By: Engr. Marlon O.

Martinez

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

METHODS OF WASTE DISPOSAL
Some
Thoughts
Needed!

• We all produce waste!

• Our way of living greatly affects our waste!

• We alienate ourselves with our waste!

 The primary objective of waste management today
is to protect the public and the environment from
potential harmful effects of waste.
 Solid waste can be classified
depending on their source:

a) Household waste is generally classified

as municipal waste,
b) Industrial waste as hazardous waste,
c) Biomedical waste or hospital waste as
infectious waste.
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
- All types of solid
waste generated
by households &
commercial
establishments,
and collected
usually by local
government
bodies.
Sources of Municipal Solid Waste
• Residential: Single and multifamily
dwellings
• Commercial: Stores, hotels, restaurants,
markets, office buildings
• Institutional: Schools, government center,
hospitals, prisons
• Municipal services: Street cleaning,
landscaping, parks, beaches, recreational
areas
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
• In some countries the solid wastes
management system also handles human
wastes such as night-soil, ashes from
incinerators, septic tank sludge and sludge
from sewage treatment plants. If these
wastes manifest hazardous characteristics
they should be treated as hazardous
wastes.
- Chapter 21.3 of Agenda 21, Rio de Janeiro, June 1992
(United Nations Conference on Environment and Development,
"Environmentally Sound Management of Solid Wastes and Sewage-
related Issues")
The common content of MSW are:
• food wastes, paper, plastic, textile, metal
and glass,
• with some hazardous household wastes
such as electric light bulbs, batteries, e-
waste, discarded medicines and
automotive parts
Solid Waste Composition
2000

Source: ADB, 2001

Waste Composition

Source: ADB, 2001

Waste Composition
Solid Waste Disposal:
Municipal waste management practices in
the ASEAN region include the following:
• Landfilling / open dumping
• Incineration
• Recycling / recovery
• Composting
Landfills:
• Landfills are generally the cheapest and
most common disposal method for MSW.
• In some developing countries, open
dumping is the common practice, i.e.,
MSW is dumped on swamplands and/or
low-lying areas, which are eventually
reclaimed for development.
Landfills:
The problems associated with landfills,
• health hazard (esp. in open landfills)
• groundwater contamination (leachate),
• gas migration,
• high percentages of organics and plastics
have led to breakouts of fire due to
methane gas generation
• aesthetic implications
Open Dump Sites vs. Sanitary Landfills
 Open Dump Sites vs. Sanitary Landfills

View of Phase 2 wet cell of the Semakau Landfill

Landfills:
There are a number of factors in constructing
sanitary landfills:
• lack of finance,
• land acquisition problems,
• unqualified or non-licensed operators,
• difficulty in acquiring appropriate landfill sites
(NIMBY syndrome),
• unsuitable soil profile.
Incineration:
Another method that is practiced where 90
percent of non-recyclable MSW is
incinerated.
Final disposal of waste is at landfills where
10 percent of non-recyclable MSW is
deposited.
e.g. Singapore has four government-owned and
operated incinerators.
Incineration:
Controversy remains over the soundness of
incineration as a waste treatment
technology because of greenhouse gas
emissions from incinerators.
In the Philippines, incineration has been
completely banned under the Ecological
Solid Waste Management Act (RA 9003)
of 2000.
Reminder:

The practice of informal incineration or open

burning as a waste disposal method is banned,
also because of the Clean Air Act 1999 (RA
8749), but is still prevalent.
Composting:
Composting speeds the natural process of
recycling or decomposing organic
materials where microorganisms break
down complex organic matter into
nutritious soil.
- usually by backyard composting,
vermicomposting, Grass-cycling or
Mulching
Composting:
Composting is not well practiced in ASEAN.
A few imported mechanical composting plants
have been installed in Bangkok and Hanoi. But
these are either not working or are not operating
at full capacity:
• Household organic wastes are often collected
for animal feed.
• High operating and maintenance costs
• Poor maintenance and operation of facilities
• Incomplete separation of non-compostables,
• High cost of compost compared to commercial
fertilizers
 Composting:
Some success stories:
Barangay Holy Spirit has
maintained its overall
cleanliness and environmental
sanitation through a successful
Community-Based Solid Waste
Management (CBSWM)
program.

Odiongan Municipality in the

Province of Romblon is
implementing an ecological
solid waste management
program (ESWMP).
3 R’s
Recycling/Recovery:
Recycling involves processing used
materials into new products to prevent
waste of potentially useful materials.
In Year 2001, for instance, about 44.4% of
SW in Singapore was recycled, compared
to about 1% in Malaysia. In the
Philippines the percentage of recycling
and reuse was 12%.
Main Issue in Recycling:

Consuming more resources or

Producing more waste than
what was saved !!!
This would include other forms of input like utilization of
new materials, consumption of more energy in transporting
and processing, usability of product.
 U
Recycling/Recovery:

D
Phasing-out the
returnable or refillable glass bottles

E
by recyclable plastic replacements.

R E
Recycled paper bags versus
Washable textile bags.

German car manufacturers are boasting that their

big, fast, luxury limousines are designed to be
recycled.
Majority are recyclable!
An Integrated Solid Waste Management Approach:

MICRO SOLUTIONS Min. Envt’l Impact

MACRO SOLUTIONS Max. Envt’l Impact

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY

 8 ways to shop smart
tips from The Women’s Environmental Network

1. Choose goods with the least packaging. One

layer is enough; layers and layers of plastic are
not necessary.
2. Buy non-perishables in bulk such as household
cleaning products. You’ll only have one container to throw
away and it’s cheaper.
3. Buy fruit and vegetables loose, not pre-packed. This
is cheaper and cuts down on packaging.
4. Go for glass bottles and jars or tins. Cartons and plastic
can be difficult and expensive to recycle.
 8 ways to shop smart
tips from The Women’s Environmental Network

5. Buy refills for the products you buy regularly. Save on

money and packaging—ideal for items such as washing
detergents.
6. Use reusable goods which last longer than single use
items. Examples: reusable dish cloths and dusters.
7. Take your own shopping bag and avoid free plastic
bags. If you say no to plastic bags, supermarkets might
just get the message!
8. Buy recycled goods. This means that materials can
be used for a second time, reducing our dependence on
raw materials and finite resources.
SEGREGATION OF SOLID
WASTES
 WHY
SEGREGATE?
MAKES RECYCLING EASY.

Recycle means Less of new Less pollution from

reuse of old production

Less of raw materials Less power Less oil

 LESSENS
THE
AMOUNT OF
STUFF THAT
GOES TO
LANDFILL.
 MANDATED BY LAW.

Fined Jailed
P300 – P500,000 15 days – 6 months
 HOW TO SEGREGATE?

Recyclables Compostables Residuals

RECYCLABLES - TYPES
RECYCLABLES – WHAT TO DO?
 COMPOSTIBLE

TYPES

WHAT TO DO?
 RESIDUALS
What to do?
Separate residuals from
kitchen wastes and
recyclables
Sharp, pointed objects
should be placed and
carefully tied in hard
cardboards to prevent
injuring garbage collectors
Place residuals in old
Waste other than plastic bags not
recyclable and
compostable
sacks/cartons
USE LESS…
DO MORE…
 RECYCLING IN SCHOOLS
Paper Recycling
Paper is the main form of waste created by schools, making up
at least a quarter of all its rubbish.
Contact your local council and ask them to provide your school
with a paper-recycling bin.
Set up a paper collection scheme for each classroom by making
‘paper only’ boxes for the children and teachers to put used
paper in. Make sure they are clearly labelled and placed in an
obvious place.
Involve pupils by allowing them to create posters and bright
labels for the recycle bins.
Brief the teachers about the recycling scheme and hold
assemblies to inform the pupils.
Make sure that the teachers and staff understand the
importance of recycling, and this should filter down to the
pupils.
 RECYCLING IN SCHOOLS
Metal Rcycling
Metal recycling schemes are good for schools with vending
machines.
Contact your local council and ask them to provide your school
with a recycling bin for cans.
Place the bins next to the vending machines and make sure
they are clearly labelled.
Make sure that both teachers and pupils understand on the
importance of recycling.
Find out if there is a ‘cash for cans’ program running in your
area.
Buy recycled print cartridges whenever possible.
 RECYCLING IN SCHOOLS
Compost Scheme
Contact your local council who may be able to provide a
compost bin for your school, in some cases, compost bins are
provided free of charge. Your councils recycling officer will be
able to advise you further.
Teachers and children can be involved in making the compost by
adding items such as tea bags, coffee granules, fruit and
vegetable cuttings from the cafeteria.
If your school has a garden, then you can add leaves, plant
cuttings and grass trimmings to the compost heap.
 RECYCLING IN SCHOOLS
Educational Activities
Role Plays are a good way of allowing children to express their
opinions on recycling and encourage debate.
Word search puzzles allow the pupils to explore the different
terms related to recycling.
Name that symbol is a game where pupils can become familiar
with recycling symbols.
Arts and crafts are an excellent way of recycling materials,
and can demonstrate to the pupils that recycling can be fun.
The magnetism test of aluminium and steel cans can aid in
teaching the pupils about different recyclable materials.
Questionnaires allow the pupils to use their brain to show what
they know about recycling.
Discussions. Hold class discussions that allow pupils to express
their opinions on recycling.
There is only one Earth
 GREEN EARTH
Thank you!

RE-USE !

REDUCE !
RECYCLE !