AB) line of bearing (true , sun) the of bearing (true o u

Topography
Locating Contour Lines by Interpolation
) (
1
1
H
DE
de
h =


Hydrography
elev elev reading
station + sounding = staff + Staff
) (
2
2 1
CI
A A
V
+
= , CI=contour interval

Photogrammetry
Angular field of view
- )
2
( tan 2
1
f
d

= o , in degrees
d=diagonal of the picture format(cm)
f=focal length of the camera used(cm)
-
up) Lens(100 Super Wide
) 100 to Lens(75 Wide
) 75 to Lens(Up Normal
Z
Z
Z

Photo Scale
- Based on photo distance and ground distance
ground
photo
d
d
S =
- Based on focal length and flying height
Any elevation
ground on the point a of elevation = h
ground above height flying = H
h H
f
S
h

=
,
Average Scale

covered area the of elevation average = h
height flying = H
length focal = f
meters in ,
) (
ave
ave
h H
f
S

=

- Comparing map of known scale
scale) (map
distance map
distance photo
= S
Relief Displacement
-
height flying H
terrain h
point principal from distance radial r
elev
object
=
=
=
=
H
rh
d

-
b t
r r d =
-
b
elev H = height flying
-
t
r r =


Flight Plan
- Get flying height
) (
ave
h H
f
Scale

=
- Difference between Exposure(B)
coverage lap)total end % 100 ( = B
- Total # of photograph/flight line
Get length of flight line
1
Length
line flight
photograph of #
line flight
+ =
B

Complete Coverage=
4
line flight
photograph of #
+
- Distance between flight lines
coverage lap)total side % 100 ( line flight
distance
=
- Number of flight lines
Get width of flight line

B
idth
line flight
W
lines flight of # =
Total flight lines= 1 lines flight of # +
Planned Spacing between flight lines=
total
line flight
line Flight
Width

- Total number of photo required=
lines) flight otal coverage(t complete
Astronomical Surveying
Converting Arc Measure to Time Measure
)
360
24
( 1

hr

Longitude and Time
- East longitudes are considered negative values
and west longitudes as positive values
Determining Greenwich Civil Time
- Given time convert to mean or standard
time(t
m
)
- Time Zone Correction(TZC),
h
1 15 =
- Greenwich Civil Time(GCT)= TZC t
m
,
subtract when east then add when west
Standard Time and Local Time
- Get difference in solar time(Diff)=difference
of longitudes, East longitudes are considered
negative values and west longitudes as
positive values, equate from west to east
- Local Time=Standard Time Diff, add when
the given place is east of the reference
meridian and subtract when west

Astronomical Triangle
-
distance enith ), 90 (
latitude co ), 90 (
distance polar ), 90 (
z h ZS
l PZ
d PS
=
=
=

Refraction and Parallax Correction
- Get Multiplier for elevation(Me), Get
Multiplier for temperature(Mt), Parallax
correction(P), Refraction Value(Rv) from the
table
- Refraction Correction= ) )( (
t e v
M M R R =
- True altitude= P R h h + = '
Apparent Declination of Sun
- Determining Greenwich Civil Time
- Chance in declination since midnight or 0
h
=
) (diff GCT d = A , diff=hourly difference in
declination
- Declination during instance= d d d
a
A = ,
subtract in increasing date
- Polar distance= d p = 90
Determining True Direction
- Mean horizontal angle from line AB to the sun=
n
horizontal

Z
= |
- Azimuth of sun from north measured clockwise=
cosh cos
sin sinh sin
cos
l
l d
Z

=

- Get
- Sine Formula
2
,
cosh cos
) sin( ) sin(
2
sin
p h l
s
l
l s h s Z + +
=

=

- Tangent Formula
) cos( cos
) sin( ) sin(
2
tan
p s s
h s l s Z

=
Solar Observation
- Mean horizontal angle( | )
- Mean vertical angle (h)
- Mean time(t
m
)
- Apparent Declination of Sun
- Refraction and Parallax Correction
- Determining True Direction
AB) line of bearing (true , sun) the of bearing (true o u