Professional Documents
Culture Documents
3
I. Opening Remarks 开场:........................................................................................................3
Sample Opening Remarks............................................................................................................3
Expressing thanks to the Chairperson 向主持人致谢.................................................................3
Forms of Address and Greetings 对听众的称呼.........................................................................3
Expressing Pleasure and Honor 向听众致意..............................................................................3
Others 细节,如确认话筒音量..................................................................................................3
Reference to the Audience 与听众呼应......................................................................................3
II. Introducing the Subject and the outline of the Presentation 引入话题 ...............................4
Background Information..............................................................................................................4
Topic4
Outlining.......................................................................................................................................4
Purpose/Objective........................................................................................................................4
Comprehensive Samples..............................................................................................................4
Expressions on Other Occasions..................................................................................................5
Checking the Microphone............................................................................................................5
Chapter II Developing the Speech Text..............................................................................................6
I. Announcing the Beginning of the Speech Text.......................................................................6
II. Shifting to the Next Main Point.............................................................................................6
III. Resuming the Topic...............................................................................................................7
IV. Introducing the Supporting Materials...................................................................................7
V. Repairing a Slip of Tone.........................................................................................................7
VI. Expressions Concerning Audio-Visual Aids.........................................................................8
VI. Explaining the Contents on the Slides..................................................................................8
VII. Demanding to Show the Next Slide....................................................................................8
VIII. Returning to the Previous Slide.........................................................................................9
IX. Correcting a Mistake.............................................................................................................9
X. Indicating the Speed of Running Slides.................................................................................9
Chapter III Ending the Speech Text....................................................................................................9
I. Signaling the Beginning of the End Part.................................................................................9
II. Summarizing.........................................................................................................................10
III. Concluding..........................................................................................................................10
IV. Quoting................................................................................................................................10
V. Closing..................................................................................................................................10
VI. Samples..............................................................................................................................11
[ Sample 1 ]................................................................................................................................11
[ Sample 2 ] '................................................................................11
[ Sample 3 ]................................................................................................................................11
[ Sample 4 ]................................................................................................................................11
[ Sample 5 ]................................................................................................................................11
Chapter IV Asking and Answering Questions..................................................................................11
I. Inviting Questions..................................................................................................................11
II. Raising Questions.................................................................................................................12
Signaling Your Intention to Ask a Question .............................................................................12
1
Expressing Your Attitude...........................................................................................................12
Asking the Specific Question.....................................................................................................12
III. Response to Questions........................................................................................................13
Asking for Repetition ................................................................................................................13
Welcoming the Question............................................................................................................13
Repeating or Paraphrasing the Question....................................................................................13
Responding to Difficult or Challenging Question.....................................................................13
Responding to Improper Question.............................................................................................14
Responding to the Questions You Do Not Know......................................................................14
Referring Back to the Questioner..............................................................................................15
Chapter V Talking During the Break................................................................................................16
I. Useful encouraging phrases to show your interest and to stimulate the flow of conversation
...................................................................................................................................................16
II. Informal Talking between Participants.................................................................................16
III. Initiating a Conversation.....................................................................................................17
III. Additional Samples.............................................................................................................17
2
Chapter I Beginning the Speech Text
3
You all look as though you’ve heard this before.
I understand that you’ve all traveled a long way./ After hours of conference, you must feel a little
tired. Now I’d like you to see an interesting topic…
II. Introducing the Subject and the outline of the Presentation 引入话题
Background Information
I would like to start by briefly reviewing the history of open heart surgery.
Let us start with the theoretical basis of this new technique.
To begin with, we have to consider the principle.
I think it would be best to start out by looking at a few slides.
I should like to preface my remarks with a description of the basic idea.
May I begin with a general outline of this project?
The first thing I would like to talk about is the definition of the terms I shall use in my lecture.
The first point I'd like to make is the historical background of the invention.
First, I shall explain to you why this new program is correct and feasible.
Topic
I would like to concentrate on theproblem Of antibiotic abuse in hospitals.
I shall devote my talk to the surgical treatment of coronary disease.
I want to confine my talk to the latest developments in civil engineering.
Today, I am going to give a talk on the application of computers in medicine.
My topic today will deal with the observation of supernova.
In today's talk, I' 11 restrict myself to the etiology of 15-epa~i;s.
In my presentation this morning, I' 11 limit myself to three major points only.
I take the liberty of restricting my discussion mainly to highway bridge construction.
Now, I would like to address myself to the most important aspect of this problem.
Among the many languages, I shall mention only BASIC.
What I am going to present today is the methodology and the data analysis.
I'm not going to say much about that except to discuss the literature on that topic.
Outlining
My talk today consists of two parts. One is... and the other is...
I've divided my presentation into four parts.
I shall first talk about ... and then touch on... and finally discuss ...
The subject can be looked at under the following headings: ... (Pointing to the PowerPoint display)
I would like to divide my talk into two parts. The first part deals with…, the second part concerns
...
My presentation will be given in four parts. The first part deals with ... The second part relates to...
The third part concerns ... And the last part discusses…
Purpose/Objective
The purpose of this presentation is to...
This talk is designed to…
Comprehensive Samples
Sample 1
4
Thank you, Mr. Chairperson, Mr. Director-General, distinguished members of the ILO's
Governing Body and friends. I welcome this opportunity to be here today, with an Organization
which in many ways belongs to all of us workers. I can think of, in fact, no other international
body that one can claim as one's own so unambiguously.
I have also had a longstanding formal association with the ILO. Many of my early pieces on
women and technological change and on land rights were published by the ILO, as well as was the
work of many other scholars. It is therefore a pleasure for me to be here on this important
Symposium.
The canvas of the Symposium is very large. I will focus on two aspects of gender inequality that
centrally effect millions of women as workers but perhaps have failed to receive the attention they
deserve. First, the gender gap in command over property and Productive assets and, second,
gender biased social perceptions and social norms.
Sample 2
I learned last May that you have to be careful in speaking to a group of professional
communicators. After I conducted a writer' s workshop at the Toronto Conference of the
International Association of Business Communicators, Janine Lichaczwrote asked me to speak
here tonight and used the communication techniques I had recommended. She even included a
footnote citing my lecture. I am susceptible to good communication and to flattery so I am pleased
to be with you to discuss your topic for the evening, the use of language in the art of speech
writing.
I suppose we must begin by shaking our heads, woefully, over the sad state of language today,
whether in formal speeches, casual conversation, or in writing. Most of us in this room no doubt
agree with the generally negative tone of Time Magazine's year-end assessment which claims “our
language has been besieged by vulgarities”. But to preserve our sanity as professionals in
communication of us would probably join Time in optimistically expecting English somehow to
survive and even to prosper.
Expressions on Other Occasions
Correcting the Title of the Presentation
First of all, I would like to mention that the title of my presentation should be ...
Please allow me to correct a mistake in the title of my speech which appeared in the program.
Instead of... it should read...
Reading. Another Person's Paper
Sometimes you are selected to read another person's paper, as he or she is absent.
I shall read a paper by Dr. Li from Guangzhou, china, who regrets that he could not be here. The
title of his paper is...
I'm going to read the paper by Dr. Wang. It's a great pity that, because of a health problem, he
could not be here.
I was asked by the author to read his paper. He apologizes for not being able to come here.
The next speaker, Prof. Zhang, regrets that she could not be here and has submitted her paper to
me. I am not sure if I can present it as well as she expected.
I am not sure whether I' 11 be able to be very confident in answering specific questions. However,
I am somewhat familiar with his work, so I' 11 try my best.
Checking the Microphone
First I want to check if all of you can hear me clearly.
5
Am I speaking clearly and loudly enough for those in the rear of the room?
I wonder if those in the rear of the room can hear me.
If those in the rear of the room can hear me, would someone please raise his hand?
Can you hear me clearly?
Can you hear me if I am away from the microphone?
Is the microphone working?
* Summary-How to Prepare a Good Introduction
Realize file great importance of the introduction of file presentation mad then do your best in
delivering it.
Don' t make file introduction either too wordy, or too brief. Usually, it covers 10 to 15 percent of
your entire speech.
Select tile ways to capture the audience attention.
Indicate tile topic.
Outline your Speech.
Announce your purpose.
Prepare several versions of tile introduction, compare them, and then select the best version.
Finally, learn it by heart so as to be able to deliver it easily mid fluently.
Don't start your speech with apologies.
Pay attention to your body language.
6
I am glad that we can now leave this rather boring subject of mathematic deduction and go into a
more attractive one, that is the application of the formula.
I think this part is the most difficult, so I'll explain it in greater detail.
I think this part of my paper is most important, so I plan to spend more time on it.
Please allow me to deal with this matter more extensively.
Being the most important part of my presentation, I will elaborate on it with more slides.
I' 11 expand this topic with drawings and figures.
Indicating the Points Briefly
Limited by the time available, I can only give you a very brief account of this matter.
I don't think that I should describe the methods in detail, because they are included in the handout.
I will not go into detail on it.
This point has been talked about repeatedly in this symposium, so I am not going to spend too
much time on it.
Let's go through the following points very rapidly.
I just want to outline for you what I experienced in using this new drug.
I shall not go over all these explanations. My time is running short. So I'’11 be brief.
It is sufficient to say that these experiments were poorly designed and without controls.
7
The population is 13 million, sorry, 31 million.
The exchange rate dropped from 2.5 to 1.8, I beg your pardon, 1.9.
As you can see from the first row, excuse me, the second row, that the output increased two fold.
Could we have the lights off? And the first slide, please.
Lights off, first slide, please.
Dim the lights, and first slide, please.
The slide is not so clear. Please darken the room a little more.
Could you please turn on the lights, please?
Now, we can have the lights on.
Please switch on the lights.
Lights on, please.
I apologize that this slide is not so clear, but I hope you can still make out the general idea.
Sorry for the small print.
I'm sorry we left a figure out here.
8
Next slide, please.
Next, please.
Next !
Sorry, this one is in the wrong order. May I have the next one?
Oh, this slide is misplaced. Please skip over it. Yes, this is the correct one.
I'm afraid I didn't ask for this slide. Can we go back to the previous one? Please.
No, not this one. Next, please. Yes, this is the one I need. Thank you.
I'm afraid you may have lost one slide which is a flow chart of the procedure.
Sorry, there seems to be one slide missing.
9
Now I'd like to summarize my talk.
To summarize, I have talked about three aspects of the cancer problem: ...
Finally, as a summary statement, I would like to sum up the major points I have made.
II. Summarizing
III. Concluding
As you can see, there are some very good reasons ...
To sum up, my conclusion is that the present program is the best one.
In conclusion ...
Let me conclude my talk with the following comments.
Allow me to conclude by listing out all the factors influencing the efficacy.
In conclusion, I would like to point out the following aspects.
I'd like to leave you with the following conclusion.
IV. Quoting
Let me close by quoting Dr. Einstein, the famous physicist, who said that…
I would like to come to a close by quoting what Sir Newton once said...
Therefore, I would suggest that we...
I'd like to suggest...
As far as I'm concerned, the only solution to the problem is...
V. Closing
10
Thank you for your attention.
Thank you for your listening.
Other Expressions that May Be Useful in the End Part of the Speech
Sorry, I see the red light is shining so I have to skip the last part and jump to the conclusion.
Mr. Chairman is signaling me, I have to stop here and leave out the remaining part to spare time.
VI. Samples
[ Sample 1 ]
We have proposed a framework of a hierarchical planning system for robots. First of all,
the system is an automatic plan system that can guide the robot intelligently in terms of the
environment. Secondly, it is based on hierarchical planning. The planning problem has been
hierarchically decomposed into two sub-problems: global destination selection and local motion
planning. And finally, the simulation and application has proved it as an effective design.
(Show the last visual)
That's all for my presentation. For any question to be raised, I'm quite willing to discuss
them with you at any time. Thank you, every one.
[ Sample 2 ] '
Finally, we can draw the conclusion: edge detection and denoising are two important
branches of image processing. If we combine edge detection with denoising, we can overcome the
shortcomings of the commonly-used denolsing methods and without blurring the edge notably.
Furthermore, there are many denoising and edge detection methods now. Different
methods are suitable for different types of images and noise models. We can do further research on
how to combine these various denoising and edge detection methods according to the content of
the images and nature of noise.
That's all for my talk. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to ask me. I'm quite
willing to discuss them with you at any time, Thank you.
[ Sample 3 ]
That's all t wanted to show you about Machine Vision and one of its applications, AGV.
Thank you!
[ Sample 4 ]
(Turn to 12th ppt) OK, that is all I'm going to talk today.
Thank you !
[ Sample 5 ]
That's all. Thank you!
I. Inviting Questions
11
Now I am ready to answer your questions, if any.
I'd be glad to try and answer any questions.
Are there any questions?
Any questions?
12
III. Response to Questions
13
The following are some other examples of answers to challenging questions:
Perhaps in another year or so we can answer that question, because these studies are now in
progress.
We are now working on this problem and, if you agree, I'll answer your question in a few weeks.
The only answer I can give at present is to wait a few more years, at which time something better
might ultimately come out of all our efforts.
I think it will be possible to answer this question when more experiments are completed.
The answer to this question needs further study.
I hope I will be able to answer your question later.
Responding to Improper Question
I appreciate your interest in my research, but I just don't want to talk about it now. Let's
talk about something else.
I'd rather not say.
Why do you want to know?
Sometimes you can relay the question back to the questioner. For example,
Before I answer you that question, let me ask you: where do you think we should have the project?
In this way, sometimes you encourage the questioner to answer his or her own question, e.g.
"What do you think? Are people prepared to pay an extra $ 2 for faster service?"
Responding to the Questions You Do Not Know
If you don't know the answer to a particular question, simply admit that you don't know. Say
something like this:
"I'm sorry. I don't happen to know the answer to that question, but I'll be happy to check into it for
you."
Here are some further examples:
I don't think I can answer your question.
I wish I could answer your question, but unfortunately I have no good answer.
I'm not sure that I can answer your question. What I'm going to say is not quite an answer
to your question.
Another technique to cope with the situation is to direct the attention to another expert who
may know it or you can use the audience. Ask if anyone could help the questioner and hence it
won't be necessary for you to admit that you do not know the answer. See examples below.
I think that question could be better answered by Dr. Liu than by me.
I think perhaps Dr. Chen would be better able to answer this question.
Prof. Li would be a better person to answer your question since he has done a lot of work
in this field.
Fortunately, Prof. 'Ma, who is an authority in this area, is 'here. I think no one is more
suitable than him to answer your question.
Dr. Sawyer is perhaps in a better position to tell us something about it.
Perhaps my colleague Dr. Emery here has some better ideas.
I think it would be better if Prof. Wu were to make some comments on this matter.
Avoid using the following expressions to embarrass the questioner:
"I've already answered that but you obviously weren't listening." Instead say something
like "I'm sorry I didn't explain that clearly."
Avoid talking to one questioner. Look towards the other, side of the conference hall or
14
room and indicate that there is another question. Suggest that as there are several more
questioners,' yon could discuss his or her question in more detail after your talk.
Referring Back to the Questioner
Having finished answering questions, you should check that the questioner is satisfied or further
elaboration or explanation is called for. The following expressions might be helpful.
Did I answer your question?
Did I answer you satisfactorily?
Did your question get answered?
I don't know whether this answered your question.
I don't know if this is a satisfactory answer.
I hope this may serve as an answer to Dr. Li.
I hope this answers ~0ur question.:,
Sometimes when question lime is over and ff time permits, you can restate, your main proposition,
including any good comments from the audience and ignoring adverse questions or remarks. Thus,
you demonstrate that you are confident mid can cope calmly with controversy.
Remember that your last words to the audience will be retained longest and you are expected to
behave in a professional manner.
15
Chapter V Talking During the Break
I. Useful encouraging phrases to show your interest and to stimulate the flow of conversation
16
B: I'm pleased to meet you at last. I've heard so much about you from Dr. Liu. I belive you're
doing research in the field of statistics.
C: That's right.
B: I was most interested to hear about your recent paper on descriptive statistics. Do you think you
could let me have a copy?
C: I'd be delighted to. In fact, I've got a few. spare copies with me. I'll bring one with me
tomorrow.
B: Thank you very much.
[sample l]
A: Excuse me, could you tell me where Professor Dubrovik's talk will be held?
B: I beg your pardon?
A: I didn't quite understand the announcement in the plenary session.
B: I'm sorry, but I didn't quite understand you. Would you mind repeating that, please?
A: I would like to know where Professor Dubrovnik is.
B: Ah, Professor Dubrovnik! He's in Room 203.
A: Thank you very much.
B: Not at all. Do you know, Dr. C, I believe my English is getting worse, not better.
C: No, no, Dr. B. I'm afraid I didn't understand that gentleman either.
B: Well, thank goodness for that. Now, where is that new interdisciplinary group meeting?
C: I think they said in the small room next to the main lecture hall.
B: Ah, yes. There it is. Thank you.
C: I'll see you later for lunch, then. I hope you enjoy the morning session.
B: Thanks. I'm sure I will. Same to you!
C: Oh, Dr. B.
B: Yes?
C: If you wait for me after the session, I'll come and pick you up.
B: Fine, I'll do that.
[ Sample 2]
A: Ah, there you are, Dr B! How did your meeting go?
17
B: It was very interesting, but I must admit, I found some parts very difficult to understand.
A: Oh, why was that?
B: Well, a lot of members in the group used specialist vocabulary, and it wasn't always easy to
understand what they meant.
A: Yes, I know what you mean. I often have the same difficulties at conferences like this.
Sometimes I have the feeling that they are speaking a foreign language, even though I know that
they're using English! I'm sure I would have had the same trouble if I'd been in your group.
B: Still, I got a lot out of the group discussion, and I'm looking forward to the afternoon session.
A: Good. Now what about a drink? All this talking makes a man thirsty!
B: Good idea! It's my turn, I think.
[ Sample 3 ]
At poster session
A: May I introduce myself? I'm... from.... I missed your presentation this morning. Will you tell
me something about your study?
B: Oh, you are Dr A. I've known you by name through a number of papers on... I'm so glad to
meet you. I think our work may be similar and I'd like to hear your views.
A: I'll be very glad to do so. But first I'd like to ask a question. How did you separate these two
fractions? Did you use an ordinary chromatographic method?
B: No, it's not that simple because their retention times are very similar. That makes it difficult to
find a really appropriate separation column.
A: How did you manage it?
B: We used a kind of trick which turned out to be surprisingly successful. The trick was to use an
optically active urea lattice which forms a diastereoisomeric pair when mixed with the material .to
be solved.
A: I'm not familiar with the urea technology. I'd like to hear more...
B: May I have one of the leaflets?
A: By all means. Here you are.
B: Thank you.
A: I wonder if you could send me a publication copy of your paper when it's ready.
B: Certainly, I’ll be glad to do so; May I have your home address?
A: Of course. Let me write it for you.
B: Please put it in my notebook, if you don't mind.
A: Please keep me informed of the progress of your work.
B: Goodbye !
18