S T AT US O F E M PL OY ME NT A N D U N E M PL O Y ME NT S T AT IS T I CS IN I N DIA Dr . R . N. P a n d e y, J o int Di re c t or, C.S .

O, Minist r y of St a tisti c s & P r o g ra mm e I m pl e m e n t a ti on, N e w D e l h i INTR ODUCTI O N

Pro v ision of increasing e m plo y m e nt o pportunities both in urban and rural areas to sol v e the proble m of une m p lo y m e n t has bee n reco g n i z ed as an im portant obj ectiv e of eco no m i c plannin g in In dia. Lar g e expansion i n e m plo y m e nt opp ortunities, utiliz in g full y the m a n pow er res ources of the country and ens u rin g a su bstantial expansion in e m ploy me nt o pportunities and expansion of pro ductive e m plo y m e nt ha v e been pron ounced as i m portant obj ectiv es in v a rious Fi v e Year Plans. F o r for m ulation a nd m onit ori n g of plans to solv e the une m p lo y m e n t proble m in the countr y , the i m p o rtance of up - t o- dat e and reliable statistics on various aspects of une m p lo ym e n t need n o t be o v er e m phasi z e d. Keeping in v i ew this need, such t y pes of statistics are alread y being collected b y v a rious a g encies in the countr y . Ho we v e r, m u ch m o re needs to be done to i m pro v e the quality an d co v e r age of statistics on e m plo y m e nt and une m p lo ym ent, presentl y bein g c o llected b y various a g encies. I n this paper, a n attem p t has been m a de to describe briefl y the sources of data , concepts and definitions adopted in these s ources, etc. Som e i m p o rtant statistics on e m plo y m e nt and une m p l o ym e n t a v ailable from t h ese sources are also g i v e n in this paper. II. Sources of D a ta on E m ployment and U n employment

T h e statistics on em plo y m e nt and u n e m plo y m e nt ca n be c o llected either through censuses of population a nd econ o m ic establish m ents and national le v e l sa m p le sur v e y s , or thr ou gh returns un der v a rious Acts relating to regulation of econo m i c establish m ents re g a rdin g w o r k ers, etc. E m plo y m e nt Exchan g e s recording j ob seek ers, etc., can be another source. A brief description of v a rious s ources is g i v e n below . (i) P o pul at i o n Ce nsus

I t has been the tradition in the population cen sus of I ndia to collect infor m ation on the econo m i c acti v ity of the pe ople. T h e Ce nsus data pro v i d e an inv e ntor y of hu m a n reso urces of the co untr y sho w in g t heir nu m b er, characteristics, occupation and distribution am o n g v a rious branch es of econo m y. T h e m eas urem ent of econo m i c activ it y has bee n atte m p ted i n e v er y census of the co untr y e v en th ou g h there has been v a riation in the con cepts adopted fro m ti m e to t i m e . (ii) National S a mple Surve y Organiz ation (NSS O)

The N S S O collects data throu g h sa m p le sur v e y s ba sed on scientific technique of rando m sa m p lin g throu gh ho usehold enq u iry both in rural and

urban areas. I n a nu m b er of earlier rounds , the NSS O has experi m e nted with v a rious c oncepts and m e th odolo g ies in tr y i n g out and standardi z in g a proper fram e w o r k to esti m a t e, in quantitativ e ter m s, the characteristic s of labour force, e m plo y m e nt, une m p lo ym ent and under - emp l o y m e nt . T h e experi m e ntal surv e y s w e re follo w e d b y re g u lar annual sa m p le s u r v e y s till late sixties. Afterwards, the quinquennial s u r v e y s started in 2 7 t h r o und (1972 - 73) , with the follow up sur v e y s in 32 n d round ( 1977 - 78), 38 t h r o u nd (198 3) and 4 3 r d r oun d (1987 - 88) and 50 t h Round ( 1993 - 94). T h e NSS O now also g i v e s an nual esti m a te of e m plo y m e nt an d une m p lo ym ent on the basis of a thin sa m p le. (iii) E m p l oyment Market I n f o rmation Programme

T h e Directorate General of E m plo y m e nt and T r aining ( D G E T ) has been im ple m entin g the Em plo y m e nt Mar k et I n for m ation (E M I ) sche m e o v er the last 30 y ears throu g h a net- w o r k of E m plo y m e nt E x chan g e s spread o v er the countr y . T h is prog ra m m e c o v e r s the or g a niz e d sector, w h ich includes all establish m ents in the public sector and non - a g r icultural establish m ents e m plo y in g ten or m o re persons in the pri v ate sector. While data on em p l o y m e nt in the public sector and those no n - a g ricult ural establish m ents in the priv ate sector e m plo y i n g m o re than 25 persons are collected under the pro v isions of E m plo y m e nt Exc h an g e s (C o m pulsor y N o tification of Vacancies) A c t, 195 9, the sa m e f ro m the non ag ricultural establishm ents in the pri v ate sector e m plo y in g ten to 24 persons are bein g collected on a v o luntar y b a sis. T h e EM I is on e of the i m portant sources of infor m ation on e m ploy m e n t in the or g a ni z e d sector of the econo m y . I t also pro v ides infor m ation ab out the structure of e m plo y m e nt, occupational co m positions an d educational profile of e m plo y ees, assess m e nt of m a npo wer shorta g e s in the or g a ni z e d sector, etc. one of the m a j o r li m itations of EM I is that it does not co v e r the v a st unor gani z e d sector with enou gh e m plo y m e nt a v enue . (iv) Employment E x chan ge Statistics

T h e day- to - d a y re g i st ration at E m plo y m e nt Exchan ges and notification of v a cancies b y the e m plo y ers g e nerate co m p rehensi v e infor m ation, which facilitates the appraisal of org a ni z e d labour m a r k et. T h e statistical returns fro m E m plo y m e nt Exchan g e s relating to v a rious characteristics of j ob seekers fresh or otherwise, an d the de m a nd pattern of e m plo y m e nt in industr y a nd serv i c e sectors pro v ide onl y a broad indication of the une m p lo ym ent si tuation in the org a ni z e d labour m a r k et. Howe ver, as re g i stration is v o lu ntary and the y are located in urban areas, t h e y cann o t be dee m ed to co v e r all j ob see k ers. F u rther there are know n deficiencies arisin g fro m t he fact that not all the registrants would be really without a j ob. Moreo v er , the nu m b er of j ob seek ers is not necessarily the nu m b er of une m p lo y e d persons. (v) Economic Census

Under the sche m e of Econ o m ic Census a nd Sur v e y s, a countr y - w ide census of all non - a g r i cultural econ o m ic acti v ities w a s carried out durin g 1977 to pro v ide basic inform atio n on the nu m b er of establish m ents, n u m ber of

persons usuall y w o r k in g , the nature of acti v ities and other characterist ics such as ty pe of o w nership, s o cial g r oup of owner , etc., of the establish m e n ts. T h e census did not cover ow n - a ccount and a g ricultural enterprises. An establishm e n t for the purp o se of eco no m i c census has been defined as one eng a ged in pro duction and/or distribution of g o o d s and/or ser v ices n o t for the sole purpose of own consu m ption and e m plo y in g at least one hire d w o r k er on a fairly re g u lar basis. T h e econo m i c census of 19 80 w a s do v e tailed w ith the ho use listing operations of the po pulation census of 1981 co v e rin g all t y pes of enterprises, v i z . , establish m ents a nd o w n acco unt enterprises. F our follow- u p sur v e y s has also been cond ucted till now . T h e econo m i c census of 1990 w a s conducted along with the house listin g operations of 1991 population ce nsus. T h e last econo m i c cen sus w a s conducted durin g 1998. T h e econo m i c census gi v e s e m plo y m e nt b y t y pe of e n t erprise, distribution of e m plo y m e nt b y m a j o r activ it y g r oup, distribution or persons usually w o r k in g in non - a g r icultural o w n accou n t enterprises b y States and rural - urban brea k- u p, percenta g e distribution of hired wor k ers an d fe m a les e m plo y ed to persons us ually wor k in g in no n - agric u ltural establish m ents, etc. III. Conce p ts an d Def i nitions ado p ted in Various Important Data Sources

One of the serious proble m s in this field is the use of different conce p ts and definitions and e m plo y m e nt an d une m p loy m ent in different sources such as N S S O and census an d in the sa m e so urce also it has c h an g e d o v er tim e. T h is m a k e s the c o m p arison of data a m on g v a rious sources quite difficult . Howe ver, efforts hav e been m a de b y v a rious so urces to standardi z e the definitions, particularly NS S , to ensure co m p arabilit y of data o v er ti m e . B r i ef description of chan g e s in the concepts an d definitions in tw o m a in sources, na m e l y census and NS SO , are discussed below . (i) P o pul at i o n Ce nsus

T h e data on econo m i c acti v it y of the p e ople collected up to the 19 51 census were based on inco m e and d e pendency concepts. Fro m the 196 1 census onward, the concept of wor k m easure d in term s of ti m e or the labour force concept has been followed . I n 19 61 census , in case of seasonal wor k , a person was considered as a wor k er if he/she h a d so m e wor k of m o re than one h our a day throu g hout the g r eater part of the wor k ing season. I n the case of re g u lar wor k , the person sh ould ha v e been e m plo y ed durin g an y of the fifteen da ys preceding the da y on which the e n u m erator had v i sited the h ousehold. I n 1 971 cens u s, e v er y person was as k e d wh at his m a in acti v ity was, i.e. how he/she en g a g e d him s elf m o stl y . On the basis of this question the population w a s di v i ded into t w o m a in acti v ities as w or kers and no n wor k ers. T h e reference period a dopted was one wee k prior to the date of enu m eration in the case of re g u lar w o r k . I f a person had participated in a n y such re g u lar w o r k on an y one of the da ys durin g this reference period and this

has been returned as his m a in acti v ity, the perso n w a s cate g ori z ed accordin g l y. I n the case of seaso n al w o r k ers , a persons m a in activ it y w a s ascertained w ith reference to such w o r k in the last one y ear e v e n if the perso n w a s not econo m i call y acti v e in the w e e k prior to the en u m eration because it m a y be lik el y that e v en w h e n a perso n is en g a g e d in so m e w o r k d u rin g the period of one wee k prior to the date of enu m eration, the m a in acti v it y of the person m a y be cultiv ation, a g ricultural labour or so m e other w o r k attended to nor m a ll y b y the person in the c ourse of the year. E v er y person whether he or she had returned hi m s elf or herself in a n y of the basically non - w o r k i n g categor y was required to state his or her seco ndar y wor k . E ach perso n was as k e d if beside s the m a in acti v it y , the person ha d participated in an y secondar y work. T h e econo m i c question of the 1 981 cens u s were for m ulated so as to first div i de the population into those who had worke d an y ti m e at all during t h e y ear preceding the census and those w h o had not w o r k ed at all durin g the y ear. T h e latter w e re ter m ed as n o n - w o r k ers . H a v i n g classified the po pulation into these broad g r oups, an atte m p t was m a de to sub - divide th ose w ho had worke d an y tim e into two groups: ( I ) m a in w o r k ers - t hose who ha d wor k ed in som e econo m i c acti v it y for the m a j o r part of the y ear, i.e. for a period of six m onths (183 da y s ) or m o re; and (ii) m a r g inal wor k ers - those who had wor k ed for s o m e tim e durin g the last y ear , but n o t for the m a j o r part. A n atte m p t w a s also m a de to find out w h ether those who were no n - w o r k ers or those who were m a r g inal wor k ers see k in g or a v ailable for wor k . T hus, a trichoto m y o f persons into m u tuall y exclusi v e g r ou ps of m a in w o r k ers, m a r g inal w o r k ers and non - w or ke rs was introduced in the 198 1 census . A uniform reference period of one - y ea r preceding the enu m eration w a s adopted for recordin g acti v it y statu s in the 1981 census irrespectiv e of w h ether the acti v ity w a s seasonal or re gular. I n the 1991 c e nsus, a unifor m reference period of one y ear for both seasonal and re g u lar acti v ities w a s adopted as in 198 1 census . With a v i ew to net persons en g a ged in un paid w o r k on far m or in fa m i l y enterprise, the word I ncludin g unpaid work on far m or in fa m i l y enterprise was i n serted in the schedule itself. T h e question of see k in g / a v ailable for wor k was as ked onl y for non - w or k e rs. I n case of non - w or k e rs see k in g / a v ailable for wor k , infor m ation w h ether the y are see k in g/a v ailable for wor k for the first ti m e or not w a s also ascertained so as to k n o w the nu m b er of entrants to the labour force f o r the first tim e. I n order to ens u re that the econ o m ic acti v it y of unpaid wor k ers on farm or in fa m i l y enterprise (w o m en, children are the pre d o m ina n t constituent of this force) properl y enu m erated in the 1991 ce nsus, the instructions to census enu m erators were e xpanded and e m phasis was laid on the need to as k probin g questions re g a rdin g the wor k do ne at an y ti m e at all last y ear or an y of the seasons in the reference period speciall y in the c a se of wo m e n. T houg h the questionnair e of 2001 Population Census is not y e t finali z e d, the econo m i c questions to be as k e d are lik el y t o be sa m e as as k e d in 1991 census.

(ii)

National Sample S u rvey Organisation C o ncept of w o rk:

T h e NSSO has defined wor k or g a inful acti v it y as the acti v it y pursued for pa y, profit or fa m i l y g a in or in other w o rds, the acti v it y which ad ds v a lue to the national pro duct. N o r m all y , it is an acti v it y , w h ich results in production of g o ods and ser v ices for excha n g e . H o w e ver, all acti v ities in ag r icultural sector in w h ich a part or whole of the a g ricultural production is used for ow n consu m ption a nd does not g o for sale are also c onsidered as g a inful. T h e surv e y has adopted three different approaches e m plo y m e nt and une m p l o ym e n t. T h e three approach es are: (1) (2) (3) to m eas ure

U s ual status approach w ith a reference period of 365 da ys precedin g th e date of sur v e y . Current wee k l y status approach with a reference period of se v e n days preceding the date of s u r v e y . C u rrent dail y status approac h w ith eac h da y o f the se v e n da y s precedi n g date of sur v e y as the reference period. T h is approach atte m p ts classification of person - d a y s and not persons.

T h e N SS classifications of econ o m ic acti v it y are based on the reco m m e ndations of Expert C o m m ittee on Une m plo y m e nt Esti m a tes (1 970) set up b y the Plannin g Comm ission. T h e esti m a tes are g e nerated separatel y for four quarters of y ear. T h ese quarters are al m o s t co - t er m i nus w ith four seasons. T h is helps to stud y the seasonal pattern of em p l o y m e nt and un e m ploym e n t. (a) Classif i cation according to Usual Status Appro a ch

The status of activ it y o n which a person has spe n t relativ el y lo n g er ti m e of the precedin g 3 65 da y s prior to the date of sur v e y is considered to be the usual principal activ ity status of the person . Acc o rdin g l y , a persons principal usual status was c onsidered as wor k in g or e m pl o y ed if he or she is en ga g e d relativ ely for a lon g er ti m e durin g the refer ence period of last 36 5 da y s , in an y one or m o re of the w o r k acti v ities. A person was treated as See k in g or A v ailable for Wor k or une m p lo y e d if he or she was not workin g but w a s either seekin g or a v ailable for wor k for a relativ ely lon g er ti m e of the specified reference period. Si m ilarly, one was classified as not in labour force, if he or she was en ga g e d in relativel y lon g er period in an y o n e of the non - g ainful acti v ities. Within the tw o broad acti v it y categ ories w or k i n g a nd n o t in labour force, the detailed acti v ity cate g or y was deter m ine d on the basis of ti m e spent criterion. A person cate g ori z ed as wor k e r on the basis of his/her principal status is referred to as principal status wor k er. A non - w or k e r who p u rsued som e g a inful acti v it y i n a subsidiar y capacity is referred to as subsidiar y status w o r k er. Principal status w o r k ers and subsidiar y status wor k ers to g e ther c onstitute all w o r k ers accordin g to the usual status classification.

(b)

C l assifi cation according to c u rrent w eekly status approach

For classification of the population under current wee k l y status approach, a priority- c u m - m aj or ti m e rule has b een ado p ted. A ccordin g to the criteria, status of work i n g g e ts priorit y o v er status of not wor k ing or b ein g av ailable for w o r k . S t atus of see k i n g or bein g a v ailable for w o r k in turn g e ts priority o v er non - g ai nful acti v ities pursued. When a person is foun d to be possessin g m o re than o n e g a inful acti v it y , t he unique acti v it y is decided as that activ it y on w h ich relati v e l y m o re ti m e has been spent. A perso n is considered to be e m plo y ed if he or she p u rsues an y one or m o re of the g a inful acti v ities for at least one - h our on an y da y of the reference w e e k . On the other han d, if a person does n o t pursue a n y g a inful acti v it y , b u t has bee n see k in g or a v ailable for wor k , the person is c onsidered as une m p l o y e d. (c) C l assifi cation according to c u rrent daily status a pproach

U nder this approa ch, all the acti v ities of a person are listed on each da y of the precedin g w e e k . U p to tw o statuses w e re recorde d for each day of the reference wee k for pers ons pursuin g m o re than one acti v ity durin g the se ven day s of the reference w e e k . T h e unit of classification is half da y . U nder this concept, a perso n is considered as w or k i n g (e m p lo yed) for the entire da y if he had wor k e d four ho urs or m o re durin g the day. I f he ha d wor k ed for one hour or m o re, b u t less than four hours, h e is considered as w o r k in g for half da y and seek in g / a v ailable for w o r k (une m p lo y e d) and n o t in labour force for other half of the da y , dependin g on whether he was see k i n g or a v ailable for wor k or not. I f a person is not en g a ged in an y w o r k , eve n for one hour on the da y, but was see k in g / a v ailable for wor k for fo ur hours or m o re , he is c onsidered une m p lo y e d for the entire da y. I f he is a v ailable for w o r k for less than fo ur hours onl y , he is consi dered as une m p lo y e d f or half da y and n o t in labour force for other half da y . A perso n w ho neither ha d an y wor k to do nor was a vailable for wor k e v e n for half of the da y is considere d not in labour force for the entire day. T h e a g g r e g ate of da y units, either half or full, under the different activ it y cate g ories durin g the reference wee k di v i ded b y se v e n pro v ides the estim ates of a v era g e nu m b er of person da y s by acti v it y cate g o r y durin g an av era g e wee k o v er the sur v e y period on one year. Li nkage bet w een Census and NS SO dat a : T h e N S S O has defined wor k or g ainful activit y ; as the acti v it y p u rsued for pa y, profit or fa m i l y g a in or in other w o rds, the acti v it y which adds v a lue to the national product . Nor m all y , it is an activit y, which results in prod uction of goods and ser v ices for exchan g e . H o w e v e r, all acti v ities in the agricultural sector in w h ich a part or whole of the a g ricultural production is used for o w n co nsu m ption and does not g o for sale are also considered as g a inful. A s in the C e nsus , attendin g the household chores d o es not co nstitute w o r k or g a inful activ ity in the NS SO . Further, both in the C e nsus and in the N S SO , be ggars, prosti tutes, etc. are not co nsidered as w o r k ers e v e n thou g h the y m a y ha v e so m e earning.

T h e m eas ure m ent of em pl o y m e nt and u n e m plo y m e nt based on the usual status approach in NSS O is the one, which can be broa dl y co m p ared with the census. III. Some Important Stati s t i cs

So m e i m portant e m pl oy m e nt and une m p lo ym ent statistics as a v ailable fro m Pop u lation census, NS SO and E m plo y m e nt Exchan g e s are g i v e n in T a ble 1,2,3 an d 4. T h ese tables show the v a riations in the e m plo y m e nt an d une m p lo ym ent data due to differences in concepts an d m e thodolo gy of data collection

Table 1. In dia: W o rker Po pula t i on R a tio b y Gende r and R u ral Urba n Resi dence, 1951 t o 1993 - 9 4 Y e a r /Source Indi a R ur a l Indi a U r ban Ind i a Person Mal e Fem ale Person Mal e Fem ale Person Mal e Fem ale (NS S R ound) Cens us 39. 1 53. 9 23. 4 39.5 53.5 25.0 37. 1 56. 4 14.7 1951 NS S ( 9 ) 43.2 59. 2 26. 6 32. 4 51. 4 11.6 1955 Cens us 43. 0 57. 1 28. 0 45.1 58.2 31.4 33. 5 52. 4 11.1 1961 1971 1972- 73 1977- 78 1981 1983 1987- 88 1989- 90 1990- 91 1991 1992 1993- 94
Cens us NS S ( 2 7 ) NS S ( 3 2 ) 34. 0 41. 3 42. 2 52. 7 53. 5 54. 2 13. 9 28. 2 29. 3 36.1 43.5 44.4 53.6 54.5 55.2 15.5 31.8 33.1 29. 6 33. 1 34. 1 48. 9 50. 1 50. 8 7.1 13.4 15.6

Cens us@ NS S ( 3 8 ) NS S ( 4 3 ) NS S ( 4 5 ) NS S ( 4 6 )

36.8 42. 2 41. 1 41. 2 40. 4

52.6 53. 8 53. 1 53. 9 54. 3

19.8 29. 6 28. 1 27. 6 25. 4

38.9 44.6 43.4 43.7 42.7

53. 8 54.7 53.9 54.8 55.3

23. 2 34.0 32.3 31.9 29.2

30.0 34. 3 33. 9 33. 9 33. 8

49. 1 51. 2 50. 6 51. 2 51. 3

8.3 15.1 15.2 14.6 14.3

Cens us * NS S ( 4 8 ) NS S ( 5 0 )

37.5 41. 2 42. 0

51.6 54. 3 54. 5

22.3 27. 0 28. 6

40.0 43.8 44.4

52.5 55.6 55.3

26.7 31.3 32.8

30. 2 33. 6 34. 7

48. 9 50. 7 52. 0

9.2 14.6 15.4

@Excl udes Assam * E x c l udes Jammu & Kashmir

Table 2. Wo rk Par t icipa t io n R a t e as pe r 1991 Po pula t ion C e n s us,In dia & Stat es.
W ork participation rate P e r c e n t a g e o f m a i n wo r k e r s i n

State or Un io n T e r r ito r y 1 INDI A

P rim ary (Mai n + Marginal) s ect or P M F

S ec ondary s ect or P M F

T e rt i a r y s ect or P M F

Population (000')s

2
838, 584

10 11 12 13
8.0 20.5 23.3 - - - -

14
10. 8 - -

37.5 51. 6 - - - -

22.3 67.5 - - -

63. 6 81. 2 12.0 13.1 - - - -

(excluding Jam m u & Kas hm ir)@ 846, 303 INDIA (including J am m u & Kashm ir) St at e s 66,508 Andhra Prades h 865 Ar u n ac h a l P r a d e s h 22,414 As s a m 86,374 Bihar 1,170 Goa 41,310 G u ja r a t 16,464 Har yana 5,171 Him achal Pradesh 7,719 Jam m u & Kas hm ir 44,977 Karnatak a 29,099 Kerala 66,181 Ma dh ya Pr ad es h 78,937 Maharashtra 1,837 Manipur 1,775 M e g h a l a ya 690 Mizor am 1,210 Nagaland 31,660 Oriss a 20,282 Punjab 44,006 Rajasthan 406 S i k k im 55,859 T a m il N a du 2,757 Tripura 139, 112 Uttar Prades h 68,078 W es t Ben ga l Uni on T e r r i tor ies 281 Andam an & Nic obar I s l a n ds 642 Chandigarh 138 D a dr a & N a g a r H a v e l i 102 Dam an & Diu 9,421 Delhi 52 La k s h a d w e e p 808 Pondic herr y
S ourc e: Office of t he Regist rar G eneral, India

45.1 55. 5 46.2 53. 8 36. 1 49. 4 32. 2 47. 9 35. 3 49. 6 40. 2 53. 6 31.0 48. 5 42. 8 50. 6 - - - 42.0 54.1 31. 4 47.6 42.8 52. 3 43. 0 52. 2 42. 2 45. 3 42. 7 50. 1 48. 9 53. 9 42. 7 46. 9 37. 5 53. 8 30. 9 54. 2 38.9 49. 3 41. 5 51. 3 43. 3 56. 4 31.1 47. 5 32. 2 49. 7 32.2 51. 4 35. 2 53. 3 34. 9 54. 3 53. 2 57. 5 37.6 51. 6 31. 6 51. 7 26. 4 44. 2 33. 1 50. 6

34.3 71.2 37.5 67.4 21.6 74.0 14.9 82.4 20.5 32.3 26.0 59.8 10.8 58.8 34.8 69.3 - 29. 4 67. 4 15. 8 48. 0 32.7 77.5 33.1 61.5 39.0 70.0 34.9 74.8 43.5 66.0 38.0 75.3 20.8 75.8 4.4 56.1 27.4 71.6 30.4 68.4 29.9 61.8 13.8 64.1 12.3 73.0 11.2 56.5 13.1 34.5 10.4 4.4 - -

64. 6 83. 8 10.5 12.0 54. 6 89. 9 71. 0 86. 5 80. 6 91. 6 8. 7 12. 3 5. 6 4. 6 6. 1 4. 9

7.7 18.3 23.4 2. 2 23.9 33. 1 3. 3 20. 4 22. 9 3. 2 13. 0 14. 5 5.8 22.4 24.8 6.7 28.0 28.7 2.4 20.7 25.7 - - - - -

8.5 7.9 10. 2 5.1 42.9 12.5 21.1 7.9 10.4 29.7 5.5 10.4 9.4 14.7 19.9 6.7 10.1 54.8 6.5 13. 5 11.5 22.4 9.1 19.8 50.2 84.2 5.6 42.2 79.3 56.0 36.1

28. 2 44. 5 22.0 25.1 12. 7 45. 7 46. 7 54. 5 81. 7 17.9 20.8 57. 4 72. 2 13.2 13.9 61. 5 89. 6 10.0 12.9 - - - -

62.7 78. 9 13.2 14.2 10. 8 19. 5 23. 2 47.8 48. 6 18.2 17.1 21. 6 33. 8 35. 0 72. 7 89. 3 65. 4 76. 5 69. 5 83. 7 58. 2 78. 4 63. 3 92. 1 74. 3 82. 7 67. 3 89. 5 8. 4 9. 7 3. 7 5. 1 3. 5 7. 5 9. 7 5. 2 14. 1 17. 6 6.0 22.7 28.6 1. 5 21. 5 25. 4 1. 7 28. 9 34. 6 1. 2 21. 3 31. 6 7. 3 16. 7 18. 1 4. 0 18.5 21. 4 5.8 20.5 23.9 4. 9 29. 5 31. 0 6. 3 18. 0 19. 2 50. 9 83. 6 15.8 20.5 5. 0 7. 2 5. 1 7. 6

6. 5 14. 1 20. 3 28. 1

57. 1 34. 2 14.8 15.0 11. 0 29. 1 27. 9 9. 9 11. 3 62. 3 80. 7 11.1 13.8 62. 3 72. 6 71. 5 84. 6 6. 4 9. 0 6. 7 9. 3

55. 3 76. 8 16.2 18.1 11. 8 22. 0 26. 6

55. 9 60. 3 17.8 17.5 19. 9 25. 7 26. 5 35. 2 29. 2 25.1 25.7 20. 7 40. 4 39. 1 4. 7 2. 9 27. 8 30. 1 12. 9 67. 7 65. 3 4.0 12.1 15.5

48.8 71.8 23.2 37.3 7.4 2.8 7.6 25.0 15.2 39.2

61. 9 90. 4 16.1 22.6 2. 9

37. 4 37. 1 25.4 26.5 20. 7 37. 3 36. 2 2. 7 32.4 34.1 18. 1 64. 7 63. 0 9.9 40.8 42.1 26. 6 13. 1 25.3 24.5 30. 9 49. 7 48. 9 35. 1 54. 0 20.0 22.8

Table3. Unem plo yme nt rates@ as per v a ri ous Roun ds o f NSS O b y a g e ( p erce nt ) an d Sex. ( p ers o n )
Ma l e F em ale Age-grou p (i n Yea rs) 5-14 15-29 30-44 45-59 60 & above Tot al

Ye a r
5-14 15-29

Age-grou p (i n Y ears ) 30-44 45-59 60 & above Tot al

Rura l 1977- 78 1983 1987- 88 1989- 90 1990- 91 Jul y -De c 91 1992 Jan- June 93 1993- 94 1994- 95 July 95 - J une 96 $ Jan -D ec 97$ 1977- 78 1983 1987- 88 1989- 90 1990- 91 Jul y -De c .91 1992 JanJune'93' 1993- 94 1994- 95 July 95 - J une 96 $ Jan -D ec 97$
2.0 2. 8 3.2 1.9 0.6 3.7 1. 3 3. 7 1.6 0.8 1.6 4.9 4.7 6.2 3.6 3.2 4.3 3.8 3.7 4.9 3.1 3.6 0. 6 0. 5 0. 9 0. 5 0. 3 0. 4 0. 3 0. 2 0. 4 0. 3 0. 6 0. 4 0. 2 0. 5 0. 0 0. 3 0. 2 0. 2 0. 2 0. 1 0. 0 0. 2 0.0 0.1 1. 3 1. 4 0. 0 0. 0 1.5 1.6 0.0 0.3 0. 1 0. 1 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1 2. 2 2. 1 2. 8 1. 6 1. 3 1. 8 1. 6 1. 6 2.0 2. 7 1. 6 2. 1 0.8 2.0 2.1 2.0 3.2 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.4 0. 5 0. 3 0. 2 0.2 0 0 0. 4 0. 8 0.5 1. 0 1.4 4. 7 1. 2 2. 9 1. 4 8.5 2.8 5.4 1.5 1.0 4.1 0.5 2.4 0.4 0.3 3. 0 0. 4 1. 9 0. 6 0.6 1. 2 1. 2 0. 4 2.0 0.6 1.8 5. 5 1. 4 3. 5 0. 8

3. 3

3.8

0. 3

0. 0

0.0

1. 6

1. 2

2.1

0.3

0. 9

Urba n
7.7 10.6 9.3 11.1 9.0 12. 0 14.8 7.2 14.0 12.2 13.6 9.7 11.3 9.6 10.2 9.2 1.3 1.4 1.2 0. 9 0.8 1.0 1.3 0. 8 1.0 0.7 0.7 0. 9 0.3 0.6 0.4 0. 4 1. 5 0. 6 1. 1 1.8 0. 9 0.2 2. 1 0.2 6. 5 5. 9 6. 1 4. 4 4. 5 4.5 4. 6 3. 8 4.5 6.8 7.9 10.8 8.5 9.9 1.1 1. 1 1. 0 0.4 0. 2 0. 3 0.2 4. 0 9. 5 0.8 0.3 0. 3 0. 3 4. 5 3.7 2. 6 2.7 19. 6 10.0 2.8 0.3 0. 4 0.0 0.0 3. 6 4.3 3.9 17. 2 11. 2 13. 8 8.6 2.5 1.8 2.6 0. 3 0. 5 8. 2 1.0 6. 7 4. 3 13. 2 1.4 0. 4 5.5 7. 8 2. 3 4. 1 31. 4 15. 5 18. 8 7.9 10.4 2.1 3.5 1.1 4.8 0. 7 1. 1 0. 5 5. 4 2. 2 9.1 1.1 17. 8 6. 9 8. 5 3. 9

4. 3

10.0

0.9

0.3

0. 2

3. 9

3. 1

13. 2

1.7

0. 0

0.0

5. 1

Source : National Sample Survey Organisation No t e : Th e f i g u re s o f d i f f e re n t ro u n d s re l a t e t o t h e u s u a l p ri n c i p a l status Nil 0.0 Negligible @ T h e p e r c e n t a g e of u n e m p l o y e d in l a b o u r fo r c e $ T h e f i g u r e s a r e ba s e d o n t h i n s a m p l e

Table 4. Job - seekers re gist e r ed w i t h empl o ymen t exchange s India Y ear N o . on liv e r e g i ster at the Per c enta g e i n cr ea se end of y ear ov e r the p r e v i ous y e a r (la k h s ) 1961 1966 1971 1976 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 18.33 26.22 51.00 97.84 162.00 178.38 197.53 219.53 235.47 262.70 301.31 302.47 300.50 327.76 346.32 363.00 367.58 362.75 366.91 367.42 14.1 25.4 4.9 13.0 10.1 10.7 11.1 7.3 11.6 14.7 0.4 0.7 9.1 5.7 4.8 1.3 1.3 1.1 0.1

1996 374.30 1.9 1997 391.40 4.6 1998 400.90 2.4 Sour ce : D ir ecto r a te Gene r a l of Empl oyment & T r a i ni n g , M i n i st ry of Labour Ne g l i g ible N o te: A l l the j ob seekers on the l i v e r e gi ste r of the empl o y ment exchnag e s ar e not neces sari ly unempl o y ed.