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Waste Recycling and Composting LVA 813.359 Waste Incineration and Hazardous Waste Management
4_incineration_hazardous.ppt
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Fundamentals
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Operating modes
Oxidizing Systems (grate types, rotary kiln and fluidized bed) require sufficient oxygen, they mostly operate with excess oxygen. Pyrolysis is a process for de-gassing and exhaust without oxygen and with a subsequent combustion of the gases from the pyrolytic chamber. Processes which combine different procedures, such as the Thermoselect * process, are currently in an experimental stage (1 facility in Europe, 6 in Japan) They have the advantage, that the residues from this process do not require an additional treatment.
* http://www.thermoselect.com/index.cfm
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250C
CO + 0,5O2
Combustion
8001200C
H2 + 0,5O2 CxHy + O2
CO2 + H2O
Burnout
EU-Directive (2000): Incineration plants shall be operated in order to achieve a level of incineration such that the slag and bottom ashes Total Organic Carbon (TOC) content is less than 3 % or their loss on ignition is less than 5 % of the dry weight of the material. If necessary appropriate techniques of waste pretreatment shall be used.
DIRECTIVE 2000/76/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 4 December 2000 on the incineration of waste
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Types of incinerators
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Types of incinerators
Grate incinerators Fluidised bed reactor Rotary kilns Pyrolysis Co-incineration
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Grate incinerators
Oldest and most developed type of incinerator for the combustion of household waste; to some extent cocombustion of dewatered or dried sewage sludge Waste is discharged from the storage bunker into the feeding chute by an overhead crane. It is fed into the grate system by a hydraulic ramp or another conveying system.
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Grate incinerator
Waste is conveyed through the incineration chamber by reciprocating or rolling grate sections and traverses the different stages of the incineration (drying, degassing, exhaust and incineration). The conveying velocity can be controlled. The residence time (time between waste feeding and bottom ash discharge) is about 30 minutes. minutes. Purpose of incineration: oxidation of combustible substances. This is checked by the loss of ignition of the solid residues (slag and ash) and the composition of the flue gas. With modern incinerators, a loss of ignition (slag and ash) between 1% and 3% are achieved.
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Storage bunker
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Overhead crane
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Wood, biomass
Flue gas
Bottom ash
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Grate
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EIPPCB 07/2005, p. 49
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EIPPCB 07/2005, p. 51
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Rotary kiln
consists of a sloped refractory-lined cylinder which rotates slowly on its longitudinal axis. Waste moves horizontally as well as radially through the cylinder (because of rotation and slope) flue gas is burnt in an afterburner chamber (with its own burners to heat the flue gas) one advantage is that large items can be fed as a whole (e.g. barrels filled with solvents)
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Rotary kiln
Wastes which can be typically treated in rotary kiln incinerators are solid waste: soil contaminated with oil, contaminated waste barrels and containers, cured plastic wastes, ... pasty wastes: residue from paint, residue from the wastes cleaning of tanks, sludges from industry, residue from grinding liquid wastes: waste oils with different water contents, wastes solvents, tar, not cured plastic waste
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Rotary kiln
A B C D E F
waste feeding ash/ slag discharge flue gas auxiliary fuels air thermal radiation
1 shell of the rotary kiln 2 refractory lining 5 cooling air ventilator 10 controllable drive 11 water vapour zone
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Pyrolysis
heating and degassing of wastes in the absence of oxygen --> pyrolysis gas comprises CO and H2, but also harmful substances such as auch HCl, NH3, PAH etc. CO and H2 can be recovered by synthesising methanol (Schwarze Pumpe in Germany) incineration of the pyrolysis gas (Schwel-Brenn-process of Siemens) Residue from pyrolysis: carbon (solid coke), not oxidised metals
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Reduction of pollutants
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Reduction of pollutants
primary measures: aim at reducing the content and generation of pollutants
Separate collection of hazardous material/Sorting of waste Crushing and homogenising Optimisation of the incineration process
secondary measures: aim at the segregation of pollutants from the flue gas
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Incineration chamber
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Secondary measures
Dust removal Chemical flue gas treatment (scrubber) Catalytic flue gas treatment (DeNox) Elimination of dioxins and furans (filter)
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Dust removal
Particulates are separated by using physical processes Cyclones: are solely applied as pre-deduster. The particle-size of a part of the solids is too small, so that these cannot be separated by means of cyclons. Electrostatic precipitator (electrostatic filter): particles are charged by impressing a high voltage between 2 electrodes and are precipitated on the collector plate. High efficiency (99% of particles precipitated); most frequently used technique in waste incineration plants fabric filters: also called bag filters, are widely used, can also be used following an electrostatic precipitator
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Cyclone
discharge
Raw gas
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Electrostatic precipitator
Particulate matter
Re-precipitator
ioniser
collector
airflow
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Activated carbon is used for the adsorption of mercury and dioxins / furans. Contaminants are accumulated on the surface of the activated carbon, due to its high specific surface.
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ammonia
lime milk precipitation chemicals lime milk precipitation chemicals lime milk precipitation chemicals
1- waste bunker 3- grate 4- incineration chamber 5- waste heat boiler 6- pre-heating of air 8- electrostatic filter
9- wet scrubber (2-stage) 10- precipitator for particulate matter 11- SCR selective catalytic reduction 17- turbine and generator 19- magnetic separator 20- bottom ash bunker
21- container for metal scrap 22- filter ash silo 25- reactor for sewage purification 26- clean water 27- sludge 28- chamber filter press 29- box for filter cake
Fresh water alkali process water acidic process water saturated vapour bottom ash filter ash/bottom ash hydroxide sludge gypsum sludge incineration air SS 2009 heat
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Residues
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Figure 2: porous bottom ash with remainders from plastic and rust
Bottom ash
Figure 3: sintered bottom ash with remainders from plastics and ettringite (white) Waste Recycling & Composting
Figure 4: molten piece of metal including pieces of glass from a bottle SS 2009 38
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Filter ash
Be da
sh
Heilbronn
Heilbronn
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Energy recovery
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Energy recovery
energy demand of the facility public supply with long-distance heating transformation to electric energy utilisation in industry (only possible if not too distant, steam)
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electrical Grate incineration 18 22 % (Literature) Coal burning power 33 45 % plant, AUT (2002) Spittelau (1999) 2,2 %
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heat (30) 75 % 34 87 % 68 %
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Turbine
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Overview
1. Types and sources of hazardous waste 2. Treatment - Physico-chemical treatment - Thermal methods 3. Disposal (underground landfill)
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Introduction
The number of known chemical compounds is enormous (more than 12 million substances) In the EU, 100,000 substances are commercially significant Each of these substances can become a component of waste! The knowledge about the effects and properties has increased. However it is impossible to determine the longterm effects for every substance, given their huge number. Purpose of a proper waste management: treatment of these waste substances and their transformation into harmless and immobile compounds
Tabasaran, 1997 p. V
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Hazardous waste
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Vanadium compounds, nickel compounds, tin compounds, cobalt compounds the following alkaline or alkaline earth metals in uncombined form
lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium
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waste from a small generator has the same potential for harm, and therefore must also be treated properly!
LaGrega et al. 1994, p. 20ff
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Hazardous waste
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Strategies
Waste generation Prevention
Products
LaGrega et al, 1994, p. 406
Recovery/ Recycling:
oil recovery solvent, metal recovery energy recovery fuel blending Residuals
Treatment:
thermal destruction physico-chemical stabilization biological treatment Residuals
Disposal:
landfill underground landfill
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Disposal
Disposal (landfilling) is necessary
for the residual amount of waste which cannot be prevented or treated residue from waste treatment
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Underground landfill
using cavities from mining for the disposal of waste particularly in evaporite (salt cavities) Advantages:
huge natural barrier very distant from those zones, in which the transport of contaminants affects humans the surface area can be re-cultivated and used can also be used as packing to improve the stability of the cavities
Tabasaran, 1997, p. 201
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overlying rock
evaporite
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overlying rock
evaporite
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ABF-BOKU
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References
BMLFUW: Bundesabfallwirtschaftsplan 2006. http://www.bundesabfallwirtschaftsplan.at/ EIPPCB: Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for the Waste Treatments Industries. 08/2005. http://eippcb.jrc.es/pages/Fmembers.htm EIPPCB: Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for Waste Incineration. 07/2005. http://eippcb.jrc.es/pages/Fmembers.htm LaGrega M.D., Buckingham P.L., Evans J.C.: Hazardous Waste Management. McFraw-Hill, Singapore, 1994 Santoleri J.J., Reynolds J., Theodore L.: Introduction to Hazardous Waste Incineration. Second Edition. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2000 Tabasaran Oktay (Hrsg.): Abfallwirtschaft Abfalltechnik, Sonderabflle. Verlag Ernst & Sohn, Berlin, 1997
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