1.

The Phylum of Platyhelminthes

Platyhelminthes derived from Greek word, Platy means flat and helminthes
means worm. Platyhelminthes is triploblastic acelomates organism. This phylum is
classified into three main classes; cestoda, trematoda, and tubellarian.

A. The Life Cycle of Fasciola hepatica

Fasciola hepatica, also known as the common liver fluke or sheep liver
fluke, is a parasitic flatworm of the class trematoda, phylum Platyhelminthes
that infects liver of a various mammals, including man. The disease caused by
the fluke is called fascioliasis (also known as fasciolosis). F. hepatica is world-

wide distributed and causes great economic losses in sheep.

Scientific classification The life cycle of liver fluke can be
described as the picture above. The adult
Kingdom: Animalia worm, who live in the bile duct produce egg
Phylum: Platyhelminthes that will be emitted through the feces. As the
Class: Trematoda egg released from the host, they will hatch,
Subclass: Digenea
releasing the miracidia (larva I). The
miracidia penetrated the snails then develop
Order: Echinostomida
and multiply as sporocyst, rediae and
Family: Fasciolidae
cercariae. The cercariae leave the snails
Genus: Fasciola and swim until they adhere on vegetation,
Species: F. hepatica forming metacercariae (young fluke) which
are the infective stage of the liver fluke.
Binomial name
The entire cycle takes about 2-3
Fasciola hepatica months.
(Linnaeus, 1758)
 If the grass eated by sheep or other hosts (including human) the
metacercariae enter the small intestine and penetrate the intestinal wall and
enter the abdominal cavity. The young fluke penetrated into the liver and
move to the bile duct for releasing eggs.

B. The Life Cycle of Clonorchis sinensis

The Clonorchis sinensis is a human liver fluke in the class Trematoda,
Phylum Platyhelminthes. This parasite lives in the liver of humans, and is found
mainly in the common bile duct and gall bladder, feeding on bile. These animals,
which are believed to be the third most prevalent worm parasite in the world, are
endemic to Japan, China, Taiwan, and Southeast Asia, currently infecting an
estimated 30,000,000 humans.

The life cycle of Clonorchis sinensis is

Scientific classification
almost the same with Fasciola hepatica. The
adult worm, which live in the bile duct,
Kingdom: Animalia
produce egg that will be emitted through the
Phylum: Platyhelminthes
faeces. The egg then floating in the fresh
Class: Trematoda water until it’s eaten by snails as miracidia.
Order: Opisthorchiida Miracidia penetrated the snails then
Family: Opisthorchiidae develops and multiplies as sporocyst, rediae
Genus: Clonorchis and cercariae. The cercariae leave the
Species: sinensis snails and swim until they adhere
parasitically on fish, forming metacercariae.
Binomial name The animal or human who eats those
fish without good sanitation can be infected.
Clonorchis sinensis
Looss, 1907
C. The Life Cycle of Taenia solium and Taenia saginata

Scientific classification Scientific classification

Kingdom: Animalia Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Platyhelminthes Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Class: Cestoda Class: Cestoda
Order: Cyclophyllidea Order: Cyclophyllidea
Family: Taeniidae Family: Taeniidae
Genus: Taenia Genus: Taenia
Species: solium Species: saginata

Binomial name Binomial name

Taenia solium Taenia saginata

Linnaeus, 1758 Goeze, 1782

The life cycle started when the egg (gravid prologtid) of T. solium or T.
saginata in human feces released in the environment. These eggs then adhere in
the grass. The grass then eaten by cow (for T. saginata)
saginata or pig (for T. solium).
The eggs hatches become oncospheres and move to the animal’s flesh. There,
oncospheres develop become cycsticerci. The human who eats the infected
animal in raw condition will be infected too. Cysts attach to the small intestine by
their scolex. Adult tapeworms develop, up to 2 to 7 m in length and produce
prod less
than 1000 proglottids, each with approximately 50,000 eggs and reside in the
small intestine for years.
One thing that differentiate T. solium and T. saginata is their hook. T.
saginata don’t have chitin hook while T. solium have.

2. The Phylum of Nemathelminthes

 Nemathelminthes derived from Greek word, nema means thread and helminthes
means worm. Nemathelminthes is triploblastic pseudocelomates organism. This phylum
is classified into two main classes; Nematoda and Nematophora.

A. The Life Cycle of Ancylostoma duodenalis (Hookworm)

The hookworm is a parasitic nematode worm that lives in the small
intestine of its host, which may be a mammal such as a dog, cat, or human.
u

Scientific classification The life cycle of A. duodenale started when

the feces containing the egg released to the
Kingdom: Animalia environment. The egg hatches into rhabditiform
Phylum: Nemathelminthes larva. The rhabditiform larve growth becomes
Class: Nematoda filariform larva. This larva can penetrate the skin
Order: Strongiloidae
and enter the blood circulation. The larva flows to
cardiac and lungs. In the lung, larva penetrates the
Family: Ancylostomatidae
lung’s wall to the trachea and pharynx. From here,
Genus: Ancylostoma
the larva swallowed back and enters the small
Species: duodenale intestine. Here it grows become an adult worm. The
Binomial name
female can produce up to 1000 eggs per days and
distributed via feces.
Ancylostoma duodenale

B. The Life Cycle of Oxyuris vermicularis

Oxyuris vermicularis (pinworm) is 9-15 mm long worm.
When the female want to release the egg, it moves to
the anus. This movement caused itchiness. The egg
can be easily transferred by hands to the other object.
The human who eats the contaminated food can be
infected. Also, the same human can be infected again.
 This phenomenon called autoinfection. In a human being, the worm can be
discovered up to 5000 worms because of autoinfection. This worm classified in
secernentea class, Rhabditida order, Oxyuridae familia, and the genus of Oxyuris

C. The Life Cycle of Fillaria bancrofti (Wuchereria bancrofti)

Wuchereria bancrofti is a parasitic filarial nematode worm spread by a
mosquito vector. It is one of the three parasites that cause lymphatic filariasis.
Named for Otto Wucherer and Joseph Bancroft, it infects over 120 million
people, especially in Africa, South America, and other tropical and sub-
tropical countries. Elephantiasis can occur if the infection is untreated.
v

W. bancrofti carry out their life cycle in two hosts. Human beings as the
definitive host and mosquitoes as their intermediate hosts. The adult parasites
reside in the lymphatics. They are viviparous. The first stage larvae are known
as microfilariae. The microfilaria are present in the circulation. The microfilaria
migrate between the deep and the peripheral circulation. During the day they
are present in the deep veins and during the night the migrate to the
peripheral circulation. Next, the worm is transferred into a vector; the most
common vectors are the mosquito species: Culex, Anopheles and Aedes.
Inside their second host, it matures into motile larvae. When its current host
feeds, and it is egested into the blood stream of its new human host. The
larvae moves to the lymph nodes, predominantly in the legs and genital area,
and develops into adult worm over the course of a year. By this time, an adult
female can produce microfilariae itself.