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BAGIAN II
VALIDITAS DAN RELIABILITAS PENGUKURAN
CITRA INDONESIA DALAM STATISTIK
DEDY N. HIDAYAT
PROGRAM PASCASARJANA
FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK
UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
THE SURVEY
• Posted a question in Internet Web site ( http://www.asiarisk.com ) for
two months
• Sent questionnaires to expatriates and company managers in the
region
• N = 427 expatriates and company managers
THE QUESTION
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
• • • • • • • • • • •
No problem Average Very serious
problem problem
Mayority
“Yes” over
“No” among
voters ( % )
Should the United Kingdom come out of
the Common Market? + 10.8
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
a process of enlarging people’s choices .
. . to lead a long and healthy life, to
acquire knowledge and to have access
to the resources needed for a descent
standard of living.
Index =
Actual X value - Minimum X value
Maximum X value - Minimum X value
4 3 2 1
INDICATORS Respect for Some Substantial Continuous
rights or violations or violation or total
freedom infringement denial
s
Freedom from:
07. Unlawful
detention
Freedom for:
19. Political
opposition
Personal Rights
40. Homosexuality
HUMAN FREEDOM INDEX (HFI): Dalam laporan tahunan UNDP, Human Development Report 1991,
mempergunakan data Human Rights Rating yang disusun oleh Charles Humana (World Human
Rughts Guide 1986).
Verbal aggresivenes
“ a personality trait that predisposes persons to attack
the self-concepts of other people, instead of, or in
addition to, their posisition on topics of
communication” (Infante & Wigley, 1986, p. 61).
SOURCES OF VARIANCES/
SCORES DIFFERENCES
(Singleton, 1988; p.112; Selltiz, et.al., pp. 164-169)
Measurement errors
X=T+ S + R
RELIABILITY VALIDITY
LOW RELIABILITY
LOW VALIDITY
• • •
HIGH RELIABILITY • •
LOW VALIDITY • •
• •
•
•• LOW RELIABILITY
•• • HIGH VALIDITY???
HIGH RELIABILITY
HIGH VALIDITY
pascasarjana universitas indonesiadedy n. hidayat 19
FACE - in the judgment of
others
CONTENT
Pre-data SAMPLING - capture the
Validity entire dimensions
CONCURRENT -
preexisting criterion
VALIDITY CRITERION
Data-based PREDICTIVE - predicted
-Validity criterion
CONVERGENT - similar
construct
MEASUREMENT CONSTRUCT
QUALITY Data-based DIVERGENT - opposing
Validity construct
LOGICAL/SAMPLING VALIDITY
. . . capture the entire dimensions -
Kesepakatan pakar tentang sejauh mana
definisi operasional/ indikator-indikator suatu
instrumen mewakili keseluruhan dimensi
konsep yang diukur
PREDICTIVE VALIDITY
correlated with future/predicted
condition - distinguish objects that will
differ in the future . Tingkat sejauh mana
hasil pengukuran suatu konsep mampu
memprediksi keadaan di masa datang
(Contoh: Indeks Liberalisasi Ekonomi 1980
dan Indeks Demokratisasi 1990)
DISCRIMINANT VALIDITY
uncorrelated or negatively correlated
with opposing construct - Tingkat sejauh
mana hasil pengukuran suatu konsep berbeda
(tidak berkorelasi / berkorelasi negatif)
dengan pengukuran konsep lain yang secara
teoretis harus berbeda (Contoh: Human
Freedom Index dan Totalitarianism Index)
HOMOGENEITY OVER-INDICATORS/INTERNAL
CONSISTENCY:
Konsistensi hasil-hasil pengukuran antar tiap
RELIABILITY
The consistency of a measure (Bailey, 1987)
rX1X2
X1 = pengukuran
versi1
X2 = pengukuran
versi2
rX1X2
X1 = pengukuran t1
X2 = pengukuran t2
rX1X2
X1 = hasil pengukuran belahan 1
X2 = hasil pengukuran belahan 2
• Spearman-Brown coefficient
rX1X2 = 2 rY1Y2
_____________
1 + rY1Y2
• Cronbach's alpha
COEFFICIENT OF REPRODUCIBILITY:
. . . the percentage of original responses
that could be reproduced by knowing the
scale scores to summarize them (Babbie,
1992; p.186).
INDICATORS:
YE NO
S
A. Are you willing to permit Albanians to 1 0
live in your community?
B. Are you willing to permit Albanians to 1 0
live in your neighbothood?
number of errors
CoR = 1-
number of cases x number of
item
Skor Skor
NEGARA belahan 1 belahan 2 X2 Y2 XY
(X) ( Y)
A 14 14
B 15 14
C 4 5
D 13 12
E 12 14
F 3 4
G 14 14
H 15 14
I 4 5
J 13 12
K 12 14
L 3 4
∑X2 ∑Y2 ∑XY
A 5 4 5 14 5 4 5 14 28
B 5 5 5 15 4 5 5 14 29
C 1 1 2 4 1 1 3 5 9
D 4 5 4 13 5 3 4 12 25
E 5 4 3 12 5 4 5 14 26
F 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 4 7
A 5 4 5 14 5 4 5 14 28
B 5 5 5 15 4 5 5 14 29
C 1 1 2 4 1 1 3 5 9
D 4 5 4 13 5 3 4 12 25
E 5 4 3 12 5 4 5 14 26
F 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 4 7
A 14 14 28
B 15 14 29
C 4 5 9
D 13 12 25
E 12 14 26
F 3 4 7
A 14 14 28
B 15 14 29
C 4 5 9
D 13 12 25
E 12 14 26
F 3 4 7
∑xy
rxy = N (x)(y)
Sx Sy
Coefficient of determination r2
Test Test
COUNTRIES Versi1 Versi2
(X) (Y) X2 Y2 XY
N∑ xy - (∑x) (∑y)
rxy = =
0.98
[ N∑x2 - (∑x)2 ] [ N∑y2 - (∑y)2 ]
Statistical significance
N∑ xy - (∑x) (∑y)
rxy = = 0.98
2 2 2 2
[ N∑x - (∑x) ] [ N∑y - (∑y) ]
Statistical significance
r XY interpretasi
Human Civil
Country Freedom Liberties
(X) (Y) X2 Y2 XY
Sweden 98 7
Denmark 98 7
USA 90 7
Cuba 24 2
Iraq 19 1
Japan 88 7
S.Korea 59 5
N.Korea 17 1
Singapore 59 3
Philippine 44 5
Thailand 57 5
Malaysia 53 3
Indonesia 36 3
N∑ xy - (∑x) (∑y)
rxy =
[ N∑x2 - (∑x)2 ] [ N∑y2 - (∑y)2 ]
- - Correlation Coefficients - -
HFI85 -
HDI87 .6130 -
( 68)
P= .000
Reliability Coefficients
Alpha = .9759
Reliability Coefficients
Source: //www.socialresearchmethods.net
• Interpretive Validity Tingkat sejauhmana pandangan, pemikiran, maksud, dan pengalaman partisipan difahami,
diamati dan dilaporkan oleh peneliti
• Theoretical Validity Tingkat sejauhmana suatu eksplanasi teori yang dibangun berdasarkan penelitian sesuai
dengan data empiric, dan dapat dipercaya.
• Internal Validity Tingkat sejauhmana ekplanasi (kausalitas atau proses kausal) yang dilakukan bisa
dibenarkan
• External Validity Tingkat sejauhmana hasil pengamatan bisa digeneralisasi ke subjek, setting, dan waktu lain.