ExptAns Bk1 (E)

Chemistry A Modern View
Experiment Workbook 1　Suggested answers
Contents
PART I INTRODUCING CHEMISTRY
Chapter 1 What is Chemistry?
1.1 Observation in chemistry 3
Chapter 2 The fundamentals of chemistry

2.1 To observe Brownian movement of smoke particles (T/S) 4
2.2 To prepare a compound by direct combination of elements and to compare
properties of the compound and its constituent elements (S/T) 5
PART II PLANET EARTH

Chapter 3 The atmosphere
3.1 Test for oxygen 7
Chapter 4 Oceans
4.1 Extraction of common salt from sea water 8
4.2 Isolation of pure water from sea water (T) 9
4.3 Tests to show the presence of sodium and chloride ions in common salt 10
4.4 To show the presence of water in a given sample 12
Chapter 5 Rocks and minerals

5.1 Action of heat, water and acids on calcium carbonate 13
5.2 Chemical tests for the presence of calcium carbonate 14
PART III THE MICROSCOPIC WORLD
Chapter 6 Atomic structure

6.1 To inspect samples of some common substances 17
6.2 To find which elements conduct electricity 19
©Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2003 -1-

Chapter 7 The Periodic Table
7.1 To investigate which elements show similar chemical properties (T/S) 21
Chapter 8 Chemical bonding: Ionic bonding

8.1 To find out which compounds conduct electricity 23
8.2 Effect of electricity on molten lead(II) bromide (T) 25
8.3 Colours of ions 26
8.4 Migration of coloured ions (S/T) 28
8.5 To build a lattice model of sodium chloride 29
Chapter 9 Chemical bonding: Covalent bonding

9.1 To build models of diamond and quartz 30
Chapter 10 Structures and properties

10.1 To compare the properties of sodium chloride, dry ice, wax and quartz 31
PART IV METALS
Chapter 11 Occurrence and extraction of metals

11.1 To extract metals from metal oxides (T/S) 32
Chapter 12 Reactivity of metals

12.1 To arrange five metals in order of reactivity 33
12.2 Displacement reactions of metals in aqueous solutions 35
Chapter 13 Reacting masses

13.1 To determine the empirical formula of magnesium oxide (T/S) (Extension) 36
Chapter 14 Corrosion of metals and their protection

14.1 To investigate factors that influence rusting 37
14.2 To prevent rusting 40

Experiment 1.1 Observation in chemistry
1. The alcohol burns with a pale blue flame having a yellow tip. The alcohol soon dries and the
burning also stops. There is no blackening of/no soot left on the watch glass.
2. b. The potassium dichromate solution changes from orange to dark green.
3. b. A blue precipitate is formed.

d. The precipitate dissolves to form a deep blue solution.
4. There is no visible change, but the test tube becomes warm.
5. c. The white solid dissolves to form a colourless solution. The test tube becomes cool.
6. d. There is no visible change, but an irritating smell of ammonia can be detected.
7. c. The clear solution gradually turns cloudy white and then cloudy yellow. A choking smell
can be detected.
8. c. There is effervescence — small colourless gas bubbles are evolved from the magnesium
surface, with a hissing sound. The ribbon gradually dissolves to form a colourless
solution, a steamy fume being evolved at the same time. The test tube becomes hot.
d. There is a flash of yellow flame and a ‘pop’ sound is heard. The mouth of the tube
becomes misty.
Guidelines about observation in chemistry
2, 3, 7
1, 4, 8; 5
3(a) & (b), 7
1, 8(d)

1, 6, 7, 8(a) & (b)

Experiment 2.1 To observe Brownian movement of smoke
particles (T/S)
3. c. There are many pin-point bright dots moving in a random way.

d. The bright dots are reflections of light from smoke particles suspended in air. The smoke
particles are hit continually by much smaller, rapidly moving air particles. A smoke
particle is hit more strongly on one side and then another. It therefore first moves this
way and then that way in a random zigzag path.

Experiment 2.2 To prepare a compound by direct
combination of elements and to compare
properties of the compound and its
constituent elements (S/T)
1. Greyish black.
2. Yellow.
3. f. Dark brown / greyish black.
5. b. It turns from white to shiny dark brown.
6. b. Bubbles of a colourless gas are evolved. (A bad smell can also be detected.)
d. A ‘pop’ sound is heard. A flash of yellow flame is seen. The mouth of the test tube
becomes misty.
Hydrogen.
7. b. Some sulphur powder floats and some suspends in water. There is no other visible
change.
No.
8. Black powder.
9. Colourless gas.
10. e. Colourless (may be misty).
11. c. Only in tube ‘x’.
12. d. No.
Only carbon dioxide.

13. a.
Compound Constituent elements
iron(II) sulphide iron (powder) sulphur
Appearance dark brown solid greyish black solid yellow solid
Action of dilute reacts to give hydrogen reacts to give no reaction
hydrochloric acid sulphide gas hydrogen gas
Compound Constituent elements

carbon dioxide carbon oxygen
Appearance colourless gas black powder colourless gas
Action of limewater turns limewater milky no reaction no reaction
b. A compound has properties entirely different from those of its constituent elements.

Experiment 3.1 Test for oxygen
1. It is colourless.
2. No, it does not rise up.

No, oxygen is not soluble in water.
3. No.
No, because there may be other gases that are odourless and insoluble in water.
4. a. Yellow.
c. Remains yellow.
No, there is no colour change.
No. There may be other gases that are neutral / do not have any colour change with pH
paper.
5 The limewater remains clear.

No change.
No, most gases do not react with limewater to give observable change.
6. The splint relights.

Yes, oxygen can give a positive result with the glowing splint test. Oxygen is the only gas that
can relight a glowing splint.
7. The splint burns more brightly.

Yes, only oxygen can make a burning splint burn more brightly.
8. Testing with a glowing splint is the most suitable. From glowing to relighting is an obvious
change that is easy to see. Testing with a burning splint is not as good as with a glowing splint.
This is because the change from a smaller fire to a bigger one is not so definite, and the
judgement may be subjective. Testing with limewater, pH paper or judging from colour, smell,
solubility are not suitable as they all give negative test result that are similar to some other
gases like nitrogen.

Experiment 4.1 Extraction of common salt from sea water
3. A circular disc of white, powdery solid remains. (Some concentric white circular stains
appear.)
It is common salt (other salts would be present besides NaCl).
No.
4. Some crystals form.

It is pure common salt.
5. Yes.
6. evaporation
saturated; crystallization

Experiment 4.2 Isolation of pure water from sea water (T)
1. It is blue.
2. No, no solid residue is left.

No, it is not a suitable method.
The experiment result shows that the dissolved particles of salt can pass through the filter
paper and remain in the filtrate.
3. b. Some steam is seen, some of the steam condenses to water droplets.

Colourless liquid (water) drops out, the water boils and turns into water vapour and the
steam condense back to water when touching the cold glass tube.
Yes.
The experiment shows that the blue dissolved material is not in the distillate. Salt does
not vaporize at the boiling point of water (100℃).
c. A lot of steam is seen, the water drops gradually disappear.
A lot of steam comes out. The glass wall of the condenser is heated up by the steam and
thus can no longer cool and condense the steam into water droplets.
4. The steam disappears.

The steam quickly disappears, and clear colourless liquid (water) drops down. The glass wall
of the condenser is cooled by the running water and can condense steam to water again.
The condenser is for cooling the steam and condensing it into water.
The cold water entering at the lower end and leaves at the upper end. This can ensure a better
cooling effect of the condenser.
6. a. boiling; condensation
b. solvent; non-volatile; water
©Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2003 - 10 -

Experiment 4.3 Tests to show the presence of sodium and
chloride ions in common salt
1. c. Golden yellow.
2.
Compound Flame colour Compound Flame colour Compound Flame colour
Sodium golden yellow Sodium golden yellow Sodium golden yellow
chloride sulphate carbonate
Potassium lilac Potassium lilac Potassium lilac
chloride sulphate carbonate
Calcium brick red Copper(II) bluish green
chloride chloride
Yes, they are all golden yellow in colour.

No, they are all different.
It can be concluded that flame colour in the flame test depends on the metal (ion) part of the
compound, and does not depend on the non-metal (ion) part of the compound.
Compound Flame colour

Sodium compound golden yellow
Potassium compound lilac
Calcium compound brick red
Copper compound bluish green
3. b. A thick, turbulent white precipitate appears.

c. No, there is no change. The white precipitate remains.
4.
Solution Effect of adding silver nitrate Effect of further addition of
solution dilute nitric acid
Potassium chloride White ppt. No effect
Calcium chloride White ppt. No effect
Copper(II) chloride White ppt. No effect
Sodium sulphate Clear solution No effect

Potassium sulphate Clear solution No effect
Sodium carbonate White ppt. Effervescence, ppt. disappears
Potassium carbonate White ppt. Effervescence, ppt. disappears
No, sodium sulphate gives no precipitate.

Yes, they all give a white precipitate.
No, all sulphates do not give a precipitate.
Yes.
The precipitate dissolves and a clear solution remains.
This is to distinguish between chlorides and carbonates. The precipitate formed by chloride
with silver nitrate cannot dissolve in dilute nitric acid.
5. a. golden yellow
b. white precipitate; nitric
c. dissolves

Experiment 4.4 To show the presence of water in a given
sample
1. c. The copper(II) sulphate changes from white to blue.
2.
Liquid Effect on anhydrous copper(II) sulphate
Salt solution changes from white to blue
Ethanol no change
Oil no change
Dry cleaning liquid no change
Only salt solution gives the same result as water.
3. a. The cobalt chloride paper changes from blue to pink.

b.
Liquid Effect on cobalt chloride test paper
Salt solution changes from blue to pink
Ethanol no change
Oil no change
Dry cleaning liquid no change
Only salt solution can give the same result as water.
4. a. white; blue; blue; pink

c. anhydrous copper(II) sulphate; dry cobalt chloride paper

Experiment 5.1 Action of heat, water and acids on calcium
carbonate
2. A white powdery solid remains. The crystalline shape of the chips is lost.
3. a. A white suspension forms.

b. The colour of the pH paper does not change.
No, because there is still suspension of calcium carbonate powder and the pH of the
resulting suspension does not change.
4. Effervescence occurs, a colourless gas is evolved.

The limewater turns milky.
calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid → calcium chloride + carbon dioxide
5. a. calcium oxide; carbon dioxide

b. hydrochloric acid; carbon dioxide

Experiment 5.2 sample laboratory report
Title: Chemical tests for calcium carbonate
Purpose
To test for the presence of calcium carbonate in a solid sample of limestone in the school
laboratory.
Apparatus and chemicals used

(A) To test for calcium ions by flame test
• Platinum wire or nichrome wire • Limestone (calcium carbonate)
• Bunsen burner and matches • Concentrated hydrochloric acid
• Mortar and pestle
• Watch glass
• Test tubes
• Test tube rack
• Heat-resistant mat
(B) To test for carbonate ions:

• Boiling tubes (one of which fitted with a • Limestone (calcium carbonate)
rubber stopper carrying a bent delivery tube) • Bicarbonate indicator or limewater
• Test tube rack • Dilute hydrochloric acid
• Test tubes
Chemical reaction involved

calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid → calcium chloride + carbon dioxide + water
Procedure
(A) To test for calcium ions by flame test
1. The solid sample of limestone was crushed into powder by using the mortar and pestle.
2. The nichrome or platinum wire, was dipped into a test tube of concentrated hydrochloric acid
and then heated in the hottest part of the Bunsen flame until no characteristic colour shown.
3. After the cleaning, the wire was dipped into the concentrated hydrochloric acid again (Figure
1a) and then into the crushed sample of calcium carbonate (Figure 1b).

4. The powdery sample on the wire was heated in the hottest part of the non-luminous flame
(Figure 1c).
5. The colour of the flame was observed and recorded.
(B) To test for carbonate ions:

6. 5 spatula measures of calcium carbonate were put into a boiling tube (Figure 2a).
7. 5 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid was added to the boiling tube containing calcium carbonate
(Figure 2b).
8. (a) The boiling tube was quickly covered with a rubber stopper fitted with a bent delivery
tube (Figure 2c).
(b) Any gas given out was directed into another boiling tube containing 5 cm3 of limewater
or bicarbonate indicator (Figure 2d).
9. Any change in the limewater or bicarbonate indicator was observed and recorded.

Observation
1. (Reference to Step 4): A brick-red flame was observed.
2. (Reference to Step 8):
Colourless gas bubbles were given off.
Limewater was turned milky OR Bicarbonate indicator was turned from red to yellow.
Interpretation
1. Calcium ion, gave a brick-red flame colour.
2. Calcium carbonate reacted with acid to give carbon dioxide.
calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid → calcium chloride 1 carbon dioxide 1 water
Carbon dioxide turned limewater milky OR
Carbon dioxide turned bicarbonate indicator from red to yellow.
limewater + carbon dioxide → calcium carbonate + water
colourless white precipitate
Discussion
1. The nichrome/platinum wire used must be sufficiently clean in the flame test to avoid
interference. It is suggested that the cleaning process should be repeated a few more times
until the wire gives a non-luminous flame.
2. The limewater used for testing carbon dioxide should be freshly prepared. If the limewater
used is slightly turbid, it should be filtered to remove the undissolved solid.
Conclusion
1. Calcium ion gives a brick-red flame in the flame test.
2. Calcium carbonate reacts with dilute acid to give carbon dioxide.
Answers to questions for further thought

1. Calcium carbonate can be used in manufacturing paper, paints, plastics, adhesives, etc.
Calcium carbonate can also be used to lower the acidity in soil and lakes as a result of acid
rain.
2. If the marble statue is kept outdoor, it is quite difficult to prevent it from weathering. Acid
rain will speed up the weathering because the acidic rainwater will react with calcium
carbonate and dissolve it. Even though there is no acid rain, calcium carbonate will react with
carbon dioxide and water to form the soluble calcium hydrogencarbonate.
calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid → calcium chloride + carbon dioxide + water
calcium carbonate + carbon dioxide + water → calcium hydrogencarbonate
Some coating such as wax or lacquer may be put on the statues.

3. Lithium ions also give red flame which may be confused with that of calcium ions. The
hydrogencarboante ion, which also gives carbon dioxide when being heated or treated with acids,
will interfere with the interpretation of the carbonate test.

Experiment 6.1 To inspect samples of some common
substances
1. b.
Substance Physical Colour Component element(s)

state
Common salt solid white or colourless sodium, chlorine
Distilled water liquid colourless hydrogen, oxygen
Aluminium foil solid silvery white aluminium
Sucrose (sugar) solid white carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Sulphur powder solid yellow sulphur
Copper(II) sulphate solid blue copper, sulphur, hydrogen,

crystals oxygen
Sand solid greyish yellow silicon, oxygen
Peanut oil liquid yellow carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Ethanol liquid colourless carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Sodium bromide solid white sodium, bromine
Potassium iodide solid white potassium, iodine
Argon (in a light bulb) gas colourless argon
2. a. Common salt, aluminium foil, sucrose, sulphur powder, copper(II) sulphate crystals,
sand, sodium bromide, potassium iodide.
b. Distilled water, peanut oil, ethanol.
c. Argon.
3. b. Common salt, distilled water, sucrose, copper(II) sulphate crystals, sand, peanut oil,
ethanol, sodium bromide, potassium iodide.

4. No.
5. solid; solid
solid; solid; solid
solid; solid; solid
solid; solid; solid
solid; solid; liquid
gas; liquid; solid
gas; solid; gas
gas; gas; solid
solid
6. solids; mercury; liquid; gases; solids; bromine; liquid; solids
7. shiny; silvery white (or grey); dull; various

Experiment 6.2 To find which elements conduct electricity
2. Yes.
Yes.
3. Aluminium, iron, lead, magnesium, zinc and graphite.
4. Yes.
Yes.
5. No.
No.
6. All metals are conductors of electricity. All non-metals (except carbon in the form of
graphite) are non-conductors of electricity.

Experiment 7.1 To investigate which elements show similar
chemical properties (T/S)
2. e. The potassium piece melts into a silvery ball and moves about quickly on the water
surface with a hissing sound, burning spontaneously with a lilac flame, and finally
disappears completely.
f. The red litmus turns blue.
3. a. The sodium piece melts to a silvery ball. It moves about quickly on the water surface
with a hissing sound, becoming smaller in size, until finally it disappears completely.
b. The red litmus turns blue.
4. a. The nail sinks to the bottom of the trough. There is no visible change.
b. The red litmus paper remains red.
5. Potassium and sodium.
7. There is a very rapid evolution of colourless gas. The calcium granules dissolve quickly to
give a colourless solution.
There is a rapid evolution of colourless gas. The magnesium dissolves quickly to give a
colourless solution.
The copper turnings sink to the bottom. There is no visible change.
8. Calcium and magnesium.
10. Very pale greenish yellow solution.
Light brown (or yellow) solution.
Brown solution.

Yellow solid.
11. Colourless solution.

Colourless solution.
Colourless solution.
A suspension of yellow solid in colourless liquid (no visible change).
Tubes ‘1’, ‘2’ and ‘3’ only.
12. Chlorine, bromine and iodine.
13. a. sodium
b. magnesium
c. bromine and iodine

Experiment 8.1 To find out which compounds conduct
electricity
2. No.
No.
3. No.
4. No.
No.
5. Aqueous sodium chloride and aqueous potassium nitrate.
6. c. No.
7.
State or form Solid Liquid Aqueous Constituent M/N or N/N?

(or molten) solution elements
Compound
Wax × × carbon, hydrogen N/N
Sugar × × carbon, hydrogen, N/N

oxygen
Sodium chloride ×  sodium, chlorine M/N
Potassium nitrate ×  potassium, M/N

nitrogen, oxygen
Water × hydrogen, oxygen N/N
Ethanol × × carbon, hydrogen, N/N

oxygen
8. Sodium chloride conducts electricity in aqueous solution, but not in solid state.

9. Potassium nitrate conducts electricity in aqueous solution, but not in solid state.
10. Some do, some do not.
11. Some do, some do not.
12 a. metals; non-metals; solid; molten; dissolved; in water; electrolytes

b. non-metals; molten; dissolved in water; non-electrolytes

Experiment 8.2 Effect of electricity on molten lead(II)
bromide (T)
1. d. No.
No.
2. Yes.
Yes.
Molten lead(II) bromide consists of mobile charged particles (called ions) which can conduct
electricity.
3. b. Reddish brown.
Bromine.
4. g. Silvery grey solid.
Negative electrode.
h. Yes.
It is lead metal.
Lead(II) ions. Positive charge.
5. solid; molten; charged; ions; mobile; chemical decomposition; electrolytes; positive; ions;
negative; ions; electricity; lead; bromine

Experiment 8.3 Colours of ions
1.
Anions chloride ion nitrate ion sulphate ion chromate ion dichromate permanganate
ion ion
Cations
potassium ion potassium potassium potassium potassium potassium potassium
chloride nitrate sulphate chromate dichromate permanganate
colourless colourless colourless yellow orange purple
sodium ion sodium sodium nitrate sodium sodium sodium
chloride colourless sulphate chromate dichromate
colourless colourless yellow orange
ammonium ammonium ammonium ammonium ammonium
ion chloride nitrate sulphate dichromate
colourless colourless colourless orange
zinc ion zinc chloride zinc nitrate zinc sulphate
colourless colourless colourless
calcium ion calcium calcium
chloride nitrate
colourless colourless
copper(II) ion copper(II) copper(II) copper(II)
chloride blue nitrate blue sulphate blue
iron(II) ion iron(II) iron(II) nitrate iron(II)
chloride green sulphate
green green
iron(III) ion iron(III) iron(III)
chloride nitrate brown
brown
nickel(II) ion nickel(II) nickel(II) nickel(II)
chloride nitrate green sulphate
green green
2. The solutions of potassium chloride, potassium nitrate, potassium sulphate, sodium chloride,
sodium nitrate, sodium sulphate, ammonium chloride, ammonium nitrate, ammonium
sulphate, zinc chloride, zinc nitrate, zinc sulphate, calcium chloride and calcium nitrate.
Colourless.
Colourless; Colourless

Colourless
Colourless
3. a. Blue
b. Green
c. Brown
d. Green
Cations.
Since the anions of these compounds are colourless (known from Step 2), it may be deduced
that the colours of the solutions are due to the cations.
Blue; Green
Brown; Green
4. Purple.
Colourless.
Purple.
5. Yellow; Orange

Experiment 8.4 Migration of coloured ions (S/T)
1. b. The sodium sulphate solution provides more ions to conduct electricity. (If tap water
were used, a smaller current and hence slower migration of ions would result.)
2. b. Purple colour.
Positive electrode.
No.
Because the purple colour moves towards only one side of the paper.
3. colourless; purple; mobile; negatively; permanganate; purple; positively; potassium;

cannot be seen
5. e. Deep green.
6. c. Yellow colour.
Blue colour.
7. blue; yellow; negatively; chromate; yellow; positively; copper(II); blue

Experiment 8.5 To build a lattice model of sodium chloride
1. 90º.
2. 6
3. Cubic.
4. Yes.
No.
No.
Giant ionic structure.

Experiment 9.1 To build models of diamond and quartz
2. 4
No.
Giant covalent structure.
5. No.
Giant covalent structure.

Experiment 10.1 To compare the properties of sodium
chloride, dry ice, wax and quartz
6.
Substance Physical state Does it melt Is it volatile? Is it soluble Does its aqueous
easily? in water? solution conduct
electricity?
Sodium solid no no yes yes

Chloride
Dry ice solid (when just (It sublimes at yes (The solid no
taken out from room disappears; a
vacuum flask), conditions) lot of gas
soon changes to bubbles are
gas given out)
Wax solid yes no no
Quartz solid no no no
7. a. i. Sodium chloride.
ii. Dry ice, wax.
iii. Quartz.
b.
Substance Type of structure
Sodium chloride giant ionic structure
Dry ice simple molecular structure
Wax simple molecular structure
Quartz giant covalent structure

8. a. They are high-melting solids, non-volatile and soluble in water. They conduct
electricity when dissolved in water and when molten.
b. They have low melting points and are insoluble in water. They do not conduct
electricity whether solid or liquid.
c. They are high-melting solids, insoluble in water.

Experiment 11.1 To extract metals from metal oxides (T/S)
1. b. brownish black
black
white
yellow
5. Only on heating silver oxide.
Silver oxide.
2Ag2O(s) → 4Ag(s) + O2(g)
Silver.
Only silver oxide decomposes on heating, while the oxides of the other metals do not.
This shows that silver forms the least stable oxide and is thus least reactive.
9.
Metal oxide Signs of formation of Does reduction occur?

a metal (if any)
Copper(II) oxide reddish brown solid 
Zinc oxide none ×
Lead(II) oxide grey solid 
10. Only for copper(II) oxide and lead(II) oxide.
2CuO(s) + C(s) → 2Cu(s) + CO2(g);
2PbO(s) + C(s) → 2Pb(s) + CO2(g)

11. Zinc oxide, lead(II) oxide, copper(II) oxide, silver oxide
OR zinc oxide, copper(II) oxide, lead(II) oxide, silver oxide.
12. Zinc, lead, copper, silver OR zinc, copper, lead, silver.

Experiment 12.1 To arrange five metals in order of reactivity
1. b. After a short time, the calcium burns vigorously with a brick-red flame. A white powder
is left.
2. It does not burn even when red hot. The surface of iron becomes black.
It does not burn even when strongly heated. The surface of copper becomes black on strong
heating.
It burns with a dazzling white flame, forming a white powder.
3. b. Calcium granules sink to the bottom of the tube. Colourless gas bubbles are given out at
a moderate rate. A milky suspension eventually forms. The tube gets warm.
4. b. No reaction.
No reaction.
Very slow reaction. Tiny gas bubbles are given out very slowly from the metal surface.
No reaction.
5. c. There is rapid effervescence of a colourless gas. The calcium granule soon dissolves.
The tube gets warm quickly.
6. Evolution of colourless gas bubbles at a moderate rate from the metal surface only on
heating.
No reaction even on heating.
There is effervescence of a colourless gas. The ribbon dissolves rapidly.
Slow evolution of tiny gas bubbles from the metal surface only on heating.
A white solid precipitate is formed.

7.
Metal Does the metal
burn on strong react with water? react with dilute

heating? hydrochloric acid?
Calcium  vigorous  moderate  very rapid
Iron × ×  moderate (on heating)
Copper × × ×
Magnesium  vigorous  very slow  rapid
Lead × ×  slow (on heating)
8. Calcium, magnesium, iron, lead, copper.

Experiment 12.2 Displacement reactions of metals in aqueous
solutions
8.
Solution Cu2+ (aq) Mg2+ (aq) Zn2+ (aq) Fe2+ (aq) Ag+ (aq)
Metal
Cu × × × 
Mg    
Zn  ×  
Fe  × × 
Ag × × × ×
9. Magnesium, zinc, iron, copper, silver.
10. Consider two metals magnesium and zinc. Magnesium is higher than zinc in the metal
reactivity series. This means that magnesium loses electrons more readily than zinc. Thus
magnesium atoms lose electrons to become magnesium ions, while zinc ions are forced to
gain electrons to become zinc atoms. Thus magnesium displaces zinc metal from zinc
sulphate solution. On the other hand, there is no reaction between zinc metal and magnesium
sulphate solution. Other displacement reactions can be explained similarly.
11. Cu(s) + 2Ag+ (aq) → Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)
12. higher; lower; salt;

more; less; less; more

Experiment 13.1 To determine the empirical formula of
magnesium oxide (T/S) (Extension)
1. 28.094 g
2. b. Dull grey.
3. 28.303 g
5. This lets in oxygen from air to react with magnesium. If the lid was not lifted up, the small
amount of oxygen inside the crucible would soon be used up in burning.
6. The white smoke is magnesium oxide. If some escapes, the result will be inaccurate (the mass
of oxygen found would be lower than it should be).
9. White.
Magnesium oxide.
magnesium + oxygen → magnesium oxide
11. 28.439 g
12. 0.345
0.209
0.136
Mg O
Masses (in g) 0.209 0.136
Number of moles of atoms (mol) 0.209 0.136

24.3 16.0

= 0.00860 = 0.00850
Relative number of moles 0.00860 0.00850
0.00850 0.00850
= 1.01 =1
≒ 1
13. magnesium oxide; one; MgO

Experiment 14.1 sample laboratory report
Title: To investigate factors that influence rusting
Purpose
To investigate factors that influence rusting.
Apparatus and chemicals used

• Beaker (250 cm3) • Copper wire (7 cm long)
• Boiling tubes (150 × 18 mm) in rack • Dilute hydrochloric acid (1 M)
• Thermometer (−10 2  110°C) • Sea water / salt water (a solution of 30 g
• Small self-adhesive labels sodium chloride per dm3 may be taken as
• Stopwatch sea water)
• 6 clean iron nails (~5 cm long) • Hot water (about 80°C)
• Magnesium ribbon (7 cm long) • Warm agar solution containing rust
indicator
Chemical reactions involved

4Fe(s) + 3O2 (g) + 2nH2O (l) → 2Fe2O3 • nH2O(s)
Procedure
To investigate factors affecting rusting
In order to show rusting, a warm rust indicator solution (pale yellow in colour) was used. It
contained agar and turned into a gel on cooling.
1. Six iron nails were cleaned, degreased and put into separate test tubes.
2. The six test tubes were labelled and set up as shown in Figure 1:
Test tube 1: A clean iron nail was put into the rust indicator solution. (This is the control.)
Test tube 2: A length of magnesium ribbon was used to wrap tightly around a clean iron nail and
put into the rust indicator solution.
Test tube 3: A length of copper wire was used to wrap tightly around a clean iron nail and put into
the rust indicator solution.
Test tube 4: A clean iron nail was put into the rust indicator solution mixed with 1 cm3 sea water.
Test tube 5: A clean iron nail was put into the rust indicator solution mixed with 1 cm3 dilute HCl.
Test tube 6: A clean iron nail was put into the rust indicator solution which was immersed into a hot
water bath (~80°C).
3. All test tubes were left to stand for 20 minutes. They were then observed carefully, especially
for the appearance of blue colour.

4. The rate of rusting could be roughly determined by comparing
• the time for the appearance of blue colour around the differently treated iron nails.
• the size of the blue patches around the differently treated iron nails.
¡C)
Observation
1. Test tube 1: Blue colour mainly appeared around the head and tip.
2. Test tube 2: No blue colour appeared. Some colourless gas bubbles were given off around the
magnesium ribbon.
3. Test tube 3: Blue colour appeared along the whole length of the wrapped iron nail. When
compared to test tube 1, the time for the appearance of blue colour was shorter and the size of
the blue patch is bigger.
4. Test tube 4: Blue colour appeared along the iron nail. When compared to test tube 1, the time
for the appearance of blue colour was shorter and the size of the blue patch is bigger.
5. Test tube 5: Blue colour appeared quite rapidly along the iron nail. When compared to test
tube 1, the time for the appearance of blue colour was shorter and the size of the blue patch is
bigger. Some colourless gas bubbles were given off around the iron nail.
6. Test tube 6: Blue colour appeared along the iron nail. When compared to test tube 1, the time
for the appearance of blue colour was shorter and the size of the blue patch is bigger.
Interpretation
1. Test tube 1: Rusting occurred mainly around the head and tip. This was a control experiment.

2. Test tube 2: No rusting occurred. This was because magnesium, being more reactive, lost
electrons more easily than iron. Since magnesium lost electrons to iron, iron was prevented
from losing electrons and could not form Fe2+(aq) ions. Thus, the rate of rusting was slowed
down or the iron nail was even being protected from rusting.
3. Test tube 3: Rusting occurred quite quickly. This was because copper, being less reactive,
encouraged the lost of electrons from iron to form Fe2+(aq) ions. Thus, the rate of rusting was
increased.
4. Test tube 4: Rusting occurred quite quickly. The presence of soluble salts such as sodium
chloride could speed up rusting.
5. Test tube 5: Rusting occurred most easily and quickly. Iron reacted with acid to form Fe2+(aq)
ions.
Fe(s) + 2H+(aq) → Fe2+(aq) + H2(g)
Thus, the rate of rusting was increased in the presence of acid.
6. Test tube 6: Rusting occurred quite quickly. An increase in temperature always increased the
rate of chemical reaction including rusting.
Discussion
1. Clean iron nails should be used. Sand paper may be needed to remove any surface coating.
An aqueous solution of detergent or some acetone can be used to degrease the iron nails
before the experiment.
2. Magnesium ribbon and the copper wire should be used to wrap around the iron nail tightly.
This was to make sure a good contact between the metal and iron nail.
3. Sea water and dilute HCl could be added with stirring to test tubes 5 and 6 respectively before
adding the iron nail.
Conclusion
1. Air and water are essential for rusting to occur.
2. The presence of acidic substances, soluble salts, high temperature, uneven or sharply pointed
regions (i.e. head and tip of nails) and the contact with a less reactive metal are all factors
speeding up the rate of rusting.
Answers to questions for further thought

1. Sodium chloride.
2. Cheap, abundant.
3. Rusting should be faster in Hong Kong where the humidity is high.

Experiment 14.2 To prevent rusting
3. A blue colour appears, mainly around the head and tip of the nail.
Gas bubbles appear around the magnesium ribbon. No blue colour appears.
Nail ‘1’ only.
4. Rusting occurs in nail ‘1’, but not in nail ‘2’. This is because magnesium, being more
reactive than iron, loses electrons more easily. Since magnesium loses electrons to iron, iron
is prevented from losing electrons and cannot form Fe2+(aq) ions. Iron is thus protected from
rusting.
5. To prevent rusting, connect the iron piece to a more reactive metal. This method is effective
because the other metal will give up electrons in preference, preventing the formation of Fe2+
ions (sacrificial protection).
7. A blue colour appears, mainly around the head and tip of the nail.
No observation.
Nail ‘3’ only.
8. Rusting occurs in nail ‘3’ but not in nail ‘4’. This is because both water and air are kept out
from painted iron, thus it is protected from rusting.
9. Yes, both water and air are kept out from the nail covered with grease.
10. sacrificial protection; paint

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Chemistry A Modern View

Experiment Workbook 1 Suggested answers

Chapter 2 The fundamentals of chemistry

PART II PLANET EARTH

Chapter 5 Rocks and minerals

PART III THE MICROSCOPIC WORLD

Chapter 6 Atomic structure

©Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2003 -1-

Chapter 8 Chemical bonding: Ionic bonding

Chapter 9 Chemical bonding: Covalent bonding

Chapter 10 Structures and properties

Chapter 11 Occurrence and extraction of metals

Chapter 12 Reactivity of metals

12.2 Displacement reactions of metals in aqueous solutions 35

Chapter 13 Reacting masses

Chapter 14 Corrosion of metals and their protection

14.2 To prevent rusting 40

©Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2003 -2-

2. b. The potassium dichromate solution changes from orange to dark green.

3. b. A blue precipitate is formed.

4. There is no visible change, but the test tube becomes warm.

6. d. There is no visible change, but an irritating smell of ammonia can be detected.

Guidelines about observation in chemistry

3(a) & (b), 7

©Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2003 -3-

©Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2003 -4-

3. c. There are many pin-point bright dots moving in a random way.

©Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2003 -5-

combination of elements and to compare

properties of the compound and its

constituent elements (S/T)

3. f. Dark brown / greyish black.

5. b. It turns from white to shiny dark brown.

10. e. Colourless (may be misty).

11. c. Only in tube ‘x’.

©Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2003 -6-

Compound Constituent elements

©Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2003 -7-

2. No, it does not rise up.

5 The limewater remains clear.

6. The splint relights.

7. The splint burns more brightly.

©Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2003 -8-

4. Some crystals form.

©Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2003 -9-

2. No, no solid residue is left.

3. b. Some steam is seen, some of the steam condenses to water droplets.

4. The steam disappears.

©Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2003 - 10 -

chloride ions in common salt

Yes, they are all golden yellow in colour.

Compound Flame colour

3. b. A thick, turbulent white precipitate appears.

©Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2003 - 11 -

No, sodium sulphate gives no precipitate.

©Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2003 - 12 -

1. c. The copper(II) sulphate changes from white to blue.

Only salt solution gives the same result as water.

3. a. The cobalt chloride paper changes from blue to pink.

Only salt solution can give the same result as water.

4. a. white; blue; blue; pink

©Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2003 - 13 -

Experiment Workbook 1　Suggested answers