Learning Transfer

Efficiency & ability to apply the existing experience, knowledge or skill, to new learning process.

Process of conceptualization, generalization & proactive inhibition are the old learning process which influences the new learning process.

 Occur daily, especially in school. Example, - Maths skill used to learn Science. - Language skill used to write letter & essey. It is a life-long process. (Career, social life)

Types of Learning Transfer

Positive learning transfer Bilateral transfer Mediated transfer Learning set transfer Negative learning transfer Zero transfer

Positive Learning Transfer

Lateral transfer the application or acquired experience to another same situation with same level of difficulty. Example, characteristic of air (Science) can be used to explain phenomenon of weather (Geography).

 Vertical transfer increase in experience which has been attained to a higher level, so that learning process can be upgraded further. Example, students should learn the skills of plus minus multiply divide

Bilateral transfer
Also is cross-training, learning transfer in skill and training such as physical education.

Training of right hand can increase the skill of left hand. Same as leg.

Example, Taekwondo testing

A - Use right leg try to kick the target 50 times (20 times) - Use left leg try to kick the target 200 times (100 times) - Use right leg try to kick the target 50 times (40 times) B - Use right leg try to kick the target 50 times (20 times) - Rest about 30 minutes - Use right leg try to kick the target 50 times (30 times)

Conclusion, training by using left leg can enhance the skill right leg.
Taekwondo expert

Mediated Transfer
When an individual, who has learned a certain fixed respond from the external stimuli, used the respond as a medium to form a new response under the same category of previous stimuli. Example, drawing of human parts (drawing class) help to learn the name of human parts (science).

Learning Set Transfer

Achieved through the experiences acquired from a number of learning with the same category.

Example, learn to use bicycle. Fall down and ride again until success.

Negative Learning Transfer

The old learning that interferes the new learning and vice versa. Proactive inhibition the previous learning interferes the following learning process. Example, learning of Physic will interferes the following chemistry learning. (confuse of concept)

 Retroactive inhibition subsequent new learning interferes previous learning. Example, learning of Mandarin language may cause students forgot the structure of English language.

 Habitual inhibition old habit interferes the formation of new habit. Example, a student always study in silent situation. If the situation is noisy, his surely cannot concentrate.

Zero Transfer
Same as no learning transfer. A certain new learning situation base on old learning, where learning result is zero. Example, you dont know to swim. You see others swim. You cannot jump to swimming pool. See the skill of swim u can swim.

Principles of Learning Transfer

Principle of identical elements The transfer of learning occur when both of the learning's contain same elements

Example, Physic and Add. Maths

 Principle of sufficient basic training the more basic exercises held in the early period of learning, the more likely that learning will take place. Example, swimming .

 Principle of stimuli diversification if there are more diversified training during the early learning period, its more likely that learning transfer will occur in the new learning. Example, learning of BM & BI help students to learn Science & Maths

 Principle of insight learning transfer is likely to occur with the use of insight and repeated training. Example, good in Maths (strong in basic) help in Add. Maths, Physic, Business.

 Principle of learning set learning set acquired from a set of learning experiences, will facilitate learning transfer for the new learning. Example, English help to master Science and Maths subject

Theories of Learning Transfer

Identical elements theory: Thorndike - learning transfer effective if old & new learning have similar elements - for example, Math & Physic - important principles used for planning of KBSR and KBSM

Generalization Theory
Principles that acquired through experiences is the main factor that facilitates learning transfer. Example, know the characteristic of dog. You wont get close to strange dog. But kids may do. Closely related to deduction method/induction method, used to form principles and facilitate learning transfer.

Transposition Theory
Emphasized the overall characteristics in human behavior/experience. Also is Relationship Theory. All element must organized to form an overall pattern. Not like Identical Elements Theory look on similar element. But, both theory contain spirit of cooperation & synthesis technique to defeat the opponent The playing field is like a battle field Players & soldiers

Strategy & Principle to Facilitate Positive Learning Transfer in Teaching-Learning Activities

The learning content should divided into stages based on the principles from old learning to new learning of new skill or concept: old skill -> new skill acquired generalization -> formation of new generalization

basic materials -> new materials

Other Strategies & Principles

Announce learning objectives before lessons - if pupils are informed with learning objective, they may ready for what to learn and how to prepare for exam

 Emphasis on acquiring concept and instill thinking skill

- Concept learning is a simple horizontal learning transfer. - Inquiry-discovery method provide opportunity to observe, find ascertain, think, analyze, interpret and finally discover concepts, principles, theorems, or laws.

 Cumulative experiences & systematic

organization

- Experiences must well arranged: from basic to more complex. - Example, teach operation in addition -> subtraction, multiplication, division - Also consider relationship between subject for effective learning - Example, concept in Maths -> concept in Physic

Teach concept with suitable examples - Teaching & learning activities with examples help student to know more the concepts & principles taught.

- Example, teaching momentum concept required available experiment. - Concepts are abstract, concrete examples are better for students.