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Definition of terms:
Stress
A disruptive condition that occurs in response to adverse influences from the internal or
external environments
A condition in which the person responds to changes in the normal balanced state
Stressors
Classification of Stressors
General Classification
1. Internal Stressor
2. External Stressor
3. Developmental Stressor
4. Situational Stressor
According to Location
According to Duration
2. Stressor sequence
Stress as Stimulus
Adolph Meyer
A numerical scale ranking stressful life events and the amount of distress they
cause( 43 life changes)
Stress as a Response
Hans Selye defined stress as the nonspecific response of the body to any demand
made upon it
Schafer defined stress as the arousal of mind and body in response to demands made
upon them
Describes stress as wear and tear on the body occurring regardless of whether the
stressor is positive or negative
Inflammatory and repair processes that occur in the at the local site of tissue injury
Phases of GAS/LAS
A. Alarm reaction
2 phases
1. Shock Phase
2. Countershock Phase
B. Stage of Resistance
C. Stage of exhaustion
Stress as a Transaction
Transactional Stress theory
a. Cognitive appraisal
i. Primary appraisal
1. Stressful
2. Nonstressful (irrelevant/benign/positive)
iii. Reappraisal
Manifestations of Stress
Physiologic
Dilatation of Pupils
Sweat production
Skin is Pale
Dry mouth
Peristalsis Dec
Psychological
Depression
Emotional Symptoms
• Tiredness
• Sadness
• Emptiness
• Numbness
Behavioral Signs
• Irritability
• Inability to concentrate
• Crying
• Sleep disturbance
• Social Withdrawal
Physical Signs
• Loss of appetite
• Weight loss
• Constipation
• Headache
• Dizziness
Anxiety
Levels of Anxiety
Slightly
impaired
learning
Fear
Anger
Cognitive
Problem Solving
Structuring
Self-control(Discipline)
Assuming a manner and facial expression that conveys sense of being in control
or in charge
Suppression
Fantasy or Daydreaming
GENETIC FACTORS
INABILITY TO ADAPT
AGE
PERSONALITY
ISOLATION
Environment
Eustress
The pleasurable stress that accompanies positive events. For example, a person
may receive a $10,000 bonus and experience stress in deciding how to spend
the money.
Distress
Type a
Type b
Easy going
Philosophical
Coping
Cognitive and behavioral effort to manage specific external /internal demands that are
appraised as taxing or exceeding the resources of a person(Folkman and Lazarus)
Coping strategy/mechanism