Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Heater Selection
Matrix
Customer Assistance
Heating: Solids
Typical
Heater Application Description Sheath Maximum Watt Maximum Operating Catalog
Type Materials Densities Temperatures Page
W/in2 (W/cm2) °F (°C)
①Figures shown are typical watt density ranges. Band size and thermal characteristics of the material heated will determine recommended watt density.
➁Applications and heater constructions differ. Consult the application section in this catalog for more detailed application information.
➂These are typical maximum watt densities. Heater clamping, environmental conditions and material being heated will determine recommended watt densities.
Kapton® is a registered trademark of E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company. Incoloy® and Inconel® are registered trademarks of the Special Metals Corporation.
5
Intro pages 11/28/00 2:31 PM Page 6
Heater Selection
Matrix
Heating: Liquids/Surface Heating and Immersion
Typical
Heater Application Description Sheath Maximum Watt Maximum Operating Catalog
Type Materials Densities Temperatures Page
W/in2 (W/cm2) °F (°C)
Heating: Gases
Typical
Heater Application Description Sheath Maximum Watt Maximum Operating Catalog
Type Materials Densities Temperatures Page
W/in2 (W/cm2) °F (°C)
Cable Cable heaters are sinuated or wound into coils which can Inconel® or
be inserted into a pipe or vessel to heat flowing air or Stainless Steel 30 (4.6) 1200 (650) 57
gases. Cable heaters readily lend themselves to appli-
cations where space is restricted.
Cartridge Mounted in pipes or vessels through which gases pass. Incoloy® or Consult
Can be placed in protection tubes, making access and Stainless Steel 400 (62) Watlow 75
wiring easier.
CONTINUED
➂These are typical maximum watt densities. Heater clamping, environmental conditions and material being heated will determine recommended watt densities.
➃Per application
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Intro pages 11/28/00 2:31 PM Page 7
Heater Selection
Matrix
Customer Assistance
Heating: Gases Continued
Typical
Heater Application Description Sheath Maximum Watt Maximum Operating Catalog
Type Materials Densities Temperatures Page
W/in2 (W/cm2) °F (°C)
Ceramic Used to construct chambers and furnaces through which Molded Ceramic Fiber 30 (4.6) 2200 (1205) 141
Fiber gases are passed. Heaters function as high temperature
radiant heaters surrounding transfer pipes or other
special vessels.
Flexible Applied to the surface of a pipe or vessel containing gases. Kapton® 5 (0.8) 390 (200) 189
Well suited for curved surfaces and irregular shaped Neoprene 2 (0.3) 250 (120) 191
objects. Excellent for use in enclosures. Silicone Rubber 5 (0.8) 500 (260) 169
Multicell Multiple elements placed in a duct or vessel through Inconel® *60d (9.3) 2100 (1150) 195
which gases pass. Designs also available to heat pass Incoloy®
tube externally to isolate gas from the element. Excellent
for use in high temperature/high pressure applications.
Strip Generally modified with the addition of fins to increase Aluminized Steel with
surface area. Commonly used for air heating, drying refractory insulation ^60e (9.3) 1200 (650) 241
ovens and space heaters. Stainless Steel with
mica insulation ^20e (3) 1000 (540) 233
Stainless Steel with
mineral insulation ^100c (15.5) 1400 (760) 229
Zinc-coated Steel
with mica insulation ^20e (3) 900 (480) 233
Tubular Multiple elements mounted in an array and placed in a Flat: Incoloy® 30 (4.6) 1400 (760) 299
duct or vessel through which gases pass. Flat tubular Stainless Steel 30 (4.6) 1200 (650) 299
elements can be modified with the addition of fins to Round: Incoloy® 30 (4.6) 1600 (870) 273
increase surface area. Inconel® 30 (4.6) 1800 (980)
➃ Per application
➄ These are typical maximum watt densities. Ambient temperature and flow will determine recommended watt density.
Heating: Vacuums
Typical
Heater Application Description Sheath Maximum Watt Maximum Operating Catalog
Type Materials Densities Temperatures Page
W/in2 (W/cm2) °F (°C)
➃ Per application
➄ Non-magnetic stainless steel available.
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W A T L O W
Reference Data
Formulas, Conversions
and Engineering
Constants
Volts E Amperes
WR R
Volts = Watts X Ohms Amperes = Volts
W W Ohms
I
Reference Data
Volts = Watts R
Amperes Amperes = Watts
Volts
Volts = Amperes X Ohms
IR E I
(Volts) (Amps)
W
E
Amperes = Watts
Ohms
(Ohms) (Watts)
E EI
Ohms
Ohms = Volts
I R W Watts
Watts = Volts
2
Amperes Ohms
W I2R
Volts2 Watts = Amperes2 X Ohms
Ohms = I2
Watts E2
2 2
E2 Watts = Volts X Amperes
Ohms = Watts W R
Amperes2
()
W2 = W1 X E2
E1
2
Total Watts
3 Phase Amperes =
Volts X 1.732
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Reference Data
Formulas, Typical 3 Phase Wiring Diagrams and Equations for Resistive Heaters
Conversions and Definitions
Engineering For Both Wye and Delta Wye and Delta Equivalents
Constants (Balanced Loads) WDELTA = 3 WWYE
VP = Phase Voltage WODELTA = 2⁄3 WDELTA
VL = Line Voltage WOWYE = 1⁄2 WWYE
IP = Phase Current
IL = Line Current
R = R1 = R2 = R3 =
= Resistance of each branch
W = Wattage
IPO
IP
R2 VP R2 VPO
VL VL
R1 R1
R3
ILO
IL
I P01
R1 R2 R1
VP VP
IP
VL I P03 VL
R3 R3
I L02
IL I L03
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W A T L O W
Reference Data
➀
Quick Estimates of Kilowatt-Hours to Heat Steel
Wattage Temperature Rise °F
Amount
Requirements of Steel 50° 100° 200° 300° 400° 500° 600°
The following tables can be used (lb.) Kilowatts to Heat in One Hour
to make quick estimates of wattage
25 0.06 0.12 0.25 0.37 0.50 0.65 0.75
requirements. 50 0.12 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50
100 0.25 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00
150 0.37 0.75 1.50 2.25 3.00 3.75 4.50
200 0.50 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
250 0.65 1.25 2.50 3.75 5.00 6.25 7.50
300 0.75 1.50 3.00 4.50 6.00 7.50 9.00
400 1.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00
Reference Data
500 1.25 2.50 5.00 7.50 10.00 12.50 15.00
600 1.50 3.00 6.00 9.00 12.00 15.00 18.00
700 1.75 3.50 7.00 10.50 14.00 17.50 21.00
800 2.00 4.00 8.00 12.00 16.00 20.00 24.00
900 2.25 4.50 9.00 13.50 18.00 22.50 27.00
1000 2.50 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00
➀ Read across in table from nearest amount Includes a 20% safety factor to compensate for
in pounds of steel to desired temperature rise high heat losses and/or low power voltage.
column and note kilowatts to heat in one hour. For Steel: Use table or metric equation.
kW = Kilograms X Temperature Rise (°C)
5040 X Heat-up Time (hrs.)
Kilowatt-Hours to Heat Oil ➁
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Reference Data
➀
Quick Estimates of Kilowatt-Hours to Heat Water
Wattage Amount of Liquid Temperature Rise °F
Requirements ft3 Gallons
20° 40° 60° 80° 100° 120° 140°
Kilowatts to Heat in One Hour
0.66 5 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.1 1.3 1.6 1.9
1.3 10 0.5 1.1 1.6 2.1 2.7 3.2 3.7
2.0 13 0.8 1.6 2.4 3.2 4.0 4.8 5.6
2.7 20 1.1 2.2 3.2 4.3 5.3 6.4 7.5
3.3 25 1.3 2.7 4.0 5.3 6.7 8.0 9.3
➀ Read across in table from nearest amount in 4.0 30 1.6 3.2 4.8 6.4 8.0 9.6 12.0
gallons of liquid to desired temperature rise 5.3 40 2.1 4.0 6.4 8.5 11.0 13.0 15.0
column and note kilowatts to heat in one hour. 6.7 50 2.7 5.4 8.0 10.7 13.0 16.0 19.0
8.0 60 3.3 6.4 9.6 12.8 16.0 19.0 22.0
For Heating Flowing Water:
9.4 70 3.7 7.5 11.2 15.0 19.0 22.0 26.0
kW = GPM X Temperature Rise (°F) X 0.16 10.7 80 4.3 8.5 13.0 17.0 21.0 26.0 30.0
OR 12.0 90 5.0 10.0 14.5 19.0 24.0 29.0 34.0
13.4 100 5.5 11.0 16.0 21.0 27.0 32.0 37.0
kW = Liters/min. X Temperature Rise (°C) X 0.076
16.7 125 7.0 13.0 20.0 27.0 33.0 40.0 47.0
For Heating Water in Tanks: Use equation or table. 20.0 150 8.0 16.0 24.0 32.0 40.0 48.0 56.0
kW = Gallons X Temperature Rise (°F) 23.4 175 9.0 18.0 28.0 37.0 47.0 56.0 65.0
375 X Heat-up Time (hrs) 26.7 200 11.0 21.0 32.0 43.0 53.0 64.0 75.0
33.7 250 13.0 27.0 40.0 53.0 67.0 80.0 93.0
OR
40.0 300 16.0 32.0 47.0 64.0 80.0 96.0 112.0
kW = Liters X Temperature Rise (°C) 53.4 400 21.0 43.0 64.0 85.0 107.0 128.0 149.0
790 X Heat-up Time (hrs) 66.8 500 27.0 53.0 80.0 107.0 133.0 160.0 187.0
100 1.7 3.3 5.0 6.7 8.3 10.0 11.7 13.3 15.0 16.7 20.0
200 3.3 6.7 10.0 13.3 16.7 20.0 23.3 26.7 30.0 33.3 40.0
300 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 60.0
400 6.7 13.3 20.0 26.7 33.3 40.0 46.7 53.3 60.0 66.7 80.0
500 8.3 16.7 25.0 33.3 41.7 50.0 58.3 66.7 75.0 83.3 100.0
600 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0 120.0
700 11.7 23.3 35.0 46.7 58.3 70.0 81.7 93.3 105.0 116.7 140.0
800 13.3 26.7 40.0 53.3 66.7 80.0 93.3 106.7 120.0 133.3 160.0
900 15.0 30.0 45.0 60.0 75.0 90.0 105.0 120.0 135.0 150.0 180.0
Use the maximum anticipated airflow. 1000 16.7 33.3 50.0 66.7 83.3 100.0 116.7 133.3 150.0 166.7 200.0
This equation assumes insulated duct
1100 18.3 36.7 55.0 73.3 91.7 110.0 128.3 146.7 165.0 183.3 220.0
(negligible heat loss). 70°F inlet air and
14.7 psia. 1200 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 140.0 160.0 180.0 200.0 240.0
For Air:
Use equation or table.
kW = CFM➀ X Temperature Rise (°F)
3000
OR
kW = Cubic Meters/Min➀ X Temperature Rise (°C)
47
For Compressed Air:
kW = CFM➁ x Density➁ X Temperature Rise (°F)
228
OR
kW = Cubic Meters/Min➁ X Temperature Rise (°C) X Density (kg/m3)➁
57.5
W A T L O W
Reference Data
Formulas, Commonly Used Geometric Areas And Volumes
Conversions and Areas and Dimensions of Plane Figures
The following illustrations show the areas of plane figures, the surfaces of solids,
Engineering and the volumes of solids.
Constants
Square,
Rectangle,
Parallelogram Circular Ring
a d A = area.
A = area. r
R D A = (R2 - r2)
A = ab
b = 0.7854 (D2 - d2)
Note that dimension
a is measured at right
angles to line b.
Reference Data
Triangle Cube or
h
Square Prism
A = area. b
V = volume
A = bh c
2 a A = area of surface.
b
V = abc
A = 2ab + 2ac + 2bc
a Cylinder
Trapezoid V = volume; S = area
of cylindrical surface.
A = area. r
h V = r2 h = d2 h
(a + b)h 4
A=
2 S = 6.28rh = 3.14dh
h d Total area A of
b cylindrical surface
and end surfaces:
A = 6.28r(r + h)
= 3.14d(1/2 d + h)
Regular
a
Polygon Cone
s r
R V = volume; A = area
A = area
of conical surface.
r
n = number of sides
s = length of side h d V = 1/3 r2 h
a = 360° ÷ n A = r r2 + h 2
nsr ns R2 - s2
A= 2 = 2 4
Sphere
Circle
V = volume; A = area
A = area; of surface.
d C = circumference. d
r 3 3
r V= 4 r = d
A = r2 = d2 3 6
4 A = 4 r 2 = . d2
C=2 r= D
l Circular Sector
A = area
l = length of arc;
a = angle, in degrees.
r
a r = radius
l = r a 3.14
180
A = 1/2 rl
a = 57.3 l
r
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Reference Data
Formulas,
Conversions and
Engineering
Constants
Conversion Factors
To Convert To... Multiply... By...
CONTINUED
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W A T L O W
Reference Data
Formulas,
Conversions and
Engineering
Constants
Conversion Factors Continued
To Convert To... Multiply... By...
Reference Data
Gallons/minute (gpm) Cubic meters/hour (m3/h) 4.403
Gallons/minute (gpm) Liters/second (l/s) 15.85
Grams (g) Ounces (oz) 28.35
Grams (g) Pounds (lb) 453.6
Grams/cubic centimeter (g/cm3) Kilograms/cubic meter (kg/m3) 0.001
Grams/cubic centimeter (g/cm3) Pounds/cubic foot (lb/ft3) 0.01602
Grams/cubic centimeter (g/cm3) Pounds/cubic inch (lb/in3) 27.68
Inches (in) Centimeters (cm) 0.3937
Inches (in) Millimeters (mm) 0.03937
Inches Mercury (in Hg) Atmospheres (atm) 29.92
Inches Mercury (in Hg) Torr 25.4
Joules (J) British Thermal Units (BTU) 1055
Joules (J) Calories (cal) 4.187
Joules (J) Watt-hours (WH) 3600
Joules/second (J/s) British Thermal Units/hour (BTU/h) 0.2931
Joules/second (J/s) Watts (W) 1
Kilocalories/hour (kcal/h) BTU/hour (BTU/h) 0.252
Kilograms (kg) Pounds (lb) 0.4536
Kilograms/cubic meter (kg/m3) Grams/cubic centimeter (g/cm3) 1000
Kilograms/cubic meter (kg/m3) Pounds/cubic foot (lb/ft3) 16.02
Kilograms/square centimeter (kg/cm2) Pounds/square inch (psi) 0.07031
Kilojoules (kJ) Watt-hours (WH) 3.6
Kilojoules/kilogram (kJ/kg) British Thermal Units/pound (BTU/lb) 2.326
Kilojoules/kilogram—°C (kJ/kg—°C) British Thermal Units/pound—°F (BTU/lb—°F) 4.187
Kilometers/hour (km/h) Miles/hour (MPH) 1.609
Kilopascals (kPa) Pounds/square inch (psi) 6.895
Kilowatts (kW) British Thermal Units/hour (BTU/h) 0.0002931
Kilowatts (kW) Watts (W) 0.001
Kilowatt-hours (kWH) British Thermal Units (BTU) 0.0002931
Kilowatt-hours (kWH) Watt-hours (WH) 0.001
Liters (l) Cubic Feet (ft3) 28.32
Liters (l) Cubic Meters (m3) 1000
Liters (l) Gallons, U.S. (gal) 3.785
Liters/second (l/s) Cubic feet/minute (CFM) 0.4719
Liters/second (l/s) Gallons/minute (GPM) 0.06309
CONTINUED
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ref data text 11/22/00 10:36 AM Page 434
Reference Data
Formulas,
Conversions and
Engineering
Constants
Conversion Factors Continued
434