8

Part 28

Tem porary Structures for C onstruction

8
— 2002 —
TA B LE O F C O N TEN TS

Section/A rticle D escription Page

28.1 G eneral.................................................................. 8-28-2

28.1.1 Scope (2002)............................................................. 8-28-2
28.1.2 Criteria (2002)........................................................... 8-28-2
28.1.3 R esponsibility (2002)...................................................... 8-28-2
28.1.4 T ypes ofTem porary Structures (2002) ....................................... 8-28-3
1
28.2 Inform ation R equired ..................................................... 8-28-4
28.2.1 Field Surveys and R ecords (2002) ........................................... 8-28-4
28.2.2 SoilInvestigation (2002)................................................... 8-28-4
28.2.3 Loads (2002)............................................................. 8-28-4
28.2.4 D rainage (2002).......................................................... 8-28-4
28.2.5 SoilProperties (2002) ..................................................... 8-28-5 3
28.3 Com putation of L ateral Forces.............................................. 8-28-5

28.4 Stability ................................................................. 8-28-5

28.5 Design of Shoring System s ................................................. 8-28-5

28.5.1 D esign ofCantilever Sheet Pile W alls (2002)................................... 8-28-5
28.5.2 D esign ofA nchored Sheet Pile W alls (2002) ................................... 8-28-6
28.5.3 D esign ofCantilever Soldier B eam w ith Lagging W alls (2002) .................... 8-28-7
28.5.4 D esign ofA nchored Soldier B eam w ith Lagging W alls (2002) ..................... 8-28-8
28.5.5 D esign ofBraced E xcavations (2002)......................................... 8-28-10
28.5.6 D esign ofCofferdam s (2002)................................................ 8-28-10

28.6 Design of Falsew ork System s ............................................... 8 -28-14

28.6.1 R eview and A pprovalofFalsew ork D raw ings (2002) ............................ 8-28-14
28.6.2 D esign Loads (2002) ...................................................... 8-28-15
28.6.3 D esign Stresses,Loadings,and D eflections (2002).............................. 8-28-17
28.6.4 SpecialConditions (2002) .................................................. 8-28-18
28.6.5 Falsew ork Construction (2002).............................................. 8-28-19
28.6.6 R em oving Falsew ork (2002) ................................................ 8-28-19

C- Com m entary ................................................................... 8-28-20

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C oncrete Structures and Foundations

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure D escription Page

8-28-1 LateralE arth Pressure -G ranular Soil ............................................ 8-28-6

8-28-2 A pparent E arth Pressure D iagram ................................................ 8-28-9

SECTION 28.1 GENERAL

28.1.1 SC O PE (2002)

a. T hese specifications provide a recom m ended practice for the design ofthe m ost com m only used
tem porary structures. O ther types oftem porary structures m ay be used w ith the approvalofthe
E ngineer. T hese specifications are intended for SE RV ICE LO A D D E SIG N only.

b. Tem porary structures are defined as those structures used to facilitate the construction ofa perm anent
structure. T he tem porary structures addressed by these specifications are prim arily shoring and
falsew ork system s.

c. A lltem porary structures anticipated to be in service for m ore than an 18-m onth period are not w ithin
the scope ofthese specifications.

d. Tem porary bridges to carry railroad traffic shallbe designed as perm anent structures and are not
included in these specifications.

28.1.2 C R ITER IA (2002)

a. A lltem porary structures shallbe designed and constructed to provide safe and adequate rigidity and
support for the loads im posed.

b. A lltem porary structures shallbe constructed w ith m inim alinterference to the operating tracks.

28.1.3 R ESPO N SIB ILITY (2002)

a. T he Contractor shallbe solely responsible for the design,construction and perform ance ofthe tem porary
structure.

b. T he Contractor shallsubm it to the E ngineer w orking draw ings and design calculations for the
tem porary structures. T he draw ings and calculations shallbe signed and sealed by a registered
professionalengineer having a m inim um offive years experience in the design oftem porary structures
and licensed in the jurisdiction in w hich the w ork is being constructed.T he tem porary structure(s)shall
follow the lines,grades and location as show n on the plans. T he tem porary structure(s) shallbe
designed to conform to the right-of-w ay and easem ent restrictions provided and shallprotect existing
and proposed utilities show n on the plans.

c. A cceptance by the E ngineer ofthe designs and w orking draw ings shallin no w ay relieve the Contractor
offullresponsibility for the tem porary structure,or its effect upon other adjacent structures.

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 Tem porary Structures for C onstruction

28.1.4 TYPES O F TEM PO R A R Y STR U C TU R ES (2002)

28.1.4.1 Shoring System s

a. A cantilever sheet pile w allis a structure designed to provide lateralsupport for a soilm ass and derives
stability from passive resistance ofthe soilin w hich the sheet pile is em bedded.

b. A n anchored sheet pile w allis a structure designed to provide lateralsupport for a soilm ass and derives
stability from passive resistance ofthe soilin w hich the sheet pile is em bedded and the tensile resistance
ofthe ground anchors.

c. A cantilever soldier beam w ith lagging w allis a structure designed to provide lateralsupport for a soil
m ass and derives stability from passive resistance ofthe soilin w hich the soldier beam is em bedded.

d. A n anchored soldier beam w ith lagging w allis a structure designed to provide lateralsupport for a soil
m ass and derives stability from passive resistance ofthe soilin w hich the soldier beam is em bedded and
the tensile resistance ofthe ground anchors.

e. For purposes ofthese specifications,soldier beam s include steelH -piles,w ide flange sections or other
fabricated sections that are driven or set in concrete in drilled holes. Lagging refers to the m em bers
spanning betw een soldier beam s.

f. For purposes ofthese specifications,ground anchors shallbe cem ent-grouted tiebacks designed,
furnished,installed,tested and stressed in accordance w ith these specifications. 1
g. A nchored soldier beam w ith lagging w alls are generally designed as flexible structures w hich have
sufficient lateralm ovem ent to m obilize active earth pressures and a portion ofthe passive pressure.

h. A braced excavation is a structure designed to provide lateralsupport for a soilm ass and derives stability
from passive resistance ofthe soilin w hich the verticalm em bers are em bedded and from the structural
capacity ofthe bracing m em bers. 3
i. For purposes ofthese specifications,the verticalm em bers ofthe braced excavation system include steel
sheet piling or soldier beam s com prised ofsteelH -piles,w ide flange sections,or other fabricated sections
that are driven or installed in drilled holes. W ales are horizontalstructuralm em bers designed to
transfer lateralloads from the verticalm em bers to the struts. Strutsear structuralcom pression
m em bers that support the lateralloads from the w ales.
4
j. A cofferdam is an enclosed tem porary structure used to keep w ater and soilout ofan excavation for a
perm anent structure such as a bridge pier or abutm ent or sim ilar structure. Cofferdam s m ay be
constructed oftim ber,steel,concrete or a com bination ofthese. T hese specifications consider cofferdam s
prim arily constructed w ith steelsheet piles.

28.1.4.2 Falsew ork

a. Falsew ork is defined in generalterm s as a tem porary construction w ork on w hich a m ain or perm anent
w ork is w holly or partially supported untilit becom es self-supporting.

b. Falsew ork for roll-in/roll-out construction m ethods is not covered in these specifications.

28.1.4.3 Types ofFalsew ork System s

a. Conventionalfalsew ork typically consists oftim ber posts and caps,tim ber bracing,and either tim ber or
steelstringers and tim ber joists. Foundation support is usually provided by tim ber pads or sills set on

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C oncrete Structures and Foundations

the surface ofthe ground,although poor soilconditions m ay require the use ofconcrete footings,or by
steelsills designed to distribute the loads to adequate tim ber pads or cribbing.

b. Large-diam eter,typically 20 inches (508 m m )or m ore,w elded steelpipe colum ns are occasionally used to
support steelcaps and girders. W hen properly braced,pipe colum ns m ay provide an econom icaldesign
w hen falsew ork is high and spans are long.

c. Patented steelshoring typically consists ofindividualcom ponents that m ay be assem bled into m odular
units and erected in place to m ake any desired falsew ork configuration. W hen erected,the shoring
consists ofa series ofinternally-braced steeltow ers w hich,either directly or through a cap system ,
support the longitudinalload-carrying m em bers.

d. D epending on load-carrying capacity,steelshoring system s are classified as pipe-fram e shoring,heavy-

duty shoring or interm ediate strength shoring. For bridge falsew ork the use ofpipe-fram e shoring is
lim ited to installations w here tow er leg loads do not exceed 11 kips (49 kN ). In contrast,a properly
designed heavy-duty shoring system w illbe capable ofsupporting loads of100 kips (490 kN ) per tow er
leg. Interm ediate strength shoring w illhave a load carrying capacity ofup to 25 kips (111 kN )per tow er
leg. T ypically,tim ber caps and stringers are used w ith pipe-fram e interm ediate strength system s,
w hereas rolled-beam s or w elded plate girders w illbe m ore econom icalfor the longer spans w hich are
possible w ith heavy-duty shoring. Pipe-fram e shoring is usually supported on tim ber pads;how ever,the
larger leg loads associated w ith heavy-duty shoring w illrequire,depending on soilconditions,solid
tim ber cribbing or reinforced concrete footings.

SEC TIO N 28.2 IN FO R M A TIO N R EQ U IR ED

28.2.1 FIELD SU R VEYS A N D R EC O R D S (2002)

a. Sufficient inform ation shallbe furnished in the form ofprofiles and cross sections,or topographical
m aps to determ ine generaldesign and structuralrequirem ents. E xisting and proposed grades and
alignm ent oftracks and roads shallbe indicated together w ith records of: reference datum ,m axim um
and m inim um high w ater,m inim um and m ean low w ater,existing ground w ater level,location of
utilities,construction history ofthe area,indication ofany conditions w hich m ight ham per proper
installation ofthe piling,soldier beam s,ground anchors,depth ofscour,allow ance for overdredging,and
w ave heights.

28.2.2 SO IL IN VESTIG A TIO N (2002)

a. T he characteristics ofthe foundation soils shallbe investigated as indicated in Part22,this Chapter w ith
the investigation being done specifically for the tem porary structure being designed.

28.2.3 LO A D S (2002)

a. Loads shallbe as indicated inPart20,A rticle 20.2.3,this Chapter.

28.2.4 D R A IN A G E (2002)

a. D rainage shallbe as indicated in Part20,A rticle 20.2.4,this Chapter.

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 Tem porary Structures for C onstruction

28.2.5 SOIL PROPERTIES (2002)

a. Soilproperties shallbe determ ined and soils classified as indicated in Part20,A rticle 20.2.5,this
Chapter.

SECTION 28.3 COMPUTAT IO N O F LA TER A L FO R C ES

a. Com putation oflateralforces shallbe as indicated in Part20,Section 20.3,this Chapter.

SEC TIO N 28.4 STA B ILITY

a. T he stability ofthe system shallbe investigated as indicated in Part20,Section 20.4,this Chapter.

SECTION 28.5 DESIGN O F SH O R IN G SYSTEM S

1
28.5.1 DESIGN OF CANTILEVER SH EET PILE W A LLS (2002)

28.5.1.1 R estrictions ofU se1

a. Cantilever sheet pile w alls shallnot exceed 12 feet (3.7 m ) in height and shallbe used only in granular
soils or stiffclays. 3
b. If used for shoring adjacent to an
operating track the w allshould be at least ten feet (3 m )aw ay from the
centerline oftrack,and its m axim um height shallnot exceed ten feet (3 m ).

28.5.1.2 D epth ofEm bedm ent2

a. T he totaldepth em bedm ent D shallbe found by assum ing rigid body rotation ofthe sheet pile w allabout 4
a point x located at a distance Z above the pile tip elevation. T he resulting active and passive pressures
are show n schem atically in Figure 8-28-1 for a granular soil. T he actuallateralpressure distributions
shallbe determ ined as specified in Part20,Section 20.3 ofthis Chapter. T he passive resistance shall
include a factor ofsafety of1.5 and be reduced by m ultiplying K p by 0.66. T he requirem ents for static
equilibrium (the sum ofthe forces in the horizontaldirection m ust be zero and the sum ofthe m om ents
about,say the pile tip elevation,m ust be zero)m ay be expressed in term s ofZ and D . T he tw o equations
obtained m ay be solved sim ultaneously for D ,or a trialand error process m ay be used.

1
See C -Com m entary
2 See C -Com m entary

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C oncrete Structures and Foundations

LWL

H
Pa1
Pp1
D
Pp2 Pa2
Z
Figure 8-28-1.LateralEarth Pressure -G ranular Soil

b. Conditions such as unrealistically short penetration requirem ents into relatively strong layers,potential
for overallinstability,scour or erosion shallbe taken into account,and the depth ofem bedm ent
increased to not less than the height ofthe w all.

28.5.1.3 M axim um M om ent1

a. D eterm ine the depth at w hich the shear in the w allis zero by starting from the top ofthe w alland
finding the point at w hich the areas ofthe driving and resisting pressure diagram s are equivalent.
Calculate the m axim um bending m om ent at the point ofzero shear.

28.5.1.4 A llow able Stresses

a. T he allow able stresses shallbe determ ined on the follow ing basis:

(1) Sheet Pile Section:2/3 tensile yield strength for new steel.A llow able stresses shallbe reduced
depending on the extent ofusage for reused m aterial.

(2) A llother structuralm aterialto com ply w ith applicable parts ofA R E M A specifications.

28.5.2 D ESIG N O F A N C H O R ED SHEET PILE W A LLS (2002)

a. T he design ofanchored sheet pile w allsystem s shallbe as indicated inPart20,this Chapter.

R equirem ents ofA rticle 28.5.4.1,28.5.4.2,28.5.4.3,28.5.4.5, and28.5.4.6 shallbe satisfied as applicable
to the anchored sheet pile w alls.

1 See C -Com m entary

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 Tem porary Structures for C onstruction

28.5.3 D ESIG N O F C A N TILEVER SO LD IER B EA M W ITH LA G G IN G W A LLS (2002)

28.5.3.1 R estrictions ofU se1

a. Cantilever soldier beam w ith lagging w alls shallnot exceed 12 feet (3.7 m )in height and shallbe used
only in granular soils or stiffclays.

b. Ifused for shoring adjacent to an operating track the w allshould be at least 13 feet (4.0 m )aw ay from
the centerline oftrack,and its m axim um height shallnot exceed eight feet (2.4 m ).

28.5.3.2 D epth ofEm bedm ent2

a. T he totaldepth ofem bedm ent D shallbe determ ined using the guidelines given in A rticle 28.5.4.2 except
that the pressure distribution on the soldier piles below the excavation elevation shall be adjusted based
on their equivalent w idth. T he equivalent w idth shallbe assum ed to equalthe w idth ofthe soldier pile
m ultiplied by a factor of3 for granular soils and a factor of2 for cohesive soils. T he w idth ofthe soldier
piles shallbe taken as the w idth ofthe flange or di am eter for driven sections and the diam eter ofthe
concrete-filled hole for sections encased in concrete. A lso,w hen determ ining the passive pressure
distribution on the soldier piles,a depth of1.5 tim es the w idth ofthe soldier pile in soil,and a depth of
one foot in rock below the excavation elevation shallnot be considered in providing passive lateral
support.

b. Conditions such as unrealistically short penetrationrequirem ents into relatively strong layers,potential
for overallinstability,scour or erosion shallbe taken into account,and the depth ofem bedm ent 1
increased to not less than the height ofthe w all.

28.5.3.3 M axim um M om ent

a. D eterm ine the depth at w hich the shear in the soldier piles is zero by starting from the top ofthe w all
and finding the point at w hich the areas ofthe driving and resisting pressure diagram s are equivalent.
Calculate the m axim um bending m om ent at the point ofzero shear. 3
28.5.3.4 A llow able Stresses

a. T he allow able stresses shallbe determ ined on the follow ing basis:

(1) Sheet Pile Section:2/3 tensile yield strength for steel. A llow able stresses shallbe reduced depending
on the extent ofusage for reused m aterial. 4
(2) A llother structuralm aterialto com ply w ith applicable parts ofA R E M A specifications.

28.5.3.5 Lagging

a. T he design load on the lagging is the theoreticalpressure com puted to act on it.W hen arch action can
form in the soilbehind the lagging (e.g.,in granularor stiffcohesive soils w here there is sufficient space
to perm it the in place soilto arch and the back side ofthe soldier piles bear directly against the soil)the
m om ent com puted based on sim ple end supports m ay be reduced by one third.

b. W ellcom pacted fillshallbe provided behind the lagging.

1
See C -Com m entary
2 See C -Com m entary

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C oncrete Structures and Foundations

28.5.4 D ESIG N O F A N C H O R ED SO LD IER BEAM WITH LAGGING W A LLS (2002)

28.5.4.1 Q ualifications

a. T he perform ance ofanchored soldier beam w ith lagging w alls is strongly influenced not only by the
m ethods and m aterials used but also the experience ofthe Contractor. T he specifications presented
herein are intended for evaluating earth pressure loading,tieback anchor design,w allfacing design,
stability considerations and corrosion protection requirem ents.

b. T he Contractor or the Subcontractor selected for the design and construction shallbe prequalified as a
specialty Contractor for the design and construction ofanchored soldier beam w ith lagging w alls in order
for the contract to be aw arded. T he Contractor shallsubm it proofof5 anchored soldier beam w ith
lagging w alls successfully com pleted w ithin the past 5 years. T he Contractor's staffshallinclude an
engineer w ith at least 5 years ofexperience in the design and construction ofperm anently tied back
structures. T he use ofa m anufacturer's representative by the contractor w illnot m eet this qualification.

28.5.4.2 Subm ittals

a. T he draw ings shallinclude alldetails,dim ensions,cross-sections,and sequence ofconstruction

necessary to construct the w all. T he draw ings and calculations shallinclude,but not be lim ited to:

(1) A description ofthe tieback installation including drilling,grouting and stressing inform ation.

(2) A nchor capacity,type oftendon,anchorage hardw are,m inim um unbonded lengths,m inim um
anchor lengths,angle ofinstallation and tieback locations and spacings.

(3) Testing schedule and procedures for tiebacks.

(4) A n elevation view indicating the elevation at the top and bottom ofthe w allincluding allhorizontal
and verticaldim ensions.

(5) A plan view ofthe w allindicating the offset from the construction centerline to the face ofthe w allat
allchanges in horizontalalignm ent.

(6) A lldetails for construction ofdrainage facilities associated w ith the w allshallbe clearly indicated.

(7) R elationship betw een existing and proposed utilities.

28.5.4.3 D esign C riteria

a. T he lateralearth pressures shallbe com puted as indicated below :

(1) For cantilevered conditions,and single tier anchored w alls,lateralearth pressures shallbe com puted
using Part20.

(2) For m asses w hich do not have a history ofsliding,the m agnitude oflateralpressures on m ulti-tiered
anchored w alls shallbe com puted follow ing the guidelines on Figure 8-28-2.

b. W here soldier beam s are used,the w idth shallbe assum ed to be equalto the w idth ofthe flange for
driven sections and the shaft diam eter ofthe drilled sections. T he resultant passive resistance ofa
soldier beam assum es that passive resistance ism obilized across an equivalent w idth described in
A rticle 28.5.3.2,Paragraph a. T he effects ofbackfillcom paction and surcharge loads applied to the
surface behind the w allshallbe considered in the design earth pressure. T he design stresses shallbe in
accordance w ith the current edition ofChapter 15.

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 Tem porary Structures for C onstruction

c. T he unbonded tendon length shallextend beyond the criticalfailure surface and be a m inim um of15 feet
(4.6 m ) in length. T he criticalfailure surface starts at the bottom ofthe excavation. T he w all-anchor
system shallbe checked for adequate stability. T he overallstability ofthe earth m ass being retained
shallbe checked and shallhave a m inim um factor ofsafety of1.3.

F(H+SC)
H = h eigh t
S C = surch arg e

0.2H Representative Values of F:

Lb/Ft 2 N/m 2
Inorganic silt, silty sand 24-29 1150-1390
Sand, sand and gravel 18-26 860-1245
Soft clay 28-36 1340-1724
0.6H Firm clay 24-28 1150-1340
Stiff clay 23-26 1100-1245

0.2H
1
Figure 8-28-2.A pparentEarth Pressure D iagram

28.5.4.4 Soldier B eam Installation

a. Installation M ethod
3
(1) Soldier beam s m ay be installed by driving w ith im pact or vibration ham m ers or set in predrilled
holes and encased w ith concrete below subgrade elevation and w ith lean concrete backfillabove
subgrade elevation. E ncasem ent below subgrade levelshallbe concrete w ith a m inim um 28-day
com pressive strength of3,000 psi(20.7 M Pa). M ethods and equipm ent used for soldier beam
installations shallbe determ ined by the Contractor.

(2) For driven soldier beam s,leads or spuds shallbe centered in such a m anner as to afford freedom of 4
m ovem ent to the ham m er and shallbe rigged to hold the soldier beam and ham m er in alignm ent
during driving. T he soldier beam shallbe driven w ith equipm ent w hich w illensure a properly
distributed ham m er im pact on the soldier beam and prevent dam age w hile driving.

(3) For drilled-in soldier beam s,side w allstability shallbe m aintained during drilling. Ifrequired by soil
and w ater conditions,provide casing for hole excavation. Provide casing ofsufficient strength to
w ithstand handling stresses,lean concrete backfillpressure and surrounding earth and/or w ater
pressure. D rilling m ud m ay also be used to m aintain side w allstability ofsoldier beam holes subject
to the approvalofthe R ailroad. Pum p w ater from drillholes. Contractors m ay use trem ie m ethods
in lieu ofpum ping w ater.

T he soldier beam shallbe fully encased in lean concrete backfillafter com pletion ofsoldier beam hole
excavation. T he soldier beam m ay be set prior to,orafter,lean concrete backfillplacem ent at the
option ofthe Contractor. Free falllean backfillm ay be used. Vibrating oflean backfillm ix is not
required.

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C oncrete Structures and Foundations

(4) Soldier beam s m ay be furnished in full-length sections or m ay be spliced according to the m ethod of
splicing as show n on the plans. Field w elding w illbe allow ed only in accordance w ith the
requirem ents for w elding as specified in AW S D 1.1,except as am ended on the plans.

(5) Structuralw elding ofsteel,steelreinforcem ent and soldier beam s shallbe m ade by personnel
qualified to perform the type ofw elding involvedin accordance w ith the qualification procedure of
AW S D 1.1,except as am ended on the plans.

(6) A ny field w elder w illbe required to present a certificate stating that he/she has been qualified in
accordance w ith the requirem ents on these specifications w ithin the previous 24-m onth period. A
w elder having a certificate w hich expired w ithin the last 12 m onths m ay be perm itted to com m ence
w elding provided a retest specim en is subm itted im m ediately. T he engineer m ay require a
confirm ing qualification test during the progress ofthe w ork.

28.5.4.5 G round A nchors (Tiebacks)

a. U nless otherw ise directed,the Contractor shallselect the tieback type and the installation m ethod,and
determ ine the bond length,anchor length and anchor diam eter.

b. G round anchor m aterials shallbe in accordance w ith current "R ecom m endations for Prestressed R ock
and SoilA nchors"from the Post-Tensioning Institute or as specified on the shoring plans.

c. G round anchors shallbe designed,fabricated,stored,handled,installed,tested and locked offin

accordance w ith current "R ecom m endations for Prestressed R ock and SoilA nchors"from the Post-
Tensioning Institute or as specified on the shoring plans.

28.5.4.6 A llow able Stresses

a. G round anchor com ponents shallcom ply w ith current "R ecom m endations for Prestressed R ock and Soil
A nchors"from the Post-Tensioning Institute.

b. A llow able stresses and factors ofsafety for allother w allstructuralcom ponents shallbe in accordance
w ith the applicable sections ofthe M anual.

28.5.5 D ESIG N O F B R A C ED EXC A VA TIO N S (2002)

a. B raced excavations shallbe designed using the apparent earth pressure diagram show n in Figure 8-28-2.

28.5.6 D ESIG N O F C O FFER D A M S (2002)

28.5.6.1 G eneral

a. T his section deals prim arily w ith cofferdam s constructed w ith steelsheet piles. T his section applies to
the case w here the w ater levellies above the soilor rock levelsuch as in rivers,lakes and bays.

b. A single-w allcofferdam consists ofa single w allofsheet piling driven in the form ofa box. Single-w alled
cofferdam s shallbe designed as flexible sheet pile bulkheads or braced excavations.

c. A double-w alled cofferdam consists oftw o row s ofsteelsheet piling driven parallelto each other and tied
to each other w ith anchors and w ales. D ouble w allcofferdam s shallbe designed sim ilar to single-w all
cofferdam s. T he tw o row s ofsheet piles shallnot be assum ed to share equally in resisting the outside
pressure unless concrete fillor rigid bracing is usedbetw een them . T he need for double-w allcofferdam s
over single-w allcofferdam s is usually to provide increased w atertightness.

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d. A cellular cofferdam consists ofsoil-filled interconnected circular or diaphragm cells constructed ofsteel
sheet piling. Cellular cofferdam s are designed as gravity retaining structures.

28.5.6.2 R equired D ata

a. T he required inform ation about the site includes the follow ing:

•H igh w ater elevation

•Velocity ofw ater flow

•W ave height and period

•Ice conditions

•Scour

•G roundline cross-sections and profiles

•E xisting soiltypes,layer thicknesses,and properties

•Properties ofbackfillm aterials

•Flow net
1
•Vesselim pact

28.5.6.3 D esign Stresses and Factors ofSafety

a. T he m axim um stresses for cofferdam m aterials shallnot exceed 125% ofthe allow able stresses used for
the design ofperm anent structures. T he m inim um factors ofsafety for stability ofcofferdam s shallbe 3
1.25. T he factors ofsafety shallbe calculated asthe sum ofthe resisting forces or m om ents divided by
the sum ofthe driving forces or m om ents. T he factors ofsafety m ay be calculated on a unit length of
cofferdam . A flow net analysis shallbe conducted to determ ine the stability ofthe bottom ofthe
excavation.

28.5.6.4 D riving Forces

4
a. In determ ining the stability ofcofferdam s,the driving forces shallinclude the follow ing as applicable:

•H ydrostatic w ater pressure

•Seepage force

•Stream flow pressure

•W ave forces

•A ctive earth pressure

•Vesselim pact

•Ice forces

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28.5.6.5 EquivalentW idth

a. T he stability ofcellular cofferdam s m ay be determ ined using an equivalent w idth. T he equivalent w idth
ofa cofferdam is defined as the w idth ofan equivalentrectangular section having an area equalto that of
the actualcofferdam .

28.5.6.6 Saturation Line

a. T he location ofthe line ofsaturation or phreatic surface w ithin a cofferdam cellm ay be taken as a
straight line sloping dow nw ard from the w ater surface levelon the outboard side to the inboard side.
T he slope ofthe saturation line m ay be assum ed asshow n below. A horizontalline representing the
average levelofsaturation m ay be assum ed for stability calculations.

CellFillM aterial Slope (H orizontalto Vertical)

Free draining coarse grained 1 to 1
Silty coarse grained 2 to 1
Fine grained 3 to 1

28.5.6.7 Sliding

a. Cofferdam s shallbe investigated for sliding atthe base. T he resisting forces shallconsistofthe frictional
resistance ofthe soilalong the bottom ofthe cofferdam ,the passive resistance of soil on the inboard face,
and the passive resistance ofa berm ,ifany,on the inboard face. T he unit w eight ofthe soilbelow the
saturation line shallbe the subm erged unit w eight.

28.5.6.8 O verturning

a. Cofferdam s shallbe investigated for overturning about the inboard toe. T he resultant ofthe driving
forces and the cellw eight shalllie w ithin the m iddle one-third ofthe cofferdam .

28.5.6.9 Piling U plift

a. Cofferdam s shallbe investigated for uplift ofthe outboard piling. T he m om ents shallbe sum m ed about
the inboard toe. T he resisting m om ents shallbe those due to the frictionalforces on the inner and outer
surfaces ofthe outboard sheeting plus the effective passive resistance ofthe soiland berm ,ifany,on the
outboard face. T he w eight ofthe cellfillshallnot be used for resisting m om ent.

28.5.6.10 VerticalShear

a. Cofferdam cells shallbe investigated for verticalshear failure on the centerline ofthe cells. T he total
shearing force,Q ,on the neutralplane at the centerline ofthe cellshallbe as follow s:

Q = 3M /2E

Q = totalshearing force per unit length ofcofferdam

M = net overturning m om ent per unit length ofcofferdam

E = equivalent w idth ofcofferdam

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b. T he shearing force,Q ,shallbe resisted by verticalshear w ithin the cellfilland friction in the interlocks
ofthe sheeting. In com puting the verticalshear resistance ofthe fillm aterial,the coefficient ofearth
pressure shallbe as follow s:

K= cos2 f
2 - cos2f

f = angle of internal friction of cell fill

c. The total centerline shear force resistance of the cell fill per unit length of cofferdam shall be the resultant lateral force
due to soil fill material times tan f. The frictional resistance of the sheet pile interlocks per unit length of cofferdam
shall be the interlock tension times the coefficient of friction of the interlocks.

28.5.6.11 H orizontalShear

a. Cofferdam cells shallbe investigated for tilting failure through horizontalshear in the cellfillm aterial.
T he resisting m om ents shallbe those due to the lateralresistance ofthe cell fill,the frictionalresistance
ofthe sheet pile interlocks,and the passive resistance ofthe berm ifone is used.

b. T he lateralresisting m om ent,M ,ofthe cellfillabout the base ofthe cofferdam shallbe:

M = gs [ (H - Etan f) (Etanf )2 + (Etan f)3]

2 3

M = resisting m om ent per unit length ofcofferdam

1

H = height ofcofferdam

E = equivalent w idth ofcofferdam

gs = submerged unit weight of fill material 3

f = angle of internal friction of fill material

c. T he resisting m om ent due to frictionalresistance ofthe interlocks shallbe the interlock tension tim es
the coefficient offriction ofthe interlocks tim es the equivalent w idth ofthe cofferdam .

28.5.6.12 Interlock Tension 4

a. T he hoop or interlock forces for circular cells and connecting arcs shallbe calculated by the follow ing
equation:

T = PR

T = hoop or interlock force

P = m axim um lateralpressure from cellfilland w ater

R = radius ofcircle or arc

b. T he m axim um lateralpressure m ay be taken as m axim um at 1/4 the height from the m udline to the top
ofthe cofferdam .

c. T he interlock force at the connection ofarc to circular cellshallbe calculated by the follow ing equation:

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C oncrete Structures and Foundations

Tc = PLsec q

Tc = hoop or interlock force at connection

P = m axim um lateralpressure from cellfilland w ater

L = ½ the center-to-center distance offullcircular cells

q = angle betw een centerline ofcells and a line from center ofcellto point on
cellperiphery w here connecting arc is attached.

d. T he interlock tension shallnot exceed the m anufacturer's recom m ended values.

e. T he m axim um coefficient offriction ofsteelon steelat the interlocks shallnot exceed 0.3.

28.5.6.13 C onstruction R equirem ents

a. Cofferdam s for foundation construction shallbe carried w ellbelow the bottom ofthe excavation or as
near the bottom ofthe excavation as foundation conditions w illperm it and shallbe w ellbraced and as
w atertight as practical. T he interior dim ensions ofcofferdam s shallprovide sufficient clearance inside
the w ales for constructing form s,driving piles,pum ping outside the form s,and inspection.

b. Cofferdam s w hich are tilted or m oved out ofpositionby any causes during the process ofconstruction
shallbe righted or enlarged so as to provide the necessary clearances.

c. N o shoring w illbe perm itted in cofferdam s w hich w illinduce stress,shock,or vibration in the
perm anent structure.

d. Cellular cofferdam s w ith diaphragm w alls shallbe f

illed equally on each side ofthe diaphragm w alls to
avoid distortion ofthe cells.

e. After com pletion ofthe construction,the cofferdam sw ith allsheeting and bracing shallbe rem oved as
directed by the E ngineer or as show n on the plans. Such rem ovalshallbe done in a m anner that w illnot
disturb or m ar the perm anent structure.

SECTION 28.6 DESIGN O F FA LSEW O R K SYSTEM S

28.6.1 R EVIEW A N D A PPR O VA L O F FA LSEW O R K D R A W IN G S (2002)

a. Falsew ork design draw ings and calculations covering falsew ork adjacent to or over R ailroad's operating
tracks shallbe certified to be com plete and satisf
actory to the subm itting public agency prior to being
subm itted to the R ailroad.

b. T here shallbe sufficient detailin the draw ings to perm it a com plete stress analysis. In particular,the
draw ings shallshow the size ofallload-supporting m em bers;alllateraland longitudinalbracing,
including connections;the m ethod ofadjustm ent;and sim ilar design features.

c. A lldesign-controlling dim ensions shallbe show n,including,but not lim ited to,beam length;beam
spacing;post location and spacing;verticaldistance betw een connectors in diagonalbracing;overall
height offalsew ork bents;and sim ilar dim ensions criticalto the analysis.

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d. T he falsew ork draw ings shallinclude a superstructure placing diagram show ing the concrete placing
sequence and construction joint locations. W hen a schedule ofplacing concrete is show n on the contract
plans,no deviation w illbe perm itted w ithout the approval ofdesign engineer.

e. W hen footing type foundations are to be used,the Contractor shalldeterm ine the bearing value ofthe
soiland shallshow the values assum ed in the design ofthe falsew ork on the falsew ork draw ings.

f. A nticipated totalsettlem ents ofthe falsew ork and form s shallbe show n on the falsew ork draw ings.

g. Falsew ork footings shallbe designed to carry the load im posed upon them w ithout exceeding the
estim ated soilbearing values and anticipated settlem ents.R efer to Part3 ofthis Chapter for allow able
soil pressures of various material and settlements.

h. W hen falsew ork w illbe supported on pile bents,the required pile capacity and the m axim um allow able
driving tolerances shallbe show n.

i. T he support system s for form panels supporting concrete deck slabs and overhangs on girder bridges
shallalso be considered to be falsew ork and designed as such.

j. T he falsew ork draw ings shallshow allopenings w hich are required through the falsew ork. H orizontal
and verticalclearances shallbe adequate and be show n on the plans.

k. Tem porary bracing shallbe provided to allfalsew ork bents adjacent to the operating tracks,and shallbe
designed to w ithstand allim posed loads during erection,construction and rem oval. W ind loads shallbe
included in the design ofsuch bracing.
1

l. In addition to the falsew ork draw ings,the design engineer shallsubm it a copy ofdesign calculations.
T he design calculations shallshow the stressesand deflections ofallload-supporting m em bers,
calculations furnished by the gndesi
engineer are for inform ation only,rather than for review and
acceptance. A ccordingly,design and/or construction details w hich m ay be show n in the falsew ork in the
form ofsketches on the calculation sheets shallbe show n on the falsew ork draw ings as w ell;otherw ise 3
the draw ings w illnot be com plete.

28.6.2 D ESIG N LO A D S (2002)

a. T he design loads for falsew ork shallconsist ofthe sum ofdead and live verticalloads,and the assum ed
horizontalload. T he m inim um totaldesign load for any falsew ork shallbe not less than 100 pounds per
square foot (4.8 kPa) for the com bined live and dead load regardless ofslab thickness. 4
b. D ead load shallinclude the w eight ofconcrete,reinforcing steel,form s and falsew ork. T he w eight (m ass
density) ofconcrete,reinforcing steeland form s shallbe assum ed to be not less than 160 pounds per
cubic foot (2563 kg/m 3 ) for norm alconcrete.

c. Live loads shallconsist ofthe actualw eight ofequipm ent to be supported by the falsew ork applied as
concentrated loads at the points ofcontact and a uniform load ofnot less than 20 pounds per square foot
(958 Pa) applied over the area supported,plus 75 pounds per linear foot (1095 N /m )applied at the
outside edge ofdeck overhangs.

d. T he assum ed horizontalload to be resisted by the falsew ork bracing system shallbe the sum ofthe
actualhorizontalloads due to equipm ent,construction sequence or other causes and an allow ance for
w ind,but in no case shallthe assum ed horizontalload to be resisted in any direction be less than 2
percent ofthe totaldead load.

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C oncrete Structures and Foundations

e. T he falsew ork shallbe designed so that it w illhave sufficient rigidity to resist the assum ed horizontal
load w ithout considering the w eight ofthe concrete.

f. T he m inim um horizontalload to be allow ed for w indon each heavy-duty steelshore having a vertical
load carrying capacity exceeding 30 kips (133 kN ) per leg shallbe the sum ofthe products ofthe w ind
im pact area,shape factor,and the applicable w ind pressure value for each height zone. T he w ind im pact
area is the totalprojected area ofallthe elem ents in the tow er face norm alto the applied w ind. T he
shape factor for heavy-duty shoring shallbe taken as 2.2. W ind pressure values shallbe determ ined
from the follow ing table:

W IN D PR E SSU R E
H eight Zone Shores A djacent to At O ther Locations
D istance above ground T raffic O penings
0 to 30 ft.(0 to 9 m ) 20 psf(958 Pa) 15 psf(718 Pa)
30 to 50 ft.(9 to 164 m ) 25 psf(1197 Pa) 20 psf(958 Pa)
50 to 100 ft.(164 to 30 m ) 30 psf(1436 Pa) 25 psf(1197 Pa)
O ver 100 ft.(30 m ) 35 psf(1676 Pa) 30 psf(1436 Pa)

g. T he m inim um horizontalload to be allow ed for w ind on allother types offalsew ork,including falsew ork
supported on heavy-duty shoring,shallbe the sum ofthe products ofthe w ind im pact area and the
applicable w ind pressure value for each height zone. T he w ind im pact area is the gross projected area of
the falsew ork and any unrestrained portion ofthe perm anent structure,excluding the areas betw een
falsew ork posts or tow ers w here diagonalbracing is not used. W ind pressure values shallbe determ ined
from the follow ing table:

W IN D PR E SSU R E VA LU E
H eight Zone For M em bers over and B ents A djacent At O ther Locations
(Feet above ground) to T raffic O penings
0 to 30 (0 to 9 m ) 2.0 Q psf(Pa) 1.5 Q psf(Pa)
30 to 50 (9 to 164 m ) 2.5 Q psf(Pa) 2.0 Q psf(Pa)
50 to 100 (164 to 30 m ) 3.0 Q psf(Pa) 2.5 Q psf(Pa)
O ver 100 (30 m ) 3.5 Q psf(Pa) 3.0 Q psf(Pa)

T he value ofQ in the above tabulation shallbe determ ined as follow s:

Q = 1 + 0.2W (Q = 1 + 0.656W );but shallnot be m ore than 10

In the preceding form ula,W is the w idth ofthe falsew ork system in feet (m eters),m easured in the
direction ofthe w ind force being considered.

h. T he entire superstructure cross-section,except railing,shallbe considered to be placed at one tim e. If

the concrete is to be prestressed,the falsew ork shallbe designed to support any increased or readjusted
loads caused by the prestressing forces.

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28.6.3 D ESIG N STR ESSES,LO A D IN G S,A N D D EFLEC TIO N S (2002)

a. T he m axim um allow able design stresses and loadings listed are based on the
use ofundam aged,high-
quality structuralgrade m aterial. Stresses and loadings shallbe reduced by the design engineer iflesser
quality m aterials are to be used.

b. T he m axim um allow able stresses,loadings and deflections used in the design ofthe falsew ork shallbe as
follow s:

28.6.3.1 Tim ber

a. Com pression perpendicular to the grain 450 psi(3,100 kPa).

b. Com pression parallelto the grain 480,000/(L/d)2 psi(33,000/(L/d)2 M Pa),but not to exceed 1,600 psi
(11.0 M Pa).

c. Flexuralstress 1,800 psi(12.4 M Pa) reduced to 1,500 psi(10.3 M Pa) for m em bers w ith a nom inaldepth
of8 inches (20 m m )or less.

d. H orizontalshear 140 psi(965 kPa).

e. A xialtension 1,200 psi(8.3 M Pa).

f. D eflection due to the w eight ofconcrete only L/240 ofthe span irrespective ofthe fact that the deflection 1
m ay be com pensated for by cam ber strips.

g. In the foregoing form ulas,L is the unsupported length,d is the least dim ension ofa square or
rectangular colum n,or the w idth ofa square ofequivalent cross-sectionalarea for round colum ns.

,E ,for tim ber shallbe 1.6 x 106 psi(11.0 x 103 M Pa).

h. T he m axim um m odulus ofelasticity
3
i. T im ber piles,m axim um loading 45 tons (400 kN ).

j. T im ber connections shallbe designed in accordance w ith the stress and loads allow ed in the N ational
D esign Specification ofW ood Construction,as published by the N ationalForest Products A ssociation
except that (1)reductions in allow able loads requiredtherein for high m oisture condition ofthe lum ber
and service conditions shallnot apply,and (2) the design value ofbolts in tw o m em ber connections
(single shear)w hen used for falsew ork bracing shallbe 0.75 ofthe tabulated design value. 4
28.6.3.2 Steel

a. For identified grades ofsteel,design stresses,except stresses due to flexuralcom pression,shallnot

exceed those specified in the M anualofSteelConstruction as published by the A ISC.

b. W hen the grade ofsteelcannot be positively identified,design stresses,except stresses due to flexural
com pression,shallnot exceed either those specified in said A ISC M anualfor A ST M D esignation A -36
steelor the follow ing:

c. Tension,axialand flexural22,000 psi(151.7 M Pa).

d. Com pression,axial16,000-0.38 (L/r)2 psi(110.3-0.38(L/r)2 M Pa) except L/r shallnot exceed 120.

e. Shear on gross section ofw eb 14,500 psi(100 M Pa).

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C oncrete Structures and Foundations

f. W eb crippling for rolled shapes 27,000 psi(186 M Pa).

g. For allgrades ofsteel,design stresses and deflections shallnot exceed the follow ing:

h. Com pression,flexural12,000/(Ld/bt)psi(82,000/(Ld/bt) M Pa),but not to exceed 22,000 psi(151.7 M Pa)

for unidentified steelor steelconform ing to A ST M D esignation A 36 nor 0.6 F y,for other identified steel.

i. D eflection due to the w eight of concrete only L/240irrespective of the fact that the deflection m ay be
com pensated for by cam ber strips.

j. In the foregoing form ulas,L is the unsupported length;d is the least dim ension ofrectangular colum ns,
or the w idth ofa square ofequivalent cross-sectionalarea for round colum ns,or the depth ofbeam s;b is
the w idth and t is the thickness ofthe com pression flange;and r is the radius ofgyration ofthe m em ber.
A lldim ensions are expressed in inches (m illim eters). F y is specified m inim um yield stress in psi(M Pa),
for the grade ofsteelused.

k. T he m odulus ofelasticity,E ,used for steelshallbe 30x106 psi(2.07x103 M Pa).

28.6.3.3 M anufactured A ssem blies

a. T he m axim um loadings and deflections used on jacks,brackets,colum ns,joists and other m anufactured
devices shallnot exceed the m anufacturer's recom m endations except that the dead load deflection of
such joists used at locations other than under deck slabs betw een girders shallnot exceed L/240. If
requested by the E ngineer,the design engineer shallfurnish engineering data from the m anufacturer
verifying the m anufacturer's recom m endations or shallperform tests as necessary to dem onstrate the
adequacy ofany such device proposed for use.

28.6.4 SPEC IA L C O NDITIONS (2002)

a. In addition to the m inim um requirem ents specified in Section 28.6.2 falsew ork over or adjacent to the
railroad tracks w hich are open to traffic shallbe protected from im pact by m otor vehicles and
construction equipm ent. T he falsew ork design shallinclude,but not be lim ited to,the follow ing
m inim um provisions:

b. T he verticalload used for design offalsew ork posts and tow ers,but not footings,w hich support the
portion ofthe falsew ork over openings,shallbe the greater ofthe follow ing:\

(1) 150 percent ofthe design load calculated in accordance w ith the provisions for the design load
previously specified but not including any increased or readjusted loads caused by the prestressing
forces,or

(2) T he increased or readjusted loads caused by the prestressing forces.

c. Falsew ork posts adjacent to railroads shallconsist ofeither steelw ith a m inim um section m odulus about
each axis of9.5 inches cubed (155,700 m m 3)sound tim bers w ith a m inim um section m odulus about each
axis of250 inches cubed (4,097,000 m m 3).

d. E ach falsew ork post adjacent to railroad shallbe m echanically connected to its supporting footing at its
base,or otherw ise laterally restrained,so as to w ithstand a force ofnot less than 2,000 pounds (8.90 kN )
applied at the base ofthe post in any direction except tow ard the railroad track. Such posts also shallbe
m echanically connected to the falsew ork cap or stringer. Such m echanicalconnection shallbe capable of
resisting a load in any horizontaldirection ofnot less than 1,000 pounds (4.45 kN ).

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e. For falsew ork spans over railroads allstringers shallbe m echanically connected to falsew ork cap or
fram ing. Such m echanicalconnections shallbe capable ofresisting a load in any direction,including
uplift on the stringer,ofnot less than 500 pounds (2.22 kN ).

f. W hen tim ber m em bers are used to brace falsew ork bents w hich are located adjacent to railroads,all
connections for such tim ber bracing shallbe bolted type using 5/8 inch (16 m m ) diam eter or larger bolt.

g. Falsew ork bents adjacent to tracks shallhave a m inim um horizontalclearance oftw elve feet (3.7 m )
from centerline oftrack. Falsw ork to be sheathed solid on the side adjacent to track betw een 3 feet (0.9
m ) and 17 feet (5.2 m ) above the top ofrailelevation. Sheathing shallconsist ofplyw ood not less than
5/8 inch (16 m m )thick or lum ber not less than one inch thick (25 m m ),nom inal. B racing on such bents
shallbe adequate so that the bent w illresist the required assum ed horizontalload or 5,000 pounds (22.2
kN )w hichever is greater. Collision posts and sheathing shallnot be required ifhorizontalclearances to
falsew ork is 18 feet (5.5 m ) or greater.

h. A m inim um verticalclearance of22'-6"(6.9 m ),or as established by the R ailroad,above top ofhigher rail
shallbe m aintained at alltim es.

28.6.5 FALSEWORK CONSTRUCTION (2002)

a. T he falsew ork shallbe constructed to conform to the falsew ork draw ings. T he m aterials used in the
falsew ork construction shallbe ofquality necessary to sustain the stress required by the falsew ork
design. T he w orkm anship used in falsew ork construction shallbe ofsuch quality that the falsew ork w ill
support the loads im posed on it w ithout excessive settlem ent or take-up beyond that show n on the 1
falsew ork draw ings.

b. Falsew ork shallbe founded on solid footings,safe against underm ining,protected from softening,and
capable ofsupporting the loads im posed on it. W hen requested by the E ngineer,the Contractor shall
dem onstrate by suitable load tests thatthe soilbearing values assum ed for the design ofthe falsew ork do
not exceed the supporting capacity ofthe soil.
3
c. W hen falsew ork is to be supported on piles,the piles shallbe driven untilthe required pile capacity is
obtained as show n on the falsew ork draw ings.

d. For falsew ork over or adjacent railroad tracks,alldetails ofthe falsew ork system w hich contribute to the
horizontalstability and resistance to im pact,except for bolts in bracing,shallbe installed at the tim e
each elem ent ofthe falsew ork is erected and shallrem ain in place untilthe falsew ork is rem oved.
4
e. Falsew ork shallbe designed to com pensate for falsew ork deflection,verticalalignm ent and anticipated
structure deflection.

f. Contractor shallprovide tell-tales attached to the soffit form s and readable from the ground in enough
system atically placed locations to determ ine the totalsettlem ent ofthe entire portion ofthe structure
w here concrete is being placed.

28.6.6 REMOVING FALSEWORK (2002)

a. Falsew ork supporting any span ofa sim ple span concrete bridge shallnotbe released before 10 days after
the last concrete,excluding concrete above the bridge deck,has been placed in that span and in the
adjacent portions ofeach adjoining span ofa length equalto at least ½ the length ofthe span w here
falsew ork is to be released.

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b. Falsew ork for cast-in-place prestressed portions ofstructures shallnot be rem oved untilafter the
prestressing tendons have been tensioned and released.

c. Falsew ork supporting any span ofa continuous or rigid fram e bridge shallnot be rem oved untilall
required prestressing has been com pleted in that span and in the adjacent portions ofeach adjoining
span for a length equalto at least ½ the length ofthe span w here falsew ork is to be rem oved.

d. Falsew ork supporting overhangs,deck slabs betw een girders and girder stem s w hich slope 45 degrees or
m ore offverticalshallnot be rem oved before 7 days after the deck concrete has been placed.

e. In addition to the above requirem ents,no falsew ork for bridge spans shallbe rem oved untilthe
supported concrete has attained a com pressive strength of2,600 pounds per square inch (17.9 M Pa)or
80 percent ofthe specified strength,w hichever is higher.

f. W hen falsew ork piling are used to support falsew ork w ithin the lim its ofthe railroad right-of-w ay,such
piling w ithin this area shallbe rem oved to at least 2 feet (0.6 m ) below the finished grades.

g. A lldebris and refuse resulting from the w ork shallbe rem oved and the prem ises left in a neat and
presentable condition.

C -C O M M EN TA R Y

C -SEC TIO N 28.5 D ESIG N O F SH O R IN G SYSTEM S

C - 28.5.1 DESIGN OF CANTILEVER SH EET PILE W A LLS (2002)

C -28.5.1.1 R estrictions ofU se

A cantilever w allderives support from the passive resistance below the excavation line to support the active
pressure from the soilabove excavation elevation w ithout an anchorage. Cantilever w alls undergo large lateral
deflections,and the m em ber stresses increase rapidly w ith height. T herefore,it is im portant to restrict the
m axim um height ofthe w alland require good quality soilbelow the excavation line that can provide adequate
passive resistance.

C -28.5.1.2 D epth ofEm bedm ent

T he large m om ent and deflections that need to be resi

sted in cantilever type w alls m ay require quite large
penetration depths.

C -28.5.1.3 M axim um M om ent

See SteelSheetPiling D esign M anual,U S Steel,1975,for charts that m ay be used to obtain prelim inary values
for the depth ofpenetration D and the m axim um m om ent for the case ofa cantilever sheet pile w allin
hom ogeneous granular soiland in a cohesive soilw ith granular soilbehind above the excavation elevation. T he
D values obtained from the charts shallbe increased by 20 percent.

C - 28.5.3 D ESIG N O F C A N TILEVER SOLDIER BEAM WI TH LA G G IN G W A LLS (2002)

C -28.5.3.1 R estrictions ofU seR estrictions ofU se

A cantilever soldier pile w allbehaves sim ilarly to a cantilever sheet pile w all. T he active soilpressure and
surcharge loadings are transm itted through the lagging to the soldier piles above the excavation elevation.

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8-28-20 A R EM A M anualfor R ailw ay Engineering

 Tem porary Structures for C onstruction

Below the excavation the soldier piles utilize the soils passive resistance to resist the driving pressures. D ue to
the rapid increase in deflections and m om ents w ith the w allheight,m axim um height restrictions needed to be
im posed.

C -28.5.3.2 D epth ofEm bedm ent

T he depth ofem bedm ent ofthe soldier piles m ust be sufficient to m obilize the passive resistance. T he arching
capability ofsoils allow s the use ofan equivalent w idth for the soldier pile below the excavation.

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A R EM A M anualfor R ailw ay Engineering 8-28-21

 TH IS PA G E IN TEN TIO N A LLY LEFT B LA N K .

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8-28-22 A R EM A M anualfor R ailw ay Engineering