R einforced
Concrete D esign,A rticle 2.26.2.
26.9.2 FATIGUE STRESS LIMITS FOR PRESTRESSED REINFORCEMENT (1996)2
Fatigue ofprestressed reinforcem ent need not be considered for bridges designed in accordance w ith this
Specification.
1
See Com m entary
2 See Com m entary

SECTION 26.10 DESIGN OF LOCAL AND GENERAL ANCHORAGE ZONES, ANCHORAGE

BLISTERS AND DEVIATION SADDLES
26.10.1 GENERAL (1996)1
a. A nchorage zones for post-tensioning tendons are regions ofcom plex stresses.T he post-tensioned
anchorages zone m ay be considered as com prised oftw o zones.
b. T he localzone is the region im m ediately surrounding each anchorage device.It m ay be taken as a

cylinder or prism w ith transverse dim ensions approxim ately equalto the sum ofthe projected size ofthe
bearing plate plus the m anufacturer’sspecified m inim um side or edge cover.T he length ofthe localzone
extends for the length ofthe anchorage device plus an additionaldistance in front ofthe anchor equalto
at least the m axim um lateraldim ensions ofthe anchor.Perform ance ofthe anchorage device and
furnishing ofany supplem entary reinforcem ent required in this localzone is the responsibility ofthe
constructor and m aterialsuppliers.T hese responsibilities shallbe set forth in the project plans and
specifications.
c. T he generalzone is the region in front ofthe anchor w hich extends along the tendon axis for a distance
equalto the overalldepth ofthe m em ber.T he height of the generalzone is taken as the overalldepth of
the m em ber.In the case ofinterm ediate anchorages w hich are not at the end ofa m em ber,the general
zone shallbe considered to also extend along the projection ofthe tendon axis for about the sam e
distance before the anchor.
d. D esign and specification ofany supplem entary reinforcem entrequired in the generalzone (in addition to
the required localzone reinforcem ent)is the responsibility ofthe engineer ofrecord.Proper installation
ofsuch supplem entary reinforcem ent is the responsibility ofthe constructor.
e. R einforcem ent shallbe provided for bursting,splitting,and spalling tensile stresses generated by tendon
anchorages and deviation saddles in accordance w ith the follow ing provisions ofthis Section.T he
m ethod ofanalysis shallconsider anchorage eccentricity,tendon inclination,and tendon curvature.
f. T he proportions and supplem entary reinforcem ent ofthe localzone containing the tendon anchors m ust
be adequate to transfer the tendon force into the m ass of the concrete structure.T he load transfer m ay
be achieved by either bearing plate type anchors or by specialanchorage devices w hich in com bination
w ith specialanchor reinforcem ent (such as spirals,stirrups or other reinforcem ent) transfer the local
zone loads from the anchors into the generalanchorage zone ofthe structure.
26.10.2 FORCES AND REINFORCEMENT IN GENERAL ANCHORAGE ZONES (1996)2
a. T he generaldistribution offorces and the reinforcem ent required to provide the necessary general
anchorage zone tensile capacity to counteract the bursting forces ofthe anchorages m ay be determ ined
using the strut-and-tie m odelapproach ofA rticle i.
b. In lieu ofanalysis using the strut-and-tie approach,the totalbursting force,F bst,for an individual
anchorage shallbe taken as:
F bst = 0.30(1 – da ¤dsp )P j
1
See Com m entary
2 See Com m entary

26.10.3 REINFORCEMENT (1996)
26.10.3.1 Local Zones
T he localzone shallbe reinforced for the bursting forces as required for the anchor type used in accordance
w ith the provisions ofA rticle 26.5.2.3 and A rticle 26.10.2.T he reinforcem ent m ay consist ofstirrups,ties,
spirals,or com binations ofthese.
26.10.3.2 General Anchorage Zone Bursting and Directional Forces1
T he structure shallbe reinforced w ith stirrups or ties to resist generalanchorage zone bursting forces and
directionalforces due to totalpost-tensioning forces anchored at a section in accordance w ith the provisions of
A rticle 26.5.2.3 and A rticle 26.10.2.
26.10.3.3 Stress in Reinforcement for Bursting Forces2
R einforcem ent for bursting forces shallbe designed for m axim um jacking forces at tim e ofstressing w ith
fs = 0.6 fsy w here fsy shallnot exceed 60 ksi.
26.10.3.4 Post-Tensioning
Post-tensioning m ay be provided to supplem ent reinforcem ent restraint against anchorage bursting or
directionalforces.
1
26.10.4 REINFORCEMENT DETAILING (1996)
R einforcem ent m ay be in the form ofspirals,stirrups,orthogonalreinforcem ent,or com binations of these.

G roups ofanchorages shallbe restrained by reinforcem ent stirrups or lateralpost-tensioning enclosing the
entire group.A llorthogonalreinforcem ent m ust be m echanically anchored around reinforcem ent running
parallelw ith tendons.A llspirals,stirrups,or orthogonalreinforcem ent shallhave sufficient extra length to
develop fullbond w ith the concrete,or shallbe m echanically anchored by 135 degrees bends around 3
reinforcem ent.T he clear distance betw een bars or pitch ofspirals used as anchorage zone reinforcem ent shall
be at least the m axim um size ofthe coarse aggregate plus ¹⁄ inch but not less than 1¹⁄ inches.
26.10.5 ANCHORAGES IN SPECIAL BLISTERS (1996)
26.10.5.1 Design 4
In addition to reinforcem ents provided for tensile stresses perpendicular to the tendon trajectory,blisters shall
also be designed for shear and bending betw een the blister and w eb/flange interface.For these purposes,the
strut-and-tie m odels ofSection 26.8,Shear and T orsion,or the rules for shear friction and specialprovisions
brackets and corbels as set out in Part 2,R einforced Concrete D esign shallbe applied.T he reinforcem ent
required for anchorage zone tensile stress m ay also be used for shear friction calculations iffullbond
developm ent or m echanicalanchorage w ithin the w eb and slab is provided for the reinforcem ent.
26.10.5.2 Local Bending
W hen blisters are used,a check shallbe m ade for the localized bending induced into the w eb and/or flange in
the region surrounding the anchorage.R einforcem ent shallbe provided equivalent to the force represented by
1
See Com m entary
2 See Com m entary

the concrete tensile stress block proportion

ed at a stress ofnot m ore than 0.6 fsy,w here fsy shallnot exceed 60
ksi.
26.10.5.3 Local Tensile Stresses Behind Anchorage Blisters
Blisters should preferably be located at the juncture ofthe flange and the w eb.Calculations shallbe m ade to
assure that sufficient residualcom pression exists behind anchorage blisters that no localized tensile stresses
occur,or sufficient reinforcem ent shallbe provided at an allow able stress of0.6 fsy (m axim um value offsy to be
60 ksi)to take allthe tensile force.U se ofanchorage blisters projecting from one surface only,such as a flange,
should preferably be restricted to anchorage ofsm alltendons and bars.Blisters shallpreferably be located
sufficiently far from a joint to allow dispersaloflocal tensile stress effectsrough ththe reinforced slab.
M inim um reinforcem ent shallbe provided to carry 25-50% ofthe anchor load into the concrete behind the
anchor.T he am ount ofreinforcem ent provided shallbe based on evaluation ofthe com pressive stress leveldue
to other tendons or loads in the localarea behind the anchor,and shallincrease to an am ount ofreinforcem ent
sufficient to carry 50% ofthe tendon force w henever localnet tensile stresses m ight be generated behind the
anchorage.
26.10.6 ANCHORAGES IN DIAPHRAGMS (1996)
R einforcem ent shallbe provided to ensure a fulltransfer ofshear load from the diaphragm to the w ebs and
flanges.T he diaphragm shallbe designed and reinforced for any localized bending effects due to concentrated
anchorage loads.A nchorage zones in diaphragm s shallbe reinforced in accordance w ith A rticle 26.10.2.
26.10.7 ANCHORAGE BEARING REACTION FORCE (1996)
In situations w here the anchorage reaction force is not parallelto the longitudinalaxis ofthe beam ,it is
necessary to take into account the m agnitude and direction ofthe anchorage bearing reaction.R einforcem ent
or post-tensioning shallbe provided as required to contain the com ponent ofthe anchorage reaction
perpendicular to longitudinalaxis ofthe girder.T he reinforcem ent stress m ay be taken as 0.6 fsy but not
greater than 36 ksi(for G rade 60 steel).
26.10.8 DEVIATION SADDLES (1996)
26.10.8.1 General
D eviation saddles are blisters externalto the w ebs and flanges,norm ally on the inside ofa box at the junction
ofw eb and flange w here tendons placed externalto the concrete are deviated in direction to produce the
required tendon profile.
26.10.8.2 Design
R einforcem ent shallbe provided in the form offully anchored reinforcem ent and bent bars in w ebs or flanges
* from the deviated tendon(s) at a service stress of0.5 f .
to take the resultant pullout force com puted at fsu sy
A dditionalreinforcem ent shallbe provided to take any out ofbalance longitudinalforces by shear friction
action according to the A CI 318-86 Standard B uilding Code,A rticle 11.7.R einforcem ent shallalso be provided
to take any localized bending and axialeffects transm itted from the deviation saddles to the w ebs and/or
flanges.
26.10.8.3 Detailing
A llreinforcem ents shallhave a fulleffective developm ent length m easured from the tendon axis or shall
otherw ise be fully m echanically anchored around longitudinalreinforcem ent located at the outside ofthe (box)
section.Consideration shallbe given to constructibility and clearances betw een reinforcem ent for adequate

concrete com paction.N ot m ore than tw o reinforcing bars shallbe bundled and the clear distance betw een
reinforcem entshallbe atleast¹⁄ inch greater than the m axim um coarse aggregate size and in no case less than
1¹⁄ inches.
26.10.8.4 Localized Effects on Transverse Design
T he transverse design ofthe section shallbe checked for the transverse force im parted through deviation
saddles,including any unsym m etrical effects due tosequentialpost-tensioning.A dditionalbonded
reinforcem ent proportioned at a tensile stress of0.6 fsy,w here fsy shallnot be taken as greater than 60 ksi,or
transverse post-tensioning shallbe provided equivalent to the tensile force induced in the slab.
SECTION 26.11 PROVISIONAL POST-TENSIONING DUCTS AND ANCHORAGES
26.11.1 GENERAL (1996)

In accordance w ith A rticle 26.11.2,the design ofducts and anchorages for bridges w ith internaltendons shall
provide for increases in the post-tensioning force at selected locations along the bridge during construction to
com pensate for excessive friction and w obble losses during stressing.For bridges w ith either internalor
externaltendons,the design shallprovide for future addition ofexternalunbonded tendons in accordance w ith
provisions ofA rticle 26.11.3 as an allow ance for addition offuture dead load,or to adjust for deflection ofthe
bridge. 1
26.11.2 BRIDGES WITH INTERNAL DUCTS (1996)1
At intervals ofnot m ore than three segm ents,provisionalanchorage and duct capacity for negative and positive
m om ent tendons located sym m etrically about the bridge centerline shallprovide for an increase in the post-
tensioning force.T he totalprovisionalforce potentialofboth positive and negative m om ent anchorages and
ducts shallnot be less than 5% ofthe totalpositive and negative m om ent forces,respectively,and shallbe 3
distributed uniform ly at three segm ent intervals along the length ofthe bridge.At least one em pty duct per
w eb shallbe provided w ith anchorages at appropriate locations.E xcept for non-continuous bridges,and the
m inim um em pty duct capacity noted above,provisionalpositive m om ent duct and anchorage capacity shallnot
be required for 25% ofthe span length either side ofpier supports.A ny provisionalducts not utilized for
adjustm ent ofthe post-tensioning force shallbe grouted at the sam e tim e as other ducts in the span.
26.11.3 PROVISION FOR FUTURE DEAD LOAD OR DEFLECTION ADJUSTMENT (1996)2 4

Specific provisions shallbe m ade for access and for anchorage attachm ents,pass through openings,and
deviation block attachm ents to perm it future addition ofunbonded externaltendons sym m etrically about the
bridge centerline for a post-tensioning force ofnot less than 5% ofthe totalpositive m om ent and negative
m om ent post-tensioning force.
1
See Com m entary
2 See Com m entary

SECTION 26.12 DUCT DETAILS
26.12.1 MATERIAL THICKNESS (1996)

26.12.1.1 Metal Ducts1
M etalducts shallbe galvanized corrugated sem i-rigid conduit.For strand and w ire tendons,the duct thickness
shallbe 26 gage up to 2 ⁄ inches diam eter. Ducts larger than ⁄ i2nches diam eter shallbe 24 gage.For bar
tendons,the duct thickness shallnot be less than 31 gage.
26.12.1.2 Polyethylene Duct2
Polyethylene duct or rigid pipe used as externalduct shallbe high density polyethylene conform ing to A ST M D
3350.Internalpolyethylene duct shallhave spiralcorrugations.R igid pipe m ay be m anufactured in accordance
w ith A ST M D 2447,A ST M F 714,or A ST M D 2239.M aterialthickness shallbe as follow s:
a. Internalpolyethylene duct = 0.050 inches ± 0.010 inch.
b. E xternalpolyethylene duct shallhave a m inim um externaldiam eter to w allthickness ratio of21 or less.
26.12.2 DUCT AREA (1996)3
D uct for strand and w ire tendons shallbe sized so that the area ofthe duct is at least 2¹⁄ tim es the area ofthe
prestressing steelit contains.
26.12.3 MINIMUM RADIUS OF CURVATURE (1996)4
a. Tendon ducts shallpreferably be installed w ith aradius ofcurvature of20 feet or m ore.D ucts w ith
sharper curvature dow n to a m inim um of10 feet shallhave confinem ent reinforcem ent detailed to tie
the duct into the concrete.D uct curvature w ith radiiless than 10 feet m ay be approved by the E ngineer
based on review oftest data.T he m inim um radius for corrugated polyethylene duct shallbe 30 feet.T he
confinem ent reinforcem ent shallbe proportioned to resist radialforces calculated as:
F r = P /R
w here:
P = the tendon force in pounds per foot

R = the radius ofcurvature,in feet
F r = the radialforce in pounds per foot
Confinem ent reinforcem ent shallbe proportioned at 0.6 fsy w here fsy shallnot exceed 60 ksi.Spacing of
confinem ent reinforcem ent shallnot exceed 12 inches.Closer spacing shallbe used for duct w ith radius
ofcurvature less than 15 feet.
b. W hen the tendon profile radius ofcurvature is lessthan 20 feet,design consideration shallalso be given
to lateralforces exerted by m ultistrand tendons on thin w ebs due to bunching ofthe strand at the top or
bottom ofcircular ducts.Confinem ent reinforcem ent,preferably in the form ofspirals,shallbe provided
1
See Com m entary
2
See Com m entary
3
See Com m entary
4 See Com m entary

w henever the nom inalshear stress due to tendon jacking forces in the concrete cover beside the tendon
exceeds2 fc' .
26.12.4 DUCT SUPPORTS (1996)
26.12.4.1 Internal Supports1
a. Internalducts shallbe rigidly supported by ties to reinforcing steelas follow s:
(1) T ransverse slab tendons in m etalduct:2 feet.
(2) T ransverse slab tendons in polyethylene duct:2 feet.
(3) Longitudinalslab or w eb tendons in m etalduct:4 feet.
(4) Longitudinalslab or w eb tendons in polyethylene duct:2 feet.
26.12.4.2 External Ducts2
E xternalducts shallhave a m axim um unsupported length of25 feet unless a vibration analysis is m ade.
26.12.5 DUCT SIZE, CLEARANCE AND DETAILING (1996)

1
a. M axim um size ofducts shallnot exceed 0.4 ´ w eb thickness.
b. W here tw o curved tendons run parallelsuch that the outer one is bearing inw ards tow ard the inner one,
a m inim um clearance ofone duct diam eter shallpreferably be m aintained betw een the ducts.Ifthis is
not possible,reinforcem ent shallbe provided betw eenthe ducts to fully restrain the outer tendon ifit
has to be stressed before the inner tendon has been stressed and grouted.In cases w here longitudinal
tendons cross each other,at least one-halfduct diam eter but not less than 2 inches clear space shallbe 3
provided.T his restriction does not apply to transverse ducts crossing longitudinalducts at
approxim ately 90 degrees.
c. Curved tendons should not be placed around re-entrant corners or voids.Ifthis is unavoidable,then the
tendons m ust be provided w ith w ellanchored,fullreinforcem ent restraint proportioned as per
A rticle 26.12.6.1.In no case shallthe distance betw een the re-entrant corneror void and the edge ofthe
duct be less than 1.5 duct diam eters. 4
26.12.6 DUCT CONFINEMENT REINFORCEMENT (1996)
26.12.6.1 Ducts in Webs of Curved Bridges
a. W hen curved tendons are located in thin w ebs or close to internalvoids reinforcem ent shallbe provided
to prevent the tendon from bursting through the concrete into the void w henever the nom inalshear
stress in the cover beside the tendon due to tendon jacking forces exceeds 2 fc' .T he area ofsteel
required m ay be estim ated from :
A s = P /(R ´ 0.6 fsy)
1
See Com m entary
2 See Com m entary

w here:
A sy = A rea ofsteelrequired,inches2 foot
b. T he lateralforce exerted on the concrete by the tendons m ay be calculated by dividing the tendon force
by the radius ofcurvature in accordance w ith A rticle 26.12.3.
26.12.6.2 Ducts in Flanges1
a. D ucts in bottom slabs shallbe located betw een top and bottom layers oftransverse and longitudinalslab
reinforcem ent.For ducts in the bottom flanges ofvariable depth segm ents,nom inalconfinem ent
reinforcing shallbe provided around the duct at each segm ent face. The reinforcem ent shallnot be less
than tw o row s of# 4 hairpin bars at both sides ofeach duct with verticaldim nsi
eons equalto the slab
thickness less top and bottom cover dim ensions.
b. W hen closely spaced transverse or longitudinalducts are located in top or bottom flanges,the top and
bottom nonprestressed reinforcem ent m ats shallbe tied together w ith verticalreinforcem ent consisting
of# 4 hairpin bars w ith spacing not to exceed 18 inches or¹⁄1tim es the slab thickness in each direction,
w hichever is the lesser.
SECTION 26.13 COUPLERS (1996)2
N ot m ore than 50% ofthe longitudinalpost-tensioning tendons shallbe coupled at one section.T he spacing
betw een adjacent coupler locations shallnot be closer than the segm ent length or tw ice the segm ent depth.T he
void areas around couplers shallbe deductedthe from
gross section area and m om ent ofinertia w hen
com puting stresses at the tim e ofapplication ofthe post-tensioning force.
SECTION 26.14 CONNECTION OF SECONDARY BEAMS (1996)3
a. T he load from secondary beam s connected to the m ain beam (indirect support)shallbe resisted by
suspension stirrups or inclined bars.N ot less than ²⁄ ofthis suspension reinforcem ent shallbe located
in the im m ediate area ofthe intersection.T he entire load shallbe transm itted w ithin the intersection
zone specified in Figure 8-26-8.E xisting shear reinforcem ent w ithin the intersection zone m ay be
considered as partofthe suspension reinforcem entprovided thatthe secondary beam extends for the full
height ofthe m ain beam .Suspension stirrups and inclined bars shallbe anchored in accordance w ith
Part 2,R einforced Concrete D esign,Section 2.21.
b. D etailing ofthe connection m ay be accom plished by use ofthe strut-and-tie procedures outlined in
A rticle i.
1
See Com m entary
2
See Com m entary
3 See Com m entary

Figure 8-26-8. Reinforcement Details
SECTION 26.15 CONCRETE COVER AND REINFORCEMENT SPACING

1
26.15.1 COVER AND SPACING (1996)
R einforcem ent cover and spacing shallconform to Part 2,R einforced Concrete D esign,Section 2.6 and to
A rticle 26.15.2.
3
26.15.2 REINFORCEMENT DETAILS FOR ERECTION LOADS (1996)1
T he transverse analysis ofthe box girder shallinclude an evaluation ofthe quantity Z ofPart 2,R einforced
Concrete D esign,Section 2.39,E Q 64,for any loads applied prior to attainm ent offulldesign strength.T he
value ofZ calculated for flanges and w ebs shallnot exceed 130 kips per inch.
4
SECTION 26.16 INSPECTION ACCESS (1996)
Inspectability ofthe structure shallbe assured by providing secured access hatches w ith m inim um dim ensions
of2¢-6² ´ 4¢-0².Interior diaphragm s shallbe provided w ith openings larger than the dim ensions specified for
access hatches. The box section shallbe vented by drains or screened vents in w ebs at intervals not greater
than 50 feet.Such venting is to prevent the build up ofpotentialhazardous gas w hich m ight endanger
inspection personnel.
1 See Com m entary

SECTION 26.17 BOX GIRDER CROSS SECTION DIMENSIONS AND DETAILS
26.17.1 MINIMUM FLANGE THICKNESS (1996)1
Top and bottom flange thickness shallnot be less than any ofthe follow ing:
a. ¹⁄ the clear span betw een w ebs or haunches,a lesserdim ension w illrequire transverse ribs ata spacing
equalto the clear span betw een w ebs or haunches.
b. Top flange,9 inches w here transverse post-tensioning is anchored.T ransverse post-tensioning or

pretensioning shallbe used w here the clear span betw een w ebs orhaunches is 15 feet or larger.Strand
used for transverse pretensioning shallbe 0.5 inch diam eter or less.
26.17.2 MINIMUM WEB THICKNESS (1996)2
a. W ebs w ith no longitudinalor verticalpost-tensioning tendons – 8 inches.
b. W ebs w ith only longitudinal(or vertical) post-tensioning tendons – 12 inches.
c. W ebs w ith both longitudinaland verticalpost-tensioning tendons – 15 inches.
26.17.3 LENGTH OF TOP FLANGE CANTILEVER (1996)
T he cantilever length ofthe top flange m easured from the centerline ofw eb should preferably not exceed 0.45
the interior span ofthe top flange m easured betw een the centerline ofthe w ebs.
26.17.4 OVERALL CROSS SECTION DIMENSIONS (1996)3
O veralldim ensions ofthe box girder cross section shouldpreferably not be less than required to lim it live load
plus im pact deflection calculated using the gross section m om ent ofinertia and the secant m odulus ofelasticity
to ¹⁄ ofthe span.T he live loading shallbe in accordance w ith Part 2,R einforced Concrete D esign,
A rticle 2.2.3c.T he live loading shallbe considered to be uniform ly distributed to alllongitudinalflexural
m em bers.
COMMENTARY
T he purpose ofthis part is to furnish the technicalexplanation ofvarious articles in Part 26,R ecom m endations
for the D esign ofSegm entalB ridges.In the num bering ofarticles ofthis section,the num bers after the “C -”
correspond to the section/article being explained.
1
See Com m entary
2
See Com m entary
3 See Com m entary

C - SECTION 26.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND MATERIAL
C - 26.1.1 GENERAL (1996)
a. Segm entalbridges contem plated under this A rticle include but are not lim ited to those erected by the
follow ing m ethods:
(1) Balanced cantilever
(2) Span-by-span w ith truss or falsew ork
(3) Span-by-span lifting
(4) Increm entallaunching
(5) Progressive placem ent
b. T he span length ofbridges considered by these specifications ranges to approxim ately 800 feet.B ridges
supported by stay cables are not specifically covered although m any ofthe specification provisions are
applicable to cable-stayed bridges.
c. Lightw eight concrete has been infrequently used for segm entalbridge construction.Provision for the
use oflightw eight aggregates represents a significant com plication ofboth design and construction
specifications.For these reasons,as w ellas questions concerning the econom ic benefit ofuse of 1
lightw eight aggregates for segm entalbridges,their use is not explicitly covered in these specifications.
C - 26.1.5 SEGMENTAL BRIDGES, DESIGN REINFORCEMENT (1996)
a. Specialcorrosion protection is considered necessary for allbridge deck reinforcem ent in areas of
contam ination or w here de-icer or other harm fulchem icals m ay be applied.Corrosion protection should
also be provided for allreinforcem ent ofbridges located in coastalareas or over sea w ater,or in heavily
3
industrialized areas.
b. See the A CI Com m ittee 222 report “Corrosion ofM etals in Concrete” (B ibliography 3)for a
com prehensive discussion ofm ethods ofcorrosion protection.
C - SECTION 26.2 METHODS OF ANALYSIS 4
C - 26.2.1 GENERAL (1996)
R esults ofelastic analyses should be evaluated w ith consideration ofpossible variations in the m odulus of
elasticity ofthe concrete,and variations on the concrete creep and shrinkage properties,as w ellas the im pactof
variations in the construction schedule on these (and other)design param eters.
C - 26.2.2 STRUT-AND-TIE-MODELS (1996)
Strut-and-tie m odels provide one m eans ofanalyzing areas near concentrated loads,bearing areas,diaphragm s,
corners,bends,openings,anchorage zones for post-tensioning tendons, and other areas w here non-linear
strains exist,as w ellas the cracked globalstructuralsystem .M orsch proposed an extension ofthis concept in
1989.(B ibliography 18,56 and 84)

C - 26.2.3.1 General
T he procedures ofA rticle 3-10.2 ofthe 1983 O ntario H ighw ay B ridge D esign Code provides an equation for
determ ining the effective flange w idth for use in calculating bending resistances and bending stresses.
C - 26.2.3.2 Effective Flange Width for Analysis, and for Calculation of Section Capacity and Stresses
a. N ote that b as used in this A rticle is the flange w idth on either side ofthe w eb.(b1,b2,or b3 in
Figure 8-26-1).
b. T he pattern ofstress distribution in Figure 8-26-4 is intended only for calculation ofstresses due to
anchorage ofpost-tensioning tendons,and m ay be disregarded in the generalanalysis to determ ine
design m om ents,shears and deflections.
c. Superposition oflocalslab bending stresses due to track loads (tw o-w ay slab action) and the prim ary
longitudinalbending stresses is not norm ally required.
C - 26.2.4 TRANSVERSE ANALYSIS (1996)
See references (B ibliography 72 and 85) for background on transverse analysis ofconcrete box girder bridges.
C - 26.2.5.1 General
a. A nalysis ofconcrete segm entalbridges requires consideration ofvariation ofdesign param eters w ith
tim e,as w ellas a specific construction schedule and m ethod oferection.T his,in turn,requires the use of
a com puter program developed to trace the tim e-dependent response ofsegm entally erected prestressed
concrete bridges through construction,and under service loads.A m ong the m any program s developed
for this purpose,severalare in the public dom ain,and m ay be purchased for a nom inalam ount.
(B ibliography 21,48 and 89)
b. A comprehensive series of equations for evaluating the tim e-related effects ofcreep and shrinkage is
presented in the A CI Com m ittee 209 report,“Prediction ofCreep,Shrinkage and Tem perature E ffects in
Concrete Structures.” (B ibliography 2) A procedure based on graphicalvalues for creep and shrinkage
param eters is presented in the CE B -FIP M odelCode.(B ibliography 15)
c. R ecent research results (B ibliography 14) have suggested that the A CI 209 predictions underestim ate
the creep and shrinkage strains for the large scale specim ens used in segm entalbridges.T he A CI 209
creep predictions w ere consistently about 65% ofthe experim entalresults in these tests.T he report
suggests m odifications ofthe A CI 209 equations based on the size or thickness ofthe m em bers.
C - SECTION 26.3 DESIGN LOADS
C - 26.3.2 DEAD LOADS (1996)
a. T he use oflightw eight concrete is not covered in these specifications for the reasons outlined in the
com m entary to A rticle 26.1.1.
b. T he value of155 pcffor the unit w eight ofconcrete is intended to provide for m ore heavily reinforced
sections than w ould be anticipated in m ore conventionalconcrete superstructures.

C - 26.3.3 ERECTION LOADS (1996)
E rection loads m ay be im posed on opposing cantilever ends by use ofthe Form traveler,diagonalalignm ent
bars,a jacking tow er,or by externalw eights.Cooling ofone cantilever w ith w ater has also been used to provide
adjustm ent ofm isalignm ent.A ny m isalignm ent ofinterior cantilevers should be corrected at both ends before
constructing either closure.T he fram e connecting cantilever ends at closure pours should be detailed to
prevent differentialverticalm ovem ent betw een cantilevers due to forces including therm algradient untilthe
finalstructuralconnection is com plete.T he m agnitude ofclosure forces should not induce stresses in the
structure in excess ofthose stipulated in these specifications.
C - 26.3.4.3 Thermal Coefficient
For m ajor bridges,tests or use ofprevious test data to determ ine m ore precise therm alcoefficients is
recom m ended.
C - 26.3.4.4 Differential Temperature
a. A dditionalfield research is recom m ended to verify the tem perature gradients specified in the referenced
N CH R P report for four tem perature zones in the U nited States.R ailroad bridges differ from highw ay
bridges w hen the deck is ballasted and require specialattention.W hile the need for consideration of
therm algradients in design ofconcrete box girder bridges has been clearly dem onstrated,opinion is
divided as to the need for use ofcom plex gradients and relatively high tem perature differentials outlined
in N CH R P R eport 276.H ow ever,the use ofthe provisions ofA ppendix A ofN CH R P R eport 276 is
conservative and is recom m ended for unballasted decks untilsuch tim e as additionalresearch data on 1
therm algradients and tem perature differentials becom es available.
b. T ransverse analysis for the effects ofdifferentialtem perature outside and inside box girder A rticles is
not considered generally necessary.H ow ever,such an analysis m ay be necessary for relatively shallow
bridges with thick webs. B ibl
(iography 45,51,52 and 72)In that case,a ± 10 degrees F tem perature
differentialis recom m ended.A dditionalfield research is recom m ended to determ ine tem perature
differentials betw een the inside and outside surfaces ofsegm entalconcrete box girder A rticles in U .S. 3
tem perature zones.
C - 26.3.5 CREEP AND SHRINKAGE (1996)

a. A variety ofcom puter program s and analyticalprocedures have been published to evaluate creep and
shrinkage effects in segm entalconcrete bridges.(B ibliography 2,15,21,27,48 and 89)
4
b. For perm anent loads,the behaviorofsegm entalbridges after closure m ay be approxim ated by use ofan
effective m odulus ofelasticity,E eff,w hich m ay be calculated as:
E eff = E cm /fc
w here:
fc = the creep coefficient

E cm = the 28 day secant m odulus ofelasticity ofthe concrete calculated from :
E cm = 57, 000 fc'
w here:
E cm ,E eff and fc' are allin psi.

C - 26.3.6 POST-TENSIONING FORCE (1996)

Prestress losses vary significantly w ith different valuesofthe creep coefficient,type ofprestressing steel(low
relaxation steelis recom m ended),and w ith the creep m odel(A CI209 or CE B -FIP).Further,the prestress losses
vary significantly at different sections along the superstructure.
C - SECTION 26.4 LOAD FACTORS
C - 26.4.3 STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTORS (1996)

a. T he values offf and fv presented in A rticle 26.4.3 are based on consideration ofrelatively lim ited test
results (B ibliography,494 and 75 and Figure 8-26-9)and are considered interim provisions untilfurther
comprehensive tests, analyses, and experience w ith com pleted structures are obtained.
Figure 8-26-9. Relative Joint Displacement Shear Key Behavior

(Bibliography 4)
b. T he proposed ff values for flexure for segm entalbridges w ith fully bonded tendons w ith cast-in-place
concrete joints,w et concrete joints or epoxy joints are based on the current A A SH T O value of0.95 for
m onolithic post-tensioned construction.T his specification assum es the practice ofrequiring epoxy for all
joints having internaltendons passing through them is valid.Com prehensive tests (B ibliography 94)ofa
large continuous three span m odelofa tw in cellbox girder bridge built from precast segm ents w ith fully
bonded internaltendons and epoxy joints indicated that cracking w as w elldistributed throughout the
segm ent lengths,no epoxy joint opened at failure,and the load-deflection curve w as identicalto that
calculated for a m onolithic specim en.T he com plete ul tim ate strength ofthe tendons w as developed at
failure.T he m odelhad substantialductility and fulldevelopm ent ofcalculated deflection at failure.
R ecenttests (B ibliography 42 and 75)on single span segm entalgirders w ith varied tendon arrangem ents
(internal,m ixed and externaltendons)and w ith dry joints indicate that the deflection at failure w as less
than w ould be expected for m onolithic girders.Flexur alcracking concentrated at joints,and finalfailure
cam e w ith a centraljoint opening w idely and crushing occurring at the top ofthe joint.T he som ew hat
lim ited ductility is reflected in the reduced f factors for T ype B (dry)joints as w ellas reduced f factors

w ith unbonded tendons w hich allow the concentration ofarticulationat a single joint opening.T he
reduction in nom inalstrength for unbonded construction is adequately reflected in the determ ination of
unbonded tendon stress at ultim ate using A R E M A calculation procedures.
c. T he proposed fv values for shear utilize thecurrent A R E M A value of0.85 for m onolithic construction as
the accepted value for T ype A joints (cast-in-place,w et concrete or epoxy joints)in bonded tendon
construction based on the very favorable experience in the ultim ate shear tests reported in
B ibliography 94.Com parative shear tests ofepoxy and dry joints indicate the epoxied joints develop the
fullstrength ofm onolithically cast specim ens.H ow ever,dry joints developed less strength and allow ed
appreciable slip along the joint.B ecause ofthis,low erfv factors are specified for dry joints (T ype B).
d. T he developm ent length com putation for defining a bonded tendon assumes that the duct is com pletely
filled w ith grout and the grout com pletely surroundsallthe strands.T herefore,the developm ent length
ofa tendon is sim ilar to that ofan individualstrand.
C - 26.4.4.1 Erection Loads During Construction
T he differentialload betw een cantilevers is to allow for possible variations in cross-section w eight.
C - SECTION 26.5 ALLOWABLE STRESSES
C - 26.5.2.3 paragraph b
T he bellanchor for threadbar tendons is an exam ple ofa confinem ent anchorage device that has dem onstrated 1
satisfactory perform ance over m any years on m ajor bridge projects.O ther confinem ent anchorages w hich have
dem onstrated satisfactory perform ance utilize spiralreinforcem ent in conjunction w ith plate or casting type
anchorages w hich do not com ply w ith the bearing stress lim itations ofA rticle 26.5.2.3a.
C - 26.5.2.3 paragraph c
a. N CH R P Project 10-29,“A nchorage Zone R einforcem ent for Post-Tensioned Concrete G irders” is now 3
underw ay at the U niversity ofTexas at A ustin to develop m ore com prehensive recom m endations for
proportioning reinforcem ent for anchorage splitting stresses.Previous w ork at the U niversity ofTexas
at A ustin (B ibliography 69,94 and 95)includes recom m endations for design ofanchorage zone
reinforcem ent that m ay be utilized untilN CH R P Project 10-29 is com pleted.
b. B ursting or splitting forces occur in front ofindividualanchors inside the localzone.T he m agnitude of
these forces depends on the shape and design ofth e particular anchor.For plate type anchors these 4
bursting forces and the required reinforcem ent can be determ ined by com putation or by test.For
confinem ent anchors,bursting forces in the localzone are norm ally not accessible by com putations.
T heir adequacy can only be determ ined by representative tests.It is the suppliers responsibility to
determ ine the required bursting reinforcem ent in the localzone for such specialanchors.
c. G eneralzone bursting forces exist beyond the indivi dualtendon localzones.T he generalzone bursting
forces are dependent prim arily on the overallconcrete dim ensions and the m agnitude,direction and
location (eccentricity)oftotalprestressing force anchored and not on the particular anchor design.T he
reinforcem ent for these generalzone bursting forces is part ofthe overallstructuraldesign,and is the
responsibility ofthe E ngineer.For design purposes,it m ay be conservatively assum ed that any localzone
reinforcem ent provided does not contribute to the strength ofthe generalzone.

C - SECTION 26.7 FLEXURAL STRENGTH
C - 26.7.1 GENERAL (1996)
a. T he m inim um reinforcem ent provisions ofPart 17,Prestressed Concrete w ere developed to avoid a
brittle failure in a grossly under-reinforced sim plespan precast,prestressed section.A pplication to
segm entalconcrete bridges results in requirem ents ofm ore bonded reinforcem ent for bridges w ith m ore
conservative (arbitrary)design tensile stress levels w hich is contrary to load requirem ents.M inim um
reinforcem ent requirem ents are adequately covered by the allow able stresses and load factor
requirem ents ofthese specifications.
* unbonded m em bers.T he G erm an D IN

b. A dditionalresearch is recom m ended to verify the value of fsu
Specification allow s a stress increase ofonly 6 ksifor unbonded cantilever tendons,and no stress
increase for fully continuous unbonded tendons.
C - SECTION 26.8 SHEAR AND TORSION
C - 26.8.1 SCOPE (1996)
A lldesign for shear and torsion ofprestressed concrete segm entalbridges is based on ultim ate load conditions
because little inform ation is available concerning actualshear stress distributions at w orking or service load
levels.
C - 26.8.1 paragraph b
R egions w ith beam -type action are basically those w here the B ernoullihypotheses that linear strain profiles
exist are valid.See B -regions in Figure 8-26-10,Figure 8-26-11,and Figure 8-26-12.
C - 26.8.1 paragraph c
D iscontinuity regions,w here the assum ption that strain profiles are linear is invalid,usually exist for about a
distance h from a concentrated load or point ofgeom etricaldiscontinuity.See D -regions in Figure 8-26-10,
Figure 8-26-11,and Figure 8-26-12.M oving w heelloads need not be considered as large concentrated loads.
T he use ofstrut-and-tie m odels in design is w ell de
scribed in “Tow ards a Consistent D esign ofStructural
Concrete,” by J.Schlaich, K .Schafer,and M. Jennewein,Vol.32,PC No.
I Journal
3 ,M ay/June 1987,pp.74–
150.(B ibliography 84) N ote that a structure can be m ade up ofboth beam -type and discontinuity regions.T he
strut-and-tie m odelprocedures m ust be used in the discontinuity regions.E ither the traditionalbeam approach
ofthe strut-and-tie approach can be used in the beam -type regions.
C - 26.8.1 paragraph d
a. In addition for obvious checks for shear transfer w hen dissim ilar m aterials are utilized,adequate shear
transfer reinforcem ent m ust be provided perpendicular to the verticalplanes ofw eb/slab interfaces to
transfer flange longitudinalforces at ultim ate conditions.T his shear transfer shallaccount for the shear
force,F,as show n in Figure 8-26-13,as w ellas any localized shear effects due to prestress anchorages at
that A rticle.
b. A rticle 11.7 ofA CI 318 is generally term ed the “shear-friction” m ethod but does provide in A rticle 11.7.3
that a w ide range ofshear transfer design m ethods m ay be utilized.In som e cases,the designer m ay find
the strut-and-tie m ethod ofA rticle iusefulin proportioning transverse reinforcem ent to assist in
transfer ofhorizontalshear betw een elem ents.

Figure 8-26-10. Stress Trajectories in a B-Region and Near Discontinuities (D-Regions)1
Figure 8-26-11. Beam with Direct Supports1
1
R epublished through the courtesy ofthe Prestressed Concrete Institute,PC I Journal,V.32,N o.3,M ay-June 1987,pp.74-150.

(a) real structure
(b) loads and reactions applied in

accordance with Bernoulli
hypothesis
(c) self equilibrating state of stress,

and
(d) real structure with B- and

D-regions
Figure 8-26-12. T-beam1
Figure 8-26-13. Longitudinal Shear Transfer by Bottom Slab to Web Haunches1
1
R epublished through the courtesy ofthe Prestressed Concrete Institute,PC I Journal,V.32,N o.3 M ay-June 1987,p.1.

C - 26.8.1 paragraph f
a. T he shear effect ofm oving vehicle loads m ay be considered by developm ent ofm axim um factored shear
envelopes and the use ofthese valuesin determ ining the factored ultim ate live load shear on the section.
b. Prestressing is considered as an applied load w ith a carefully controlled m agnitude and direction.T he
com ponents ofthe prestress force can add to or subtract from the shear on a cross section.In
cantilevered segm entalconstruction,the prestress verticalcom ponent can reverse the applied shear
direction near the supports.
C - 26.8.2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS (1996)
C - 26.8.2 paragraph f
T he lim itation on the effective diagonaltension and aggregate interlock com ponents ofshear strength
contributed by the concrete has been adopted by A CI Com m ittee 318.
C - 26.8.2 paragraph h
R esearch is recom m ended on the transferlength of0.6 inch diam eter strand.
C - 26.8.2 paragraph i
A sim plified determ ination ofV c is presented w hich elim inates the need to check V ci and V cw as in the present 1
A R E M A Specifications and w hich elim inates the com plex V ud /M u term .T his expression has been checked
against a w ide range oftest data and has been found to be a conservative yet sim pler expression.
C - 26.8.2 paragraph v
In place ofrequiring additionallongitudinalreinforcement for shear as indicated by the m echanics ofthe truss
m odel,the requirem ent ofextending allflexuralreinforcem ent beyond the theoreticalbend or cut offpoints for 3
a distance ofh /2 autom atically satisf
ies this need.Since actualshear and torsion m ay vary from the assum ed
calculation,it is also recom m ended that transverse reinforcem ent be provided for e sam
the distance beyond the
zone theoretically required.
C - 26.8.3 TRADITIONAL SHEAR AND TORSION DESIGN FOR PLANE SECTION TYPE
REGIONS (1996) 4
T his A rticle is a sim plified version ofthe present A R E M A approach for section design in beam -type regions.It
is based on the sim plified V c term introduced in A rticle 26.8.2l.Provision ofa “traditional” but less com plex
approach for beam -type regions is desirable since design ers m ay find its application easier than strut-and-tie
m odels for m oving loads.
C - 26.8.3 paragraph h
In determ ining the required am ount oflongitudinalreinforcem ent,the beneficialeffect oflongitudinal

prestressing m ay be taken into account by considering it equivalent to an area ofreinforcing steelw ith a yield
force equalto the effective prestressing force.

C - I. THE AREA OF ADDITIONAL LONGITUDINAL TORSION REINFORCEMENT IN THE

FLEXURAL COMPRESSION ZONE MAY BE REDUCED BY AN AMOUNT EQUAL TO
MU /( 0.9 D FSY) WHERE MU IS THE FACTORED BENDING MOMENT ACTING AT
THAT SECTION EXCEPT THAT THE REINFORCEMENT PROVIDED SHALL NOT BE
LESS THAN REQUIRED BY Article 26.8.2t.
T his A rticle com bines the recom m endations ofSchlaich,Schafer,and Jennew ein w ith recom m endations of
M arti(B ibliography 56) as developed by A CI Com m ittee 318,Subcom m ittee E for a future edition ofthe A CI
B uilding Code.T he proposed stress lim its on strutsand nodes m ay be subject to further refinem ent.
C - i paragraph a
Figure 8-26-14 (B ibliography 84) and Figure 8-26-15 (B ibliography 84) illustrate the analysis using strut-and-
tie m odels.Figure 8-26-16 (B ibliography 84) show s a com pression strut in a w eb w ith a tension tie in the
stirrups.Figure 8-26-17 (B ibliography 84) gives exam ples ofbasic types ofnodes.A n inclination anglef
(Figure 8-26-14)of30 to 35 degrees is recom m ended for the inclined com pressive struts in prestressed
m em bers.
C - 26.8.5.2 Diaphragms and Deep Beams
C - 26.8.5.2 paragraph a
Figure 8-26-18 (B ibliography 84) illustrates application ofthe strut-and-tie m odelto analysis offorces in the
diaphragm ofa box girder bridge.
C - 26.8.5.2b paragraph (1)
Figure 8-26-19 (B ibliography 84) show s application ofthe strut-and-tie m odelto analysis ofdeep beam s.
C - 26.8.5.3 paragraph a
Figure 8-26-20 (B ibliography 84) illustrates application ofstrut-and-tie m odels to analysis ofcorbels.
C - SECTION 26.9 FATIGUE STRESS LIMITS
C - 26.9.1 FATIGUE STRESS LIMITS FOR BONDED NONPRESTRESSED

REINFORCEMENT (1996)
Calculation offatigue stress lim its in bonded reinforcem ent is necessary only for cracked sections.
C - 26.9.2 FATIGUE STRESS LIMITS FOR PRESTRESSED REINFORCEMENT (1996)
Bridges designed under the allow able stresses ofthis specification should be uncracked at service load levels.
Fatigue ofprestressed reinforcem ent w illnot occur in uncracked sections due to the related sm allstress range.
Fretting fatigue due to rubbing betw een duct and strand also does not occur in uncracked sections.

(a) Model
(b) Distribution of inner 1

forces
(c) Magnitude of inner

forces derived from
equilibrium of a
beam element 3
Figure 8-26-14. Truss Model of a Beam with Cantilever1
1

(a) and (b) Most frequent and useful

strut-and-tie Models
(c), (d), and (e) variations of above
Figure 8-26-15. The Two Most Frequent and Most Useful Strut-and-Tie Models1
1 R epublished through the courtesy ofthe Prestressed Concrete Institute,PC I Journal,V.32,N o.3,M ay-June 1987,pp.74-150.

Figure 8-26-16. The Compression Strut in the Web with the Stirrups1
1

(a) CCC-nodes. Idealized “hydrostatic” singular nodes transfer the concentrated loads from an anchor plate
(a1) or bearing plate (a2) into (bottle shaped) compression fields
(b) CCT-nodes. A diagonal compression strut and the vertical support reaction are balanced by
reinforcement which is anchored by an anchor plate behind the node (b1), bond with the node (b2), bond
within and behind the node (b3), bond and radial pressure (b4)
Figure 8-26-17. Examples of the Basic Types of Nodes1

(a) D-regions and model of the web near the diaphragm

(b) Diaphragm and model
(c) Prestressing of the web and the diaphragm
Figure 8-26-18. Diaphragm of a Box Girder Bridge1

(a) Strut-and-tie model of uniformly loaded deep beam
(b) Fan-shaped stress field
(c) Strut-and-tie system for equivalent single load R replacing distributed load q
(d) Continuous fan developed from discrete strut
Figure 8-26-19. Fan Action1

Figure 8-26-20. Different Support Conditions Lead to Different Strut-and-Tie Models and Different
Reinforcement Arrangements of Corbels1
3
1 R epublished through the courtesy ofthe Prestressed Concrete Institute,PCI Journal,V.32,N o.3,M ay-June 1987,pp.74-150.

C - SECTION 26.10 DESIGN OF LOCAL AND GENERAL ANCHORAGE ZONES,

ANCHORAGE BLISTERS AND DEVIATION SADDLES
C - 26.10.1 GENERAL (1996)
See A rticle 26.5.2.3a for allow able localzone bearing stresses under anchorage plates,and allow able general
zone tensile stress in reinforcem ent for the anchorage splitting force.T he Com m entary to A rticle 26.5.2.3a
provides references for anchorage zone analysis and design.T he pattern ofsplitting stresses due to bearing
plate anchorages the sam e w idth as the w eb is illustrated by Figure 8-26-21.N ote that the m axim um splitting
stress occurs at ¹⁄ d to ¹⁄ d in front ofthe anchor.T he value ofthe totalbursting force in A rticle 26.10.2a is an
approxim ation ofthe area under the splitting stress curve in Figure 8-26-21.
C - 26.10.2 FORCES AND REINFORCEMENT IN GENERAL ANCHORAGE ZONES (1996)
a. T he strut-and-tie approach suggested by Schlaich et al.(B ibliography 84)w illgive a good approxim ation
ofthe reinforcem entquantity and distribution required to counteractthe generalanchorage zone tensile
forces set up both directly in advance ofthe anchorages (see Figure 8-26-15)and in the outer regions of
generalanchorage zones w ith eccentrically located anchorages (seeFigure 8-26-22).T he anchorage local
zone becom es a node for the strut-and-tie m odeland the adequacy ofthe node m ust be checked by
appropriate analysis or fullscale testing as required under A rticle 26.5.2.3b.
b. T he center ofthe bursting force is located approxim ately ³⁄ ofthe depth ofthe section in front ofthe
anchorage (see Figure 8-26-21).
c. Tendon inclination,tendon curvature,and the blockout to achieve tendon inclination at the face ofthe
anchorage allincrease the bursting stresses.(B ibliography 69)
C - 26.10.3.2 General Anchorage Zone Bursting and Directional Forces
Localanchorage zone reinforcem ent supplied as part ofa proprietary post-tensioning system shallbe show n on
post-tensioning system shop draw ings.A djustm ent ofgeneralanchorage zone tensile reinforcem ent due to
reinforcem ent supplied as part ofa proprietary post-tensioning system m ay be considered as part ofthe shop
draw ing approvalprocess.T he responsibility for designofgeneralanchor zone reinforcem ent rem ains w ith the
E ngineer ofR ecord.
C - 26.10.3.3 Stress in Reinforcement for Bursting Forces
For flange thickness ranging from 5 to 9 inches,an upper lim it of12¹⁄ inches f 270 k strand is recom m ended
for tendons anchored in blisters supported only by the flange.T he anchorage force of347 kips for a tendon of
this size m ust be carefully distributed to the flange by reinforcem ent.
C - SECTION 26.11 PROVISIONAL POST-TENSIONING DUCTS AND ANCHORAGES
C - 26.11.2 BRIDGES WITH INTERNAL DUCTS (1996)
E xcess capacity m ay be provided by use ofoversizeducts and oversize anchorage hardw are at selected
anchorage locations.

Figure 8-26-21. Bursting Stresses Under Bearing Plate Anchorages1
(a) Elastic trajectories
(b) Elastic stresses
(c) Strut-and-tie models
Figure 8-26-22. A Typical D-Region1
1

C - 26.11.3 PROVISION FOR FUTURE DEAD LOAD OR DEFLECTION ADJUSTMENT

(1996)
T his provides for future addition ifinternalunbonded post-tensioning tendons draped from the top ofthe
diaphragm at piers to the intersection ofthe w eb and bottom slab at m idspan.Tendons from adjacent spans
have to be lapped at opposite faces of the diaphragm provito
de negative m om ent capacity.T he requirem entofa
force of5% ofthe totalpositive m om ent and negative m om ent post-tensioning force is an arbitrary value.
Provision for larger am ounts ofpost-tensioning m ight bedeveloped as necessary to carry specific am ounts of
additionaldead load as considered appropriate for the structure.
C - SECTION 26.12 DUCT DETAILS
C - 26.12.1.1 Metal Ducts
T hickness ofm etalduct m aterialis related to duct diam eter and the m ethod ofinstalling the tendon.Strand
tendons are norm ally installed in the duct after the concrete is placed,requiring a stiffer duct.B ar tendons are
preassem bled inside sm alldiam eter ducts and placed asa unit.T he bar fills m ost ofthe void and helps to
prevent duct dam age.T he use ofepoxy coated m etalduct is not recom m ended due to questionable bond
characteristics.
C - 26.12.1.2 Polyethylene Duct
a. O ntario M inistry ofT ransportation tests indicate a tendency for air entrapm ent for ducts w ith
concentric corrugations.
b. A ST M D 2239 relates to rigid pipe m anufactured by a process based on controlled inside diam eter.A ST M
D 2447 and A ST M F 714 relate to rigid pipe m anufactured by a process based on controlled outside
diam eter.A llthree specifications produce pipe satisfactory for bridge applications.
C - 26.12.2 DUCT AREA (1996)
Placem ent oftendons by the pull-through m ethod requires duct area of2¹⁄ tim es the prestressing steelarea
specified for grouting.
C - 26.12.3 MINIMUM RADIUS OF CURVATURE (1996)
Polyethylene duct abrades at curvature radiiless than 30 feet.
C - 26.12.4.1 Internal Supports
It is recom m ended that duct support requirem ents be stipulated or show n in the contract docum ents.
C - 26.12.4.2 External Ducts
E xternalducts are norm ally polyethylene.
C - 26.12.6.2 Ducts in Flanges
a. T he hairpin bars tie the slab together in event ofspalling forces at slab joints.

b. D ucts spaced closer than 12 inches on center in either direction should be considered as closely spaced.
T he hairpin bars are provided to prevent slab delam ination along the plane ofthe post-tensioning ducts.
T he hairpin bars are not required in areas w here duct congestion does not exist.
C - SECTION 26.13 COUPLERS (1996)
E uropean experience indicates that the prestressing force decreases locally in the region ofa coupler.T his is
believed to result partially from increased creep caused by high com pressive stresses in the reduced concrete
A rticle due to coupling oftendons.Cracking has not been observed in bridges w here the num ber oftendons
coupled at an A rticle has been lim ited to 50% ofthe totalnum ber oftendons.
C - SECTION 26.14 CONNECTION OF SECONDARY BEAMS (1996)
Figure 8-26-23 and Figure 8-26-24 (B ibliography 51) provides schem atic illustration ofvarious m ethods of
transm itting load from secondary beam s to the m ain beam .
C - SECTION 26.15 CONCRETE COVER AND REINFORCEMENT SPACING
C - 26.15.2 REINFORCEMENT DETAILS FOR ERECTION LOADS (1996)
T he quantity Z provides reinforcem entdetailing thatw illreasonably controlflexuralcracking.Crack potentials

are largest w hen handling and storing segm ents for precast construction and w hen stripping form s and
supports from cast-in-place construction. 1
C - 26.17.1 MINIMUM FLANGE THICKNESS (1996)
a. T he top flange thickness of9 inches is preferable in the area ofanchorages for transverse post-tensioning
tendons.
b. Further research is recom m ended on the transfer length of0.6 inch diam eter strand before such strand 3
is used for transverse pretensioning in thin sections ofsegm entalbridges.
C - 26.17.2 MINIMUM WEB THICKNESS (1996)
R ibbed w ebs m ay be reduced to 7 inches thickness.

4
C - 26.17.4 OVERALL CROSS SECTION DIMENSIONS (1996)
G irder depth and w eb spacing determ ined in accordance w ith the follow ing w illgenerally provide satisfactory
deflection behavior:
a. Constant depth girder
¹⁄ > d o/L > ¹⁄ (optim um ¹⁄ to ¹⁄ )
w here:
do = girder depth,feet
L = span length betw een supports,feet

In case ofincrem entally launched girders,the girder depth should preferably be betw een the follow ing
lim its:
L = 100 feet,= ¹⁄ < d o/L < ¹⁄

L = 200 feet,= ¹⁄ . < d o/L < ¹⁄ .
L = 300 feet,= ¹⁄ < d o/L < ¹⁄
b. Variable D epth G irder w ith Straight H aunches
at pier ¹⁄ > d o/L > ¹⁄ (optim um ¹⁄ )
at center ofspan ¹⁄ > d o/L > ¹⁄ (optim um ¹⁄ )
NOTE: A diaphragm w illbe required at the point w here the bottom flange changes direction.
c. Variable D epth G irder w ith Circular or Parabolic H aunches
at pier ¹⁄ > d o/L > ¹⁄ (optim um ¹⁄ )
at center ofspan ¹⁄ > d o/L > ¹⁄
d. D epth to W idth R atio
A single cellbox should preferably be used w hen
d o/b ³ ¹⁄
A two cell box shouldefpr

erably be used w hen
d o/b < ¹⁄
w here:
b = w idth ofthe top flange
Ifin a single cellbox the lim it ofdepth to w idth ratio given above is exceeded,a m ore rigorous analysis is
required and m ay require longitudinaledge beam s at the tip ofthe cantilever to distribute loads acting
on the cantilevers.A n analysis for shear lag should be m ade in such cases.T ransverse load distribution
is not substantially increased bythe use ofthree or m ore cells.

Figure 8-26-23. Schematic Drawing of Different Types of “Hanger” Reinforcement1
Figure 8-26-24. Extent of the Intersection Zone for the Connection of Secondary Beams1

THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK.

Recommendations For The Design of Segmental Bridges - 1996

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8

Section/Article Description Page

1 R eferences,Vol.97,p.60.A dopted 1996.

© 2004, American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association 8-26-1

TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT)

© 2004, American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association

8-26-2 AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering

TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT)

Section/Article Description Page

26.16 Inspection A ccess (1996) .................................................. 8-26-41

Figure Description Page

8-26-1 Strength R eduction Factor f ..................................................... 8-26-19

© 2004, American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association

AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering 8-26-3

SECTION 26.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND MATERIAL

26.1.1 GENERAL (1996)1

26.1.2 NOTATIONS (1996)

A = area ofconcrete surrounding a bar,(see A rticle 26.15.2) square inch.

1 See Com m entary

© 2004, American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association

8-26-4 AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering

© 2004, American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association

AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering 8-26-5

l = span length,(see Figure 8-26-2) feet.

© 2004, American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association

8-26-6 AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering

Vc = nom inalshear strength provided by concrete,lb.

26.1.3 TERMS (1996)

Closure InternalTendon Strut-and-T ie M odel

Confinem ent A nchorage LocalZone Tem perature G radient

D eviation Saddle Launching B earing T ype A Joints

E xternalTendon Launching N ose T ype B Joints

G eneralB ursting Forces Low R elaxation Steel

© 2004, American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association

AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering 8-26-7

26.1.4 CONCRETE (1996)

26.1.5 SEGMENTAL BRIDGES, DESIGN REINFORCEMENT (1996)1

As per Part 17,Prestressed Concrete.

26.1.5.2 Reinforcing Steel

a. A ST M G rade 60 unless otherw ise specified.

SECTION 26.2 METHODS OF ANALYSIS

26.2.1 GENERAL (1996)2

26.2.2 STRUT-AND-TIE-MODELS (1996)3

26.2.3 EFFECTIVE FLANGE WIDTH (1996)

© 2004, American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association

8-26-8 AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering

© 2004, American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association

AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering 8-26-9

Figure 8-26-2. Pattern of the Effective Flange Width bm

Figure 8-26-3. Effective Flange Width bm/b Coefficients bf bs

© 2004, American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association

8-26-10 AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering

Figure 8-26-4. Effective Flange Widths bn for Normal Faces

a. T he transverse design ofbox girder segm ents for f exure

1 See Com m entary

© 2004, American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association

AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering 8-26-11

c. T ransverse elastic and creep shortening due to pres

26.2.5 LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS (1996)

a. Longitudinalanalysis shallbe in accordance w ith the provisions of A rticle 26.2.1.Longitudinal analysis

26.2.5.2 Erection Analysis

26.2.5.3 Analysis of the Final Structural System

SECTION 26.3 DESIGN LOADS