J. Korean Math. Soc. 31 (1994), No. 4, pp.

539544

HAUSDORFF DIMENSION OF SOME SPECIFIC PERTURBED CANTOR SET IN SOO BAEK

AND

SANG HUN LEE

1. Introduction We [1] investigated the Hausdorff dimension and the packing dimension of a certain perturbed Cantor set whose ratios are uniformly bounded. In this paper, we consider a specic perturbed Cantor set whose ratios are not necessarily uniformly bounded but satisfy some other conditions. In fact, in the hypothesis, only the condition of the uniform boundedness of ratios on the set is substituted by a -condition". We use energy theory related to Hausdorff dimension in this study while we [1] used Hausdorff density theorem to nd the Hausdorff dimension of some perturbed Cantor set. In the end, we give an example which explains aforementioned facts. 2. Preliminaries We recall the denition of perturbed Cantor set of [1]. Let I =[0,1]. We can obtain the left subinterval I,1 and the right subinterval I,2 of I deleting middle open subinterval of I inductively for each {1, 2}n , where n = 0, 1, 2, . Consider E n = {1,2}n I . Then {E n } is a decreasing sequence of closed sets. For each n, we x | I,1 | / | I |= an+1 and | I,2 | / | I |= bn+1 for all {1, 2}n ,where | I | denotes the diameter of I. We call F = E n a perturbed Cantor set. n=0 We recall the s-dimensional Hausdorff measure of F : H s (F) = lim Hs (F),
0

Received June 17, 1993. Revised July 10, 1994. Supported in part by TGRC-KOSEF and the Basic Science Research Institute program, Ministry of Education, Korea, 1994, project NO BSRI-94-1401

540

In Soo Baek and Sang Hun Lee

where Hs (F) = inf{ | Un |s : {Un } is a -cover of F}, and the n=1 n=1 Hausdorff dimension of F : dim H (F) = sup{s > 0 : H s (F) = } (= inf{s > 0 : H s (F) = 0})(see[2]). We note that if {an } and {bn } are given, then a perturbed Cantor set F is determined, vice versa. We are now ready to study the ratio geometry of the perturbed Cantor set. 3. Main results In this section, F means a perturbed Cantor set determined by {an } and {bn }. We introduce -condition which plays an important role in the energy theory related to Hausdorff dimension. Let s (0, 1). F is said to satisfy -condition for s, if for each > 0 there exist positive < 1 and N such that k (ais + bis ) k [max(ai , i=N i=1 bi )] < (1 )kN for all k N . Before going into the main theorem, it is fruitful to know some properties of the ratios {an }, {bn } of a perturbed Cantor set F. LEMMA 1. Let {an }, {bn } be sequences in (0,1) and dn = 1 (an + bn ) > 0 for each n. Then
s s (1) there exists unique sn such that ann + bnn = 1 for each n = 1, 2, . (2) 0 s s 1, where s = lim infn sn , s = lim supn sn . (3) if lim inf n an > 0 and lim infn bn > 0, then lim supn s s (an + bn ) = 1. s s (4) if lim inf n n log(ak + bk ) is nite for some s , then s s s k=1 . s s (5) if lim inf n n log(ak + bk ) is nite for some s , then there is k=1 some B < such that lim inf n n log(ais +bis ) < B for any k. i=k s s (6) if lim supn (an + bn ) 1 for some s and lim infn dn > 0, then F satises the -condition for s .

Proof. (1) - (5) follow immediately from the denitions of lim inf and lim sup. For (6), we can nd d > 0 such that an + bn 1 d for all n N1 for some N1 since lim infn dn > 0. Given > 0, we choose

Hausdorff dimension of some specic perturbed Cantor set

541

0 < < 0 such that (1 d) < 1 2 . For such > 0, there is N s s N1 such that an + bn < 1 + for all n N . Therefore for all k N , k (ais + bis ) k [max(ai , bi )] < k (ais + bis ) k (1 d) < i=N i=1 i=N i=1 k (1 + )(1 2 ) < k (1 + )( 1 ) < (1 )kN . i=N i=N 1+
s s THEOREM 2. If lim infn n log(ak + bk ) is nite for some s and k=1 lim infn dn > 0 and F satises the -condition for s , then dim H (F) = s.

Proof. We dene a set function by (I ) = lim inf

n I I E n

|I |s

for each {1, 2}k , where k = 1, 2, . Clearly (I ) = (I,1 ) + (I,2 ) for all . Then is extended to a mass distribution on F (see [2,Proposition1.7]). For x, y F, we denote x y by the interval that both x and y belong to a common interval of E n with greatest integer n. Since lim infn dn > 0, we nd d > 0 such that ak + bk 1 d for all k N1 for some N1 . Then for {1, 2}k where k N1 , the gap of I,1 and I,2 is not less than d|I |. Let 0 < t < s. By slight abuse of notation, we write I E k to mean that the interval I is one of the basic intervals I of E k , where {1, 2}k . If x y E k and k N1 , then for {1, 2}k , |x y|t d(x)d(y) 2d
t x y=I |I |t (I,1 )(I,2 ) n

=2d t |I |t lim inf

I I,1 E n

|I |s lim inf
n I I,2 E n

|I |s

2d t |I |t lim inf
n I I,1 E n ,I I,2 E n n

|I |s |I |s

=2d

lim inf
n i=k+2 n

(ais + bis )2 |I |t |I,1 |s |I,2 |s (ais + bis )2 |I |2st .

i=k+2

2d t lim inf
n

542

In Soo Baek and Sang Hun Lee

Using Lemma 1 (5), for {1, 2}k where k N1 , we obtain |x y|t d(x)d(y)
x y=I

2d

B|I |2st for some B < .

Since F satises the -condition for s, there exist positive < 1 and N N1 such that k (ais + bis ) k [max(ai , bi )]st < (1 )kN for all k N . i=N i=1 Therefore for all k N , we have |I |2st =
I E k I E k k

|I |s |I |st {(ais + bis )[max(ai , bi )]st }

i=1

<(1 )kN , where =

N 1 s i=1 (ai

+ bis ). Thus for k N , we have |x y|t d(x)d(y)

x y=I

k=N I E k

2d t B

|I |2st
k=N I E k

2d t B . Since dn > 0 for each n, d = min1kN dk exists. If x y E k and k < N , then we similarly obtain |x y|t d(x)d(y)
x y=I t 2(d ) |I |t (I,1 )(I,2 )

2(d )t B|I |2st

Hausdorff dimension of some specic perturbed Cantor set

543

for {1, 2}k . Thus

N 1 k=0 I E k x y=I N 1

|x y|t d(x)d(y) |I |2st

k=0 I E k N 1

2(d ) B 2(d ) B 2(d ) B2 . Hence

t k=0 N t

2k

|x y|t d(x)d(y)
F F

=
k=0 I E k N 1 x y=I

|x y|t d(x)d(y) |x y|t d(x)d(y)

x y=I

=
k=0 I E k

+
k=N I E k x y=I

|x y|t d(x)d(y) < .

2(d )t B2 N + 2d t B

Since is a mass distribution on F, dim H (F) s (see [2,Theorem 4.13 (a)]). s Now dim H (F) s follows easily from the fact that lim infn n log(ak + k=1 s bk ) < and lim infn dn > 0 .
s s COROLLARY 3. If lim inf n n log(ak +bk ) is nite, lim infn dn > k=1 s s 0 and lim supn (an + bn ) 1, then dim H (F) = s.

Proof. It follows immediately from Theorem 2 and Lemma 1 (6).

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In Soo Baek and Sang Hun Lee

EXAMPLE 4. Consider a sequence {n k } of natural numbers such that k=1 n k+1 n k > k + 1 for all k. Let 0 < < 1 and bn k = 1 for all k. 4 We also take a decreasing sequence {an k } such that 0 < an k 2 with k=1
2 limk an k = 0, and log(an2k + bn k ) < 0. Let bn k +i = 1 , 1 i k for 4 1 each k. For each k and 1 i k , we nd an k +i such that log{(an k +i ) 2 + 2 (bn k +i ) 2 } = kk , where k = log(an2k + bn k ). We put an = bn = 1 if 4 lim n = n k , n k + 1, , n k + k, where k = 1, 2, . Then infn an = 0, 33 and lim infn dn > 0. In fact, dn min( 2 , 1 { 1 + ( 4 6 )2 }) > 0 for all 4 1 2 n. Clearly lim supn (an2 + bn ) = 1 and lim infn n log(ak2 + bk2 ) = k=1 1 log(1 ) 2 . Using Corollary 3, we obtain dim H (F) = 1 . 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

References
[1] I. S. Baek, Dimensions of the perturbed Cantor set, Real Analysis Exchange 19(1) (19931994), 269-273. [2] K. J. Falconer, Fractal geometry, (John Wiley and Sons. 1990).

SANG HUN LEE Department of Mathematics Kyungpook National University Taegu 702-701, Korea IN SOO BAEK Department of Mathematics Pusan University of Foreign Studies Pusan 608-738, Korea