BAB II

RESULT & DISCUSSIONS

1. SPESIES 1
Classification
 Kingdom Animalia (Animals)
 Phylum Arthropoda (Arthropods)
 Subphylum Hexapoda (Hexapods)
 Class Insecta (Insects)
 Order Coleoptera (Beetles)
 Suborder Polyphaga (Water, Rove, Scarab, Long-horned, Leaf and Snout Beetles)
 No Taxon (Series Cucujiformia)
 Superfamily Tenebrionoidea (Fungus, Bark, Darkling and Blister Beetles)
 Family Meloidae (Blister Beetles)

Klasifikasi
Kingdom : Animalia
Filum : Arthropoda
Kelas : Insecta
Ordo : Coleoptera
Famili : Meloidae

Identification
 Medium to large beetles, typically elongated and rather cylindrical, often found on
flowers, foliage.
 Head broad, generally rectangular when viewed from above.
 Pronotum cylindrical and narrower than both the head and base of elytra.
 Elytra not flat, typically rolled over abdomen.
 Body soft, somewhat leathery.
 Antennae filiform (thread-like) or moniliform (beaded).
  Tarsi 5-5-4; claw either toothed or lobed.
 Size 3-70 mm, typically 10-20 mm
Food
 For larval food, most utilize the provisions and larvae of native ground nesting bees
(esp. Megachilidae & Andrenidae); several genera (in our area, Epicauta & Linsleya)
utilize grasshopper eggs (Acridoidea).
 Adults feed on leaves and flowers of several families of plants, particularly
Asteraceae, Fabaceae, and Solanaceae Practically all major and minor food and forage
crops are attacked by meloids to a greater of lesser extent.
Life Cycle
 Life cycle is hypermetamorphic. Larvae are parasitoids. Eggs are laid in batches in
soil near nests of hosts, sometimes in nest of bee host, or on stems, foliage, or flowers.
Larvae undergo hypermetamorphosis--first instar larvae (usually called triungulins)
are active, have well-developed legs and antennae. These typically search for hosts.
Later instars tend to have reduced legs and be less active, having found hosts. There is
a coarctate (pseudopupal) stage, which is usually how the larvae overwinter. Life
cycle may be as short as 30 days, or as long as three years. It is typically one year,
corresponding to that of host.
 Triungulins of some meloids, e.g. in Meloe, aggregate and attract male bees with
chemical signals (Saul-Gershenz & Millar 2006).
Remarks
 Pressing, rubbing, or squashing blister beetles may cause them to exude hemolymph
which contains the blistering compound cantharidin. Ingestion of blister beetles can
be fatal. Eating blister beetles with hay may kill livestock. Cantharidin is
commercially known as Spanish Fly.
 Males of some other beetles (notably, Pedilus and some Anthicidae) seek out blister
beetles, climb onto them and lick off the exuded cantharidin. These other beetles,
resistant to the toxic effects, use the agent to impress their females; the cantharidin is
transferred to the female with the sperm packet during mating. The eggs the female
lays are coated with cantharidin to protect them from predators. Some plant bugs (e.g.
Aoplonema) are also attracted to meloid beetles.
 2. SPESIES 2

Classification
 Kingdom Animalia (Animals)
 Phylum Arthropoda (Arthropods)
 Subphylum Hexapoda (Hexapods)
 Class Insecta (Insects)
 Order Blattodea (Cockroaches and Termites)

Klasifikasi
Kingdom : Animalia
Filum : Arthropoda
Kelas : Insecta
Ordo : Orthoptera
Famili : Blattidae

Identification
 Cockroaches are usually dark brown or reddish in color and have flattened oval
bodies and long swept-back antennae. The head is usually concealed by the pronotum
which extends far forward. When wings are present, they are held flat over the back,
overlapping one another.
Habitat
 Though considered tropical insects, cockroaches can flourish in any environment
where there is sufficient food and warmth. Most North American cockroach species
live in woodlands and are not pests. Those found indoors may be anthropophilic
"pest" species or those that migrate inside inadvertently.
Food
 Cockroaches are omnivores, with many species consuming detritus primarily and
other insects opportunistically.
Life Cycle

 Female cockroaches produce ootheca (egg case) that hold 12-25 eggs.
  Oothecae are carried by females of many cockroach species, and can help identify
cockroaches to genus.
 Nymphs develop to maturity through simple metamorphosis where the adults have
similar body types as the juviniles, although this may be hidden by the development
of wings in the adults:
 molts into an adult, and wings expand and eventually harden . (All cockroaches look
white after they molt until their

Predators, parasites, and parasitoids

 The factors that structure communities of cockroaches are not well understood. As
generalists feeders, the populations may be limited by the effects of predators,
parasites, and parasitoids rather than a limitation in nutrients. Cannibalism is
reportedly common, although the circumstances under which this occurs behavior
occurs in these semi-social insects are not clear. Some of the more interesting
invertebrates that feed on cockroaches:
 Ensign wasps are commonly found around homes with cockroach infestations. These
wasps are looking for the egg cases (ootheca) of cockroaches. Once these are located,
the wasps lay their own eggs within the capsule. When the Ensign wasps hatch, they
devour the developing cockroaches.
 Cockroach wasps temporarily paralyze the adult cockroaches using venom. While
paralyzed, the wasp makes a second sting, this time using venom inserted into a
precise location in cockroach’s brain. The antennae of the cockroaches are then
clipped, and when the paralysis wears off, the wasp leads the cockroach to its lair. The
cockroach makes no attempt to flee as an egg is laid upon it. When the eggs hatch,
and the helpless cockroach is devoured by the young maggot-like wasps.
 Horse hair worms develop inside cockroaches (and other groups of insects) living off
the hemolymph (blood) as the insect grows. Once it reaches adulthood, the worm can
change the cockroach’s behavior, driving it into the water where the cockroach will
drown, and the worm will wriggle free to continue its life cycle.
 To defend themselves against generalist predators, the nymphs of many species exude
defensive secretions onto their posterior tergites. This adhesive material gums up
mouthparts of attacking centipedes, etc. and may contain additional repellant/toxic
compounds.
 3. SPESIES 3

Classification
 Kingdom Animalia (Animals)
 Phylum Arthropoda (Arthropods)
 Subphylum Hexapoda (Hexapods)
 Class Insecta (Insects)
 Order Diptera (Flies)
 No Taxon (Orthorrhapha)
 Infraorder Tabanomorpha
 Family Tabanidae (Horse and Deer Flies)

Klasifikasi
Kingdom : Animalia
Filum : Arthropoda
Kelas : Insecta
Ordo : Diptera
Famili : Tabanidae

Identification
 Medium to large flies, females take blood, and some are pests. Typical characteristics:
 stoutly built flies with large squamae (scales above the halteres, also called calypters);
 feet with 3 pads (as opposed to 2);
 3rd antennal segment elongated, clearly made up of several fused parts;
 3rd antennal segment with a prominent tooth at base in some groups
 wing veins R4 and R5 fork to form a large 'Y' across the wing tip.
 8-25 mm

Habitat
 Adults wide ranging
 larvae mostly in wet soil in marshes/bogs and at margins of streams & ponds; a few
spp. in sand/gravel in fast-flowing streams; others also in drier soils
Food
 adult females feed on vertebrate blood, usually of warm-blooded animals; males (also
females in a few spp. in all 3 subfamilies) visit flowers
 larvae mainly carnivorous, a few eat detritus
Remarks
 The bite is effected by stabbing with the mouthparts and slicing the skin with scissor-
like movements of the finely serrate, knife-like mandibles and smaller maxillae. After
capillaries are ruptured, anti-coagulant saliva is pumped out through the hypopharynx,
and the blood is lapped up using the labella. See detailed mouthparts images in Hine
(1903) and Thomas (2012).
 Some tabanids have very striking color patterns on their eyes; Knüttel & Lunau (1995,
1997) suggest these colours filter light to improve contrast detected by the eye
pigments themselves, and play a role in sexual signalling. --Francis Gilbert

4. SPESIES 4

Classification
 Kingdom Animalia (Animals)
 Phylum Arthropoda (Arthropods)
 Subphylum Hexapoda (Hexapods)
 Class Insecta (Insects)
 Order Neuroptera (Antlions, Owlflies, Lacewings, Mantidflies and Allies)

Klasifikasi
Kingdom : Animalia
Filum : Arthropoda
Kelas : Insecta
Ordo : Neuroptera
Identification

 Four membranous wings: FW and HW about same size or HW a little wider at base
 wings usually held rooflike over body at rest; wings generally with many veins
 Antennae long, many-segmented, threadlike, pectinate or clubbed. Some examples:
Tarsi 5-segmented, Cerci absent, Mouthparts chewing, Some groups with simple eyes
(ocelli), others without--useful in distinguishing families, Complete metamorphosis
 Forewings and hindwings similar in size and shape
 Prothorax not lengthened, except in Mantispidae
 Larvae terrestrial, except in Sisyridae

Food
 larvae, and often adults, predaceous
Life Cycle
 Larvae campodeiform (crawler), mandibles usually large. Majority terrestrial but a
few aquatic. Larvae usually predaceous. Pupation usually occurs in a silken cocoon.
 Larvae terrestrial, except in the Sisyridae.

5. SPESIES 5
Classification
 Kingdom Animalia (Animals)
 Phylum Arthropoda (Arthropods)
 Subphylum Hexapoda (Hexapods)
 Class Insecta (Insects)
 Order Hymenoptera (Ants, Bees, Wasps and Sawflies)
 No Taxon (Aculeata - Ants, Bees and Stinging Wasps)
 Superfamily Vespoidea (Yellowjackets and Hornets, Paper Wasps; Potter, Mason and
Pollen Wasps and allies)
 Family Vespidae (Yellowjackets and Hornets, Paper Wasps; Potter, Mason and Pollen
Wasps)
 Klasifikasi
Kingdom : Animalia
Filum : Arthropoda
Kelas : Insecta
Ordo : Hymenoptera
Famili : Vespidae

Identification
 Legs of normal length, not as long as in Pompilidae
 Wings folded longitudinally at rest; first discoidal cell of FW greater than half the
wing length
 Inner margin of eye usually notched
 Pronotum extending back to the tegulae and thus appearing triangular in lateral view
and horseshoe-shaped from above
Food
 Nests are usually stocked with caterpillars
Life Cycle
 Polistinae and Vespinae are all eusocial species. Eumeninae, Euparagiinae, and
Masarinae are all solitary. Stenogastrinae contains solitary and social species.

6. SPESIES 6

Classification
 Kingdom Animalia (Animals)
 Phylum Arthropoda (Arthropods)
 Subphylum Hexapoda (Hexapods)
 Class Insecta (Insects)
 Order Hemiptera (True Bugs, Cicadas, Hoppers, Aphids and Allies)
 Klasifikasi
Kingdom : Animalia
Filum : Arthropoda
Kelas : Insecta
Ordo : Hemiptera

Identification
 Body often soft, but sometimes thickened, leathery
 Many groups covered in spines, setae (hair-like structures), or waxy coverings
 Antennae usually with 3-10 (up to 13) segments
 Wings at rest are held rooflike over the body
 Mouthparts are piercing/sucking, beaklike, as in Heteroptera
 Beak arises from posterior portion of underside of head, not front portion as in
Heteroptera
 Soft or hard-bodied, often dorsoventrally flattened in profile
 Typically two pairs of wings in adult: forewings (hemelytra) are partly thick and
protective, and partly membranous
 Wings at rest are held flat over the body, and have apical portion (tip) crossed - a
distinctive characteristic
 Scutellum (triangular portion of thorax exposed between base of wings along midline)
is prominent. Beetles may also have a prominent scutellum.
 Mouthparts are a piercing or sucking "beak" arising from front of head
 Antennae with 4-5 segments
 Many have thoracic scent glands
Habitat
 Many terrestrial and freshwater habitats
Food
 All non-heteropteran members and most Heteroptera feed on plant juices; among
Heteroptera, there are many exclusively predatory families (esp. aquatic and semi-
aquatic) and major predatory groups in other families. Some suck vertebrate blood.
Some are major agricultural pests.
Life Cycle
 Auchenorrhyncha and Sternorrhyncha usually have three life-stages: egg, nymph, and
adult - and some have prepupal and pupal stages. Some groups are ovoviviparous
(eggs hatch inside female, and young are born live).
 Heteroptera have gradual or incomplete metamorphosis (no pupa stage); juveniles
(nymphs) resemble adults except they usually have reduced wings and are incapable
of flight.

7. SPESIES 7

Classification

 Kingdom Animalia (Animals)

 Phylum Arthropoda (Arthropods)
 Subphylum Hexapoda (Hexapods)
 Class Insecta (Insects)
 Order Coleoptera (Beetles)
Klasifikasi

Kingdom : Animalia
Filum : Arthropoda
Kelas : Insecta
Ordo : Coleoptera
Famili : Silphidae/ Coleoptera

Identification
 Adult: elytra (forewings) horny or leathery, almost always meeting in a straight line
down the back and covering the membranous hindwings that are usually longer than
the elytra, and folded beneath the elytra when not in use. In some groups the elytra are
short and do not fully cover the abdomen. One or both pairs of wings are rarely
reduced or absent. The antennae typically 11-segmented (rarely more or less) and
variable in shape. The tarsi 3- to 5-segmented. Abdomen commonly has 5 segments
 visible, sometimes with up to 8. Mouthparts of adults and most larvae adapted for
chewing.
 Larva: variable in form, hardness of body, and development of appendages, but
commonly with hardened (sclerotized) head capsule, 3 pairs of thoracic legs and soft
body
 Size : 0.3-200 mm
Habitat
 virtually any terrestrial and freshwater habitat
Food
 various plant, fungal, and animal matter
Life Cycle
 complete metamorphosis; otherwise, extremely diverse