DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR

(SPEECH ENCRYPTION AND DECRYPTION)

PRESENTED BY:

B. Madhavi,
U. Anusha,
ECE Branch ECE Branch,

e-mail: anusha_8659@yahoo.co.in
madhaviskyshot@yahoo.co.in

PBR VISVODAYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

Kavali
ABSTRACT

Digital signal is a numerical representation of the analog signal. It may be easier and more cost
effective to process these signals in the digital world. One of the main advantages of digital signal is
that it can be stored and manipulated easily. To do this several processes are in use. Of these,
Digital Signal Processor plays a leading role.This is used in various applications like
instrumentation & measurement, communications , audio & video processing ,graphics , image
enhancement , navigation , radars ,control-robotics, machine vision ,guidance etc.

The objective is to encrypt the speech signal. That is to convert the speech signal into an unknown
form and then the scrambled speech signal is transmitted. The person who know, how the speech signal
is encrypted can decrypt (i.e.,converting the scrambled speech signal into original signal) the signal.
Thus security of sending speech message is done.

For encryption and decryption of the signal, we develop a software program in assembly language
programming techniques of ADSP 2181. In this paper, encryption and decryption of the speech
signal is done using the Digital Signal Processor ADSP 2181.

CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
3. DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR
4. ADVANTAGES
5. ENCRYPTION & DECRYPTION
6. CONCLUSION
7. REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION:
In recent trends, cell phone, voice chat, etc., is the main topic of the communication. But it is not
possible to speak secretly through them. Our objective is to speak secretly, i.e., to maintain security of
certain important information. So for that we are going for a technology using digital signal processor.
Our paper also deals with storing and retrieval of speech signal using digital signal processor. We
have used ADSP processor 2181. This is 16 bit fixed point processor.
Here the voice signals is acquired and then digitally coded and stored in the memory of processor.
Using FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) and IFFT (Inverse Fast Fourier Transform) techniques, speech
signal is scrambled. Then it is decoded to obtain the same speech signal and now the original speech is
confused. Then it is transmitted using transmitter. The coding and decoding is done with CODEC.
In the receiver side, if the receiver knows how the speech signal is scrambled, then the receiver would
descramble the scrambled signal and get the original speech signal. The programming is done on the
assembly language of the ADSP 2181 processor

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING:

In general signal carries information, and the objective of signal processing is to extract this information.
Signal processing is the method of extracting information from the signal. Thus signal processing is
concerned with representing in mathematical terms and extracting the information by carrying out
algorithmic operations on the signal.
Analog signal are real world signals that you and I experience everyday- sound, light, temperature,
pressure. A digital signal is a numerical representation of the analog signal. We can convert the analog
signal into digital signal through our analog to digital conversion process, process the signals, and if
needed, bring the signal back out to analog world through the digital to analog converter.
The basic explanation of DSP is the processing of signal by digital systems, to improve the signal. The
improvement may be clearer sound, sharper images, or faster data. The digital systems are software and
hardware. In digital processing of signal consists of a number of mathematical operations as specified by
a software program.
HARDWARE BLOCK DIAGRAM:

RS 232 UART
From PC
 MIC
CLOCK ADSP-2181 CODEC

24.576Mhz speaker

ROM PM/ROM DM/ROM

16K 8K WORD 8K WORD
WORD 24 bits 24 bits
14 bit (A) 14 bit (A)

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR:

A digital signal processor is a type of microprocessor that is incredibly fast and powerful. They are
specifically designed to handle digital processing tasks. As a broad generalization, traditional
microprocessors, such as the Pentium, primarily directed at data manipulation. Similarly, DSPs are
designed to perform the mathematical calculations needed in digital signal processing.
A DSP is unique because it processes data in real time. To start we need to distinguish between offline
and real time processing.

OFFLINE PROCESSING:
In this processing, the entire input signal resides in the computer at the time of manipulation, for
example, in medical imaging such as tomography, the data is acquired while the patient is inside the
machine, but the image reconstruction may be delayed until a later time. The key point is all the
information is simultaneously available to the processing program.

REAL TIME PROCESSING:

Signal is produced at the same time that the input signal is being acquired. This real time capability
makes the DSP perfect for applications that cannot tolerate any delays. For example, did you ever talk on
a cell phone where two people couldn’t talk at once? You had to wait until the other person finished
talking. If you both spoke simultaneously, the signal will be cut. You couldn’t hear the other person.
With today’s digital cell phones, which use DSP, you can talk normally. The DSP processors inside cell
phones process sounds so rapidly you hear them as quickly as you can speak in real time.
 ADVANTAGES OF DSPs OVER OTHER MICROPROCESSORS:
 Data easily stored
 Real time performance
 Flexibility
 Reliability
 Increased system performance
 Reduced system cost

CIRCULAR BUFFER :
To calculate the output sample, we must have access to a certain number of the most recent samples
from the input. Let a0,a1,…,a7 be the value of the 8 most recent samples from the input signal. These 8
samples must be stored in memory and x[n],x[n-1],…,x[n-7] continually updated as new samples are
acquired.
The best way to manage the stored samples is circular buffering.

MEMORY STORED SAMPLES

ADDRESS VALUES
20041 -0.22576 X [N-3]
8
20042 -0.21076 X [N-2]
8
20043 -0.10576 X [N-1]
8
20044 -0.22510 X [N]
8
20045 -0.22576 X [N-7]
8
20046 -0.23576 X [N-6]
Circular buffers are used to 8
store the most recent values of 20047 -0.22456 X [N-5]

a continually updated signal. 8

20048 -0.34576 X [N-4]
The fig shows how an eight
8
sample circular buffer might
appear at some instant of time.
 Figure illustrates an eight sample circular buffer. Consider that we have placed this circular buffer in
eight consecutive memory locations, 20041 to 20048. Fig shows how the eight samples from the input
might be stored at one particular instant of time.
The idea of circular buffering is that the end of this linear array is connected to its beginning; memory
location 20041 is viewed as being next to 20048, just as 20044 is next to 20045. You keep track of the
array by a pointer (a variable whose value is an address) that indicates where the most recent sample
resides. For instance in the fig the pointer contains the address 20044, while it contains 20045 after the
arrival of next sample. When a new sample is acquired, it replaces the oldest sample in the array, and the
pointer is moved one address ahead.
Circular buffers are efficient because only one value needs to be changed when a new sample is
acquired. Four parameters are needed to manage the circular buffer.
 There must be a pointer that indicates the start of the circular buffer in memory (in this example, 20041).
 There must be a pointer indicating the end of the array (e.g. 20048) or a variable that holds its length
(e.g. 8).
 The step size of the memory addressing must be one. Example: address 20043 contains one sample;
address 20044 contains the next sample and so on.
The above three values define the size and configuration of the circular buffer, and will not change
during the program operation.
 The pointer to the most recent sample must be modified as each new sample is acquired.
In other words, there must be program logic that controls how this fourth value is updated based on the
value of the first three values. While this logic is quite simple, it must be very fast. This is the whole
point of this discussion; DSPs must be optimized at managing circular buffers to achieve the highest
possible execution speed.

BASIC BLOCK DIAGRAM :

SPEECH ENCRYPTION :

Speech signal scrambled signal

ADC FFT SCRAM- IFFT DAC

BLING
 SPEECH DECRYPTION :

Scrambled signal Speech signal

DESCRA-
ADC FFT IFFT DAC
MBLING

DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM:

The Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) of a discrete time signal x(n) is a finite duration discrete
frequency sequence. DFT is obtained by sampling one period of the Fourier Transform X (ω) of the
signal x (n) at a finite number of frequency points.
The FT of a discrete time signal is a continuous function of ω and so can’t be processed by digital
system. Hence we go for DFT, which converts continuous function of ω into a discrete one, allowing us
to perform frequency analysis on a digital computer.
DFT is important here because
• It allows us to determine frequency content of a signal, to perform spectral analysis.
• To perform filtering operations in frequency domain.

FAST FOURIER TRANSFORM:

It is an algorithm for computing DFT with reduced number of calculations. The computational efficiency
is achieved by a divide and conquer approach, which is based on the decomposition of N-point DFT into
successively smaller DFT’s. In an N-point sequence if N=r m , then the sequence can be decimated into r-
point sequences. Here ‘r’ is called the radix. If r=2 it is called radix-2 FFT. The decimation can be done
in two ways namely Decimation In Time (DIT) and Decimation In Frequency (DIF). Here we use Radix-
2 DIT FFT algorithm.

INVERSE FAST FOURIER TRANSFORM:

The IDFT of the sequence is computed using the IFFT. The FFT serves the evaluation of both direct
and inverse DFT’s.

SCRAMBLING AND DESCRAMBLING:

Scrambling means make confusion. After doing FFT in assembly language program in ADSP-2181, the
signal is converted into spikes and it is in frequency domain. The signal spikes are stored in the memory.
Using the circular buffers, the spikes positions are interchanged. Now the original signal is scrambled.
This is called scrambling. Again if the spikes are placed into its original position, then we get original
signal. This is called descrambling and is also done with the use of circular buffer.

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION:
SPEECH SIGNAL SCRAMBLED SIGNAL

a bcd pqrs pqrs abcd

FLOW CHART:

START

Input from Storing digital signal in

CODEC memory of DSP Return

Divided into 128 samples

Bit reverse of samples

FFT
 Scrambling and
descrambling

IFFT
Output to
CODEC

Return

ALGORITHM :
ENCRYPTION :
1) First the speech signal (analog signal) is converted into digital signal by passing through the CODEC.
Now the signal is in time domain and it is sent to the ADSP 2181 processor.
2) By running 128-point FFT algorithm using computer (system is connected to the processor) on ADSP
2181, the signal which is in time domain is converted into frequency domain. Now the signal is sampled
into 128 samples and it is stored in the processor memory.
3) By doing assembly language program on ADSP 2181, first 64 samples are displaced into next 64
samples position and vice versa. This is called scrambling.
4) Now the original signal is scrambled and by doing IFFT algorithm on ADSP 2181, the scrambled signal,
which is in frequency domain, is converted into time domain.
5)By CODEC scrambled signal which is a digital signal is converted into analog signal and then it is
transmitted.

DECRYPTION :
Received signal (scrambled signal) is converted into digital signal by CODEC and it is sent to the
processor.
By 128-point FFT algorithm, the signal in time domain is converted into frequency domain as done in
the encryption part.
1)
2) By doing assembly language program on ADSP 2181, the displaced 64 samples are placed to its original
position. This is called descrambling.
3) Now the scrambled signal is descrambled and we get the original signal.
4) By doing IFFT, the original signal, which is in frequency domain, is converted into time domain and by
CODEC we get original analog signal (speech signal).
 The assembly language program was executed for the speech signal and the output was
checked. Encryption and Decryption is highly realized.
We have stored the speech signal in the memory in encoded form. We decode the same to
get the analog output. For coding and decoding, CODEC is used.

CONCLUSION :
We can use this technique in military for sending secret messages. We can use this
technique wherever we want security. What we have done is storing the speech signal for a period of few
milli seconds. This can be increased if we extend the memory size and select that through a decoding
switch.
REFERENCES :
 Sanjit K. Mitra, “Digital signal processing”
 Alan V.Oppenheiim and Allan Willsky, “Signals and Systems”
 P.Ramesbabu , “Digital signal processing”
 “ADSP-218X DSP Instruction Set Reference”
WEBSITES:
 www.analogdevice.com
 www.DSPguide.com