JF 302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY

MATERIAL TESTING

WHAT IS MATERIAL TESTING?

Materials that are used in mechanical jobs are chose by its properties. These properties are the crystallized characteristic of the material and it can be strengthen with heat treatment process, alloying and other mechanical method. These properties quality is evaluated by Standard Destructive Test.

THE PURPOSE AND TYPES OF MATERIAL TESTING DEFORMATION

THE PURPOSE OF MATERIAL TESTING; To determine the quality of the material. This may be one aspect of the process control in plants.

To determine the mechanical properties such as strength, hardness and ductility. To detect defects in materials produced components.

To evaluate the performance of certain conditions of service.

TYPES OF MATERIAL TESTING DEFORMATION

DESTRUCTIVE TEST Brinell test Vickers test Rockwell test Shore Soleroscope test NON DESTRUCTIVE TEST Penetration method Magnet Powder method Longitudinal Magnet Field method Circular Magnet Field method Ultrasonic method X-ray method

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES IN MATERIAL TESTING

Strength

Strength has several definitions depending on the material type and application. Before choosing a material based on its published or measured strength it is important to understand the manner in which strength is defined and how it is measured. When designing for strength, material class and mode of loading are important considerations. For metals the most common measure of strength is the yield strength. For most polymers it is more convenient to measure the failure strength, the stress at the point where the stress strain curve becomes obviously non-linear. Strength, for ceramics however, is more difficult to define. Failure in ceramics is highly dependent on the mode of loading. The typical failure strength in compression is fifteen times the failure strength in tension. The more common reported value is the compressive failure strength.

Hardness Hardness is the measure of how resistant solid matter is to various kinds of permanent shape change when a force is applied. Macroscopic hardness is generally characterized by strong intermolecular bonds, but the behavior of solid materials under force is complex; therefore, there are different measurements of hardness: scratch hardness, indentation hardness, and rebound hardness. Hardness is dependent on ductility, elastic stiffness, plasticity, strain, strength, toughness, visco-elasticity, and viscosity.

Elasticity Elasticity is the property of an object or material which causes it to be restored to its original shape after distortion. It is said to be more elastic if it restores itself more precisely to its original configuration. A rubber band is easy to stretch, and snaps back to near its original length when released, but it is not as elastic as a piece of piano wire. The piano wire is harder to stretch, but would be said to be more elastic than the rubber band because of the precision of its return to its original length. A real piano string can be struck hundreds of times without stretching enough to go noticeably out of tune. A spring is an example of an elastic object - when stretched, it exerts a restoring force which tends to bring it back to its original length. This restoring force is generally proportional to the amount of stretch, as described by Hooke's Law. For wires or columns, the elasticity is generally described in terms of the amount of deformation (strain) resulting from a given stress (Young's modulus). Bulk elastic properties of materials describe the response of the materials to changes in pressure.

Plasticity
In physics and materials science, plasticity describes the deformation of a material undergoing non-reversible changes of shape in response to applied forces. For example, a solid piece of metal being bent or pounded into a new shape displays plasticity as permanent changes occur within the material itself. In engineering, the transition from elastic behavior to plastic behavior is called yield.

Ductility
Ductility is a measure of how much deformation or strain a material can withstand before breaking. The most common measure of ductility is the percentage of change in length of a tensile sample after breaking. This is generally reported as % El or percent elongation. The R.A. or reduction of area of the sample also gives some indication of ductility.

Toughness Toughness describes a material's resistance to fracture. It is often expressed in terms of the amount of energy a material can absorb before fracture. Tough materials can absorb a considerable amount of energy before fracture while brittle materials absorb very little. Neither strong materials such as glass or very ductile materials such as taffy can absorb large amounts of energy before failure. Toughness is not a single property but rather a combination of strength and ductility. The toughness of a material can be related to the total area under its stress-strain curve. A comparison of the relative magnitudes of the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and percent elongation of different material will give a good indication of their relative toughness. Materials with high yield strength and high ductility have high toughness. Integrated stress-strain data is not readily available for most materials so other test methods have been devised to help quantify toughness. The most common test for toughness is the Charpy impact test.

In crystalline materials the toughness is strongly dependent on crystal structure. Face centered cubic materials are typically ductile while hexagonal close packed materials tend to be brittle. Body centered cubic materials often display dramatic variation in the mode of failure with temperature. In many materials the toughness is temperature dependent. Generally materials are more brittle at lower temperatures and more ductile at higher temperatures. The temperature at which the transition takes place is known as the DBTT, or ductile to brittle transition temperature. The DBTT is measured by performing a series of Charpy impact tests at various temperatures to determine the ranges of brittle and ductile behavior. Use of alloys below their transition temperature is avoided due to the risk of catastrophic failure.

Brittleness A material is brittle if, when subjected to stress, it breaks without significant deformation (strain). Brittle materials absorb relatively little energy before fracture, even those of high strength. Breaking is often accompanied by a snapping sound. Brittle materials include most ceramics and glasses (which do not deform plastically) and some polymers, such as PMMA(methyl methacrylate) and polystyrene. Many steels become brittle at low temperatures (see ductilebrittle transition temperature), depending on their composition and processing.