KPD 3016: PENGAJARAN TEKNOLOGI DAN PENAKSIRAN 1

TUGASAN: KEMAHIRAN PROSES SAINS

PENSYARAH: DR ABDUL RAZAK BIN ABD SAMAD

DISEDIAKAN OLEH: SITI SAUFU BINTI MAT ISA D20091035140 KUMPULAN 6 (SPS 10)

SPS 1 OBSERVING
Fill up the table below.

No. 1

Sense Sight

Observations Students in a classroom PCs speakers

Qualitative

Quantitative

Many students in the There are 39 students in classroom the classroom The sound from the There are 2 speakers speakers is very loud The rose has sweet There are 12 roses in the smell vase It has a sour taste There is a glass of lemon juice There is 1 meter of silk

Hearing

Smell

Rose flowers in a vase

Taste

Lemon juice

Touch

Silk

Silk is very soft

Sense 6 Sight

Observing changes Clock

Qualitative The clocks moving slowly

Quantitative The seconds needle needs 60 seconds to complete 1 cycle It is 123dB at 30 meter away

Hearing

Ambulances siren

The sounds from the ambulance is getting louder as it comes nearer Using nose to detect the source of smell It become tasteless as we chew the gum Touch and feel the alphabet to read

Smell

Pungent smell

European odour units (ouE/M3) -

Taste

Chewing gum

10

Touch

Braille alphabet

SPS 2

CLASSIFYING

Study and classify the funny figures in the diagram in the next page according to their characteristics. State the characteristics. A B C I D E F

Q R

The answer is:

U n i v e r s i t i P e n d i d i k a n S u

SPS 3

MEASURING AND USING NUMBERS

You wanted to tile your house. The size of each ceramic tile is ft x ft. The plan to your house is as shown below. How many ceramic tiles do you need?

In order to answer this question, we divide the house into four sections which are a, b, c, and d as shown below.

Length =18+14+13+17+11 =73

Width =20+6+19 =45

The whole area of the house is = 73x45 =3285 Length a =9+12+16 =37 Length b =13+17+11 =41 Length (b a) = 41-37 =4

The area where tiles are not included at right side of master bed room is = length (b - a) x 19 = 4x19 =76

Length (c - d) =(18+14) 29 =32-29 =3 We assume the length c-d is same as e. So, length (c - d) x 2 = 3x2 = 6 So, the rectangle area at the left side of living room is = 25x6 =150 But the only area that we used to place the tiles at the left side of living room is = (1/4) x 150 =37.5

Area which tiles are not included at the left side living room =150- 37.5 =112.5 The total area which needs tiles = (the whole house area) (area which tiles are not included) = 3285 (76+112.5) =3096.5 Area for one tile is (1/2) x (1/2) = (1/4) Ceramic tiles that we need is =3096.5 (1/4) =12386 ceramic tiles

SPS 4 INFERRING a)

The diagram show a set of fossilized foot-prints of two extinct animals found during an expedition. At position 1, the larger food-printed animal looks like approaching the small foot-print animal. At position 2, there is a random distribution of the two foot-prints while at position 3, there is only large foot-print appear. Some inferences have been made after studying the foot-printed which are:

GENERAL 1) Foot-printed formed due to prey-predation and natural selection. 2) The small foot-printed animal is the prey and become food for the large foot-printed animal. 3) The small foot-printed animal is the competitor for large foot-printed animal, thus they fight for food resources, mates and space. 4) Larger foot-printed animals have higher adaptation level of fitness and more aggressive behaviour while smaller foot-printed animals has passive and less aggressive behaviour. SPECIFIC 1) The fossil foot-print of extinct animal is dinosaur. 2) The large foot-print animals are Theropods species while the small foot-print animals are Ornithopod specie

SPS 5 PREDICTING We listen to the weather forecast everyday on TV. a. What is a weather forecast? Weather forecast is simply a scientific estimate of the future weather condition. Weather condition is the state of the atmosphere at a given time and being expressed in terms of the most significant weather variables. The weather being forecast differs from place to place.

b. Describe how the meteorological department determine the weather forecast. A meteorologist must at least know something about the existing weather condition over a large area before he or she makes a reliable forecast. Basically, the forecast decision is done based on various forecasting tools. The most basic tool for weather forecaster is WEATHER MAP. This map depicts the distribution patterns of atmospheric pressure, wind, temperature and humidity. There are 2 types of basic weather map namely, the surface map and the upperair maps. There are 5 standard levels of the upper-air maps constructed twice daily.

1) OBSERVATION Observation of different weather elements are made simultaneously as follows: Surface observation at least 3 hours over land and sea

 Observe the atmospheric pressure, wind direction and speed, air temperature, humidity, clouds, precipitation and visibility using weather instruments at selected levels. Observe the height and period of wave Observe weather along their routes at specified times. Take picture of the cloud imagery of atmosphere. These satellites take picture of the earth's cloud formations every hour and continuously, respectively Observe cloud coverage

2) COLLECTION AND TRANSMISSION OF WEATHER DATA Weather observation is represented in the form of coded figures, symbols and numerals transmitted via radiophone and teletype facsimile to designated collection centre and finally transmitted to central forecasting centre.

3) PLOTTING WEATHER DATA As the coded messages received, they are decoded and being plotted in symbols or numbers on weather charts.

4) ANALYSIS OF WEATHER MAPS,SATELLITE AND OTHER DATA Data plotted on weather map are analyzed isobarically. The same atmospheric pressure at different places is inter-connected with a line taking into consideration the direction of wind. The data plotted are analyzed using streamline analysis. Lines are drawn to illustrate the flow of wind. The computer-plotted weather maps are analyzed manually so that weather systems like cyclones and anticyclones are located. Plotted data on the crosssection, rainfall and 24-hour pressure change charts are analyzed to determine the movement of wind waves, rainfall distribution and the behaviour of the atmospheric pressure. Compare the current weather maps with the previous 24 - 72 hour weather maps level by level to determine the development and movement of weather systems that may affect the forecast area. Examine the latest weather satellite picture and analyze the latest radar reports and other minor forecasting tools

5) FORMULATION OF THE FORECAST Prepare for the forecast after been analyzed and completed. Must do the determination accurately as the data permitted, of the location 24 hours hence of the different weather systems and the existing weather over a particular region.

SPS 6 COMMUNICATING
Below are ways that scientists use to communicate. For each, give an example.

a) What is Graph? Two-dimensional drawing showing a relationship (usually between two set of numbers) by means of a line, curve, a series of bars, or other symbols. Typically, an independent variable is represented on the horizontal line (X-axis) and a dependent variable on the vertical line (Yaxis). The perpendicular axis intersect at a point called origin, and are calibrated in the units of the quantities represented. Though a graph usually has four quadrants representing the positive and negative values of the variables, usually only the north-east quadrant is shown when the negative values do not exist or are of no interest. Graph is often used interchangeably with the term 'chart'.

Example of graph Weight against Spring displacement.

b) What is Model? In a general sense, a model is a representation of a phenomenon, an object, or idea (Gilbert, 2000). In science, a model is the outcome of representing an object, phenomenon or idea (the target) with a more familiar one (the source) (Tregidgo & Ratcliffe, 2000). For example, one model of the structure of an atom (target) is the arrangement of planets orbiting the Sun (source) (Tregidgo & Ratcliffe, 2000).

The example of model for Bowmans Capsule

c) What is Concept Map? Concept maps provide a unique graphical view of how we can organize, connect, and synthesize information and there is no central idea in the mapping activity. Connector lines usually contain keywords or phrases that summarize the relationship between the topics they connect. Such as topic a causes topic B. Topics may be cross-linked with each other to depict more complex relationships between topics. Topics in mind maps may only have one parent; in a concept map, a topic may have multiple connector lines, each one representing a different relationship.

Concept map for carbon cycle

d) What is Chart? A chart is a graphical representation of data, in which the data is represented by symbols, such as bars in a bar chart, lines in a line chart, or slices in a pie chart. A chart can represent tabular numeric data, functions or some kinds of qualitative structures.
Example of percent of population against blood group chart.

e) What is Symbol? Something that represents something else by association, resemblance, or convention, especially a material object used to represent something invisible. For instance in mathematics, the science that uses deductive reasoning to study the properties of abstract entities such as numbers, space and functions and the relations between them.

Examples of common symbol used. f) What is Music? Music is known to affect our feelings and energy levels (Brewer, 1995). It can prompt memories, enhance brain activity and stimulate the mind. One of the benefits of music is that it can be utilized to teach other subjects like mathematics and science. Music is very effective especially when one needs to memorize something. Often, when music is used in learning for a certain concept or lesson, it is more easily understood by the student.

g) What is Table/Data? The Data Table tool provides an easy way for you to query the database and save your results. A data table will ensure that we are consistent in recording our data and will make it easier to analyze your results once you have finished your experiment.

Example of table of physical quantity.

h) What is Language? In particular we will be looking at the changing use of certain words within science since it is our hypothesis that a change in the use of the word is indicative of a change in theory. Some of these words will include: reality, order, space, movement, process, field, reason, thought, knowledge, universal, random, discontinuous theory, insight and creativity.

i) What is Verbal? The basis of communication is the interaction between people. Verbal communication is one way for people to communicate face-to-face. Some of the key components of verbal communication are sound, words, speaking, and language. It is usually easier to present using verbal technique because human tend to understand more verbally and when a scientist is presenting its research, the other can just interrupt at that moment and then clarify their understanding.

j) What is Figure/Diagram? A diagram is a two-dimensional geometric symbolic representation of information according to some visualization technique. Sometimes, the technique uses a three-dimensional visualization which is then projected onto the two-dimensional surface. Figure is a shape, drawing or representation.

Example of diagram of mitosis

k) What is Number? A number is a mathematical object used to count and measure. The word number can convey the meaning of the abstract object, the symbol, or the word for the number.

l) What is Map? A map is a visual representation of an area and a symbolic depiction highlighting relationships between elements of that space such as objects, regions, and themes. Besides that, map is anything which represents graphically a succession of events, states, acts or an historical map.

Example of world map.

SPS 7 USING SPACE-TIME RELATIONSHIP A ticker tape is a paper tape inserted into a ticker timer to produce dots (tics) when AC current is used. These timers are clocks. It will produce 50 tics per second since the frequency of AC current in Malaysia is 50 Hz.

a) Space-time relationship is used to study motion of an object for a short time interval. These are the steps in using ticker-timer: 1) A ticker tape is inserted through a ticker timer and is attached to the trolley. 2) The ticker timer which is connected to AC power supply is switched on and the trolley is pulled down the plane. 3) As the object moves, the ticker tape timer works by making dots on paper tape at equal time intervals. 4) The rate at which the ticker timer makes the dots is the frequency, f which is frequency of the AC current connected to it. 5) It will produce 50 tics per second since the frequency of AC current in Malaysia is 50 Hz.

b) The distance between dots on a ticker tape represents the object's position change during that time interval. i. A large distance between dots indicates that the object was moving fast during that time interval. A small distance between dots means the object was moving slow during that time interval.

ii. A constant distance between dots represents a constant velocity and therefore no acceleration. A changing distance between dots indicates a changing velocity which is acceleration.

c) Describe the motion represented by the ticker tapes below and determine their average speed

A. 20 cm

41 cm

d) Calculation: i. Step 1: indicate time between any two dots, (T) T= 1/frequancy(f) ii. Step 2: indicate total time on a ticker tape, (T) T= (number of dots interval on the tape) x (time between two dots) iii. Step 3: now calculate the average speed(V) V= distance occupied by the spaces (s) divided by the total time (T). e) Answer i. Ticker tape A Object was accelerating because the distance between the dots is increasing. Frequency(f) = 50 Hz Distances(s) = 20cm Number of dots interval on the tape = 12 dots STEP 1: T = 1/f = 1/50 Hz =0.02 s

STEP2:

T = 12 dots x 0.02 s = 0.24 s

STEP 3:

V = (0.2 m)/ (0.24 s) = 0.83 ms-1

ii. ticker tape b Object was decelerating because the distance between the dots is decreasing. Frequency(f) = 50 Hz Distances(s) = 41cm Number of dots interval on the tape = 14 dots STEP 1: T = 1/f = 1/50 Hz =0.02 s STEP2: T = 14 dots x 0.02 s = 0.28 s STEP 3: V = (0.41 m)/ (0.28 s) = 1.46 ms-1 SPS 8 INTERPRETING DATA The graph below is recorded at an airport in Montana in 1992. From the graph, describe the weather in Montana.

From the graph it showed that, in August Montana has the highest temperature in August which is 78oF. The lowest maximum temperature is on December which is 28 oF. The highest minimum temperature in Montana is on June which is 50oF while the lowest minimum temperature is on December which is 9oF. For the maximum temperature in Montana, the temperature has increases from January to June at range 44oF-76oF .Then the temperature decreases from August to December at range 78oF-28oF. For the minimum temperature in Montana, the temperature increase from February to June at range 24oF-50oF and the temperature decrease from August to December at range 48oF-9oF. From June to July, there is a small drop in both temperature maximum and minimum. But it then increases again on August before drop back to back until end of the year. The significant rise and drop temperature in Montana is due to its four seasons country. Thus, it can be concluded that from June to August is summer where the weather is hotter compared to the other months.

SPS 9 CONTROLLING VARIABLES You wanted to do an experiment using ticker timer. The purpose is to find the relationship between velocity and mass and to determine the effect of mass towards acceleration (Refer the diagram of SPS 7). a) Identify the variables in the system i. Tics produce in 1s ii. Mass of trolley iii. Average speed of trolley iv. Mass of the weight

b) Decide the manipulated, responding and fixed variables. i. ii. iii. Fixed variables: Tics produce in 1s, and mass of trolley Manipulated variable : Mass of the weight Responding variable : Average speed of the trolley

SPS 10

DEFINING OPERATIONALLY

Give the conceptual definition and operational definition of the following physical quantities

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Solubility

DEFINITION CONCEPTUAL OPERATIONAL

Solubility is the property of a solid, In order to calculate solubility, the liquid, or gaseous chemical substance formula used is called solute to dissolve in a solid, liquid, or gaseous solvent to form a homogeneous solution Ksp = [A] [B] of the solute in the solvent. The where: solubility of a substance fundamentally depends on the used solvent as well as Ksp = Solubility product on temperature and pressure. The extent of the solubility of a substance in a A = Anion specific solvent is measured as the B = Cation saturation concentration where adding more solute does not increase the concentration of the solution.

Growth (human growth)

From infancy to adulthood, human growth and development is a fascinating process. Studies regarding the various stages of physical and mental growth have led to important scientific discoveries. Understanding the stages of growth plays a helpful role in parenting, medical treatment in everyday life

The graph shows that the height of a human increase with time. From the day of born until 4 years old, the human height grows rapidly. From 4 to 10 years, the growth kept increasing but slower than the stage mentioned before. Then kept increasing in slower mode for the next stage (10-14 years). During teenage years, the growth increase rapidly again (14-16 years). The increase in height increase from 16 to 18 years old but less rapid. In average, the human growth will barely increase after 18 years old.

Diffraction Index

As light moves from a medium, such as air, water, or glass, into another it may change its propagation direction in proportion to the change in refractive index. This refraction is governed by Snell's law, and is illustrated in the figure to the right. Refractive index of materials varies with the wavelength of light. This is called dispersion and results in a slightly different refractive index for each colour.

In optics the refractive index or index of refraction of a substance or medium is a measure of the speed of light in that medium. It is expressed as a ratio of the speed of light in vacuum relative to that in the considered medium. This can be written mathematically as: n = speed of light in a vacuum / speed of light in medium. For example, the refractive index of water is 1.33, meaning that light travels 1.33 times faster in vacuum than it does in water. (See typical values of materials here).

SPS 11 CONSTRUCTING HYPOTHESES A boy goes to school by bicycle and has to travel down a steep road every time. The boy realized that the speed of the bicycle down the steep road will depends on the steepness of the road and also on the mass of bicycle and he himself. Draw two hypotheses and then describe a way to test both hypotheses. a) The steepness of the road
-

Hypotheses : as the steepness increase, the speed of the bicycle increase Way to test Procedure : 1) Set up ramp with initial height of 0.1m above the table 2) Insert a ticker tape into a ticker time and attach it to the trolley 3) Switch on power supply. Release the trolley. 4) Measure the distance of the dots in the ticker tape 5) Calculate the speed of trolley 6) Repeat the experiment with different height of ramp Fixed variable : mass of trolley Manipulated variable : height of ramp Responding variable : time taken

b) The mass of bicycle and himself

-

Hypotheses : As mass increase, the speed of bicycle decrease Way to test Procedure : 1) Set up ramp with initial height of 0.1m above the table 2) Insert a ticker tape into a ticker time and attach it to the trolley 3) Switch on power supply. Release the trolley. 4) Measure the distance of the dots in the ticker tape 5) Calculate the speed of trolley 6) Repeat the experiment with different mass of trolley by placing mass on the trolley Fixed variable : height of ramp Manipulated variable : mass of the trolley Responding variable : time taken

SPS 12 EXPERIMENTING Refer to SPS7 and design an experiment to determine the acceleration of a trolley moving down the inclined plane. TICKER-TIMER EXPERIMENT a) Hypothesis : The larger the angle of incline, the higher the velocity just before reaching the end of the runway b) Aim: To determine the acceleration of a trolley moving down different angle of inclined plane. c) Variables: i. ii. iii. Manipulated: Angle of incline Responding: Average acceleration Constant: Length of runway

d) Apparatus/Materials: Trolley, protractor, wooden blocks, cellophane tape, ticker-timer, ticker tape, AC power supply, friction-compensated runway e) Procedures:

1. Set up the apparatus as the diagram above, measure the inclined angle of the plane using a protractor. An initial angle of 5o is used. 2. Start up a ticker-timer and at the same time release the trolley to slide down the plane. 3. Label and cut every 10th dot on the tape and indicate the distances. 4. Draw a horizontal line (time axis) and a vertical axis (velocity axis) on a piece of graph paper. Glue your tapes, vertically so the bottom of each tape touches horizontal axis. Every 10 dots represent 0.2 second. 5. Calculate the average velocity for the first 10th dot and for the last 10th dot. Record the data in Table 1. 6. Calculate the average acceleration. Record the data in Table 1. 7. Step 2-5 is repeated for the angle of incline are 10o, 15o, 20o, 25o.

f) Results: Angle of incline (o) Average velocity first 10th dot (ms-1) 5 10 15 20 25 Average velocity last 10th dot (ms-1) Average accleration (ms-2)

g) Analysis: Plot the graph of acceleration of the trolley against the angle of incline.