L i b ra 10 : A c ano e ap pro achi ng sa f et y t hrou gh d a ng erous w at e rs T h e w o r d c a n oe d e s c e n d s f r o m t h e S p a n i s h ca n o a , i t s e l f a t e r m adapted by the explorer Columbus f r o m t h e n a t i v e A ra w a k a n w o r d

c a n a o u a. 1
T h e w o r d a p pro ach d e s c e n d s f r o m t h e I n d o - E u r op e a n ( IE ) r o o t p e r-1 w h i c h i s t he b a s e o f p r e p os i t i o n s a n d p r e v e r b s w i t h t h e b a s i c me a n i n g o f f o rwa rd, t h ro u gh , a n d a w i d e r a n g e o f e x t e n d e d s e n se s s u c h a s in fro n t o f , b e f o re, e a rl y, f i rs t, c h ie f , t o wa rd, a ga in s t,

n e a r, i t, a n d a ro u nd. 2 T h e A H D I E R li st s o v e r 1 0 0 d e r i v a t i v e s o f t hi s r o o t
i n c l u d i n g p e r, p a ram o u n t , p a ra di s e, fo r, f u rt h e r, f o rt h , f i rs t , f ra u ,

f ra u l e i n, a f f o rd, f orm e r, f o re m o s t, p ro t e in , p ri de, ap p roa c h , a pp ro x i m a te , p ro we s s, p ro u d, p ri m e , p rie s t, p re s b yt e r, p ro o f , p ro ve, pri va t e, p ri n c e, p ri n ci p a l, p ri n ci p le , p ro pe r, a n d t he s u f f i x e s pe r - , p ro - , p ro t o - , a n d p a ra -.

T h e w o r d s a f et y de s c e n d s f r o m t he I E r o o t s ol - w h i c h m e a n s w h o l e . 3 A m o n g t h e I t s p a r on y m s w e f i n d s o l der, s o l di e r, s o li d, c on s o l i da te ,

s o l i c i t, sa l u b ri o us , s a l u t a ry, s a l u te , s age ( a n h e r b ) , s a l vage , s a l vo, a n d s a ve .

T h e w o r d d a n g erous d e s ce n d s f r o m t he I E r o o t de m- w h i c h m e a n s h o u s e , h o u se h o l d . 4 I t s d e r i v a t i v e s i n c l u d e t h e w o r d s dam e , dan ge r,

de s p o t, do m a in , do m i c i l e, do m i ni o n, do n ( a c o u r t e s y t i t le b e f o r e t h e
n a m e o f a m a n i n a S p a n i s h -s p e a k i n g a r e a ; a he a d o r t u t o r a t O x f o r d o r C a m b r i d g e ) , m a dam e , a n d do m i n at e .

1 http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=canoe 2 Watkins, C. (2000), The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo European Roots, p. 65 3 Watkins, C. (2000), The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo European Roots, p. 81 4 Watkins, C. (2000), The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo European Roots, p. 16 Starling Hunter 2011 1

T h e w o r d w a t e r d e s c e n d s f r o m t he I E r o o t w ed - w h i c h me a n s w a t e r , w e t . 5 I t s p a r o n y m s i n c l u d e wa te r, wint e r, t h e p r e f i x h ydro - , dro p s y,

i n u n da te , re do u n d, re du n da n t, s u rro un d, ab o u n d, a b un da n t, n u t ri a, h ydra , wh i s ke y , a n d vo dka .

TH EMES : T h e f i r st t h e m e h e r e c o n ce r n s T IT LE S . R e c a l l t h a t a m o n g t h e p a r o n y m s o f d a nge rous i s t h e w o r d do n , a c o u rt e s y t i t l e f o r m e n i n S p a n i s h - sp e a k i n g co u n t r i e s a n d a n I t a l i a n t i t l e o f a d d r e s s . T h e re i s a l s o t h e t i t l e do n a w h i c h m e a n s M a d a m o r L a d y i n S p a n i sh a n d P o r t u g u e se and is used as a title pr efixed to womens given name. A m o n g t he p a r o n y m s o f a p pro ach a r e t he e q ui v a l e n t Ge r m a n t i t le s f o r a w o m a n

f ra u a n d f ra u l e in . 6
A s e c o n d t he m e c o n c e r n s t i t l e h o l de r s o r H EADS w i t h i n a c a d e m i c i n s t i t u t i o n s. Re c a l l t h a t a s e c on d d e f i n i t i o n o f do n i s a h e a d o r t ut o r a t O x f o r d a n d C a m b r i d g e u n i v e r s i t i e s . T h e w o r d p ri n c i p al i s a p a r o n y m o f a p pro ach a n d m e a n s t h e h e a d o r d i r e c t o r o f a s c h o o l o r , e s p . i n E n g l a n d , a college.7 F i n a l l y , a mo n g t h e p a r o n y m s o f sa f et y i s t h e w o r d s o l die r . S i m i la r l y, t h e p a r o n y m s o f a p pro ach i n c l u d e p ri va te , o n e m e a n i n g o f w h i c h i s a s o l die r o f t he l ow e s t m i l i t a r y r a n k. 8 T h u s , t he r e i s a l s o a M I LITA RY theme present.

5 Watkins, C. (2000), The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo European Roots, p. 95 6 http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/fraulein 7 http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/princip al 8 http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/private Starling Hunter 2011 2