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M.D. & Higgins, R. 1996)

58

2
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5

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 ,
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.

60

61

., ., . & . (1964).
, . .... (1: 50.000).
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62

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77

78


DOMERGUE C. (1998) : Remarques sur la fonctionement des Laveries planes
du Laurion , ..., .
JONES J. E. (1998) : The Three Washeries at Agrileza in the Laureotiki
, ..., .
. & . (1994):
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79

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ii)
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-
, ,
,
.
,

. ,
, ,
. , H.D.R. Kitto,
Bristol.
.15, , ,

, . :

. ,.
, ,

. . .


. ,
,
, ,

, .
Kitto (.276):

82


,

.
,
.

,
, .

. , Homo
sapiens (70.000 ), Homo neanderthalensis (250.000 2530.000 ...); ,
.

;
.

.
.
, ,
, -
-. ,
2 ..
,
, , ; ,
,
, ,
,
. , :
; ;
, ;
,
;

:

; ,
..

,
;

;
, , , ;

83

, ,
, :

.

,
, 90-30 ..,
, (
) 13.500 12.500 ,
12.500
11.400 (...).

7.600
.

,
. ,

, . ,
.

.
, ,

, ,
. ,
200.000 ,
60.000 ,
, ,
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
.

.
,
() .


.
, , , ,
, , ..,

84

 , ,
, ..;
,
- .

,
, , ,
,
.

.
,
4 ,
, ,
, .
.

,
,
.

,
, .
,
,
, ..
, .
. ;

22..

(i) (ii)
.
, , ,
. ,
, ,

.
,

(
).

. .
85

 , , ,
, , .. ,

Encyclopedia of Anthropology (Sage Publ., New York,
2005).

33..

,
.
,
, ..


.
, .

:
i)

ii)

.
.

,
, -
- 18.000
6.000 .
, ,
1 (.1).
,
2 . , . ,
, ,
, , , 2 ,
. , ,
,
, .
, ,
,


.

86

3.1. ()
, (2 )
, .

.
, , .

3.2.
3 , (1 ) (2 ),
, .
3 ,
, ,
,
.
. ,
, , ,
,
, .

. 1: ,
.
.
.
.
. ,
,
,
.

87

3.3.
, , .
.
, ,
( 3 ) ,
,
.
. , , ,
. ,
, . ,

.
,
, , ()
().

. , ,

, .
, ,
,
.
,
.
, ,
.
, ,
,
.

, .

3.4.
, , ,
, ,
, (3 ).
, ,
.
, ,
.
4 3 ,
,
3 /
.
88

3.5. () ( )

.
.
, ,
,
, ,
, .
, , ,
,
, ,
.
, ,
, , ,
,
.

,
. ,
.
.
.
,
,
, ,
; , ,
Katrina
, , ,
, , , ..
, , ,
,. ,
,
.
. .
, , ,
,
.
, , ..

. ,
, .
, :
(i)

(ii)

,
;

89

 ,
. ,
, , , , ,
, , .
.
(). ,
,
Optimum , 6.000 4.000 ,
,
. -
, ,
( 2).
,
.
.


.

. 2:
.

-
(, , , , ,
, , , ).

90

,
, .

,
, .

,
, ,

.

, ,
,
.

,
(4 )

3.6.

,
, .
:

( )
()
.
.

. .

91


()

()

(6 )
+ +

. 3: , .

44..

.
, ,
. ,
,
.
,
, .
,
, ,

, ,
, .

,

, ,
, ,
..,
.
,
, .

92


, ,
. , ,
,

.
, . ,
,
,
.
,
, , , ,
.., ,
, ,

.
, .
, , ,
. ,
,
.
,
,
,
. ,

, .
.
, ,
.
,
,
.
,
, .
;
;
, ,
,
20 ;

; ,
, ,

;
.
, , ..
, ,

93

, , .
, , ..
,
, .., ;
,
, ,

, .
, ,
, ..,
, .
,
, ,

,
, ,
,
, ,
.
18.000 ,

...
,
,
- 70.000
18.000 .
;
.
Homo sapiens 70.000 .

Homo sapiens Homo neanderthalensis,
,
.
Homo neanderthalensis Homo
sapiens 30.000 25.000 ,

Homo neanderthalensis.
,
Homo sapiens.
-
- .
,
, , ( ) ..
, ,
..

, , ,
.
94

 - (i)
, , , , ,
.., .
, ,
,
(, , ,
). ,
.
, ,

.

150.000
18.000, .
,
, , .
, ,
, .

,
.

4.1.

,
, ,
. ,
.
,
. ,
, .
.
, ,
,
,
.
,
,
.


.

, ,
.

95

 ,
,
.

, .
.
, ,
, .
.
,
.
,
,
, 18/16,
.
.4 18/16 2
,
.
, (CaCO3),
18/16
(CO3). ,
,
.

.
, ,

.


, .

.
, ,
,
.

.
, .

96

. 4: 18/16
2 ,


.

,
,
.


,
, .

.
, , ,
(i) 2
, (ii) 200.000 (iii)
18 20.000 .
, . 2 . ,
, . Homo.
Homo neanderthalensis , , 200.000
, 20.000
.
18.000
, Homo
sapiens, 35.000 25.000 Homo
neanderthalensis .

,
,
.

,
.

, .
2 , 4

(=)

() .
97

 ,
, , ,
100.000 10.000 , ,
, 500 , 100-150
. (Jinsun et al., 1993).

.
Milankovitch,
,
,
.

.

, . ,
0,5 km/sec ,
30 km/sec .

, ,
, ,

, .
, .

.

.
5:


.

(les
Echets,
Massif Central)
( Guiot et al., 1989).

4.1.1.

150.000

,
, ,
, .

98

 .6,
150.000 , .
. ,
, ( ):

155.000 135.000 (...),

.
.
.

135.000 ,
, ,
, ,
. 100.000
, . 18.000 .

125.000 ... .
130.000
125.000 ,
10.000 15.000 .
.
.
,
.

, ,
,
.
70.000 ,
, 18.000 ...,

,
( 135.000 ).

. 6: 150.000
( Duff, 1993).

99

 , , Homo
sapiens, . , . ,
,
Homo neanderthalensis.
, Homo sapiens
, ,
Homo sapiens 100.000 70.000
.
, ,
80.000 18.000 ,
,
, ,
.

3.000 m, 15x106 km3 (km3 = 1 m3).
,
, , , ,
... ..,
-
, 18.000 ...
10.000 ..., 8.000 ..,
.
,
. . 6.

4.1.2.

18.000

.6,

18.000 , (18.000
...), ,

Homo sapiens,
, , 150.000
, ,
, 100.000 70.000 ... Homo sapiens
, Homo
neanderthalensis, ,

, Homo sapiens. Homo
neanderthalensis , 40.000 25.000 ...
, Homo sapiens ,
,
,
.

18.000 ...

, , , 6.000 ,
. 4.000 ..
. ,

100

 2.000
, .

15.500 ...,

,
13.500 .
2C .

13.500 ... 100 200

, 3 4 C.
, ,
.
,
,
, ,
( ).

.

,
,
.
12.500 , ,
,
,
14.000 ...
, ,
11.400 ..., Younger Dryas (
). Dryas ,
.

11.400 ..., Younger Dryas

, . 11.400 ...

11.000 ... ,
, 8.200 ... .
.

8.200 ... (6.200 ..) , ,

,
. ,
, .
, .
,
,
,
,
Younger Dryas. 4.000
, .

7.800 ..., ,

101

 ,
.

6.000 4.000 ..., ,

.
Optimum (.7).
Optimum;

,
100.000 .
,
.
, 100.000 ,
- .

.

. 7: 18.000 ( Duff, 1993).

. 8: 1000 ( Duff, 1993).

102

.
9:
Qilian .
.
,
,
, (M. Schwarzbach, 1974):

800 .. 1300 ..,

optimum, optimum
(medieval climatic optimum).

1300 .. 1850 ..,

, , ,
,
(little ice age) (. 8).

, ,
- .

100-150 ,
,
, ,
(
, )

(greenhouse effect).

4.1.3.

,
. ,
.

103

 .10.
,
:

,
,
.
,
,

(, , , ,
, .., ..),
,
.

, .

Albedo

. 10: .

104

(,
, , .)

:

(Permafrost)




. ,

.
, ,

. ,
,
.
.11 18.000 ,
(. .4).
3 :
(C), (L) (S).
. ,
.
, 18.000

Hanover (), .
3 .

, , 66,8 94,3.
. . , 30,6 32,5 . .
(1 . = 1 . . ).

. 11:

105


, , ,
-, , ,
..
- ,

. , ,
,
, , ,
, ,
.
.
,
, 75.000 (... Before Present,
B.P.) 18.000 ..., , 6.000
.
Homo sapiens
.
:
i)

Homo sapiens

.

ii)

Homo sapiens
.
,
Homo
sapiens 70.000 .

Homo
sapiens ,

Homo sapiens Homo neanderthalensis,

, .

4.1.4.


,

.

106

. 12:


, .
25.000 18.000


.

. 13:
. .

. 14:
( 18.000
), .

107


( )
( Thiede, 1974).

,

.

.


,
.
. 14 ,
,
: ,
25C 17 C ,
19C 7 C.
,
.

;
,
,


.
,
, ( ) ,
,
, , , ,

, .
,
. ,
.
.13,

, :

10.000 . 1.000 ,
10.000 9.000 ,
.
,
Gulf Stream,

, 9.000 .
108

 ,

.
,

,
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
.

, ,
, .

. :
(i) Homo
neanderthalensis Homo sapiens.
.
(ii) Homo sapiens .
,

.
(iii) ,
.
, ,
,
.
, , .
, ,


.

, .
,
.
,
,
,
, 6 4 .., ,
, ,
.
109

 ,
,
.

/ . ,
,
. ,
,
.
.

.
70.000 ,
,
, , ,
, .

- ,
.

.

, . ,
-
. , ,
, ,


.
,
. , ,
, , .
,
.
,
, ,
.
.
- ,
, .
, .

,
. .
,
,
.

110

4.1.5.

,
,
. ,
,

.
, , .
, ,
,
.
,
.
,
,
, ,
,
.

2.500

.
;
, .
,
,

, ,
.


,
.
,
R. Paepe
.

.

, ,
.
.

. ,
.
,

111

 ,
, ,
, .

, :

, .

,
50 ,
. ,
,
,
.
, ,
,
.
( )
,
,
.
.
, ,
,
.
.
.

,
. ,
:

8
..



.15: .

,
,
735 650 ..

112

 3 .. , -,
.
,
(, 24.3),
,
,
, .
, ,
(),
.
, ,
, , .

,
.

, .
, ,
.
, , 2.000
3.000 .. .

, 6.000 4.000
optimum ,

.
,
, ,

, .
:

, ,
Virakotsa,
. , ,
.

. ,
, ,
. ,
,
.

,
.
113

 , ,
.
,
,
2.105 3.246 ..,
, 3.305
.. .6.2

.

,
.

. 1: ,
.

Usher &

2.105 ..
2.288 ..
2.348 ..

Playfair
Clinton

Flavious Josephous

2.352
2.482
2.998
3.146

..
..
..
..

Dr. Hales
Septuaginta

3.155 ..
3246 ..
3.305 .>

,
.

,
. , ,
,
.
, .

.
9654 .., 3637 .. 3165 ..
1529 ..
.
.
..

,

.

,

114

 , ,
,
.
,
- (..) -
(..). , 12.500 ...
(10.500 ..).

,
(~100 km
).

,
.

,
.

. 15: .

4.2.
,
,
.

,
, . , ,

115


.

,
.

, (i) (H2O)
(ii) .
, ,
, (H2O()), (H2O())
(H2O()), .
,
, ,
60 . ,
. :
i)
H2O() +
H2O()
+
H2O()
= .
(1)

= .
ii)
,
, H2O() / H2O()/ H2O() = . (2).
, ,
, (2) .
,
, (H2O())
(H2O()).
, 5%
.
,
,
,
125 150 m.
, ,
, 125 m.
.

,
. ,
, ,
, .
,
.
.
.
, 70.000
18.000 , .
,
- - .

, 2 . .
116

,
.
,
18.000 ,
. 1
:
i)

ii)

18.000 6.000 ... (
).
. 16:
. 2:

.
12.000 .
= Before Present =
(..: )

:
7.500 6.800 B.P. -10 m.
9.000 6.800 B.P. -15 m.
9.400 7.300 B.P. -20 m.
9.800 7.700 B.P. -25 m.
10.200 8.200 B.P. -30 m.
11.300 8.500 B.P. -35 m.
10.000 9.000 B.P. -40 m.
11.400 10.000 B.P. -45 m.
12.200 11.400 B.P. -49 m.
13.000 12.200 B.P. -52 m.
13.500 13.000 B.P. -57m.
13.800 13.500 B.P. -61 m.
14.000 13.800 B.P. -67 m.
14.700 14.000 B.P. -73 m.
15.000 14.700 B.P. -94 m.
16.000 15.000 B.P. -100 m.
18.000 16.000 B.P. -115 m
-125 / 18.000 B.P.
150 m.
,
.

optimum

.15
, 18.000 , ,
125 m. , 12.000
, 75 m.
.

117


, , !
:

. 17:
18.000 B.P. (-125 m.) 12.000 B.P. (-70 m.) (B.P. = Before Present =
= ...).

18.000 ...
, .

.
, ,
,
, , , , , , ,
,
.
, - ,
,
, ,
.

,
.
,

.
118

18.000
.
, .12,
, ,
.
,
.
12.000 ... 70 m.
, 10.000 ... 30 - 40 m .
,
,
. ,
,
. , , Y
, -.

10.000 - 7.000 ...

, 7.000 ...
10 m. .

, ,
,
6.000 ..., . optimum ,
, ,
4.000 ... , . 2.000 ..
Optimum,
.

. 19a 19b
, 18.000 ...
12.000 ...
,
. ,

,
,
, ,
.
, , 70.000
18.000 ... ,
Homo sapiens Homo neanderthalensis,
,
. 6.000 ,
.
, ,
.
, ,
,
,

119

 , ,
6.000
,
, .

, , ,
120-150 m. ,
. ,
, ,
,
, ,
, .

12.000
.
.

18.000

10.000
(?)

7.000

. 18:
18.000 ... 6.000 ... ,
.
,
.

6.000 ... , ,

, :
(i)

,
,
(. 20)

(ii)

, ,

120

(iii)

,
,
, (little ice age)
14 19 ..

. 19:

,


.
ptimum (. .16), ,

.

,
.
. , ,
.
,
,
.
, ,
.
:
i)

121

ii)

Homo sapiens Homo neanderthalensis,

, 30.000
25.000 ...

iii)

, 18.000 ...,
.
,
.
,

.

iv)

. ,

. ,

,
.

, .
,
,
,
.
.. .
, ,


, 6.000
...,
.

55..

5.1.



,
,
.

.
Uniformitarianism
.

122

 ,

.

.
, ,


,
, ...

.
,
.


,

.
,
,
.

,
, ,
,
. ,
, -
.

,
,
/
.
,
( )
,
, .


,
. ,

.
,
..

,
.
,
123

 ,
,
, .
,
,
.
, ,
, .

. 18.000
6.000 .

,
. , 18.000 ... Homo sapiens
- ,

, .
,
.
6.000 ..., ,
- .
,


.

,
, ,
,
18.000 6.000
...
12.000 (
18.000 6.000 ...) 125 m.,
,
10,4 mm. .
,
, .
,
200 300 .


5 cm . ,
, 40 ,
2 m.,
,

, . ,
1,
. 1000 mm . 1 m.

124

 20 1 m.,
, ,
1 km.
18.
12.000 ... 7.000 , .
,

,


, ,

.

,
60
3 m., ,

,
, ,

.
, ,
, ,
,
.
,
, , .
...
Manhattan . , ,

.
.
. .
6,7. 23

. ,
, 6.000
!!
- ,

, ,
.

125

5.2.

,
, ,
.
,
,
.


. .
, 18.000
, ,
,
50.000 .
, Homo sapiens
,
,
, ,
, ,
.
, ,

12.000 ,
6.000 .

,
, ,

2-4 cm/.
. 8.2 ,
,
12.000 ,
70 .
18.000
-,
,
. ,

, ,
,
,

. ,
,
, -, .

,

, , ,

126


.



, ,
, .
,
.
;

;
, , ;

.;

-

,
.

., .
,
,
,
,
,
() .

,

.
,
,
1 4 cm,

, , ,
,
, ,
,
,
, ,
,
.



;

127


,
,

.

,
,
, ,

,
,
.

; ; ; ;

. :

, ;

;
;

., .

,
,
, ,
, , ,
,
,
, ,
, . , , ,
, .

,
18.000 ...
18000 12500 ... ,

Younger Dryas.

, ;
, . .
. .
. , , ,
, .

128


.
.
,
.
,
, ,
.
, ;
,
,

;
, , ...,
; .
,
, ,
.
, , . ,
,
;


.
, ,

.
.
,
.
, ,
.
,
,
.
.
.
, ,
, ,
, , .
.
,

, .
,
,
, ,
.

129

 ,
-
. 4
,
.
4 ,
12, , , , ,
.

. 20:
18.000 B.P. (-125 m.) 12.000 B.P. (-70 m.) (B.P. = Before Present =
= ...).

,
. ,
, ,
, ,
, , ,
. ,
, .
, , , , ,
, , , , , ., ,
, ,
, ,
, , .

130

 ,
, ,


, . ,
, -
(), .
15-16.000 ... .
,
, 6-7.000 .. ,

, , ,
,
, .


,
, .
,
.
, .
(, )
,
18.000 6.000 ...

, , ,
, ,

Homo sapiens , .
, ,


, ,

,

, .
,

. :
i)

ii)

,
, Homo sapiens Homo neanderthalensis

iii)

, ,

, , .

131

5.3.

.

(i)
, (ii)
, ,


,

.

, :
i) , ,

ii) .
/
.
,
, . ,
, .
, ,
, . ,
12. , , ,
, , , , , , ,
. ,
.
, ,
3
, . ,
, ,
, .
, ,
,
.

:

5.3.1.

132

 1 , , ,
.
, ,
2 .

,
,
Homo sapiens.


.
, 2

,
.
.
. .
. ,
, ,
,
.
.
.
. ,
.

5.3.2.

, , ,
, , , ,
..
18.000 ...

, , ...,
Homo sapiens
, .
,
,
.

. 21: ( 80)
,
15.000 12.500 ,

,
,
.

133

 , ,
, .
.
.

-
, 18.000
6.000 .

, .
,
, , ,
, , ,
, , ,
, , , ,
. ...
70.000 18.000
,
,
, 18.000
, 6.000 (4.000 ..)
6.000 ....
III
.

5.3.3.

,
, , ,
,
,
, , , ,

, , .
.
6

,
.

,
-
15.000 13.500 ..., 14.000,
,

134

5.3.4.

, 6 IV ,
, , , , .

,
.
,
.
,
. .
,
. ,
,
.
,
,
.
- .

5.3.5.

.
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77..

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145

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Our connection to all things
natural
is spiritual.
See ourselves as part of
nature.
The Ancestors, these creatures
that started human society
are as much alive today
as they were in the beginning
The are always part
of the land and nature
as we are

.

.
,

,
.

,
.

Silas Roberts
Dreaming place
you cant change it
no matter who you are
no matter you rich man
no matter you king
you cant change it

,
.
,
,
.

Bill Neidjie

150

 60.000

. .

.
:

.
(looking after the country).

.
This earth
I never damage
I look after

Bill Neidjie


. .
Animals like family to us
Earth our mother
Eagle our cousin
Tree is pumping blood like us
We all one
Bill Neidjie

.
,
.
.
.

Tree
He watching you
You look at tree
He listen to you
He got no finger
He cant speak
But that leaf
He pumping, growing, growing in
the night
While you sleeping
You dream something
Tree and grass same thing
They grow with your body
With your feeling
You feel it with your body.
You say:
That tree same as me

.
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
,
.
.
:

151

This piece of ground he grow

you.

.
.

. Bill Neidjie
:
,
Wandjuk
Marica :
White people dont know
anything about
WHAT IN THE GROUND
They just thought oh, thats a good
country,
we have to try and find somethingmineral, or oil or copper,
And they just go and knock the tree,
and knock the rock, the hill,
because they are careless
with the land.
They want to get something,
rich thing,
From under the ground.
They dont care about their land
nothing
They DONT KNOW about the land
And that what the DIFFERENCE.
Wandjuk Marica
The land is not empty
The land is full of knowledge
full of story
full of goodness
full of energy
full of power
Earth is our mother
Wandjuk Marica

.
:
, ,

-

,
,
.

,
,
,
.

,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.

152

We walk on earth
We look after
Like rainbow sitting on top.
But something underneath,
Under the ground.
We dont know.
You dont know.
What you want to do?
If you touch,
You might get cyclone,
heavy rain or flood.
Not just here,
You might kill someone in
another place.
Might kill him in another
country.
You cannot touch him.

.
.

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,
.
,
.
;

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.

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.



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153

Law never change

Always stay same.
Maybe it hard
But proper one
for all people.
Not like European law,
Always changing.
If you dont like it
You can change.
Aboriginal low
never change.
Old people tell us,
You got to keep it
It always stays.
Bill Neidjie

.
.


.
,
.

.

.
:

.

, ,

,
:
All these places for us
Belong to people
We use them all the time.
Old people
used to move around,
camp different place.
Wet season, dry season
Always camp different place.
Wet season we camp
high place,
get plenty goose egg.
No trouble for fresh water.
Dry season, move along lake,
File snake, good lilly.
Everybody camp,
Like holiday.
Plenty food this place.
Good time for ceremony,
Stay maybe one or two weeks.

.
.

,
.
, ,

.

,
.
.

.
, (
)

.
.
.
.

154


.
:
If man leave one or two
barramundi behind
He go bad.
Trouble, big fight.
He cant waste anything.
My culture is hard,
But got to be keep him.
If you waste him anything now,
Next year you cant get as much
Because you already waste.
When I was young
I never wasted,
Otherwise straight away I get
trouble.
Even bone not wasted,
Make soup
or burn that bone.
Wach out
That might be dreaming one
too

barramundi ( ),

, .
.
,
.
,
,
.

,
(
).
.

.

,
Old people say
You dig yam?
Well you digging
your granny or mother
Through the belly.
You must cover it up,
cover again.
Then yam can grow again
You living hole,
you killing yam,
you killing your self.

:
yam?
( - )


.
,
.
yam .
?
yam,
.

155

We cant break low.

No, we cant break low
We cant change it.
Thats low.
Our story is in the land.
Its written in those sacred
places.
My children will look after
those places,
Thats the law.
Old people tell me
You got to keep low
Low must stay.

.
,
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
:
.
.

.
No camping in sacred places,
No fire here,

No play for kids.

Thats low.
.
.
.
. .

,

.
.
2 , ,
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(spear thrower- )
.

.
boomerang

.

156

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boomerang,

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2008,


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.

157

,

,

,
. Bill Neidje:
This low
This country,
This people,
No matter what people,
Red, yellow, black or white,
The blood is the same.
Lingo little bit different,
But no matter.
Country, you in other place.
But same feeling,
Blood, bone, all the same.
Same Earth for all

,
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159

 , video,
documentaries,

,
,
.
6.
,
Internet (

),

,
, films, documentaries, , ,
, ,

.
7.

, ,
,
(
)
, , , ,
.


. ,
.
,
.

,



.

Neidjie, Bill (2007) Gagadju Man, The environmental and spiritual philosophy
of a senior traditional owner, Gecko Books, Marleston, South Australia
Breeden, S & Wright, B (2001) Kakadu: Looking after the country the
gagadju way, JB Books, Marleston, South Australia
Wandjuk Marika (1995) Life story as told to Jennifer Isaacs, University of
Queensland Press, Queensland, Australia
http://www.aboriginalculture.com.au/
http://www.aboriginalartonline.com/culture/culture.php
http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/nswcultureheritage/AboriginalPeopleAn
dCulturalLife.htm
http://www.dreamtime.net.au/kids/factsheets.cfm
http://www.teachers.ash.org.au/aussieed/reference_aboriginalaustralia.htm

160