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Mode of Divertor operation High Recycling

When the density in the SOL is increased then the plasma flux to the targets increases. As charged particles of a plasma impinge on the solid first wall they recombine on its surface or inside the bulk material to form neutrals which may subsequently be released from the first wall back into the plasma. This process is called recycling. With increasing plasma density more and more neutrals are released from the target plates and penetrate into the SOL the recycling becomes high. The neutrals are ionized in the plasma of the SOL which removes energy from the SOL in the volume not far from the target. Consequently the temperature along the field line drops. The temperature is further decreased if impurities are present in the SOL, enhancing radiative losses and so cooling down the divertor plasma. The difference between upstream and downstream temperatures may be also increased by extending the connection length between the two regions. In the high recycling regime the pressure, being proportional to the product of plasma temperature and density, remains constant along any given magnetic field line connecting upstream and downstream locations. That is, the density of the plasma gets high in front of the targets where the temperature is low. If the plasma and the target material are composed of chemically active species, these may even react with each other leading to the further release of impurities into the SOL, enhancing the above cycle with increasing core plasma density. The volumetric radiation in front of the targets reduces the power flux to the material surfaces and thereby increases the lifetime of the divertor plates . With the neutrals being ionized in front of the targets, the main particle sources of the SOL are now the target plates and no longer the particle flux across the separatrix as it would be in the case of the sheath limited regime the difference denotes the high recycling regime. However, the only source of power for the SOL remains the plasma power losses across the separatrix!

Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

There are three key factors when thinking about how to recycle The 3 Rs:

Recycling Different Materials

Plastic Bottles Batteries Glass Bottles Mobile Phones You can find out how to recycle different materials such as Glass, Batteries and Mobile Phones by simply using our list on the right hand side.
Recycling Etiquette

Recycling can sometimes be confusing and it can be difficult to know whether you are following all the right rules. Improve your recycling efforts by learning some recycling etiquette rules and check out which type of collection is best and why different areas recycle and collect in different ways.
Whats in your Rubbish Bin?

A large percentage of UK households still do not recycle enough and throw everything that they consider rubbish into their ordinary bin. Much of this waste can be recycled and should be disposed of separately to general household waste. Look inside this rubbish bin to see how much of the contents should actually have been recycled. Check our list on the right to see how to recycle different materials.

What can you find on The Recycling Guide?

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How to recycle at home Why recycling is important How materials are recycled Where can you recycle Recycling activities & resources Print our Poster

How to Recycle Different Materials

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Asbestos Batteries Building Materials Clinical Waste Composting Computers

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Electrical Equipment Furniture Glass Metal Mobiles Paint/Oil Paper Plastic Printer Cartridges Recycling Banks Textiles Vehicles Wood

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Involving teachers and children in recycling schemes and other activities to improve the environment can be a lot of fun. Educating children about the importance of recycling and the environment provides a path to a greener future. This section concentrates on recycling schemes and suggests recycling activities for the pupils.
Recycling Schemes

There are almost 34,000 schools in the UK and they play a vital role in dealing with waste. Recycling schemes in schools help to improve the environment and can reduce money spent by the school on waste disposal.

Paper Recycling

Paper is the main form of waste created by schools, making up at least a quarter of all its rubbish. Contact your local council and ask them to provide your school with a paper-recycling bin. Set up a paper collection scheme for each classroom by making paper only boxes for the children and teachers to put used paper in. Make sure they are clearly labelled and placed in an obvious place. Involve pupils by allowing them to create posters and bright labels for the recycle bins. Brief the teachers about the recycling scheme and hold assemblies to inform the pupils. Make sure that the teachers and staff understand the importance of recycling, and this should filter down to the pupils.

Metal Recycling

Metal recycling schemes are good for schools with vending machines. Contact your local council and ask them to provide your school with a recycling bin for cans. Place the bins next to the vending machines and make sure they are clearly labelled. Make sure that both teachers and pupils understand on the importance of recycling. Find out if there is a cash for cans program running in your area. Buy recycled print cartridges whenever possible.

Composting Scheme

Contact your local council who may be able to provide a compost bin for your school, in some cases, compost bins are provided free of charge. Your councils recycling officer will be able to advise you further. Teachers and children can be involved in making the compost by adding items such as tea bags, coffee granules, fruit and vegetable cuttings from the cafeteria. If your school has a garden, then you can add leaves, plant cuttings and grass trimmings to the compost heap.

Educational Activities

There are a number of fun activities for pupils that will educate them about recycling and its importance to the environment. Below are some suggestions of activities that can be carried out in school:

Role Plays are a good way of allowing children to express their opinions on recycling and encourage debate. Word search puzzles allow the pupils to explore the different terms related to recycling. Name that symbol is a game where pupils can become familiar with recycling symbols. Arts and crafts are an excellent way of recycling materials, and can demonstrate to the pupils that recycling can be fun. The magnetism test of aluminium and steel cans can aid in teaching the pupils about different recyclable materials. Questionnaires allow the pupils to use their brain to show what they know about recycling. Discussions. Hold class discussions that allow pupils to express their opinions on recycling.

Activities For Schools

Have a go at our range of recycling activities.

Making an Elastic Band Guitar Making a Croc-Monster Making a Drum Making a Shaker Finding keywords in our Wordsearch

Click here to go to our Activities page.

Paper Glass Aluminium

How paper is recycled

Paper is taken from the bin and deposited in a large recycling container along with paper from other recycling bins.

The paper is taken to a recycling plant where it is separated into types and grades.

The separated paper is then washed with soapy water to remove inks, plastic film, staples and glue. The paper is put into a large holder where it is mixed with water to create slurry.

By adding different materials to the slurry, different paper products can be created, such as cardboard, newsprints or office paper.

The slurry is spread using large rollers into large thin sheets.

The paper is left to dry, and then it is rolled up ready to be cut and sent back to the shops.

What can you find on The Recycling Guide?

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How to recycle at home Why recycling is important How materials are recycled Where can you recycle Recycling activities & resources Print our Poster

How to Recycle Different Materials

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Asbestos Batteries Building Materials Clinical Waste Composting Computers Electrical Equipment Furniture Glass Metal

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Mobiles Paint/Oil Paper Plastic Printer Cartridges Recycling Banks Textiles Vehicles Wood

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How glass is recycled

The consumer throws glass into a recycle bin.

Glass is taken from the bin and taken to a glass treatment plant.

The glass is sorted by colour and washed to remove any impurities.

The glass is then crushed and melted, then moulded into new products such as bottles and jars. Or it may be used for alternative purposes such as brick manufacture or decorative uses.

The glass is then sent back to the shops ready to be used again.

Glass does not degrade through the recycling process, so it can be recycled again and again.

What can you find on The Recycling Guide?

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How to recycle at home Why recycling is important How materials are recycled Where can you recycle

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Recycling activities & resources Print our Poster

How to Recycle Different Materials

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Asbestos Batteries Building Materials Clinical Waste Composting Computers Electrical Equipment Furniture Glass Metal Mobiles Paint/Oil Paper Plastic Printer Cartridges Recycling Banks Textiles Vehicles Wood

The Guides Network is a trading

How aluminium is recycled

The consumer throws aluminium cans and foil into a recycle bin.

The aluminium is then collected and taken to a treatment plant.

In the treatment plant the aluminium is sorted and cleaned ready for reprocessing.

It then goes through a re-melt process and turns into molten aluminium, this removes the coatings and inks that may be present on the aluminium.

The aluminium is then made into large blocks called ingots. Each ingot contains about 1.6 million drinks cans.

The ingots are sent to mills where they are rolled out, this gives the aluminium greater flexibility and strength.

This is then made into aluminium products such as cans, chocolate wrapping and ready meal packaging.

In as little as 6 weeks, the recycled aluminium products are then sent back to the shops ready to be used again.

What can you find on The Recycling Guide?

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How to recycle at home Why recycling is important How materials are recycled Where can you recycle Recycling activities & resources Print our Poster

How to Recycle Different Materials

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Asbestos Batteries

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

Building Materials Clinical Waste Composting Computers Electrical Equipment Furniture Glass Metal Mobiles Paint/Oil Paper Plastic Printer Cartridges Recycling Banks Textiles Vehicles Wood

The Guides Network is a trading style of Fubra Limited, ho

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