Optical

Holography

Martin Janda,
Ivo Hanák

Introduction

Wave Optics

Optical Holography
Principles

Optical
holograms

M. Janda I. Hanák

Department of Computer science and Engineering

University of West Bohemia
 Optical
Holography

Outline
Martin Janda,
Ivo Hanák

Introduction

Wave Optics

Principles o Introduction
Optical
holograms

o Wave Optics

o Principles

o Optical holograms
 Optical
Holography

Holography
Martin Janda,
Ivo Hanák

Introduction

Wave Optics

ER
LAS
Principles
What is not holography
Optical
holograms
• Holodeck from Startrek

What is holography
• Photography on steroids
• Both amplitude and phase
is recorded
• Different intensity in
different directions

Photo vs. Holo

 Optical
Holography

Martin Janda,
Ivo Hanák
Holography – A Tase Of
Introduction
Principle
Wave Optics
Fundamental technology
Principles • Diffraction grating – bends light
Optical
holograms • Can be superposed
• Effect (bending) persists superposition
• Hologram ⇒ super complex diffraction
grating

Effect of diffraction grating on a direction of light

 Optical
Holography

Wave Nature of Light

Martin Janda,
Ivo Hanák

Introduction

Wave Optics
Light
Principles

Optical
• Light – El./Mag. radiation 300 – 800 nm
holograms

A Bit of Mathematics im
• u(p, t) = A(p)cos[2πνt – ϕ (p)]
A
• u(p, t) = {A(p)exp[i (ϕ (p) – 2πνt)]}
~
• u(p, t) = A(p)exp[iϕ (p)]exp[-i2πνt] ϕ
re
Complex Amplitude u(A, ϕ)
~
• u(p) = A(p)exp[iϕ (p)] Phasor
 Optical
Holography

Interference
Martin Janda,
Ivo Hanák

Introduction

Wave Optics
What is it?
Principles • Combination of waves
Optical
holograms • Adding two lights together causes dark!
What is it exactly?
• Summation of complex amplitudes
uf~
=u~1 +~u2

Interference of two waves – constructive and

destructive
 Optical
Holography

Interference
Martin Janda,
Ivo Hanák

Introduction

Wave Optics
Optical intensity
Principles

Optical
• Optical quality perceived by human eye
holograms
• Square of complex amplitude’s magnitude
• Mathematically
~ 2 = ~~
I = |u| uu*
• Intensity of interference

~ +
I = |u ~ u |2
r s
~ 2 ~ 2 ~ ~* ~*~
= |u r | + |u s| + u r s + ur us
u
= Ir + Is + 2√ I1I2 cos(ϕr – ϕs)

This all is true only if coherent light is

 Optical
Holography

Coherence
Martin Janda,
Ivo Hanák

Introduction

Wave Optics Purpose

Principles • Neglect temporal dependence
Optical • Coherence light -> stable interference
holograms
• Degree of coherence – interference fringes
visibility
What light is coherent
• Monochromatic – temporal coherence
• Coherence length
• Spherical waves – spatial coherence
• Coherence area
Formal description
• Binary relation
• Cross correlation between two signals
 Optical
Holography

Diffraction - Again
Martin Janda,
Ivo Hanák

Introduction

Wave Optics
What exactly is diffraction
Principles

Optical
• Everything not being reflection or
holograms
refraction
• Interference of many sources
Scalar Diffraction
t−∆t t t+∆t
• Easier in certain environment
t
t+∆t

t−∆t
• Huygens-Fresnel principle
• More precise formulations Direction of Direction of

• Kirchhoff propagation propagation


• Rayleigh-Sommerfeld
1  
u( x,y) = ∫ o( s)
~ ~ exp(
ik| r (s)|)
 cosαds
iλ S | r (s)|
 Optical
Holography

Diffraction – And Again

Martin Janda,
Ivo Hanák

Introduction

Wave Optics

Principles

Optical
holograms
 Optical
Holography

Holography principle
Martin Janda,
Ivo Hanák

Introduction

Wave Optics
Recording
Principles

Optical
• Encoding phase and amplitude as
holograms
interference fringe pattern
• Two beams interfering
• Reference beam – known properties
• Scene beam – recorded light field
• Complex diffraction grating is created –
hologram
 Optical
Holography

Holography principle
Martin Janda,
Ivo Hanák

Introduction

Wave Optics
Recording
Principles

Optical
• Encoding phase and amplitude as
holograms
interference fringe pattern
• Two beams interfering
• Reference beam – known properties
• Scene beam – recorded light field
• Complex diffraction grating is created –
hologram
Reconstructing
• Hologram illuminated with reference beam
• Diffraction occurs
•
 Optical
Holography

Martin Janda,
Ivo Hanák
Holography Principles in
Pictures
Introduction
Recording
Wave Optics Photographic
plate
Principles

Optical Object
holograms

Laser
beam Mirror

Reconstruction
Hologram

Image

Laser
beam Mirror
 Optical
Holography

In-line Hologram
Martin Janda,
Ivo Hanák

Introduction
Reference Hologram
Wave Optics
Recording planar wave
Principles
• Reference, object, hologram aligned
Optical
holograms in line
• Mostly transparent and planar
objects
Object
• Lower spatial frequency

Reconstruction
• Images disturbed by blurred
counterparts and zero order
• Special setup: blurred image
became background
 Optical
Holography

Off-axis Hologram
Martin Janda,
Ivo Hanák

Introduction

Wave Optics
Recording
Principles
• Non-zero angle between reference
Optical
holograms wave and object wave
• 3D opaque objects
• Higher spatial frequency

Reconstruction
• Orders diffracted into different
directions
• Clean original optical field
 Optical
Holography

Lens & Fourier Hologram

Martin Janda,
Ivo Hanák

Introduction

Wave Optics
Lens
Principles
• Different optical material: slowdown/diffraction of
Optical
holograms waves
• Use of thin lens: assumption on lack of diffraction
• Back focal plane = {front focal plane}

Fourier Hologram
• Recording through lens
• {planar image} + {point source}
• Reconstruction through lens
• Both virtual & real image in focus
 Optical
Holography

Other holograms
Martin Janda,
Ivo Hanák

Introduction
Holographic Stereograms
Wave Optics
• Recording of multiple views through slit
Principles
• Reconstruction: only single focus depth
Optical
holograms
Rainbow Hologram
• 2 Stages of recording
• Record regular hologram
• Record rainbow hologram through slit
• Visible on white light: multiple color images
Color Hologram
• Common hologram: rainbow due to diffraction
• 3 holograms + 3 wavelengths: larger gamut
• Achromatic holograms: holographic stereograms
• Overlapping/coplanar colors
 Optical
Holography

Physical Representations
Martin Janda,
Ivo Hanák

Introduction

Wave Optics
Thin Amplitude Hologram
Principles
• Zero and first order only
Optical
holograms • First order: 6 % of energy
Thin Phase Hologram
• Multiple orders
• First order: 33 % of energy
Volume Hologram
• Multiple layers of fringes
• Reflective × transmission
• Sensitive only to selected wavelength
 Optical
Holography

Martin Janda,
Ivo Hanák
Holography – A Tase Of
Introduction
Principle
Wave Optics
Fundamental technology
Principles • Diffraction grating – bends light
Optical
holograms • Can be superposed
• Effect (bending) persists superposition
• Hologram ⇒ super complex diffraction
grating

Effect of diffraction grating on a direction of light

 Optical
Holography

Physical Representations
Martin Janda,
Ivo Hanák

Introduction

Wave Optics
Thin Amplitude Hologram
Principles
• Zero and first order only
Optical
holograms • First order: 6 % of energy
Thin Phase Hologram
• Multiple orders
• First order: 33 % of energy
Volume Hologram
• Multiple layers of fringes
• Reflective × transmission
• Sensitive only to selected wavelength