Principles of Management

Leadership

Lesson -13
 Leadership
.

What is Leadership?

It is the art of influencing people so that they will strive

Willingly and enthusiastically towards the achievement
Of the team objective
G LEADER
OAL
Leadership is a skill

Leadership should have ‘followership’

Leadership is closely related to MOTIVATION

FOLLOWER
S

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 Leadership
• 4 Ingredients

Ability to use POWER effectively, responsibly -

First:
Position (Authority Given)
Reward
Coercive
Expertness
Referent

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 Leadership

Second: Ability to understand Human Behaviour

Knowledge of Motivation Theories

Aware of the needs

Circumstantial Variability

Satisfy them to get desired result

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 Leadership

Third: Ability to Inspire Followers to elicit Full

Capabilities
Charm

Appeal

Strong Desire in Followers to follow Leader

Fourth: Ability to create a climate responsive

to motivational arousal
Expectancies  Perceived Reward Value
 Effort  Success probability

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 Leadership Styles & Behaviour
3 Basic Styles
• Styles based on Authority
• Managerial Grid Styles
• Situational/ Contingency
Styles

•1.Style
Autocratic:
Based on Authority
- Gives orders and expects
compliance
- One way communication
- Positive, Authoritative and
Arrogant
- Leads by withholding or giving
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Reward / Punishment
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 Leadership Styles & Behaviour
2. Democratic: Consults with subordinates
(2 Types) - Two way Communication
- Consults but takes his own
decision
- No decision is taken without
subordinates

3. Free-Rein: - Very little power is used

- High degree of
independence
to subordinates in goal
setting
and how to achieve it.
- Works as
advisor,furnishing
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Leadership Styles Based on
Use of Authority
 Leadership Styles & Behaviour
.

Description System -1 System -2 System -3 System -4

Exploitive Benevolent Consultative Participative

Description -authoritative
authoritative

Highly Confidence Higher deg Complete

Leadership autocratic, and trust of trust and Confidence
Little trust confidence and trust

Thru’ fear Thru’ reward Thru’ reward Thru’

Motivation and and some & occasional economical
punishment fear of punishment rewards
punishment using ideas
& opinions

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 Leadership Styles & Behaviour
.

•Likert’s Four Systems of Management:

Description System -1 System -2 System -3 System -4

Communi- Downward Permits some Up and Free up, down

upward Down peers
-cation

Limited to Delegation Broad policy Encourage

Decision
top but with at top throughout
making
control specific at organisation
lower level

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MANAGERIAL GRID
 Leadership Styles & Behaviour
• Managerial
Grid:
9 Country Club Team Manager
Concern for People

Middle of the road

Impoverished Autocratic
0
0 Concern for Production 9
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 Leadership Styles & Behaviour
• Continuum of Leadership Behaviour
• Varies between Highly Boss centric to
• Highly Subordinate centric
Subordinate-centered
Boss-centered

Use of Authority by manager

Area of freedom for subordinate

Organisational & Social Environment

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 Leadership Styles & Behaviour

• Situational or Contingency Approach to

leadership:
– The model: Leader, Follower and the Situation

Leaders are product of a given situation -

Leaders personal attributes: charisma,
confidence, values,etc.
Follower’s factors: assuming responsibility,
knowledge, skills, experience, tolerance to ambiguity
Environmental Factors: Organization values,
climate, nature of challenge, time pressure, etc.
Leader designs methods to meet them
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 Leadership Styles & Behaviour
• Path - Goal Approach: Leader influences
paths between behavior and goals
– Main functions of a leader
Clarify and set goals for the subordinates
Help in finding the best path to achieve the goal
Removes obstacles
• Leader behaviour:
Supportive Needs and concern of
subordinates
Participative Subordinates influence
decision
Instrumental specific guidance to
subordinate
Achievement oriented sets Challenging
goals 13
 Leadership Styles & Behaviour
• Transformational and Charismatic
Leaders
– Transformational Leaders
• Articulates a Vision and Inspire followers
• Capacity to shape organizational culture,
create climate favorable to innovation and
organizational change
– Charismatic Leaders
• Inspire people toward a higher purpose
– Gandhi, Mother Theresa, Martin Luther
King, etc.

13
 End of Lesson -13

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