Zmvkyfuwfzkd@av;

to#ifpHausmfxGef;&GD;a& &ckdifawmfvSef&D;orkdif;okH;oyfcsuf

rmwdum

(1) ed'gef;/ Zmvkyfuwfzkd@av;

(2) ig&kd@ ZmawmfvSef&D;eef@ awmfvSefuwfzkd@av;

(3) &ckdifh trsKd;om;awmfvSef&D;orkdif;a=umif;

(u) r[m ya'o&kdufe,fcsJ@ ukdawmfvSef+cif;
(c ) +Adwdo# t⇔o#ife,fcsJ@ ukdawmfvSefjcif;
(* ) +Adwdo# tdEdN,qkda& pddD;yGm;&D;pm;csufukdazG@ap;jcif;
(C) 1937 ckESpf +Adwdo#Am;rm; ukdcGJxkwfjcif;eef@ e,fedrdwfrsOf; (0g) (McMahan line)owfrSwfjcif;

(4)&ckdifh trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D; orkdif;a=umif; a&mxDG;vm;jcif;

(u) yxr &ckdif0HomEkacwf Zmykdifav;?
(c ) 20 &mpk yxrykdif; awmfvSef&D;rsm; Zmykdifav;

(5) u|efykef;ckduf
(u) 'kwd, &ckdif0HomEkacwf (trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D; ap;&kH;&D;umv)
(c ) &ckdifh trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; tazG@tap;rsm; ay:aygufvmjcif;/

(6) trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D;ESifh awmfvSefar/

r[mAsL[m
enf;AsL[m
cH,lcsufrsm;

(7) aumufpkdufcsufrsm;

(8) vkyfief;ykdif;

(1) Zmvkyfuwfzkd@av;

av;?
1? o#Kdufaw &Jabmftaygif;&kd@ atedef@ ig&kd@ Zmvkyfuwfzkd@av;

1
 atEkdifiH&D;/ awmfvSef&D;/ oHo&m0Jukd pkdif;pm;,if; /pkdif;pm;,if;/ atrD;cGef;&m wpfckxGufay:vma&// ukd,fh zmom ukd,favh t}udrf}udrf/
rD;jref;rda&// ukd,fh&Jabmfwdukdavh a'rD;cGef;ukd pdwfeef@ tacgufacguftcgcg rD;jref@ =unfha&// igpdwful;=unfha&// pkdif;pm;=unfha&// a0zea=uha&//

igZmvkyf&zkd@av;? ig&kd@Zmvkyf&zkd@av;?

tajzum; ig&kd@vGwfvyf&D; &atmifvkyf&zkd@// vGwfvyf&D;&atmif baZmifvkyf&zkd@av;? vGwfvyf&D; &atmifawmfvSef&zkd@//

[kwf,m/ baZmif vGwfvyf&D;rsKd;ukd ig&kd@vkda&av;// zdESdyfjcif;uif;a& (vlrsKd;&D; t&zdESdyfjcif; uif;a&/ vl wef;pm;t& zdEdSyfjcif;uif;a&)
vGwfvyf&D;rsKd;ukd ig&kd@vkdvm;a&// t*a,mifhyif pif=u,f jrifhjrwfaw/ zdESdyfjcif;uif; a& vGwfvyf&D;twGuf ig&kd@ awmfvSef wkdufckduf&ar// a'umvrm
vGwfvyf&D; wkdufayG;ukd jyjyif&D; eef@ prf;vkd@rwGd@// zufqpftm%m twGif;rm jyjyif&D;a& zsufqD;a& ud&d,mwpfck òzdufeDuwfaw// awmfvSef&D;
atmifjrifvma&cg ae;AsL[m ykdif;rm òyjyif&D;ukd vkdtyfau axhokH; &zkd@òzdufauavh a'tcsdefrm atmifayG;ukd vGwfvyf&D; atmifayG;ukd òyjyif&D;eef@
r&,lEkdif// Oya'wGif; v_yf&Sm;&D;ukd vkyfzkd@qkdau òzdufEkdifa&// ,auavh Oya'wGif; v_yf&Sm;&D; t+cDteD ukd&m yD;Ekdifvdrfhar// tqkH;tjzwfudkum;
yD;Ekdifzkd@r[kwf// ,if;eef@&m vGwfvyf&D; twGuf awmfvSwf&D;&m t"du// &ckdifh vGwfvyf&D; twGuf &ckdifh awmfvSef&D;&m t"du//

,au baZmif awmfvSef&D;vkyfzkd@av;// awmfvSef&D; qkdpGm tqifh(3) qifh[da&//

ywr tqifh
trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D; (National revolution)

'kwd, wef;tqifh
ajyol@ 'Drkdu a&pD awmfvSef&D; (Class revolution)

wwd, tqifh-
qkdacsvpfawmfvSef&D; (socialist revolution) &kd@yifòzdufuwfaw//

,au atedef@ &ckdifajy trsKd;om; taeeef@ ZmawmfvSef&D; pcef;tqifhukd qifEGJ&zkdk@av;// pmtkyf}uD;rm pcef;qifhukd &Smvk@d rrSefuefEdkif//
Om%fynm xufjrufr_eef@ &Smvkd@rrSefuefEkdif// vuf0JtpGef;/ vuf,m tpGef;&kd@rm &Smvkd@avh rrSefEkdif// ig&kd@ &ckdifh&kyfb0 orkdif;rm&m&Sm&zkdk@//
aemuf+rD;qGJ0g' &kd@eef@ &Smvkd@&zkd@r[kwf// odyH̀ae;us awmf vSef&D; oabmw&m;eef@&m &Smvkd@&Ekdifzkd@//

&ckdif vlr_tazG@tap;. &kyfb0/ &kyforkdif;ukd vSnfh=unfhau ukdvkdeDb0/ ukdvkdeD orkdif;ukd wGd@&zkd@trSef// ukdvkdeDrmawmifu zkH;uG,fcH
u|efykef;ukdvkdeD (Hidden colony) òzdufeDa&// ukdvkdeD &ckdifhvlr_tazG@tap;rm ukdvkdeD &ckdif trsKd;om;eef@ Arme,fcsJ@&kd@. t"du yÉdyuQ
tòzdufwGd@&a&// yxr pcef;tqihf+zdKufaw trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D;ukd ukdifwG,f&zkd@yif +zdKufaw// ,if;rSwyg; tjcm;r[d//

rsufarSmufumvrm Arm zufqpfe,fcsJ@&kd@ukd trsKd;om;awmfvSef&D;eef@ &ckdifajru ESifxkwfykduf&zkd@yif òzdufaw// a'pif=u,frGefjrwfaw

tvkyfukd ig&kd@vkyf&zkd@òzdufaw// ig&kd@ ,l&zkd@wm0ef+zdKufaw// ukdvkdeD EkdifiH wpfckrm trsdK;om; vGwfvyf&D; r[dab;/ vlwef;pm; vGwfajrmufr_r[dEkdif//
trsKd;om; vGwfvyf&D;r[dbJ Zmvlr_wkd; wuf&D;ukdrS rvkyfaqmifEkdif// ,if;eef@&m ukdvkdeD&ckdifajrrm ig&kd@ &ckdfif trsKd;om; wpf&yfvkH;taeeef@ yxrqkH;
trsKd;om; vGwfvyf&D;ukd qifEGJvm;&zkd@// wcsdefaw;rm ukd,fh&ckdif vlr_tazG@tap;wGif; yÉdyuQ/ vlwef;pm;csif; yÉdyuQ/ rsKd;EG,fpkcsif; yÉdyuQ/ a'oEW&
yÉdyuQ/ EkdifiH&D;tkyfpkcsif; yÉdyuQ/ tm;vkH;a& vufatmufcH yÉdyuQ òzdufeDodvkd@// ,if; yÉdyuQukd trsKd;om;&D;ukd OD;wnfvkd@
rdwfquftoGifajz&Sif;vm;&zkd@//

(2)ig&kd@ ZmawmfvSef&D;rsKd;eef@ awmfvSefuwf&zkd@av;?

av;

csKdufaw&D;az:taygif;&kd@ ated ZmawmfvSef&D;rsKd;eef@awmfvSef&zkd@av;?

av;

a'rD;cGef;ukd txufuawm@cg wqdwfauavmuf aqG;aEG;c,m+zKdufaw? a,au taus acs@vkd@raqG;EG;cif &SD;txufu

trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif=uD;wd ZmawmfvSef&D;rsKd;ukd vkyfcuwfawav; qkdpGmukd wcsufavmuf vdvma=uhuwfOD;ar? ,if;apmf&@dk a&

2
ZmawmfvSef&D;rsKd;ukd vkyfcuwfawav; awmfvSef&D; pcef;qifh (3) qifh [dpGmrm yxr pcef;qifhukd vkyfcuwfawvm;// r[kwfau 'kwd, tqifhukd
vkyfcuwfawvm;? wwd, qifhukd vkyfcuwfawvm;´ wae; trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D;ukd vkyfcuwfawvm; r[kwfau vlwef;pm; awmfvSef&D;ukd
vkyfcuwf awvm;´ r[kwfau qkda,Svdwf awmfvSef&D;ukd vkyfcuwfawvm;´ &ckdifh vlr_tazG@tap; &kyforkdif;eef@ &ckdif awmfvSef&D;orkdif;ukd
vdvma=uhvkdufau yxr pcef;qifh/ trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D; qifaEG;ca=umif;wdG@c&zkd@yif +zKdufaw?

ig&kd@ tz &ckdif ajya&

AD1784 (AC.1146) uyif vGwfvyfaw /rSdckduif;a&/ tcsKyftcsmtm%m ykdifqkdifa& / trsKd;om; EkdifiHb0u vGwfvyfr_ rSDcdkuif;r/_
tcsKyftmcsmtm%mykdifqkdifr_wd vkH;0qkH;,SKH;vcjyD;au ukdvkdedD uGsefb0ukd usa&mufvcpGm *edxufxd vGwfvyf&D; r&od// trSDdtckduif;a&
tcsKyftcsmtm%m ykdifqkdifa& trsKd;om; EkKdifiHb0ukd ra&mufEkdifod// ,if;a=umifh uGsef+zKdufvca& (1146 ck jymokdvqkyf 7 &uf) eduyif ok@d r[kwf
Armh ya'o&kdufaeacs@&dk@ &ckdifajyukd pvkd@0ifvma& 1146 ck ewfawmf vqef; (4) &ufeduyif awmfvSef&D;. zcif}uD; ausmfxDG; pwifqifaEG;ca&
&ckdifajy trsKdom; awmfvSef&D;um; tqkH;owf atmifayG;ukd *edxd ra&mufod// ,if;a=umifh trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D; tqkH;owf atmifayG;+zKdufaw
trsKd;om; vGwfvyf&D; atmifayG;twGuf &ckdifajy trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D;ukd qufvufqifaEG; uwf&zkd@?

(3)&ckdif trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D; orkdif;a=umif;

(u) Arm ya'o&kdufaeacs@ ukdawmfvSefjcif;

yxrykdif; (1784-1788) AD 1638 (&ckdifESKduf-1000-ajy@) ck od&dok"rRbk&if uG,fvGefvm;c aw &ckdifvlr_tazG@tap;rm

ap;&kH;&D; tiftm; avsm@qif;pjyKvmvwfaw ,if;tcsdefxd &ckdif ya'o&kduf +rDo#if pEkdufrm tm&pPwkdua&pD (ARIATOCRACY) ac:
okcrdefxdef;uGyf&D; pEkduf ckdifaemif;auav@ aemufykdif;umv vltkyf0g'ac: armfbkdua&pD (Mobcracy) xGef;um;p jyKvma&?
ukd,f&Hawmfwyfrsm;u tcsKyftcsm tm%m ukd }uKd;aqG;vmvwfaw? +rKd@pm;/ &Gmpm;rsm; (feurallordo) u eef;vkvmvwfaw// rif;rsKd; rif;aEG
trsm;pkeef@ ukd,f&Hawmf wyfom;trsm;pka& &ckdifajy tpGeftzsm;+zKdufaw uHom/ &Da=ua'owkd@ wdrf;a,Smifvm;vwfaw// ,if;tcsdefum; &ckdifh
tustqif;umvyif+zKdufaw/ &ckdiftrsKd;om; tap;t&kH;&D;t+ydKtqif; umv+zKdufaw? 1784 (AC.1146) txd qlqlylyl/ vSKyfvSKyf,Sm;,Sm;
+zdKufeDa&? &ckdifjrDo#if ya'o&kdufpEkKduf. tqkd;qkH; umvyif+zKdufaw?

AD.1784.u Armaeacs@ ya'o&kdufbk&if armif0kdif;a& &ckdifajyukd usL;ausmfwkdufckdufjyD;au odrf;,lvDa&// tpu &ckdifrif;nD

rif;om;tcsKd@eef@ armif0kdif;&kd@ r[mrdwfazG@uwfjyD;au &ckdifrif;om; [&Dukd ajrmufOD;rSm eef;wifzkd@ armif0kdif;ukd tcGefb¾mqufz@dk avmuf&m
tpDtpkDif[dca&? ,if;eef@Zk vuf[d&ckdifrif;ukd raxmufcHab; rif;om; [&Dukd axmufcHa& &ckdif+rKd@pm;/ &Gmpm;tcsK@d armif0dkif;wyf
usL;ausmfvmpGmukd }uKdqkdcuwfoda&? aemufjyD;rS&m armif0kdif;. r[mrdwf okdufpmazmufzsufa=umif;ukd &ckdifacgifaqmifwd &dyfrduwfaw? ,if;ykdif
&dyfrdvma& acgifaqmifrsm;ax;u Akdvfcsif;jyef. +rKd@ol=uD; OD;oHa'av@ tygt0if+zKdufaw? ,if;tcguum; armif0dkif;wyf&@dk
vufOD;r_&vm;c,m+zKdufaw? aemufjrD;aqG; pdwfeef@ olwyg;tm;ukd;pdwf[da& vlwkdif; a'trSm;rsKd;ukd usL;vGefuwfawacs;kyif +zKdufaw? a'ckduf
vl}uD;/ vli,fwd =uyf=uyf owdxm;p&myif+zKdufaw? Armarmif0kdif;a& &ckdifajy ajrmufOD;+rKd@ukd atmifjrifauav@ &ckdifwajyvkH;ukdum; rodrf;,lEdkifc?
wpdyfwa'oukd&m odrf;,lEkdifca&// ewf+rKduf taemufzuf b*Fg 12 +rKd@ / Akdvfrif;axmif / zvHaxmif / jrKHaxmif&kd@ukdum; olr&vD? t*Fvdyf oHwrH
uy`wdef uefedef; (captain canning) tif;0+rKd@ukd a&mufawtcg armif0kdif;a& &ckdifajy useftpdyftykdif;+zKdufaw b*Fvm;a'oudk
wkdufckdufodrf;,lzkd@ =uHpDeDa=umif; wGDc&a&vkd@ uy`wdef uefedef;. rSwfwrf;uwGd@&a&? a,auav@ armif0kdif;a& ewf+rKduf taemufzufudk vkH;0r&c/
ol +rKdufukdul;zkd@=uHwkdif; &ckdif awmfvSef&D; acgifaqmif&kd@. ckcHwkdufckdufpGmukd tvSL;tavS;cHpm;c&a&? armif0kdif;wyf&kd@a& &ckdifjrDudk vkdcsifpGmxuf
,if;a'orm ckdatmif;eDa& &ckdifwdudk vkdcsifpGmu tm;=uD;vkd@+zKdufaw? ,if;&ckdifwdukd xkwfyD;zkd@pGmukdav@ t*Fvdyfeef@ qufqHvm&a&tcg
armif0kdif;&kd@ t=udrf=udrf awmif;cHcuwfaw? ,if;tcg Armaeacs@&kd@. a=uG;a=umfoHu “usLyifckwf usLikwfr# rusefapeef@” vk@d qkda&
aqmifyk'f+zKdufaw?

3
 &ckdifajyukd usL;ausmfzkd@ Armaeacs@&kd@ &ckdifajyem;okd@ 0ifvma&cg awmifukwfaeu wef;avG;pm; usm;&D0wf/ awmifrif;=uD; ausmfxDG;
pwifckcHwkdufxkwfca&? 1146ck/ ewfawmf vqef; (4) &ufu Armaeacs@wyfa& &ckdifajyukd xkd;0ifa&mufvma& // ,if;ESKduf ,if;v/ vqef; (9)&uf
peDedu awmifrif;=uD; ausmfxGD; ckcHwdkufxkwfvkdufaw? aemufwacguf ,Skdif;vma&tcgav@ wkdufzsufvkdufaw?

1146ck ewfawmfvqef;u Armaeacs@ tvkH;t&if;eef@ 0ifvma&cg awmifrif;=uD;a& ajrmufOD; rif;bm;u 4if;/ &rf;ajy@uGsef;u
tdrf&Sdrif;a[mif; oufpHa&$&kd@yg;u 4if;/ rmefatmif+rKd@pm; AdkvfxGef;atmifausmf &kd@yg;u4if; /pkduful awmif;vkdufaw? a,tcg tcsif;csif;
oH,0ifeDuwfvkd@ pkpk/ap;ap; aeacs@ukdckcHz@kd pdwf"mwf ra&mufEkdifcuwf? wauG; wjym;pDd +zKdufeDuwfaw?
(1)// ajrmufOD;bk&if r[morRw&mZm tjyif
(2)// ia=u;awmifu "g;rEkdifwrif;
(3)// yaEM; acsmif;uGsef;u aumif;nGef@&efwkdif wrif;
(4)// =uyfpifuGsef;u "g;ykdif=uD;oHa'wrif;
(5)// &kd;uGsef;u ukvm;a&$pmwrif;
(6)// wef;avG;u awmifrif;=uD; ausmfxGD;wrif;
(7)// rmefatmifuGsef;u owkd;jzLwrif;&kd@yif+zKdufaw// tpktaitrsm;tjym; yif[deDuwfaw? ,if;eef@Zk Armaeacs@&k@d a& wckjyD;wck
wkdufckduf csKd;ESKdrf@zkd@ avGulvm;ca&// Armaeacs@ ya'o&kdufum; y&da,t&mu ajywef;qmykdif avS@zsm;wwfawtwkdif;/ &ckdif okdufpmazmufwdu
&Sduwif,lcjyD;au ajyol vlxkukd wywf&kdufcoda&? ,if;eef@Z ktcsKd@tcsKd@ &GmZm;rsm; oDrif;}uKdqkdayG;wdukd vkyfrdcuwfoda&?

awmifrif;=uD;a& &ckdiftrsKd;om; awmfvSef&D; orkdif;a=umif;u aeacshukd yxrqkH; ayG;OD;eif; wkduf xkwfcol+zKdufaw? pkduftiftm;rr#vkd@
wef;avG;acsmif;u qkwfjyD;au &rf;ajy@/ oHawG;/ rmefatmifaeu acgif; aqmifwdukd wyfaygifpkzkd@/ Armaeacs@ukd wkdufxkwfzdk@}uKd;pm;ca&// rSefuefa&
r[mAsL[m/ ae;AsL[myif jzKufaw?

awmifrif;=uD;a& aemifawmf"g;ykdif}uD; pHay:&D$ &rf;ajy@pm; AkdvfaygvkH;/ vrkpm; AkdvfvSckdif/ &rf;ajy@pm; AkdvfxGef;atmif &kd@eef@ vltiftm; (3)
aomif;ausmf pkap;jyD;au wkH;ausmufqdyf wkdufayG;u Armaeacs@ukd tEkdif,lvkdufaw? 'kwd, w=udrf jyif;jyif;xefxef wkduf&a&// ,SKH;edr@f vk@d ,if;u
wzefqkwfjyd;au ya*;acsmif;uGsef;u acgifaqmif aumif;nGef@&efwkdif /AkdvfxGef;ay:a0&kd@eef@ yl;aygifjyefa& // ,if;utm;eef@ Armaeacs@ukd
wkdufckdufvDa&? ,if;wcgtm;rr#vkd@ r,lurf;okd@ qkwfcH&a&? ,if;aemufykdif;ESKdufuyif r[m"rR&mZmrif;/ om;awmftdfrf&Sdrif;/ armif;oufpHa&$a&
a,mufzawmf pkdufuGyfAkdvfacs@apG eef@twl &rf;ajy@+rKduf0wkdufayG;u Armaeacs@wyfwfdudk jyif;jyif;xef;xef; wkdufxkwfcuwfaw? ,if;wkdufayG;u
Akdvfacs@apGusqkH;vkd@ &ckdifwyfysufum aemufqkwfvD&a&? Armaeacs@&kd@av@ ,if;tcg tdrf&Sdrif; oufpHa&$. Zifacsmif;aeukd odrf;ykdufvdkufuwfaw?
awmifykdif;u &cdkif Akdvfrif;wyfrif;&kd@ z&kdz&D;+yKdauG;vDau Armaeacs@&kd@a& &ckdifajyajrmufykdif;okd@ csD;wufvmuwfjyD;au (1146) ck
jymokdvfvqkwf (6) &ufu avmif;=uuf +rKd@a[mif;u wyfawjyD;au ajrmufOD;+rKd@awmfukd wdkufckdufvDa&? ,if;eduyif &ckdif Akdvfrif;wyfrif;&kd@av@
avmif;=uufwyfukd xGufwkdufvDa&tcg ,SKH;edrf@ca&? ,if;eef@Zk wkduf*sDawmf (30) eef@ ajrmufOD;bk&if r[m orRw&mZm rif;a& ,if;ed
okdif;acgiftcsdefu &rf;ajy@uGsef;udk qkwfvD&a&? aemufw&uf jymokdvqkwf (7) &uf peDedu (1784 ck 'Dzifbmv) ajrmufOD;a&$+rKd@awmfukd
Armaeacs@&kd@ odrf;ykdufvDa&? jymokdvauG we*FEGDded (1785jymokdv) uGsef;om,mu &ckdif rif;w&m;ukd Armaeacs@&kd@ vuf&zrf;qD;rdvkd@
tr&yl&+rKd@awmfokd@ ykd@vkdufuwfaw? txufu qkdca&twkdif; Armaeacs@&kd@a& &ckdifrif;om; [&Dukdeef;wifzkd@vkd@ Oyg,fwrnf vkyfxm;vkd@
ajyoltrsm;pku xifwvkH;eef@ ar#mfukd;eDcuwfaw? rif;om; [&D auGvGefa&cg rkwfqdwf wykwfrif;om;ukd eef;wiffzkd@vkd@ avS@pm;xm;jyD;au
ajyolukd csKyfukdifvkdufaw? ,if;tcsdefcgu Armaeacs@ukd aZG;owWd tajy@eef@ awmfvSefeDa& &ckdif acgifaqmif=uD;uum; awmifrif;=uD;
ausmfxGD;yif+zKdufaw? ,if;eef@Zk Armaeacs@&kd@u ol&kd@vufwGif;okd@ usa&mufor# &ckdif trsKd;om;tm;vkH;ukd okH;yef;t+zKduf owfrSwfjyD;au
“aexGufbk&if uGsefawmfrsKd;” qkda&pmwef;ukd yD&Guf/ xef;&Guf/ 0g;jcrf; &kd@rm &GD;jyD;au vkdifyif;rSm aqG;xm;pDa&? aqG;rxm;a&vlukd
awmifrif;=uD;vlvkd@ ,lqjyD;au owfykdufuwfaw?
1146 ck wykdawG; vqef; (13) &uf /we*FEGDedu uwnSawmifxdyfu r[mrked &kyf&Sifawmf. ukd,fpm;awmfukd Armaeacs@&kd@ yifhaqmifodrf;,l
vm;cuwfaw? &ckdifajy t&yf&yfu "mwfawmf/ rGDawmf aygif;utp ajyol&kd@.yapP;/ 0efqef/ auGs;EGm;/ =uuf0uf/ tqkH;xd&or#odrf;,lum
Armajyokd@jyefvDuwfaw? ajrmufOD; +rKd@awmfu eENyusefukd +rKd@apmifh/ ajyapmifh/ t+zKduf Armaeacs@uxm;ykdufcuwfaw?
+rKd@0ef eENyusefvufxufu &ckdif wajyvkH; ajyol&kd@a& &&mvufeufukdaqG;jyD;au wGD@a&aeacs@ukdqufvuf awmfvSefuwfaw? ajyol&@dk .
jyef@a=u;eDa& awmfvSef&D; oDG;uefukd pkpkap;ap;vkyfyD;zkd@ acgifaqmifaumif; tvkdtyfqkH; tcsdefyif+zKdufauav@ tm,weef@ *kd%f*ew&m;
jyif;xefeDvkd@ wOD;wa,mufav@ wkd;wufcGifhr&c// tcsif;csif; auG;auG;jym;jym; awmfvSefvkd@yif [duwfaw? rSwfcsuf? ?atedxufwdkif at'%fukd
cHeDuwf&oda& pkdufrSefa& awmfvSef&D; tazG@tap;wkdif;a& *kd%f*evd_if;udk vkH;0 ayzsufjyD;au ajyolvkdif;ukd t"du t&kHpkdufuwfau
nDnGwfpkap;&D;qkdpGm csufcsif; +zKdufvm&vdrfhar? *kd%f;*e tmemukd t+cDcHpGma& twWukd tjcDcHpGm+zKdufjyD;au trsKd;om; w&yfvHk; b0ukd
tajccHol&m pkdufrSefa& awmfvSef&D; orm; (0g) tazG@ +zKdufvdrfar? attazG@ukd&m trsKd;om;w&yfvkH;av@ axmufcHvmvdrfar?

4
 ,if;ykdif trsKd;om;tiftm;pkwd tcsif;csif; rnDrnGwf+zKdufeDa& tcsdefu Armaeacs@&kd@um; &ckdifajyol&kd@ukd &ckdiforkdif;wav#mufvHk;u
wcgav@r}uKHzl;atmif tkyfvkdufowfjzwf eDa&? vufvSrf;rSD oavmuf pm&if;t&
(1) aygif;wkwfjyifu ajyol 1000
(2) o&uftkyf u 1000
(3) =uuf&kd;awmif u 1000
(4) pHum;awmif u 2000
(5) ajrmufOD;+rKd@xufu ajyol 37000
(6) ykcufwGif; Ekd@pkd@acswdukd "g;uZwf ycpGm 10000
(7) bk&m;ay:/ 'kdif;usD/ armif;aqG;/ i&aumuf/ acgif;+yKdawmif/ yk&drf;/ aygif;wkw/f &wemjyif/ vufr awmwef;/ ukd;aq@ukd;awmif/ oHawG; /
&rf;ajy@/ rmefatmif/ t&yf&yf&kd@u Arm aeacs@&kd@ owfykdufca&ajyol taygif; tvDvD &a&um; 184000 (1784-88twGif;) pkpkaygif;
towfcH&pGm 236000?
atavmuf oDa&ajyolufdk *kckdufajyol&kd@u orkdif;rwifuwfau Zmvkd@ ,lquwf&zkd@av;´,if;ykdif vlorkdif;ukd *&krjyKuwfaw/
vlrsKd;qufokduftwGuf tem*wfqkdpGm aw[dEkdifzkd@vm;´// ,iff;orkdif;ukd qufcHa& vlukd usKdif;ajrmif;a&vkd@ qkdau qkda&vl. pdwfukd
ausa&vkd@owfrSwf&zkd@vm;´// aeacs@&kd@. ajyoltay: &ufpufjyKr_pGmudk orkdif;rwifau/ wifpGmukd csKyfcsau ,if;ykdifvludk ajyolukd
ESKdufpufawaeacs@ukd axmufcH tm;yD;a&vlpm;vkd@ owfrSwf&a&? ajyoludk qufcHpGm ajyolorkdif;ukd qufcHpGma& w&m;a&/ rSefuefa&
vl@usifh0wfeef@ nDnGwfaw? aeacs@&kd@. ,kwfrmr_ukd/ ajyol&kd@. 'kuQcHpm;&r_wdudk azmfxkwf&zkd@yif/ orkdif; armfuGef; wif&zkd@yif+zKdufaw?
&ckdifajy ajrmufOD; +rKd@awmfudk Armaeacs@ ya'o&kduf odrf;ykdufjyD;a& aemufykdif; 1147 ck wef;cl;vu awmifrif;=uD; ausmfxGD;a&
nDnGwf&D;wyfaygif;pk vkyfEkdifatmif }uKd;pm;jyD;au Armaeacs@ukd wkdufckdufvDa&? rkZkE<wf=uD; ba&$/ "g;jyefpD;Akdvfaumif;pH&$D/ "g;ykdif=uD; pHay:&$D&kd@eef@
tiftm;pkjyD;au t&dStdENd, ukr`%Deef@ r[mrdwfazG@uwfaw? ya'o&kdufaeacs@eef@ t&if;o#ifaeacs@ 2 wkdif=um;u usa&mufeD&a& &ckdif
vlr_tazG@tap;ukd auwifzkd@twGuf yufyif; ywdyuQ+zKdufaw Armaeacs@ufdk &ckdifajywGif;u wkdufxkwfzkd@twGuf vufeufta&mif;ta0
tultnDudpPtwGuf pum;qkduwfaw? ukr`%Dukd,fpm;vS,f pkdufwaumif;+rKd@0ef eef@ awmifrif;=uD; ukd,fpm;vS,f aemifawmf "g;ykdif=uD; pHay:&GD &k@d
tjyef tvSefaqG;aEG;cuwfaw? a,auav@ aqG;aEG;ayG; twGif;uyif &cdkif acgifaqmif tcsif;csif; pdwf0rf;auG;jym;r_ +zKdufay:vmvkd@
tcsOf;EDS;+zKdufvD&a&?
,if;tcsdef twkd;twGif;u yaEM;acsmif;uGsef;pm; aumif;nGef&efwdkifa& “&ao@awmifwkdufayG;” rSm usqkH; vD,m+zKdufaw? orRw&mZmrif;.
om;awmf oufpH&$Dr[m orRw&mZmrif;. nDawmf csKdufvS&$SD&kd@a& ol&D;waxmifeef@ &rf;ajy@+rKd@ukd wkdufckduf vmuwfaw? Armaeacs@ wyfu
tm;eef@ zdvkd@ &ckdifrif;om; ESpfyg;&kd@ qkwfcH&a&? oHawG;+rKd@udk vrkpm; Akdvf[&D wyfr_;Akdfvf&D;pH&kd@ &oavmuf&ckdif tiftm;eef@ zdwdkufauav@
Armaeacs@&kd@u vufOD;r_&xm;,m+zKdufvkd@ wyfqkwfcH&a&? rmefatmifuGsef;u Akdvfjra&mif/ AkdvfxGef;atmif &kd@ Armaeacs@ufdk awmfvSefwdkufcdkuf&mu
,SKH;edrf@vkd@awmif *G/ =udrfovDwkd@ qkwfjyD;vD&a&? rmefatmifuGsef;u qD;orm;/ aA'ifwwf trsm;tjym;ufdk Armaeacs@&kd@ owfykdufvDa&/
ajrmufOD;+rKd@teD; +rKd@okdufacsmif;u awmifrif;}uD; ausmfxGD;a& Armaeacs@ukd wkdufckdufvDjyefa&? wkdufayG;u
jyif;xefa& // ,if;wkdufayG;u &cdkif awmfvSef&D; acgifaqmif=uD;rSm aoewfxdrSefvkd@ 1148 ck uqkefvrSmauGvGef
vDa&? awmifrif;=uD;. rdzk&m; om;awmf/ orD;awm/f armif;rrd\H&kd@udk Armaeacs@&kd@u zrf;qD;/ csKdifaESmifjyD;au
+rKdufrSm ykdufcsvkd@owfjzwfvkdufaw?
taemuf ckEkdufc&kdif awmifpkdifpae; t&yfom;&kd@uav@ Armaeacs@okdufpmudk rcHab; awmfvSefuwfaw?
&rf;ajy@pm; AkdvfaygvkH; / vrkpm; Akdvfaygckdif&kd@yl;aygif;jyD; xm;uwfaw? ,if;cg Armaeacs@&kd@u vufOD;r_ &xm;jyD;+zKdufawtwkdif; pae;wyfukd
+zKdcGif;ykdufaw? 1149 ckESKduf uqkefvu pae;w&GmvkH;ukd owfjyD;au jrDvSefykdufvdkufaw// eH,Hkvrm tdrf&Sdrif;om; oufpH&$Drm oDeyf'%f&meef@
auGvGefvDa&?
aeacs@ya'o&kduf armif0kdif;. &ckdifajyoltay:rSm &ufpuf,kwfrmr_um; urf;ukefa&? &ckdif trsKd;jyKef;atmif/ &ckdif awmfvSef&D;pdwf"mwf
ukefcef;atmif/ tppt&m&mudk vlrqH/ olrqH/ &kdufcsKd;zsufqD;ykdufaw? rsKd;yGm;zkH;v$rf;ykdufaw? aemufaemif &ckdif rawmfvSefEkdifatmif &ckdifbk&if
tb, r[m&mZmrif;. om;awmfywifpm; pH&$Day:/ pENokre&mZmrif;. om;awmf ausmfZH / "rR&kduf&mZmrif;. om;awmf &Daemufpm; oka'<:OD;/
wjcm;rif;om;/ rif;orD;rsm; 0dae;xkd&f / o#Kdwfaomif; q&mawmf/ &wempHOD; q&mawmf/ Zdermefatmif q&mawmf/ avmu rmefatmifq&mawmf/
ydaEM;awmif q&mawmf/ yka&m[dwfrif;q&m/ o#KdufwkdifaA'ifwwf/ qD;orm;/ ukd,f&Hawm/f oli,fawmf/ a,mufsm;rdef;r (7700) &k@d ukd 1146
waygif;vrSm Armaeacs@&kd@ zrf;qD;ac:aqmifvm;ca&? ydËuyf 3 ykH/ aA'ifAg[d&usrf; 56 apmifh&kd@ukdav@ odrf;,lvm;ca&? ajrmufOD;+rdK@awmf[d
ausmif;=uD; 30/ ausmif;ai 3700// wajyvkH;[d ausmif;/ uef/ apwDykxkd;rsm;tm;vkH;ukd &ckdifxuf&kd;vuf&mqkdfvkd@ rjrif&atmif Armrif; trde@f eef@
zsufqD;ykdufuwfaw? ajrmufOD;a&$+rKd@awmfeef@ wuG &rRm0wD+rKd@awmf/ arC0wD+rKd@awmf/ 'Gg&m0wD+rKd@awmfrSm[da& eef;awmf usKH;ajrmif;pa&
+rKd@t*Fgtm;vkH;ukdav@ Armrif;trdef@eef@ zsufqD;rD;csKd;jyD;au jrDvSef ykdufvkdufuwfaw? &ckdif &[ef;awmf ax&f=uD;/ 0g=uD;wdudkav@ vlxkwfjyD;au
Arm yÍif;ysKd&kd@yg;rSm oduQmykdufwifpDa&? Armaeacs@ omoemjyK q&mawmf 12 yg; a&mufvmjyD;au &ckdif ,kdifaus;r_
t&yf&yfukdzsufqD;ykdufuwfaw? &ckdif pmyDusrf;*efwdukdav@ zsufqD;jyD;au Arm bmomjyefqkduwfaw? Armpm /ArmpmyD&kd@ukd &ckdifajyolwdyg;rSm

5
tokH;jyKpDa&? aeacs@r_ udpP t&yf&yfjyD;a&cg atmifZmwDeef@ odrfausmif; aqmufvkyfvDuwfaw? ,if;twGufeef@ 1150 (AD.1788) u pjyD;au
&cdkifvuQ%mt&yf&yfwkd@ ysufpD;/ wdrfjrKyfvD&a&?
atum; 1146 ck Armaeacs@ &ckdifajyokd@ 0ifuaw;u pjyD;au 1150 ck Armaeacs@&kd@ &ckdifvuQ%m t&yff&yfukd csKd;zsufvdkufaw tcsdefxd
tusKdif;csKyforkdif; +zKdufaw?

'kwd,ydkif; 1788-
1788- 1794

&ckdifAkdvfrif;/ wyfrif;taygif;&kd@rSm Arm aeacs@&kd@vufOD;r_ &vm;csufukd jyefcsKd;cszkd@ t=udrf=udrf }uKd;pm; uwfauav@ awmfvSef&D;. t"du
0if&kd;+zKdufaw ap;urf;[djcif;/ ap;vkH;nDnGwfjcif;ukd t&rawaqmuf Ekdifuwfvkd@ t,SKH;eef@acs; &ifqkdifeDuwf&a&? ,SKH;wdkif;,SKH;wkdif; &ckdifajy
taemufykdif;a'orSm ckdatmif; eDuwf&a&? &ckdifajy taemufykdif;a'oudk ,if;tcsdefu b*Fvm;ukd odrf;ykdufxm;a& +Adwdo# t&SdtdENd, ukrRm%Du
tykdifcHxm;&m+zKdufaw? a'umvrSm &ckdifajy t&Sdzufwjcrf;ukd Arm ya'o&kdufaeacs@u pkd;rkd;vkd@ tkyfcsKyfeD,m+zKdufaw// taemufzuf wjcrf;ukd
+Adwdo#t&if;o#if aeacs@&kd@ avS@pm;tkyfcsKyfeD,m+zKdufaw// &ckdifawmfvSef&D; acgifaqmif&kd@a& Armaeacs@yg;rSm pkduf&D;t&,SKH;wkdif; taemufokd@
qkwfjyD;au ,if;rSm ap;&kH;&D; vkyfvdvkyfx[duwfaw? &ckdifajy t&Sdzufjcrf; ewf+rKdufuyif armfwifpGef;/ [kdif;=uD;uGsef; e*&kduftilxd?
taemufzufjcrf; ewf+rKdufuyif taemufzufb*Fg 12 +rKd@oufaxmif/ zvHaxmif/ Akdvfrif;axmif/ jrKHaxmiftxd?

&ckdifajy t&Sdzufjcrf;[d
1150 ck aemufykdif;u &ckdif ajyolw&yfvkH;ukd Armaeacs@&kd@ "g;wiftkyfcsKyffvDa&tcg &ckdifawmfvSef&D; acgifaqmifrsm;+zKdufuwfaw
&rf;ajy@pm; AkdvfaygvkH;/ auGs;waumifEkdifAkdvf/ AdkvfcGufayguf/ Adkvfpdefa&mif/ Adkvfjra&mif/ AkdvfxGef;OD;/ AkdvfrswfarSmifjzL/ Akdvfwdkif;csKdufy&H /
ewfawmifpm;Akdvfa&$ausmf/ aqpif;pD;Akdvf vusfmjyef&Gmtkyf AkdvfwkH;pH/ AkdvfaumapG/ '*Fg;awmifpm; AkdvfwkH;pH&$D/ yvufpm;AkdvfpH pa& Akdvftaygif&kd@a&
&ckdifajy taemufa'orSm ckdvSKHvkd@ [dvDuwfaw? ,if;acgif; aqmifwdeef@ ajyolw&yfvkH;ukd Armaeacs@&k@d 0ifa&muf
wkdufckdufowfjzwfvkda&pdwfwzGm;zGm; ay:aygufeDvDa& ? +Adwdo#eef@ &ifqkdifwkd;eDa& twGuf Armaeacs@&kd@tzkd@ tcGifhrom+zKdufeDca&? ,auav@
tcGifh&au &a&ykdif &ckdifwdukd owfjzwfvDa&?
1156 ck (AD.1794) u Armaeacs@a& ae;y&da,trsKd;rsKd;eef@ &rf;ajy@pm;Akdvf aygvkH;/ AkdvfcGufayguf/ auGs;waumifEkdif Akdvf 3a,mufudk
ukrRm%Dtpkd;& yg;u awmif;cHvDa&/ ,if;tcg Armwdyg;u vwfpm;xm;a& pkdufwaumif;+rKd@0ef umaevftmpudef (Colonel Erskine) u
tqkdygAkdvf 3 OD;&kd@ukdzrf;Asmvf Armaeacs@ vufokd@ av$;tyfvdkufaw? ,if;Akdvf 3 OD;&kd@ukd zrf;Asmvf Armaeacs@&kd@u tr&yl&ok@d yk@d vkdufjyefa&//
,if;rmyif ,if;acgifaqmif 3 OD;ukd (1157-ck-eH,kefv) rSm um;pifwifAsmvf roD r&Sif/ wef;vef;wifvkd@ owfykdufvDa&? auGs;waumifEkdifAkdvfum;
xGufjyD; vGwfajrmufvm;ca&? a,auav@ &ckdif acgifaqmifwdum; &ckdif rmefukdrcs? +zKdufawb0rSm+zKdufawykdif &kef;uefuwfaw?
um;pifxufrmyifaeacs@ya'o&kdufukd qef@usif qENjy,if; auGvGefvm;cuwfaw?

wwd,ykdif;(1794-
(1794-1815)
Akdvfcsif;jyef awmf
awmfvSef&D;
&ckdif vlr_tazG;tap;rSm +rDo#ifya'o&kdufpESKduf aemufqkH;ykdif; awwHhcsdefumvrSm trsKd;om;ap;vkH;r_+yKdauG;vm;ca& twGufwma=umifh
ukdvkdeDuGsefb0okd@usa&mufvm;ca& t&Sdzuf &ckdifajy wpdyfwa'oeef@ &ckdifvlr_tazG;tap; wpdyfwa'oukd Armya'o&kdufaeacs@u
&ufpufr_rsKd;pkHeef@ tkyfcsKyfvDa&? Taemufzuf &ckdifajywpdyfwa'oeef@ &ckdif vlr_tazG;tap; wpdyfwa'oukd +Adwd t&if;o#if
aeacs@&kd@odrf;,ljyD;au b*Fvm;aeeef@aygif;pyfykdufvkdufaw?
Armaeacs@&kd@ &ckdifajyukd odrf;,la&ESKduf 1784 u 1788 xdtwGif;rSm &ckdiftrsKd;om; w&yfvkH; Arm aeacs@ukd cg;cg;oD;oD; awmfvSefcuwfaw?
ap;&kH;nDnGwfjcif;/ ap;urf;[djcif;/ pa& awmfvSef&D;. t"du0if&kd; (0g) t*Fgrsm; csKd@aw@r_a=umifh ,if;awmfvSef&D;rSm ratmifjrifEdkifc/ Armaeacs@&kd
vlrqefa&pdwfeef@ &cdkfifajy t&yf&yfrSm odef;oef;csDvkd@ owfjzwfuuwfaw ? ,if;acwfcg rSwfwrf;rsm;t& Arm+rKd@0ef eENyusef owfydkufcpGm
&ckdiftrsKd;om;aygif; 236000 +zKdufaw? (1784 88twGif;)? rmefatmif+rKd@0ef Armorkdif;&D;rsm;uav@ rmefatmifuGsef;[d ynmaoaygif;rsm;pGmukd

6
owfjzwfca&? +rKd@okdufacsmif; pkdif;wifacsmif;/ awmifcGif/ }udrfovDae&kd@rSm owfjzwfcHc&a& ajyoltaygif;rSmav@ &Gmvkduf e,fvkduf csDv@dk +zKdufaw
/&or# &cdkifokH;yef;eef@ajyolwdukd tkyfvkduftkyfvkduf zrf;jyD;au +rKdufurf;em;rSm yifavurf;jcD&kd@rSm jcHcyfjyD;au jzm;&Deef@jrSKyfowfcpGm atedxufwdkif
jcHxkd;jyifwd [deDoda&?

AD-1788 rSm Arm+rKd@0ef+zKdufaw taemufwkduf0ef vufxufu &ckdifajyu zrf;,lvm;ca& olaiawmf 101 a,muf ,kd;',m;udk wkdufz@dk
yD;ykd@&pGmum; vl 6000+zKdufaw? 1797 ck rSm+rKd@0efrif;=uD; ausmfxifpdefzl;/ vufxufrSm vlaygif; 2000 rif;uGef; apwDawzkd@vkd@yD;&a&?
,if;tjyif pkdufayG;rSm ygvDa& &ckdiftmZmeDaygif; a&m*g zD;iwfrGwfjcif; zD;eef@oDvD&a& vltaygif;&kd@rSm
r&DwGuf Edkifatmifyif+zKdufaw? Arm&kd@ acGs;wyfaqG;,lvm;cpGmav@ trsm;tjym;yif +zKdufaw// ,if;eef@ &ckdiftrsKd;om;&kd@a& &ckdifajy taemufzufjcrf;
+Adwdo# t&SdtdEdN, ukr`%D odrf;,lxm;a&a'oudk ukef;a=umif;wrsKd;/ &Da=umif;wzkH/ xGufjyD;vDuwfaw? pkdufwaumif;awmif&@dk / awm&kdif;&kd@udk
wkd;0ifvDuwfaw? vltaygif;av@ trsm;tjym;yif+zKdufaw// oHawG;/ &rf;ajy@/ rmefatmif/ pa& a'o&kd@uyifav@ &Da=umif;zGifhum b*Fvm;t0uGef;/
uGef;&kdif;&dk@ukd ckwfxGif ,Sif;vif;Asmvf eDvDuwfaw// vltaygif;av@tajrmuftrsm; yif+zKdufaw?
1798 ck Arm&kd@ ajrmufOD;ukd odrf;ykdufjyD;aemuf 14 ESKduft=umrSm &ckdiftrsKd;om; okH;ykHESpfykHa& &ckdifajy taemufzufjcrf; +Adwdo#ykdifeufw@dk
ajymif;&$D@vm;vDuwfaw? uy`wdef[d&rf; aumpf (captain hiramcox) . tpD&ifcHpmt& AD-1799. ck rSm &ckdifom;aygif; 4 aomif; /
r[kwfau 5 aomif; ajymif;&$dvm a=umif;az:jyxm;a&?
atcGifha& 1799 ESKduf wESKduftwGif; ajymif;&$d@uwfpGm+zKdufaw? &ckdif 'kuQaoaygif;teuf w&ufrSm ta,S20 a,mufpD oDqHk;vDa&//
vmvrf;wav#mufrSm vloD tavmif;xyfeDa&// vltkdrsm; a&m*gaorsm; rdcifrsm; ta,Srsm;rSm c&D;=urf;wav#muf r&DrwGufEkdifatmif oDqHk;vDa&?
trdtavmifxufrSm Ekd@pkd@eDa& ta,Swdav@ trsm;tjym;yif+zKdufaw? vkd@ol tpD&ifcHpmrSm az:jyxm;a&?
tck &ckdifajyrSm qufcHeDa& &ckdif trsKd;om; taygif;&kd@a& ,if;tcgu toufroDvkd@ usefvkdufaw &ckdif zkd;zdD;ZlZmu qif;oufvma& &ckdif
trsKd;om;wd+zKdufaw qkdpGmudk rrdtyf / rrd&/ vlrsKd;qufukd vlrod&? vl@orkdif;ukd vl@awmfvSef&D; orkdif;qufukd vlrod& vlrsKd;qufudk
vlyifqufcH&zkd@yif+zKdufaw?
,if;ykdif +zdKufeDcsdefrSm (1798) Armbk&if armif0kdifu vlaygif; 4 aomif;eef@oDeyf 2 aomif;&kd@ufdk &ckdifajyu awmif;cHyga&? ,if;eef@Zk
Arm+rKd@0ef&kd@u acGs;wyfaqG;eDvD&m ,if;ESKduf (1160) ck wef;aqmifrkef; vqef; 2 &uf t*FgeDrSm vusmfjyef&Gmtkyf AkdvfwHk;pH/ AkdvfaumapG/
'*Fg;awmif;pm;AkdvfwkH;pH&GD&kd@a& wkdufap/wkdufarmif;wD;vkd@ awmfvSef wdkufckdufuwfaw? ,if; awmfvSef&D; tiftm;pka& i&aumufrSm wyfawvkd@
awmfvSefuwfaw?
+rKd@ol=uD; OD;oHa'. om;Akdvfcsif;jyef orufvwf&kH;Akdvf / yvufpm;AkdvfpH&kd@av@ r,lurf; atmifwyfrSm wyfawjyD;au awmfvSef
wkdufckdufvDa&? &rf;ajy@ +rKd@ol=uD; AkdvfpH+rrSmum; Armaeacs@&kd@u Akdvfcsif;jyefeef@ quf
oGufa=umif;ukd odvm;vkd@ uGyfrsufcHvD&a&? AD.1811(AE.1173)rSm Akdvfcsif;jyefum; ewf+rKdufurf;jcD [m&Aif; uvlpka&cg 1500
avmuf&a&? r,lurf; atmifwyfwkd@ a&mufawcg vl 3 aomif;txd &vma& // ,if;c&kdufESKduf arv rSm armifawm+rKd@ukd odrf;jyD;au &ckkdif wajyvkH;
awmfvSef&D;tiftm; jzef@=uufvkdufaw ZGefv tavavmufrSm ajrmufOD;+rKd@awmfrS ty usefwajyvkH;ukd Akdvfcsif;jyef odrf;xm;vkdufaw?
,if;aemufykdif; Akdvfcsif;jyefa& up>ye'D ukvm;wef+rdKuf taemufzuf ,kd;il t&yfrSm aZ,sm0wD+rKd@udkd awaxmifvdkufaw ? Akdvf
rsufawmifa&Sukd “eENdaoeAE<Kv” aoG@eef@ pkdufol=uD; cef@vkdufaw // &ckdifwyfr_ Akdvfr_ taygif;ukd &ckdifajyt&yf&yfrSm wyfudk,fpDeef@
ap;tkyfxm;pDa&? vusmfjyeft&yfu yvufpm; AkdvfpHwyfr_armif a&$&kd@wm0ef,la&? a&$ewfyif vrf;a=umif;u Akdvfatmif&Sd&@dk wm0ef,l&a&?
avmif;=uuf +rKd@a[mif;u Akdvfapmfau; wyfr_Akdvfaom=um/ &rf;0+rdKufu Akdvfwkd;atmifausmf rtDt&yfu jrKHawmifpm; Akdvfr_;armifnKd / wyfr_;Akdvf
nKda&mifjzL&kd@ wm0ef,luwf&a&? ajrmufOD;+rKd@ukd Adkfvfrsufawmifa&S vrkpm; Akdvfa&Gvl&kd@ 0kdif;0efydwfqkd@xm;a&? rmefatmif+rKd@ufdk vuf&kef;
Akdvfwdrf=um; Akdvf&kd@ 0kdif;0efydwfqkd@xm;a&? oHawG;+rKd@udk +rKd@okdufpm; Akdvfarmifa0 Akdvf bcsKduf&SD&kd@ 0kdif;0ef; ydwfqkd@xm;uwfaw?
,if;tcsdefavmufrSm Akdvfcsif;jyefa& pkdufwaumif; w&m;ol=uD;yg;wkd@ oHpmwapmifykd@vkdufaw? +Adwdo# t&SdtdEdN, ukr`%Du vufeufcJ,rf;
rD;ausmufulnDygu b¾m vufaqmifyD;jyD;au rdwfta=uazG@ ta=umif;ukd &D;om;vkdufaw? ,if;tcsdefuyif ,if;ykdifvkyfpGma& Akdvfcsif;jyef.
ae;AsL[myif+zKdufaw? awmif
rif;=uD; usifhokH;ca& ae;AsL[meef@wla&? yufyif;umvrSm &ckdifajy. t"duywdyuQrSm Armaeacs@eef@ &ckdif wrsKd;om;vkH;+zdKufeDa& ywdyuQ+zKdufaw?
Armaeacs@rSm ya'o&kdufaeacs@+zKdufaw &ckdfif wrsKd;om;w&yfvHk;ukd ya'o&kduf vlwef;pm;t& zdESdyfowfjzwfeDa& trsKd;om; vuQ%mt&yf&yfudk
zsufqD;eDa&? trsKdom; w&yfvkH;ukd rsKd;jzKwfeDa& ,if;eef@Zk a'ywdyuQukd az,Sm;wkdufxkwfzkd@ twGuf Arm ya'o&kdufaeacs@. &efzuf+zKdufaw
+Adwdo# t&SdtdEdN, ukr`%Dukd t&Htiftm;pkt+zdKuf rdwfazG@,lr_ukd awmifrif;=uD;&kd@ Akdvfcsif;jyef&kd@ }uKd;pm;cpGma& obm0usa& rdwfazG@&kHr[kwfab;
ajyukdxkd;tyfaurSm;a&? a,au@ Armya'o&kduf vufatmufcHb0u +Adwdo# t&if;o#if aeacs@vufatmufcH b0wkd@ uGsefvufajymif;
vJvkduf&kH&m uszkd@?
Akdvfcsif;jyef&kd@ ,if;ykdif urf;vSrf;csufukd ukr`%Dtpkd;&u rvSdrf@wywfvkyfxm;a&? wzufrSm pkdufwaumif; w&m;ol=uD; rpPwmyDap;vf
(mr.pechak) u Akdvfcsif;jyefukd zrf;zkd@twGuf 0g&rf;xkwfxm;a&? tjcm;wzufrSm Akdvfcsif;jyef. vSKyf&Sm;rSKudk a'gufwm rwf&D;
(DR.MERAE) &kd@ykdif yk*~Kdvf&kd@uav@ &ckdif awmfvSef&D;. wyfukd tultnDyD;eDjyefa& ,if;tcg +Adwdo# t&if;o#if aeacs@&kd@rSm tar&duwkduf

7
ajrmufykdif;&kd@rSm/ Oa&mywkdufrSm/ tmz&du/ wkdufawmif;ykdif;rSm/ tdEdN,ajyrSm/ w&kyfajyrSm/ jyifokduf/ t&if;o#if aeacs@&kd@eef@ pkduf&D;/ EdkifiH&D;/ pD;yGm;&D; /
t& +ydKiffqkdifwkdufckdufvkd@[deDa& ,if;eef@Zk &ckdifajyudpP jrefrmajy udpP&kd@rSm ra,mifrav vkyfxm;jcif;+zKdufaw? ,if;tcgu +Adwdo# ukr`%Da& Arm
ya'o&kduf&kd@eef@ em;avatmif oHwref t=udrf=udrf v$wfjyD;au rdwfazG@zkd@}uKd;pm;eDa& tjcm;wzufrSmav@ Armeef@ wGif;&D;rSm jyifokduf&kd@
t+ykdiftqkdif jcDukwfzkd@ =uHeDa& ,if; twGufwmeef@ Akdvf csif;jyef&kd@urf;vSrf;csufukd rjyef=um;ab; eDcuwfaw?
Akdvf csif;jyeffrSm ,if;ESKdfuf wrkd;vkH; &ckdifajyukd xdef;xm;Ekdifuyif +Adwdo#wyfu xGufeDuwfaw tdEN, trsKd;om; pkdufom;rsm; rdrdwkyfwGif;wkd@
0ifzkd@aqG;aEG;vDa&? vufeuf&duQukd cufcufcJcJ pkvD&a&? rkd;ukefau Arm
aeacs@eef@ &ifqkdif&zdk@yif +zdKuftwkdif; pkdufr_pkduf&mudpP&kd@ukd pD;pD;pkdufpkduf jyifqifxm;vDa&? a,auav@ vufeuf
ac;,rf; / rD;ausmufeef@ pkdufynmzufrSm aumif;aumif;=uD; tm;eJeDa&? tcsKd@ wyfom;&kd@rSm 0g;cGsefukdyif vufeuf ukdifaqmif&a& pkdufynm
vdusifh&D;ukdav@ pkdufayG;wGif;rSm vkyf&a&vkd@ qkd&zkd@yif Zm+zdKufvkd@av;qkdau pkdufwaumif; aezufu ap;&kH;&D; vkyfpkdfifuav; +Adwdo#&@dk rodatmif
jrDatmuf ap;&kH;&D;ukd&m vkyfEkdifca&? a,jyD;au pkdufcsDvm&a& wrkd;wGif;vkH;rSmav@ vdusifhzkd@ aumif;aumif;r&Edkdif? tkd;ykduf/ tdrfydkuf jyD;v$m;eD&a&
&ckdifvltazG;tap;a& aeacs 2 wkdif =um;rSm &kef;uefeD&pGmu avGa&tvkyfr[kwf? Zmyif+zdKuf+zdKuf Akdvfcsif;jyef. awmfvSef&D;a& aeacs@qef@usif&D;
tpkduftrSefyif+zKddfufaw?
1811 ck 'DZifbmvukd a&mufvwfawtcg Armaeacs@ ya'o&dkuf armif0kdif;a& a=u;a=umif;/ &Da=umiff;pkduf 2 a=umif;u &ckdifjywkd@
v$wfvkdufaw rtDacsmif;wkdufayG;rSm &ckdif&kd@,SH;edrf@vkd@ awmifykdif;u &dDwyftm;vkH;a& pae;cHwyf[m pkap;eD&a&? yifava=umif;wkdufayG;rSm
,SH;edrf@&jyefa& pkdufvSD 300 vlwaomif; teuf 200 ysufpD;vD&a&?
,if;a=umif; Akdvfcsif;jyefa& wyftm;vkH;udk pkap;jyD;au usdef;uGsef;ucHkcHjyefa&? tif;tm;rr#vkd@ aZ0wDcHwyf
+rKd@wkd@ xyfqifhqkwfcGm&jyefa& 1812 ZEM0g&DvavmufrSm (1173 ckjymokdvajy@ A'l;ed) &ckdfif wjyvkH;u vlaygif;
90000 (ukd;aomif;)ukd odrf;,lac:aqmifjyD;au pkdufwaumif; aezufwkd@ ckd0ifvD&a&?
Arm aeacs@&kd@um; xuf=uyfvkdufygvmjyD;au armifawm+rKd@ cJwyfucs&yfvDuwfaw? ,if;aemuf Arm aeacs@&kd@a& +Adwdo#ukr`%Dyg;wkd@
oHpmurf;vSrf;jyD;au Akdvfcsif;jyef vuf&kHef;Akdvfeef@ wuG &ckdifajyol&kd@ukd jyefawmif;vDa& &ckdif bk&if tqufquf. Ykdifeuf aejrD+zKdufaw
pkdufwaumif;'*g;&kd@ukd jrefrm rif;bm;yD;tyf&ef awmif;vDa&? ryD;tyfau pkdufjyKzkd@ vkd@jcdrf;ajcmufvDa&?
1812 ck (1174 ck uqkHv)rSm Akdvfcsif;jyef. vuf&DG;pifwyfa& ia=u;awmifcHwyfudk 0ifpD;jyD;au Arm aeacs@wyfr_; ivGef;ajyudk
uGyfrsufvkdufaw// ,if;tcsdefavmufrSm t*Fvdyf pkdufAkdvf ume,fvfarmf*ef Canal Margan)u Akdvf csif;jyef. rdom;pkeef@ vuf&kHef;Akdvf
/vrkpm; Adkvfa&$&kd@ukd zrf;qD;jyD;au pkdufwaumif; tusKdif;axmifrSm csKyfxm;pDa&// ,if;rSm vuf&kHef;Akdvf auGvGefvDa&/ usefawmfvSef&D; rdom;pkudk
'*g;+rKd@rSm tauscsKyfeef@ tdrfwaqmifrSm xm;vDa&?
Akdvfcsif;jyefum; awmfvSef&D;atmifvHukd v$ifhxlajr; v$ifhxljyD;au r,lurf; r*Fvm=uD;awmifwyf csxm;a&? aemifawmf av;+rKd@pm;
Akdvfatmifausmf '*Fg;awmifpm; AkdvfwkH;pHa&G / Akdvfapmfum; a,mufzawmf AkdvfoufESKH/ &kd@eef@ ap;&kH;jyD;au Armaeacs@udk qufvuf
wkdufckdufarmif;xkwfaw? rkd;apuGsef; wkdufayG; (1174 ckjymokdv)rSm ,SKH;edrf@vkd@ a&Smufacsmif; zsm;wkd@qkwfvD&a& / ,if;ESKduf wykd;awG;vrSm
o&ufcsKd+rdK@ukd awvDusifa&? crD;/ +rKd /ouf/ csif;/pa&pvlrsKd;pktm;vkH;udk pkap;wyfazG;jyD;au orufawmf wdrf=um;Akdvfukd wyfr_;cef@tyfvdkufaw?
up>ye'D +rdKufnm/ ul0wkdufayG; (1175jymokdv)rSm ,SH;edrf@vDjyefvkd@ wyfqkyfcH&a&? ,if;vrSmyif Akdvfcsif;jyefa&pkdufw aumif;aeok@d ckd0ifvD&a&?
1813 (1175 waygif;v)rSm Arm+rKd@0ef aemf&xmqkdola& &ckdif vloefvljyef&kd@eef@ pkdufwaumif;aejrDu jyefvmuwfaw tdrfaxmifao pkdufjyD;&kd@udkyg
&ifukd"g;eef@ acG;jyD;au usD;pm/ iSufpm/ auGs;vDa& // tjcm;wzufrSm +Adwdo#ukr`%D uav@ Akdvfcsif;jyefukd zrf;&au tdENd, &_yD'*Fg; 5000
ol@vufatmufcH Akdvfudkzrf;&au &_yDaiG 1000 yD;zkd@vkd@ qkaiGxkwfqifh a=ujimvkdufaw?
AD-18 &mpk tqkH; 19&mpk tpumvrSm tz&ckdifajyrSm 3 yGifhqkdif pkdufayG;cif;usif;eDc&a&? aeacs@ 2 &ef=um;rSm &ckdif vlr_tazG;tap;=um;
ysKdufeDc&a&? Armaeacs@ usL;ausmfpumvu &ckdif vltazG;tap;udk tvSyv Ekd;aqmifESKdifa&? aumif;aqmifaumif; ray:xGef;c? a,auav@
trsm;pkudk wef;avG;acsmif;u awmifrif;=uD; ausmfxGD; OD;aqmifEdkifca&// aeacs@ ya'o&kdufukd t"du ywdyuQxm;jyD;au +Adwdo#aeacs@ukd
vufatmufcH ywdyuQxm;vkd@ t&Htiftm; tultiftm; t+zdKufxm;zkd@ }uKd;pm;cuwfaw? a,auav@ukd,f&kd@ tcsif;csif;ap;&kH;r_tiftm;
ae;yg;cvkd@ awmfvSef&D; ,SKH;edrf@c&a&? ig&kd@ ckduftwGuf ocFef;pm ,lp&myif+zKdufaw?
,if;aemuf Akdfvfcsif;jyefa& 3 yGifhqkdif pkdufayG;ukdf qufvufqifaEG;a&? ol@vufxufrSm ap;&kH;&D; aumif;rGefvma&? a,auav@
vufeuftiftm;eef@ pkdufynm tiftm;tqrwef edrf@useDa&twGufeef@ aeacs@ 2 .'%fa=umif; ,SKH;edrf@&a&? ,if; 3 qkdiftax;rSm +Adwdfo#
aeacs@u y&da, ta=uG0qkH;+zdKufvkd@ &ckdif tif tm;ukd xGm;xGm;nufatmif pkdufuZwfjyD;au xm;ca&? wzufrSm Akdvfcsif;jyefukd awmfvSef&D;
rvkyfEkdifatmif t=uyfukdifjyD;au Armaeacs@ukd rdwfvkd/ vdk&efvkdvkd qufqHxm;a&? vlrsKd;&D; pdwfjyif;xefa& Armaeacs@&kd@um; rGef trsKd;om;udk
rsKd;jzKwfatmif owfjyD;au rGefajyukd Armajy vkyfykdufvkdufawykdif &ckdifajyufkd vkyfzkd@}uKd;pm;vDa& +Adwdo#&kd@um; attuGufukd jrifjyD;om;+zKdufaw?
&ckdifajy jrefrmajyudk ol&kd@odrf;ykdufzkd@ }uKd;pm;eDuwfaw? &ckdif tiftm; xGm;xGm;ysufvkd@ evefrxlEkdifatmifxd ol&dk@ apmifha=u@eDca&? ,if;jyD;rSm&m
&ckdifukd t&Htiftm; arG;ZuyfjyD;au Armajyudk odrf;zkd@ tm;xkwfxm;a&// ,if;ykdif tm;xkwf=uHpDcsufukd t*Fvdyf jrefrm pkdufayG; 3 ayG;pvkH;rSm
oufoDt+zdKufawG@&a&// ,if;pkdufayG;rsm; +zdKufvwfaw? &ckdifpkdufwyfrsm; (magh corpo) azG;jyD;au ap;&kH; odrf;oGif; ,lvm;ca& +Adwdo#
t&if;o#ifaeacs@&kd@. y&da,um; azG;rD;eef@av@wla&? wazG@azG@ av@avmifa&? 3yGifhqkdif&ef okH;OD;rSm tm;ae;qkH;+zKdufaw? &cdkifukd &ckdiftzjrDjyifrSmyif

8
Armaeacs@ vufcsufeef@ xGufxGuf=uDatmif rodrom r[kwfau ododomom uZwfxm;ca&? a,jyD;au &ckdifukd t&Htiftm; vkyfjyD;au Armudk
wkdufckdufodrf;,la&? &kd;ajzmifhola& aumufusKdufaw t=uHorm;yg;rSm ,m,Dus&pajr;?

AD.1813cko&ufcsKd cHwyf+rKd@uqkwfjyD;au pkdufwaumif; awmif&kd;aeukd0ifvm;ca&? Akdvfcsif;jyefa& jrKHaxmif (Tripura

State) jyefa& awmif&kd;wcGifrSm wyfpcef;trsm; jzef@aqmufjyD;au &duQmvufeuf pkaqmifxm;vDa& // *sLvkdifvrSm [&bif;ukd 0ifpD;jyD;au
rdrd.orD;awmfai 2 yg;udk ,lvm;ca&rdcif '*g;rSm tzrf;cHeDa&// &ckdiftabmifr &kd@eef@ twlwleDxkdfifa& ,if;orD;awmf 2 yg;ukd awmfvSef&D; eDjrDuyif
rdrdeef@ twleDxkdifpDa&? atmufwkdbmvrSm Akdvfcsif;jyefa& ukr`%D tpkd;&yg;wkd@ pm&D;jyD;au rdrdukd,f raESmifh,Sufzkd@ &ckdifajyukd &ckdif&atmif}uKd;pm;
tm;xkwfaw awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif;ukd raESmifh,Sufzkd@ ta=umif;=um;vkdufaw? ,if;tcsdefrSm ukr`%Dtpkd;&ukd w&m;ol=uD; rpPwmyDacvfu
Armpkdufwyfeef@ yl;aygif;vkd@ &ckdifhawmfvSef&D;ukd t+rKdwfjzKwfzkd@ =uHpDxm;a&? Armeef@ qufqH&D; tqifrajya&cg ukr`%D pkdufom;wcsK@d ukd
wyfuxGufjyD;a&ykdif vkyfjyD;au Akdvfcsif;jyefukd owfzkd@wifjyvDa&// ,if;w&m;ol=uD;u &ckdif&kd@a& ukd,fajy ukd,fjyef&&D;rSm aumif;aumif;
nDnGwfuwfaw twGufa=umif; &ckdifukd vkH;0tultnDryD;zkd@ pkduf&D;t& tquftoGufrvkyfzkd@ukd av@ xyfrHwifjyxm;cvDa&?
Akdfvfcsif;jyefum; &ckdifajyukd &ckdifjyef&atmif toufudk yD;qyfjyD;au toufxufqkH;}uKd;pm;ca&? r,l+rKdufa=umif;u wkdufcdkufvk@d
ratmifjrifEkdifa&cg ukvg;wef+rdKwfnmu pkefqif;jyD;au ajrmufOD;+rKd@awmfudk jyefodrf;zkd@ }uKd;pm;ca&? aemufqkH;rSm AD.1815 ck *sefe0g&Dv 25
&ufrSm "rRwm oabmtwkdif; Akdvfcsif;jyef auGvGefvDa&? 28 &uf edrSm tavmif;awmfukd aumif;pGm rD;oif+*dfvfvDa&?
Akdvfcsif;jyef auGvGefvkd@jyD;aemuf &ckdifvlrltazG;tap;rSm wpwp tiftm;qkwf,kwfvg;ca&// usefa& acgifaqmifwdukdav@
+Adwdo#aeacs@&kd@u wa,mufcsif; /wa,mufcsif; ESdrfeif;ykdufvkdufaw? ewf+rKdufu xufjcrf; tpdyfcH&a&// &ckdifajyrSm Armaeacs@&kd@ vufcsufa=umif;
&ckdifh toGD;yifav xGef;eDca&? &ckdift&kd; awmifykdifykHeDa&// wajyvkH;rSmum; rD;ckD;wvlvl/ cGD;wtltl/ rsufa& wokwfokwf /ESKyfa& w,Skyf,kSyf
+zdKufeDc&a&? Zmykdfifyif Armaeacs@ya'o&kduf vufatmufrSm 1146u 1186txd (AD.1784-1824) ESKdufaygif; 40 wdwd uGsefb0.
'kuQtaygif; ukd uGsefb0. tqkH;0ef'%fukd i&JwGif;qkH; usatmifcHpm;cuwf&a&?

(c) +Adwdo#t&if;o#ifaeacs@udkawmfvSefjcif;
19-
19-&mpk&ckdifawmfvSef&D;

&ckdifajytwGif;rSm 3 qkdif&efol 3 OD;teuf &ckdiftrsKd;om; awmfvSef&D; tiftm;rSm Akdvfcsif;jyef auGvGefuaw;u w&Gd@&dG@

usqif;vm;c,m+zKdwfaw? t*ktcgrm +Adwdo# t&if;o#if aeacs@eef@ Armya'o&kduf aeacs@&kd@ tif;tm;+ydKifqkdifr_ tpjyKvm,m+zKdufaw?
+Adwdo#&kd@rSm usqif;+ydKysufeD,m+zdKwfaw &ckdiftrsKd;om;awmfvSef&D; tiftm;ukd t&Ht+zdKuf odrf;oGif;,lzkd@
}uKd;pm;vma&// +Adwdo#&kd@ y&da,ukd Ak'<bmom0if &ckdifacgifaqmif=uD;&kd@u *wdpum; okdufpmpum;vkd@ ,kHa=u xm;uwfaw? ,if;eef@Zk +Adwdo#&@dk
,SdKif;uyfvma&tcg "g;ykdif=uD; ausmfykHom/ trf;pm; ajypkd;=uD;/ uGsef;tkyf AkdvfatmifZH&dk@u tavGwul oabmwllvdkufaw? tjcm;
ta=umif;wcsufuav@ &ckdifajyukd "g;rkd;tkyfcsKyfeDa&
Armya'o&kdufaeacs@ vufatmufu vGwfvyfcsifa& qENjyif;jypGm+zdKwfaw// Armaeacs@udk wkdufxkwfjyD;au ukd,fhajyukdjyeftkyfcsKyfzkd@ vGwfvyfaw
&ckdifajy t+zdKwf xlaxmifEkdifzkd@ twGuf qENapmcpGm&m+zdKwfaw// &ckdifeef@ ukdvdkeD tpkd;&rSm rdwfazG;jyD;au Armaeacs@ukd wkdufxkwfESKdrfeif;zkd@
twGufukd&m jyifykHaygufaw? +Adwdo#aeacs@&kd@a& &ckdifajyukd qufvuf aeacs@EkdifpGmudkf t"du xm;vkd@ pdkif;pm;yHkray:c? ,if;twGufwmeef@
&ckdiftrsKd;om; awmfvSef&D; tiftm;pka& AkdvfausmfxGD;/ Akdvfcsif;jyef&kd@ OD;aqmifa& tcguykdif ukd,fykdif jyXmef;cGifh (self-ifantification) eef@
r&yfawEkdifcab; +Adwdo#aeacs@&kd@. t&Htiftm;pk t+zdKuf ukd&m a&mufrSef;rod a&mufvm;ca&? ckykdif t+zdKufrsKd;ukd zqAv eef@ awG;zufcuwfaw
&ckdif trsKd;om; tazG@tap;&kd@ =uKH}uKduf cuwfaw?
AD.1823rSm pkdufwaumif;+rKd@0ef *gwmowf eef@ "g;ykdif=uD; ausmfykH&kd@ Armaeacs@udk &ckdifajyu wkdufzkd@twGuf oabmwlnDcsuf
pmcsKyfwckudk csKyfqkdEkdifca&? ,if; oabmwlnDcsuft&
(1) Arm&kd@udk &ckdif ajyu wkdufxkwf&ef
(2) vufeufeef@ pkdufom;rsm; tultnDyD;&ef
(3) pkdufumv twGif; pkdufp&dwfukd +Adwdo# ukr`%Dtpkd;&u wm0ef,l&ef
(4) &efolxGufvm;jyD; &ckdif wajyvkH;ukd odrf;ykdufjyD;au &ckdifajyukd &ckdifrif;om;rsm; vufukdjyefvD yD;tyf&ef?
(5) +Adwdo#ukr`%D tpkd;&ukd&ckdif&kd@u pkdufp&dwf 2 q wdwdyD;tyf&ef?
(6) +Adwdo# ukr`%Dtpkd;&a& &ckdifajyu vkH;0 OokefxGufcGmvm;&ef?
(7) +Adwdo# tpkd;&a& &ckdifajy olrsm;yg;rSm uwd okdufpmaw&ef ajyol&kd@udk r&ufpufrapmfum;&ef?
(*) pkdufcsD/ pkdufwkduf&m&kd@rm &cdkif&dk@u OD;aqmifvkd@vrf;nGefjy&ef?

9
 (9) ukef;wyf/ &Dwyf&kd@rSm 2 OD; 2 buff wm0ef,ljyD;au nDwl nDr#tm;oGef }uKd;yef; &Gwf&GwfcGsefcGsef wkdufckduf&ef?
(10) pm;eyf&duQmukd &ckdif&kd@u vkH;0Ookefwm0ef,l&efqkda& tcsuf 10 csufukd 2 OD; 2 buf oabmwl vufcH tawjyKuwfaw?
,if;a=umif; trf;pm;eef@ ajypkd;=uD; /u|ef;tkyf}uD;&dk@ wm0ef,l+yD;au &ckdifola&; 1600/ tENd, ola&; 600 &dk@udk ap;&Hk;vDa&// &SifrjzLwyf/
vSay:wyf/ a*:apmifnmwyf&kd@udk ewf+rKdufeef@ 0g;acsmif;&kd@rSm awaqmufvDa&? AD.1824 ckrSm Armaeacs@ukd &ckdifeef@+Adwdo# ukr`%Dtpkd;&
0kdif;wkdufuwfaw? ,if;ESKduf 1186ck wefcl;vqef; 14 &ufed aom=umed/ wA[kd&ftcsdef avmufrSm ajrmufOD; +rKd@awmfukd4if;/ ,if;ESKduf uqkefvqef;
6&uf aom=umedrSm &rf;ajy@ukd4if;/ a,jyD;au ,if;ESKduf uqkefvqkwf 5 &ufu rmefatmifukd4if;/ ,if;ESKduf eH,kefvqef; 4 &ufaom=umedrSm
oHawG;+rdK@udkyg jyefvDodrf;,lvkdufaw?
AD.1826. ckazaz:0g&Dv 24 &uf (1187 ckwaygif;vajy@ed )rm +Adwdo# ukr`%Dtpkd;&eef@ Armaeacs@ ya'o&kduf tpkd;&&k@d &EWydkpmcsKyfudk
csKyfqkdvDa&// ,if;pmcsKyf wwd,tcsufrSm “aemufwzef ajy=uD;2 y g;tjcm; tem;ukd jiif;ckH&ef ta=umif; r[d&atmif t*Fvdyfrif;u wkdufvkd@
atmifjrifjyD;aomtcg &ckdifajy&rf;ajy@/ rmefatmif / oHawG;[laom &ckdifajy=uD;udk tpkdif,lvkd jrefrm o#ifbk&ifutpkd;rykdif&? &kd;rzkd;acgif awmifwef;/
armfwifpGef;/ [kdif;=uD;uGsef;txd tykdiftjcm;+zdKufpD&ar? aemiftykdif;tjcm;ukd tjiif;tckH[dv#if t*Fvdyfrif;/ jrefrmrif;cef@xm;aom olwkd@u
txufyg aeedrdwftwkdif; rSefuefpGmpD&ifap? cef@xm;aom olwkd@tm;av; t&m[drSL;aumif;/ rwfaumif;+zdKufpD&ar” vkd@ to#ifpENrmvm
vuFm&ax&f. &ckdif pmapmifwtkyfrSm az:jyxm;a&?
at&EWykd pmcsKyfa& &ckdifajytwGufqkdau uGsefvufajymif; pmcsKyf&m+zdKufoda& qkdpGmukd txufyg wwd, tcsufudka=u@um odEfkdifa&//
atpmcsKyft& +Adwdo# t&if;o#ifaeacs@. ukdvkdeDuGsef +zdKufvm;a=umif; odEkdifa&? +Adwdo#&kd@. pum;a& w&m;r[kwf y&da,,m
+zKdufawqkdpGmudk xif&Sm;vma&? pum;udk w&m; t+zKdufawEkdifzkd@twGuf/ *wdokdufpm t+zKdufawEkdifzkd@twGuf “tm;”a& t"du+zKdufaw//
&ckdiftwGuf tm;qkdvkd@ rsKd;csKduf pdwf"gwftiftm;&m[da&? t"du+zKdufaw vufeuftiftm;rSm &ckdifESKduf 1000 ajy@uyif usqif;vmcvk@d
tckqkdau t&kyfyifraygufEkdifatmif +ydKysufeDc,m+zKdufaw? &cdkif vlrltazG;tap;rSm &ckdif ya'o&kduf+rDo#ifpESKduf aemufykdif; qkd;0g;rSKa=umifh
/a,jyD;au Arm ya'o&kdufaeacs@ pESKdufqkd;a=umifh z&kdz&D;+ydK auG;cpGm ESKduf 200 eD;eD; (AD.1638-1826 &ckdifESKduf 1000/ 1188)
+zdKufvmvwf,m? ,if;a=umif; pD;yGm;&D;/ EkdifiH&D;/ pkduf&D;/ ap;&kH;&D;/ vlrl&D;/ ,kdifaus;rl tm;vkH;usqif;eDa&? ,if;eef@Zk &ckdif&dk@rSm +Adwdo#&dk@ pkd;rkd;rludk
acgifikH@cHvm&jyefa&? AkdvfausmfxGD;/ Akdvfcsif;jyef pa& &ckdif acgifaqmif=uD;&kd@ ae;rsKd;pkHeef@ }uKd;pm;csuf t&yf&yf. tusKd; tmedoifwckum; vlrsKd;&D;
rkef;wD;rSKeef@ "g;rkd;eDca&// Arm ya'o&kduf aeacs@pESKdufukd armif;xkwf ykdufESKdifjcif;yif+zKdufaw? ,if;ya'o&dkuf aeacs@tpm; t&if;o#if
aeacs@tpm;0ifvma&? ,if;eef@Zk &ckdfif wrsKd;om;vkH;eef@ +Adwdo# t&if;o#if aeacs@&kd. ywdyuQa& t"du ywdyuQ t+zdKufay:xGef;vma&? at
t"du ywdyuQukd trsKd;om;awmfvSef&D;eef@ qufvuf awmfvSefvkyfaqmif&zkd@ yif+zdKuffaw? t*a,mifyif ukd,fhajyukd ukd,fjyefr& o&GdumvywfvHk;
trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D;udk qufvuf vkyfaqmif&zkd@yif+zKdufaw?
+Adwdo# ukr`%Dtpkd;&a& aeacs@&kd@. &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfaw y&da, twkdif; &ckdifajyeef@ &ckdif vltazG@tap; w&yfvkH;ukd AD-1826.ckuyif
ukdvkdeD uGsefjyKxm;vkdufaw? vlwrsKd;ukd vlwrsKd;u uGsefjyKxm;pGmavmuf a'avmurSm &ufpufqkd;0g;a& pESKdufr[d? nKdufywf ao;odrfa&
pESKdufr[d? pkdufxm; atmufusa&pGmr[d/ +Adwdo# t&m[dwOD;a& aeacs@wyfwwyf (One Regiment)eef@ tm;jy zdESKdyftkyfcsKyfzkd@ tpjyKvma&?
a,tcg &ckdif acgifaqmifrsm;+zKdufaw "g;ykdif;=uD;/ trf;pm;/ ajrpkd;=uD;/ uGsef;tkyf&kd@eef@wuG a';0ef;=uD; Akdvfatmifausmf&SD
(Akdvfcsif;jyef.a,mufzawmf)/ +rKd@ol=uD; atmifausmfZH (Akdvfcsif;jyef.wl) &kd@a& pkap; wkdifyifvmuwfaw? ,if;aemuf Armaeacs@
bk&ifodrf;,lvm;a& &ckdifrif;om; wyg;+zKdufaw rif;om;=uD; a&$Aef;av@ ,if;tiftm; pkrSm yg0ifvma&? pkdufawG+rKd@/ tmusyfawmifukef;
xdyfwkdufanmifyif&if;rSm v#Kd@0Suf aqG;aEG;ayG;t=udrf=udrf jyKvkyfjyD;au &ckdifajyudk jyefawmif;zkd@ tpDpOfaqG;aEG;uwfaw?
"g;ykdif;=uD;yif acgifaqmifjyD;au t*Fvdyf t&m[d&kd@eef@ &ckdifajyudpPukd aqG;aEG;a&/ +Adwdo# aeacs@&kd@u “&ckdif-+Adwdo#oabmwlnDcsuf”
10 csuft& jyD;ca& pkdufayG;twGuf pkdufp&dwfukd awmif;cHuwfaw? +Adwdo# ukd,fpm;avS&kd@u pkdufp&dwfukd awmif;cHuwfaw? +Adwdo#
ukd,fpm;avS&kd@u pkdufp&dwf (20000&lyD;) ukefusa=umif; p&if;jyuwfaw? &ckdifacgifaqmif&kd@u rdrd&kd@*wdtwkdif; pkdufp&dwf aumufcHjyD;au 2
aomif;tpm;/ 6 aomif;yD;vkdufuwfaw/ +Adwdo#&kd@u aiGukd&auav@ &ckdifajyukdrtyfab; xyfvkd@ 6 aomif; awmif;cHa&? ,if;eef@Zk xyfv@dk
aumufcHjyD;au 'kwd,t=udrf xyfyD;vkdufaw? +Adwfdo#&kd@u vltoDtaysmufp&if;udk trsKd;rsKd;jyjyD;au aiGxyfv@dk awmif;cHa&?
&ckdifacgifaqmif&kd@rSmum; aiGxyfaumufjyD;au wwd,=udrf 6 aomif; yD;qyfvkdufuwfjyefa&// ,if;ykdifaiG 3 =udrf (1800000) yD;auav@ +Adwdo#
aeacs@&kd@rSm pD;yGm;&D;/ pkduf&D;/ EdkifiH&D;/ aeacs@rsm;yDyD &ckdifajyuxGufvm;zkd@pGmudk xm;vkdufzd? vufeuftiftm;eef@ &ckdfifacgifaqmifwdudk zdESKdufvma&/
rw&m;tcGef trsKd;rsKd;aumufcHvma&// &ckdifvlcsrf;om&kd@ukd "g;jrwkdufvma&// aemuffqkH; &ckdifwajyvkH;ukd uGsef ZmwfoGif;vmvwfaw?
,if;twGufeef@ &ckdifacgifaqmif&kd@ awmfvSef&D; wkdufayG;w&yfukd vkyfaqmifzkd@ pDpOfvDuwfaw? &ckdif rsKd;csKduf okH;usdyf ESKdufa,mufudk
trmcH uvyfap; t+zdKufazG@vkdufjyD;au oDG;okdufpma&aomufuwfaw? &ckdifajyudk tkyfcsKyfeDa& +Adwdo# t&m[d&kd@udk ajrmufOD;+rKd@udk ac:jyD;au
vkyf=uHvkdufzkd@ pDpOfxm;uwfaw? ,if;ykdif vkyf=uHjyD;au &ckdifpkdufwyf (Arakanese Battalian) tultnDeef@ &ckdifajyudk
odrf;,lzkd@=uHpDuwfaw?
AD.1827 ckrSm ukd,fajyukd ukd,fjyef&&D;twGuf tqkdyg trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D;ukd pwifvDa&? a,cg t}uHtpDayguf=um;vm;vk@d
rif;om;=uD; a';0ef;=uD; / +rKd@ol=uD;&kd@ tzrf;cHuwf&a&? ,if;tqkdyg acgifaqmif 3 OD;ukdum; +Adwdo#&kd@ “e*g;0g” oabFmeeff@ umvwWm;+rKd@udk
ykd@vkdufaw? ,if;uwcg pifumyl udkykd@a&? ,if;aemuf tdENd, ajy'*g;+rKd@ “umvdefuif;”tusdKif;axmifrm csKyfxm;vDa&//

10
 rif;om;-uD;&kdŒtr+ukd avm'f ruefvD (lord Macanlay)u umvuwWm; w&m;&kH;csKyf (Chief Court of Calcutta) rSm pkdufaq;a&?
&ckdif awmfvSef&D;acgi faqmif&kdŒjyifokdufykdif yGef'dcsm& D(Pondichary) u vufeuf/ ac;,rf;/ rD;ausmufrsm;ukd &ckdifajyokdŒ wifoGif;pGmukd _Adwdo#&kdŒ
odvm; cuwfaw? ,if; twGufwma-umif; ukd,fajyukd ukd,fjyefvkdcsifvkdΠjyefwkduf,lzkdΠ}uKd;pm;ca& t_zdKufeefΠrsKd;csKduf acgifaqmif 3 OD;ukd
axmif'%fcs vkdufuwfaw? rif;om;-uD;um; auGvGefvm;a& txd &ufaygif; 41 &uf wkdifwkdif tpmiwfcHqENjyjyD;au wkdufayG;0ifvm;ca&?
a'acgifaqmif 3 OD;&kdŒum; &ckdif trsKd; om;awmfvSef&D;ukd rvGwfvyfr&Sif; awmfvSefvm;uwffzkdŒ /{uykd'f &wkeefŒ rSmxm;cuwfaw? a'&wk 3 yk'fa&
trsKd;awmfvSef&D; twGuf zdwfac: xm;cpGm+zdKwfaw? olŒuGsefrcHzkdŒ owdyD;xm;ca&? vrf;a=umif; rrSm;zkd@ owdyD;xm;ca&? rvGwfrvyfrcsif;
trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif;rSmty wjcm;vrf;a=umif;r[d a=umif;ukd owdyD;xm;ca&? rdrd&kd@toufyD;vkd@ vkyfaqmifca& trsKd;om;
awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif;twkdif; aumif;aumif; vkdfufvmzkd@udk rSmxm;ca&? a,au ated &ckdif trsKd;om;w&yfvkH; Zmvkyfuwfz@dk av;´ at
&wkwdukd wcsuf zufa=u@jyD;au uAsm. tm;rmefukd xkwfa=u@uwfyg?

“rif
rif;om;=uD;oDwrf;pm &wk”
(1) rif;om; trSef igv#if=uHu/
EkdifiHtwGuf ukd,ftoufukd/
&uf&ufpGef@cGm/ ukvm;&GmY/
cE<m&kyfa[mif;/ b0ajymif;vdrf@/
+zdKufa=umif; oHom/ owW0g&kd@/
rSefpGm oDwwf/ olrowfav;/
rvGwfwcg oDzkd@&maw;?

(2) urBmwma&S /ol&dk@onf av;/

tawrpkd;/ igjrDwkd;av;/
t&kd;wcg/ wGefvdrf@&m.?

(3) aemifvmaemufvl/ &ckdifvl&kd/@

t,lrapmif;/ ighvrf;a=umif;ukd/
aumif;aumif;vkdufvm/ wkdif;"nm
ukdwcgrkcs/ ig&kd@&tH@?

(4) vkH;v&SdcH/ vkdv#if=uHu/

EdrŠmefrcGswf/ vuf0g;cwfonf/
apG;rSwfatpm/ oDwrf;pmaw;?
rif;om;=uD;. oDwrf;pm&wkum; wkdawmif;oavmuf eufae;vSa&? wdusjywfom;vSa&? tm;rmef tajy@yga&? trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D;
vrf;a=umif;ukd ukd,ftouf cE<mukd yD;tyfjyD;au a&;a&;/ 0H@0H@ av#muf vm;ca&? aemufvmwH@aom &ckdifrsKd;qufwdudkav@ aZG;vkH;veef@
awmfvSefuwfzkd@/ t,lrwif;apmif;zkd@ vrf;a=umif;rSef/ wefzdk;ukd owdyD;ca&? urBmorkdif;rSm aeacs@pEdSKuf qkdpGmav@ tawtajr;acs; [dEdkifz@dk r[kwf?
igyif oDauav@ t&kd;wcg wGefvdrf@ar? ukd,fajytwGuf t,lrSe/f vrf;a=umif;rSefeef@ aumif;aumif;}uKd;pm;au ig&kd@&ckdfifajyukd weded {uefrcGswf
&&zkd@vkd@ rSm=um;ca&?
a';0ef;=uD; uav@ oDwrf;pm&wk pmyk'f&D;azG@jyD;au aemufom;aemifvm &kd@twGufav@ rSmxm;ca&?
“a'0ef
a'0ef=uD;.oDwrf;pm&wk”
(1) aemufom;aemifvm/ aemufxyfygav;/
q&moHk;vuf/ &SduwwfI/
toufcE<m/ vl&kd@rSmum;/
wcgw&H/ tzkd;wef./
w&Hwcg qkdwkHygav;/
olomvmvsuf/ zdESKdyfpufu/
toufwdkcg/ qkH;wwf&.?

(2)ajy&Gmwkdif;zGm;/ rsKd;av;yg&kd@/
w&m;vrf;rSef/ vkdv#if=uHu/

11
 trSefrkcs/ oufpGef@=uavm@?

(3)"rRwmvrf;rrSef/qkd;a=umif;=uHv#uf/
wHqkd;ukdpm;/ vdrfav@xm;aomf/
aemufom;wzef/ao;rcHESifh?

(4)EkdifiHwum/ [l&m&mY/
ynmESifhOm%f/ oifhpGmzefI/
wm0efrysuf/ okdufpm&Gufvsuf/
toufukdvSD;/ oDG;acsmif;pD;rS/
tjyD;=uH@ckdif/ EkdifiHwkdif;+rKd@/
tpkd@pkd@eef@/ ukd,f+rKd@ukd,fajy/
ukd,fXmaeukd/ &vDzl;w/
atavmuonf?
atmufus rcHcsifaoma=umif;?
a';0ef=uD;u wkdif;ajy. vGwfvyf&D; vrf;a=umif;twGuf toufpGef@zkd@ukd rawGa0 uwfauh? aeacs@&kd@. aumufusKduf
pkdif;av;a& rw&m;zdEdSyfrlukd awmfvSef wkdufcdkufuwf? vGwfvyf&D;ukd oDG;eef@&if;vkd@ ,luwf? wkdif;ajy wm0efukdoduwf? okdufpm[duwfv@dk
rSm=um;xm;ca&? ol@uGsefrcHpdwfukd a&;a&; awmufawmuf jyo azG@qkdxm;ca&?
“+rKd@ol=uD;oDwrf;pm&wk”

(1) O'gef;r=uD / +zdKuf&vDjcif;/

wkdif;ajyukd=uH/ atmifausmfZHrSm/
=uHur$DaESmuf/ wusdyfajcmuf&kd@/
,Gif;azmufokdufpm/ ol&kd@rSmum;/
0rf;pmpm;cGuf/ wxyfwGufukd/
woufpmxif/ cGD;tjrifa=umifh/
wkdif;cGifomap/ ig&kd@ajyav@
olajy+zdKuf&/ 0rf;ae;pGaw;?

(2)rdzq&m/ ayg&%m&kd@/
a0g[mxk;Ha[mif;/ vlAl;a'gif;ukd/
raygif;azmf&m/ qkdwkHygav;/
,Gif;umowd/ aygif;azmfrdI/
vuf[d'kuQ/ ig=uKH&.?
b0wpkduf /vljyef+zdKufu/
tokdufckyif/ =uHpDcsifonf?
atwGif rrDEkdifaoma=umifh?
+rKd@ol=uD;u tacsmiform; okdufpmazmuf&kd@a=umifh oluGsef+zdKuf&auav@ b0tokduf/ vljyef+zdKufau/ qufvkd@ trsKd;om;twGuf
awmfvSefzkd@ta=umif;ukd azG@qkd rSm=um;xm;ca&? ,if; awmfvSef&D; aemufykdif;rSm av;+rKd@acsmif;u AkdvfcsKdufpH uav@ av;+rKd@acsmif; awmifol
v,form;&kd@ukd ap;&kH;jyD;au vlusifh rusifha& aeacs@ukd awmfvSef armif;xkwfzkd@twGuf wkdufayG;okduf/ vrf;pkdifokduf w&yfukd csrSwfvdkufaw?
,if;aewcGifukd ap;&kH;jyD;au tckdiftrm wyfapG;xm;vDa&? vufeuf tiftm;csif; rr#vkd@ &ckdif rsKd;csKduf/ ajycsKduf tajrmuftrsm; usqHk;vm;ca&?
Akdvf csKdufpHuav@ &ckdifajyu qkwfcGmjyD;au Armajywkd@ ckd0ifvDa&?
,if;tcg Armbk&ifrSm armifvGif+zKdufaw? +Adwdo# ukr`%Dtpkd;&u armifvGif bk&ifyg;wkd@ oHpm&GD;jyD;au &ckdif awmfvSef&D; acgifaqmif
AkdvfcsKdufpHukd awmif;cHvDa&? bk&if armifvGifrSm +Adwdo#udk a=umufyHk&a&? r[kwfau tdrfeD;csif; EkdifiHom; csif;csif; tm,w w&m;=uD;rmykH
aygufaw? tm&Swkduf wwkduf vkH;udk uGsefjyKvkyfzkd@vma& +Adwdo#&kd@ &ef=uD;rm;ykHukd rjrifEdkifab; &ckdif awmfvSef&D; acgifaqmif. vGwfvyf&D;
}uKd;yef;rludk remvkd 0efwkdpdwf xm;ykHaygufaw? ,if;a=umifh &ckdif awmfvSef&D; acgifaqmif r[mrdwf t+zdKuf a=u@&zkd@tpm; ajymif;jyefa=u@jyD;au
aygufqdef&kd; vkyfca&? Akdvf csKdufZHukd zrf;jyD;au +Adwdo# ukr`%D tpkd;&ukd qufovkdufaw? bk&if armifvGif. tjrifwkdrl/ tjrifusKdif;rla&
Armorkdif;ukd ykdvkd@ nKdufywfpDa&?

12
 Akdvf csKdufpHudk +Adwdo#&kd@u pkdufawG tusKdif;axmifrSm csKyfxm;vkdufawcg axmifwGif;rSmyif tusKdif;om; &kd@udk ap;&kH;jyD;au axmifwGif;
awmfvSef&D; vkyfjyefvDa&? ,if;a=umif; trsKd;om; vGwfvyf&D; twGuf usL;ausmfol aeacs@udk armif;xkwfwkdufxkwfzkd@ }uKd;pm;vk@d AkdvfcsKdufpHudk
usL;ausmfa& aeacs@&kd@u w&m; pD&ifjyefa&? }uKd;rdef@cs rSwfum owfjzwfjyefa&?
AD.1829 azazmf0g&DvrSm oHawG;aeu tavausmfol=uD; Akdvf atmifomOD;a& awmifol v,form;&kd@udk ap;&kH;jyD;au &ckdifajyol&@dk ukd
oDDG;pkwf acsavSeDa& +Adwdo#aeacs@ukd wkdfufckdufaw? ukd,fwyf tiftm;eef@ oHawG;+rKd@ukd csDwufwkdufckdufawtcg aeacs@ t&m[d+zKdufaw uy`wdef
a*:'if (Captain Gordon) usqkH;vDa&? a,auav@ oHawG;+rKd@ udkum; rodrf;ykdufEkdifc// a,jyD; rt/D ykvdyfpcef;ukd 0ifpD;jyD;au ykvdyf tm;vkH;ukd
uGyfysufvkdufaw? +Adwdo# wyfrsm;u xyfqifh zdwkdufvma&cg tiftm;rr#vkd@ Armajy ax;wdk@ qkwfvD&a&// ,if;rSmyif Akdvf atmifomOD;
auGvGefvDa&?
AD.1831-rSm =udrfovD q&mawmfa& +Adwdo# aeacs@&kd@udk armif;xkwfzkd@twGuf trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D; w&yfudk vkyfaqmifca&//
awmifykdif;ae wcGifrSm q&mawmf. vkyfaqmifcsufwda& aumif;aumif; xda&mufca&// aemufqHk;rm ESKdrfeif;pGmudk cHvkduf&a&/?
AD.1870-71rSm ajrmufOD;+rKd@aeu Akdvf armifOD;jzLa& &ckdif rif;qufokdufw&yfukd xlaxmifzkd@vkd@ awmifol v,form;wdudk
ap;&kH;jyD;au trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D; w&yfukd vkyfaqmifvDa&? usL;ausmfol aeacs@&kd@um; vufeuf tiftm;eef@ Akdvf armifOD;jzLukd wkdufcdkuf
zrf;qD;jyD;au owfjzwfvkdufaw?
AD.1890-oHawG; =udDrovDu ausmufpdrf; Akdvf x=uGawmfvSefa&? ,if;ESKdufrSmyif oHawG; q&mawmf OD;aqmifjyD;au
oCFmawmftrsm;u Ak'<omoemawmfukd rdp>m +Adwdo#aeacs@vufatmufu auwifzkd@ awmfvSefuwfaw// oHawG;+rdKuf w&kd;u vlol&@dk udk
ap;&kH;jyD;au +rKd@ukd 0ifpD;a&// ,if;wkdufayG;rSm q&mawmfeef@ wuG &[ef;awmf trsm;usqkH; ysHvGefvm;&a&/ usef&[ef;awmf rsm;rSmav@ tzrf;
tcsKyfcH uwf&a&?
,if; ESKdufrSmyif ajrmufOD;+rKd@ae / ausmufawmf+rKd@ae/ &ao@awmif+rKd@ae&kd@rSm awmfvSefx=uGrl trsm; tjym;ay:aygufca&? Akdvf=umxGef;/
Akdfvfa&$vS/ Akdvfb&kd@a&/ +Addwdo# aeacs@ukd awmfvSefwkdufckduf uwfaw? oHawG;aeu Akdvfausmf0 uav@ awmifykdif;uyif ajrmufydkif; txd
a'gufacsmufawmfvSef wkdufckdufvDa&// ajrmufOD;+rKd@ae/ ausmufawmf+rKd@ae &kd@rSmav; t=uD;taus awmfvSefwkdufckdufeDa&// aemufqHk;rSm usL;ausmf
ol&kd@u zrf;qD; owfjzwfvkdufaw?
AD.1891.ck pufwifbmvrSm &ao@awmif+rKd@ae/ ulawmif&Gm. 3 qufajrmuf uGsef;tkyf+zKdufaw Akdvf csif;zkd@eef@ om;
armifazmfatmif&kd@a& r,lurf;wcGif awmifol v,form;&kd@udk ap;&kH;jyD;au/ r*Fvm=uD; awmifeef@ qdyf=uD;csKdifrm wyfpcef;
aqmufvkyfxm;uwfaw? +Adwdo# aeacs@&kd@ukd armif;xkwfjyD;au rif;qufokduf xlawmifzkd@ }uKd;pm;cuwfaw? 1892 ck/ azazmf0g&DvrSm om;tz
ESpfa,mufpvHk;udk zrf;qD;rdvdk@ pdkufawG tusKdif;axmifrSm wdkufydkufxm;vdkufonf? a,tcg tusdKif;om; w&mavmuf axmifwGif; x=uGawmfvSef
+yD;au Adkvfcsif;zdk om;tzudk wdkufu v$wfvdkufuwfaw? ,+yD;au axmifudk azmufxGif;zdk@ wdkufcdkufuwfaw? aemufqkH;rSm e,fcsJ@wdk@.
wefjyefwdkufcdkufr_a=umifh trsm;usqHk;+yD;au +idrfusvm;c&a&? Adkvfcsif;zdkwdk@ om;tzudk e,fcsJ@&dk@u }udK;rdyD;+yD;au owfjzwfvdkufaw?
t*kydkif awmfvSef&D; wdkufcdkuf x=uGr_rsdK;udk +Adwdo# e,fcsJ@&d@k u &ckdifajyudk rw&m;vdrfav odrf;ydkfuf+yD;au 1826 uyifpvDpGm 1916
ckxd+zdKufaw? wap;w&Hk;aw;/ wajyvHk;/ wrsdK;om;vHk; awmfvSef&D; rsdK; ray:aygufEdkifcauavh wyg;u|efpepfudkum; wcgav;acgif;iH@k rcHcuwf?
trdsK;om; awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif;udkavh wcgavhravG;cuwf? udk,fhajyudk udk,fjyef&&D;twGuf tjrJwrf; }udK;yrf;cuwfaw? udk,fykdif jyXmef;cGihf
(Self Indentily) udk toufyD;vdk@ toufxufqHk; wdkufvm;cuwfaw? 1916 ckESpf aemufydkif;rSmum; &cdkfif vlr_tazG@tap; tawG;ac:
topftqef;wd odjrifvmuwfvdk@ &ckdif trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;a& umvwckudk jzwfoef;eDca&?
+Adwdo# aecsJ@ t&if;o#ifwdk@udk trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;ESifh wdkufcdkuf armif;xkwfaw? &cdkif trsdK;om; acgif;aqmif}uD;&d@k a& Zma=umihf
w,HSK;aw; ,SHK;edD&av; qdkpGmudk atedD&mrSm wqdwfauavmuf qef;pdkuf+yD;au aumufcsuf xkwf=unf vdkufawtcgrSm atmufyg twdkif;wd@G &a&//
1? ,if;tcgu +Adwdo#e,fcsJ@wdk@ usifhoHk;eDa& pepfrSm t&if;&Sif pepf+zdKufaw? awmfvSef&D; acgif;aqmif trsm; udkifqJGxm;a& pepfrm
ya'o&dkuf pepf+zdKufaw? ,if;a=umifh pepfcsif;t& awmfvSef&D; bufuwqifhf edeDca&?
2? +Adwo# aecsJ@&dk@udkifpGJxm;a&pGmu acwfrDvufeuf+zdKufaw? awmfvSef&D; orm;&dk@ udkifpGJxm;a& pGmu omrmef &DS;vufeuf+zdKufaw?
3? +Addwdo#aecsJ@&dk@ pdkufap;urf;/ pdkufynm/ pdkufoHk;qD;0g;eef@ ckdufrD Oya't& ap;&Hk;xm;a& wyfazG@rsm;[da&// ,if; wyfazG@tm;vHk;rm
avhusifh+yD;om;+zdKufaw? awmfvSef&D; orm;&dk@rm ,if;ydkif t*Fg&yfeef@ ajyhpHka&wyfazG@ r[dc?
4? ,if;tjyif &ckdiftrsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;orm;rsm;rSm ap;&Hk;&D;/ ap;urf;xdrf;odrf;&D;/ pa& awmfvSef&D;. t"du t*Fg&yfrsm; csdK@awheDc&a&?
xyfvdk@ &cdkfifh trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; orfkdif;a=umif; wckvHk; (18 &mpk awmfvSef&D;eef@ 19 &mpkawmf vSef&D; ( 1784-1916) udk
jyefavoHk;oyfa=uhygau
(u) Armya'&mZfaecsJ@udk awmfvSef&mrm +zdKuf+zdKuf (1784- 1824)
(c) +Adwdo# t&if;o#ifaecsJ@udk awmfvSefpGmrm +zdKuf+zdKuf (1824- 1916) t,HSK;aygif; ajrmufrm;pGmudk &ifqdkifcpGmudk wdG@&a&? Zma=umihf
,if;ydkifqHk;,HSK;pGm xyfeD&a&vJqdkpGmudk okawoe vkyfa=uh&zdk@yif +zdKufaw? &oavmuf tcsuftvufwdudk qef;pdkufa=uh&zdk@yif+zdKufaw?
,if;18 &mpk/ 19&mpk awmfvSef&D;rm
1? awmfvSef&D;. t"du 0if&dk;+zdKufaw ap;&Hk;&D; tiftm;ae;yg;jcif;

13
 2? awmfvSef&D; oabmw&yf ckdifcdkfif/ aESmif;aESmif; r[djcif;?
3? &efol tajctae/ udk,f tajctae / ajyol tajcaet&yf&yfudk pdpd/pyfpyf rqef;pdkufau awmfvSef&D; umv &ifusufatmifxd
rapmifhqdkif;ab; awmfvSefwdkufcdkufjcif;
4? pdkuf&D;/ pdkuf&m / wdkufae;/ wdkufem /vkyfae;/ vkyfem ae;jcif;?
5? r[mrdwf tiftm;pk/ t&Htiftm;pk rsm;udk pepfwus rudkifwG,fjcif;
6? aecsJ@ ESpfwdkift=um;rSm &kef;uefr&jcif;?
pa& tcsuftvufwda=umifh t,HSK;aygif;rsm;pGmeef@ &ifqdkfifcuwf&a&? ,auav; ,if;acwfu awmfvSef&D;rSm aumif;rGefjywfom;a&
tcsufwd trsm;}uD; [dpGmudkav; wdG@&a&?
,if;&dk@um;--
1? cH,lcsuf cdkifcdkifaemif;aemif;[djcif; / &ckdifajyudk EdkifiHwEkdifiHvdk@ twdtuscH,ljcif;/ &ckdifhvl@ tazG@tap;udk woD;wjcm; vl@tazG@tap;
t+zdKuf cH,ljcif;
2? &efoludk oabmxm;jywfom;jcif;/ &cdkifudk u|efjyKxm;ol aecsJ@tm;vHk;udk cg;cg;/ oD;oD;/ jywfjywf/ om;om;qef@usifjcif;?
3? olu|efrcHpdwf tajyht0[djcif;/ &ckdifEdkifiHeef@ trsdK;om; vyfvGwf&D;udk tjywftom;vdkvm;jcif;?
trSefyif ,if;acwfu awmfvSef&D;rSm aecsJ@qef@usif&D;/ trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; yif+zdKufaw? ya'o&mZfpepfudk vufcHxm;auavh
aecsJ@pepfudkum; jywfjywfom;om; qef@usifwdkufcdkufcuwfaw? vyfvGwf&D; wdkufayG; twGuf toufudk yD;tyf+yD;au toufxufqHk;
wdkufcdkufcuwfaw? tz&cdkif vyfvGwf&D; twGuf toufeef@ oDG;udk +rD}uD;rSm yEMufausmuf+rdKufcs+yD;au awmfvSef wdkufcdkufvm;uwfaw? ,if;
awmfvSef&D; ausmuf+rdKufudk tqifhqifh jrifhwif+yD;au &cdkif vyfvGwf&D;udk wnfaqmuf&zdk@ yif+zdKufaw? a' trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; ordkif;
trGDqufudk t*kacwf &ckdif trsdK;om;w&yfvHk; qufvuf cH,l&zdk@yif+zdKufaw? a' ordkif;quf&m ig&dk@ twGuf rSefuefa& ordkif;quf&m +zdKufaw?
obm0usa& ordkfif;quf&m +zdKufaw?
a,au ig&dk@Zmvkyfufzdk@av; qdkau a' trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; ordkif;qufudk qufvuf wm0ef,l&zdk@vdk@ ajym&zdk@yif+zdKufaw?

(*) +Adwdo# tENd,EdkifiHqdka& pD;yG;yGm&D;pm;usuf}uD;udk azG@ap;jcif;

AD 1885 rm +Adwdo# t&if;&SifaecsJ@&dk@ Armbk&if oDabmrif;udk zrf;qdD;vdkuf+yD;au ol@ydkifeuf tm;vHk;udk odrf;,lvdkufaw? ,+yD;au &ckdif
/o#rf;/ ucsif /u&if / rGef/ csif;/ u,m;/ Arm tm;vHk;udk pkaygif;vdkuf+yD;au “+Adwdo#Am;rm;” vdk@ajyae wpfckazG@vdkufaw? ,if;ajyaeudk +Addwdo#
tdENd, txJrSm aygif;pyf+yD;au pD;yGm;&D; pm;usuf}uD;wcktjzpf azG@ap;ydkufvdkufaw?
t&if;&Sif aecsJ@&dk@a& a&muf&m t&yfrSm ol&dk@. pD;yGm;/ EdkifiH&D;/ vlrsdK;=oZm anmif;atmif pdkuf&D;t& tEdkif wdkufcdkuf+yD;au taumif
txnf azmfvmuwfaw? ,if;ydkif vkyfvmvyfpGmrSm EdkifiHi,fwdudk ol&dk@ pdwf}udKuftwdkif; xifa&ydkif vlrqefbJ vkyfykdufcuwfaw?
oufqdkif&mEdkifiH. qEN vHk;0rygyJ ol&dk@twGuf (IC.ol&dk@. udkvdkeD aecsJ@ tusdK;pD;yGm; oufouftwGuf) tqifajyydkif vkyfydkufcuwfaw?
jyifopfaecsJ@&dk@a& AD,ufemrf/ vmtdk/uarBm'D;,m; &dk@udk aygif;csifydkifaygif;vdk@ pyfcsifydkifpyfydkufcuwfaw? vl@oabm vl@qENukd *&kpkduf&rSef;udk
ol&dk@*&kpdkufcuwf? &cdkif/ o#rf;/ rGef/ucsif/u&if/ u,m;/ rGef/ Arm &dk@udkavh +Adwdo#aecsJ@&dk@u ol&dk@aygif;csifydkifaygif; vdk@pyfcsifykdifpyfykdufca&?
wjcm;urBmt&yf&yfrSmav; ol&kd@qENt& aygif;ydkufcpGm/ pyfydkufcpGmwd trsm;}uD;yif+zdKufaw// ol&dk@rmum;-ol&dk@twGuf aiG&m t"du +zdKufaw?
vloDpGm ol&dk@twGuf t"dur[kwf// wjcm;vlrsdK; vlpdkifrrDS+zdKufvm;pGm ol&dk@twGuf pdkif;pm;&mr[kwf// ol&dk@twGuf vl@usifh0wf /vl@oduQmqdkpGm
vludkvlcsif; *&kpdkuf&a&qdk pGmudk em;rav? em;avauav; ol&dk@twGuf t&mcyfodrf; um;aiG&m+zdKufaw? wajyeef@wajy/ wvlrsdK;eef@ wvlrsdK;
aygif;pyfvdkufaw qdkpGma& omrHudpPr[kwf? vl@tazG@tap;. tjrifhqHk;vkyfief; txGËftxdyf tusqHk;vkyfief; +zdKufaw// *kydkif vl@udpP}uD;wckukd
vkyfaqmifzdk@twGuf oufqdkif&m ajyol&dk@.qEN tajy@t0ygzdk@ vdka&? vlrsdK; wrsdK;eef@wrsdK;/ wajyeef@ wajyaygif;ap;zdk@twGuf bHk&efol wdkufayG;rSm
tcsif;csif;/ ap;vHk;nDdnGwf+yD;au aygif;ap; vm;cpGmrsdK;[da&// wcgwcg trsdK;om; pD;yGm;&D;t& aygif;ap;pGmrm ajyolqEN tajyht0ygau w&m;a&/
rSefuefa&// twif;tm;"rRvkyfau wdkuf&dkuf+zdKuf+zdKuf/ oG,f0dSufvdk@+zdKuf+zdKuf/ vdrfavusvm;+yD;au vlrsdK;wrsdK;aw;udk A[kdxm;vd@k aygif;ap;cau
rw&m;/ rrSefuef// ,if;ydkifqdkau trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;a& rkcsay:aygufvm&zdk@?

t*k +Adwdo# t&if;&Sif aecsJ@&dk@azG@ap;vdkufaw +Adwdo# -Am;rm;eef@/ +Adwo# -tENd,&dk@=um;rm &cdkifa& =um;ysdKufygvm;ca&? ,if;ydkif pD;yGm;&D;
pm;usufazG@ap;&pGma& ol&dk@.tkyfcsKyf&D;twGuf aiGukef oufom&D;+zdKufaw? ukef=urf; odrf;usHK;0,f,lpGm vG,ful&D;ESifh ukefacsmhjzef@jzL;pGmav;
vG,ful&D;a=umifh+zdKufaw? &ckdif tusdK;qEN vHk;0rygau tm;eef@zdESdyf csKyfcs,fvm;pGm&m +zdKufaw// vlom; qENudk vHk;0jyXmef;cGifhrjyKbJeef@ ol&@kd acs
vS,fcsifa&ydkif cs,fvS,fvm;cvdk@ igh&dk@trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; ESdrfeif;cHvm;&a&? z&dkz&J+zdKufvm;c&a&?

14
 (C)
C) 1937 ck +Adwdo#-
#- Am;rm; cGJxkwfjcif;eef@ rwf(uf) rdk[ef aeerdwfrsOf;a=umif;owfrSwfjcif;

+Adwdo#Am;rm;udk +Adwdo# tdENd,eef@ waygif;aw; azG@ap;xm;a&tcg &cdkif ordkif; tqufquf owfrSwfxm;ca&? &ckdifajyrSm wpyfaw;/
wjyifaw; ul;vl; qufqHEdkifca&? Armya'o&mZf aecsJ@ csKyfudkifxm;ca&? &cdkifajy wpdyfwa'eef@ +Adwdo#t&if;o#if
aecsJ@&dk@csKyfudkifxm;a&tpdyftydkif; &dk@rm qdkca& twdkif; wpyfaw; ul;vl;vm;vmEdkifca&?
1935 ck +Adwdo# Am;rm;udk acG;xkwfzdk@ Oya' twnf+zdKufaw? 1934 ckrSm ,if; Oya't& +Adwdo#Am;rm;vkd@ oD;jcm;udkvkdeD wckt+zdKuf
+Adwdo#tifyg,mrSm &yfwnfcGifh &vma&? ,if; twGufeef@ oD;jcm;aeedrdwf owfrSwfvm&a&// “rwf(uf) rdk[ef” qdka& +Adwdo# vlrsdK;wpfOD;u tpkd;&
trdtwdkfif; aeedrdwf rsOf;a=umif;ukd &D;qGJvDa&tcg +Adwdo#Am;rm; aeedrdwfudk t*kvuf[d aeerdwftwdkif; ewf+rdKuf tv,fu rsOf;cGJvDa&?
,if;twGufwmeef@ &ckdifajyrSm xufjcrf; tpdyfcHvD&a&? ArmaecsJ@ odrf;ydkufca& tydkif;udk +Adwdo#Am;rm;txJrSm axhvdkufaw? awmifcGifc&dkif /
oHawG;c&dkif/ ausmufjzLc&dkif/ pdkufawGc&dkif / &ckdif awmif&dk;a'o&dk@rm qdkca& twdkfif; +Adwdo# Am;rm;xJrSm ygvm;ca&?
b*F g 12 +rfdK@/ Adkvfrif;axmif/ oufaxmif/ zvHaxmif/ +rHKaxmif &dk@udk +Adwdo# tdENd,rm axhydkufvdkufaw? t*kydkif&cdkifajy xufjcrf;
tpdyfcH&vdkufawtcgrSm q&mawmf OD;OwWrax&f/ w&m;ol }uD;OD;aratmif/ OD;pdefvSatmif/ qm&f ay:xGef;/ qm&f xGef;atmifausmf/ a'gufwm
pHa&$atmif/ eef@wuG &cdkfif rsdK;csp/f ajycspf/ &[ef;yk*~dKvf/vlyk*~dKvffrsm;/ ,if;acwfu xif&Sm;ausmf=um;ca& EdkifiH&D; tazG@tap;toD;oD;&d@k
ruef@ruGufbJ eDcpgGum; / wdkufayG; r0ifbJeDcpGmum;/ igh&dk@ &ckdifajy trsdK;om;twGuf aumif;aumif; &Sufp&maumif;a&// &ckdif ordkif;qufudk
rsufuG,fjyK&musa&?
Zmyif+zdKuf+zdKuf vlrsdK;wrsdK;/ EdkifiHwEdkifiH. oufqdkifa& aeedrdwfrsOf;a=umif;a&/ ,if; trsdK;om;&dk@. vufxJrSm yif[deDa&? ,if;
trsdK;om;&dk@. rsdK;cspfpdwf/ ajycspfpdwf/ owWd/ ZGJ/ vHk;v /0d&d,tay:rm aweDa&?

(i) &cdkifeD+rD tjcrf;jcrf; cGJpdyfcH&jcif

jcif; / Zma=umihfav;?
v;
aumZmouU&mZf/ 1146 ckESpf/ wyg;u|ef +zdKufvmuaw;u &cdkif+rDa& tjcrf;jcrf; cGJpdyfcH&pGma& 20 &mpk tv,fydkif; umv /Arm/ tdEN,/
ygudpPwef/ vGwfvyf&D;&a& txd+zdKufaw? &ckdifajy tjcrf;jcrf; cGJpdwfcH&jcif; (Partition of Arakan)a& ykdvefEdkifiHcGJ pdyfcH&pGmxuf qdk;oda&?
,if;ydkif tjcrf;jcrf; cGJpdyfcH&vGrf;vdk@ u|efykef;udkvdkeD b0udk txdxdk;qif;vm;c&a&? +Adwdo#Am;rm;rmyga& &ckdifajya'oudk +Adwdo#tpdk;&u 1853rSm
&cdkifwdkif; vdk@owfrSwfydkufvdkufaw?

{&m0wD +rdKuf0u|ef;ay:udk +Adwdo#wdk@ odrf;ydkufvdkuf+yD;aemuf AD.1853 ckrm ausmufc|ef acsmif;uyif armfwifpGef; txd
awmifcGifc&dkifeef@ [dkif;}udD;u|ef;&dk@udk ykodrfc&dkifrm aygif;awhvdkufaw? ,if;eef@Zk ,if;a'orSm &cdkifwdkif;u ayhxGufvm;c&a&?
'kwd, urBmpdkuf }uD;+yD;qHk;a&cg tdENd,/ ygudpPwef/ Armajy&dk@ vGwfvyf&D; &uwfaw// a,tcg jrHKaxmifrm tdENd,ajyxJrSm ygvm;ca&?
Adkvfrif;axmif/ oufaxmif/ zvHaxmifeef@ b*F g 12+rdK@&dk@rSm ygudpPwef xJygvm;c&a&// “&cdkifwdkif;” ArmajyxJrSm yg0ifvm;c&a&? wcg Armtpdk;&u
yvuf0g;c&dkif (Northen Arakan Hill Cracts )udk csif; 0daoowdkif;xJrSm 1952 rm aygif;pyfvdkufaw?
20 &mpk yxrydkif;acwf &ckdif trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;vrf;a=umif;a& vGwfvyf&D; qdka& atmifayG;eef@ tqHk; rowfcbJeef@ vlwef;pm;
awmfvSef&D; (0g) ajyol'dDrdkua&pD awmfvSef&D;qdka& 'kwd, pcef;qifhodk@ ckefwuf vm;pGmudkwGd@&a&? ,if;twGufeef@ &ckdiftrsdK;om; w&yfvkH;.
awmfvSef&D; yef;wdkifjy\emrSm tjiif;yGm;&a&? *kydkif awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif;avG; acsmfvm;&pGma& &cdkifajy. ordkif;udk rsufuG,fjyKvdk@+zdKufaw?
&cdkifajy. &kyfw&m;udk rsufuG,fjyKvdk@+zdKufaw? &cdkifajy. &kyf0g'Dvdk@ emrnfcHa&vlwd &cdkifh&kyfw&m;udk rudkifaqmifbJ aemufvkduf0g'udk
udkifqGJxm;uwfvdk@+zdKufaw? ,if;0g'a=umihf ygwDpGJ0g'/ *dk%f;pGJ0g' (Factionalism) 0ifvmvwfvdk@ &ckdif trsdK;om; vl@tazG@tap;rSm
u|efykef;udkvdkeD b0rm edKufrGef;eD&a&?
&cdkif eD+rDtjcrf;jcrf; cGJpdyfcH&jcif;a=umifh &cdkiftrsdK;om;vHk;rm u|efykef;udkvdkeD b0udk a&mufvm;c&a&? awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif;
vGJacsmfvm;cuwf&a&? awmfvSef&D; wpcef; vGefvm;c&a&? *kydkif+zdKuf&pGm Zma=umifhvJ/ trsdK;om; ap;vHk;nDnGwf&D; +ydKuGJvdk@+zdKufaw?
ya'o&mZf +rDo#ifacwfuqdkau trsdK;om; ap;vHk;nDnGwf&D; +ydKuGJ&jcif;. t"du ta=umif;w&m; rSmum; a'opGJpdwf/ *dk%f;pGJpdwf/
udk,fusdK;qefpdwf&dk@a=umifh+zdKufc&a&? 20&mpkumv rmum;ygwDpGJpdwf/ vrf;vGJacsmfr_/ pcef;vGJ / pcef;vGefr_ &dk@ydkvma&? tEkwfvuQ%mtwGuf
ta=umif;w&m; rsm;vmpGmyif+zdKufaw? &cdkif trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;udk tzsuftqD;vkyfvdkuf pGmyif+zdKufaw?

15
 &ckdifh trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif; a&mxGD;vm;jcif;
(u) yxr 0HomEkacwf / ZmykdifvJ´
+Adwdo#Am;rm;udk oD;jcm;razG@ap;cifuyif ukr`%Dtpdk;&a& &cdkifajyudk udkvdkeDEdkifiH wpwp oGwfoGif; ,lvma&? &cdkifajy tazG@tap;. yHkpHrSm
+rDo#ifya'o&mZf pepf+zdKufedDa&? t&if;o#if pD;yGm;&D; pm;usuf azG@ap;a&tcgrSm v,f,mvkyfief;udk t+cDt+rdKufxm;vk@d azG@ap;vDa&? v,f,m
vkyfief;rSmav; vufr_v,f,m vkyfief;+zdKufaw? wHigvkyfief;eef@ tjcm; v,f,mvkyfief;rSmav; pepfa[mif;u twdkif;&m+zdKufaw?
ukr`%D tpdk;&a& pD;yGm;&D; pm;usuf+zdKufaw &cdkifajyudk t&if;o#if pepf. tvkyftauGs;+zdKufvmatmif yHkoGif;,lvma&?
vrf;yef;qufoG,f&D;udk jrifhwifyD;vma&? ynm&D;/ tkyfcsKyf&D;/ w&m;Oya' pdD&if&D;wdk@udk jyKjyifyD;a&? *kydkif vkyfpGma& udkvkdeD tkyfcsKyf&D;udk
taxmuftul +zdKufvmatmif vkyfyD;jcif;&m +zdKufaw? a&xGufyapPrsm;udk tvG,fwul o,fapEdkifatmiftwGuf +zdKufpD/ ol&dk@tkyfcsKyf&D;
xda&mufonftwGuf +zdKufpD /vrf;yef; qufoG,f&D;rSm oabFm/ armfawmfum;/ oH}udK;pa&pGmwdudk toHk;jyKvma&? tkyfcsKyf&D;/
w&m;pD&if&D;wdk@rSmav; vctae;eef@ wdkif;&if;om;rsm;udk toHk;csEdkifatmif bkef;}uD;ausmif; ynm&D;tpm; udkvdkeD ynm&D;udk vkyfaqmifyD;a&?
pufr_vkyfief;qdkvdk@ qefpufrSwyg; tjcm; pufum;&Sm;&Sm; yg;yg;yif+zdKufaw? qefpufudk aw&pGmu avh ol&dk@pD;yGm;&D; twGufyif+zdKufaw?
&cdkif wdkfif;&if;om;rsm;u t&if;o#i/f "eo#ifqdkvdk@ rdom;pk oHk;av;pkavmuf&m [da&? ,if; "eo#ifwda& &cdkifajy. trsm;qHk; v,f,mwdukd
ydkifqdkifcuwfaw? b%fvkyfief;udk vkyfudkifcuwfaw? w&kwf/ ukvm;/ "eo#ifrdom;pk oHk;av;pk avmuf&m[da&? yifv,fa=umif;
ul;oef;a&mif;0,f&D;ESifh v,f,m+rD tcsdK@udk ol&dk@}udK;udkifcuwfaw? +Adwdo#trsdK;om;&dk@u oabmFukr`%D/ &DeHukr`%DESifh tjcm; pufr_vkyfief;udk
}udK;pm; vkyfukdifcuwfauav; oabFmukr`%Dwckaw;&m atmifjrifca&? &cdkifwdkif;&if;om; "eo#ifax;rS ig;vkyfief;eef@ wjcm; vkyfief;wdukd vkyfz@kd
}udK;pm;cuwfauav; ratmifjrifc?
tcsKyftm;jzihf qdkau &cdkif vlr_tazG@tap;rSmqdkau Armaecs@J +rDo#if ya'o&dkuf vufatmufu +Adwdo# t&if;o#if. udkvdkeD
vufatmufcH/ tazG@tap; vufatmufwdk@ wqufquf ul;ajymif;eD,m +zdKufaw? ArmaecsJ@ ya'o&mZf vufatmufrm aqmufaw&mr&
w&m;rJ@/ "g;rJh cHppm;eDc&a& b0u t&if;o#if aecsJ@&dk@. w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;&D; /+idrf0yfydjym;&D;/ &yf&GmtD;o#rf;atmufodk@ a&mufvmcuwf,m +zdKufaw?
,if;ydkif ul;ajymif; vwfawtcg ArmaecsJ@vufatmufrSm ya'o&mZf pepfqdk;a=umihf ysufpD;qHk;&SHL;cpGmwda& t&if;o#if udkvkdeD tkyfcsKyf&D;
,EW&m;atmufrm udkvdkeDynm&D;/ vrf;yef;qufoG,f&D;/ vlr_&D;wdk@a& ya'o&mZf vufatmuf rSmxuf wdk;wufr_[dc&mum; &cdkfihf vl@tazG@tap;a&
umvwckudk jzwfoef;eDc,m+zdKufaw? +Adwdo# ukr`%Dtpdk;& &cdfkifajyudkodrf;,la& 1826 cku tpjyKvdk@ t&if;o#if udkvdkeD ,EW,m;atmufrSm
umvwckudk jzwfoef; eDc,m+zdKufaw?
&cdkifajyudk ,if; 1826ck ESpfu vufwvHk;jcm; vdrfvdk@odrf;+yD;au ,if;a'oudk b*Fvm; tkyfcsKyf&D; atmufrSm tdENd, tkyfcsKyf&D;yHkpHtwdkif;
tkyfcsKyfaw? ,if;tcgu &cdkifajyrSm &cdkiftrsdK;om; wodef;&m[da&? +Adwdo# tpdk;&a& &cdkifajyudk trsdK;rsdK; vdrfavzdESdrftkyfcsKyfv@kd trsdK;om;
awmfvSef&D; aygif;t ajrmuftrsm; ay:aygufca&?
1852 ckrm t*Fvdyf/ jrefrm qufqH&D; wif;rmvm+yD;au 'kwd,t}udrf pdkuf+zdKufuwfaw? atmufArmajy yJcl;/ rkwWr&dk@udk pmcsKyfzdtm;eef@
odrf;,lvdkufaw? 1862 ckrSm &cdkifajy (yvuf0g;c&dkif/ pdkufawGc&dkif/ ausmfjzLc&dkif/ oHawG;c&dkif/ awmifcGifc&dkif ) yJcl;/ rkwWr/ weoFm&Dwdk@aygif;pyf+yddD;au
+Adwdo#Am;rm; vdk@ pwifazG@ap;vdkufaw? r[m0efo#ifawmfrif;}uD; wpfOD;u yJcl;udk/ aemuf&efukefudk A[dkxm;+yD;au tkyfcsKyfaw// wcg c&dkif/ +rdK@ae/
wdkufaersm;cGJ +yD;au c&dkif0ef/ +rdK@tkyf/ wdkufol}uD;&dk@u tqifhqifh tkyfcsKyfaw? wdkufol}uD;vufatmufrSm &Gmacgif;aqmifrsm;eef@
a=u;xrf;}uD;rsm;[da&? *kydkiftkyfcsKyf&D;udk &D+rDa'otvdkuf csrSwfcauavh pD;yGm;&D;/ atmufusr_/ vrf;yef;qufoG,f&D; nHhzsif;r_ bmompum;
cufac;r_&dk@u xda&mufr_r[dc? tcGefawmfrsm;udk zdaumufvdk@ ajyoltrsm;rSm arG;jymus&a&? v,form; awmfvSefr_ trsm;tjym; ay:aygufc&a&?
&cdkif rif;qufopf xlaxmifzdk@ t}udrf}udrf }udK;pm;cuwfaw?
pdkufawGrSm +cDcsvdk@ EdkifiHjcm; om;ukr`%Drsm; /wdkif;&if;om;ukr`%Drsm; /x&D;'def;rsm;/ aumfydk&D;&Sef;rsm; cspfwD;ukvm; olaX;rsm;/ qefpyg;eef@
tjcm;vkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfudkifcuwfaw? ,if;EdkifiHjcm; "eo#ifrsm;/ vuf0DcH wdkif;&if;om; "eo#ifrsm;/ &cdkifv,form;&d@k . v,f,m
udk;q,f&mcdkifE_ef; a&muf[dvm;ca&? pdkufawG +rdK@rSmav; EdkifiHjcm;om;OD;a& ig;q,f &mcdkifE_ef;avmuf [dvm;ca&? OD;a&$om ukr`%D&dk@ydkif/ ukr`%Drsm;
vkyftm;c tae;eef@ vkyftm;trsm;yD;Edkifa&? pyg;&dkufom; ukr`%Dfwdudk ajyol tusdK;pD;yGm;wckax;udk&m =unfh+yD;au ajAmufaomufoGif;,lcvdk@
&cdkifajynfrSm “&ifusm” ac: pyg;&dwf om; ukvm;OD;a& wESpfxufwESpf ruefruefwdk;yGm;c&a&?
1885 ckrSm odDaygrif;udk zrf;+yD;au txuf Armajyudk +Adwdo# ukr`%Dtpdk;&u odrf;ydkufvdkufaw? +Adwdo# Am;rm;ax;rSm txuf Armajyudk
oGif;ydkufvdkufaw? r[m 0efo#ifawmfrif;}uD;u tkyfcsKyfaw? 1897 ckrSm bk&ifcH utkyfcsKyfaw? vuf[d&cdkifajyudk Armajyrm aygif;awh+yD;au
0efo#ifawmfrif;}uD;u tkyfcsKyfaw? pdkufawGrSm &Hk;pdkufaw/ wcg yvuf0g;c&dkif/ pdkufawGc&dkif/ ausmufjzLc&dkif/ oHawG;c&dkif&dk@udk c&dkif0ef}uD; wOD;u
tkyfcsKyfaw? awmifcGifc&dkfifudkum; ykodrfc&dkifeef@ aygif;pyfvdkuf,m +zdKufaw? ,if; Oya'topft& c&dkif0ef atmufrSm aeyfdkif/ +rdK@ydkif/
&Gmol}uD;&dk@u tqifhqifhtkyfcsKyf&a&? wcg c&dkif0efatmufrm c&dkif&D;0ef/ opfawm 0efaxmuf/ pdkufysdK;0efaxmuf/ vrf;yef;0wfaxmuf/
ynm0efaxmuf/ aiGwdkuf0efaxmuf/ v,f0ef/ axmifydkif}uD;/ pufo#if /w&m;ol}uD; toD;oD; Xmeqdkif&m pDrH tkyfcsKyfuwf&auavh &efukefrm
&Hk;pdkufauawmh bk&ifcHvufatmufrSm [duwf&a&?
,if;&dk@tjyif &efukefA[dktkyfcsKyf&D;XmerSm opfawmrif;}uD; /b%m&D;rif;}uD;/ taumufcGef Xmerif;}uD;/
wd&p>mefqD;ukefXenGef=um;&D;0ef}uD;/usef;rm&D;Xme nGef=um;&D;0ef ,dkufrsdK;rif;}uD;/ tdef*sdefeD,mcsKyf/ qdyfurf;rif;}uD;pol&@kd yg0ifa&?
a'XmetoD;oD;u oufqdkifor# tr_xrf;&dk@a& &cdkifajywdk@ vma&mufpDrHtkyfcsKyfuwfaw?

16
 t*kydkif tkyfcsKyfxm;vdkufpGmav 1927 ck wdkifatmif+zdKufaw? udkvdkeD tkyfcsKyfa&; ,EW&m;rSm yg0ifeDa&? qdkif&mqdkif&m XmewdrSm udkvdkeD
ynmwwf&ckdif trsdK;om; vli,f&G,frsm;twGuf v#ma&usp&m +zdKufeDdvDa&? ,if;a=umifh &cdkifynmwwf vli,frsm;tax;rSm &mxl;&l0g' apG;eD&a&?
t*kxufxd+zdKufaw? &mxl;vd_if;om; }uD;}uD;rm;rm; wwfvdk@ygau rdr/ a,mcreef@ vlayG;pm;&dk@. vla&mif; vla0 arSmifcdkpsD;rSm psD;aumif;aumif;eef@
&Edkifa& t*kxd+zdKufaw?
atvifa&mif;vifa0;pEdkufa&- trSefu &cdkiftrsdK;om;,dSifaus;r_rSm r[dc//
t&if;o#ifpD;yGm;&D;. yumoeavmurSm ay:vma&pepfqdk;&m+zdKufaw?

qdkca& 1826 uyif 1916 ckxd &cdkifvlr_ tazG@tap;a& +Adwdo#t&if;o#if aecsJ@udk ae;rdsK;pHkeef@ awmfvSef wdkufcdkufcuwfaw eD&mrSm
t,H_;eef@csnf;yif &ifqdkifcauavh udk,fhtcsKyftcsm tm%mykdifqdkifr_ twGuf rsdK;qufrjywf awmfvSefwdkufcdkufcuwfvdk@ &cdkifhtrsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;
vrf;a=umif;a& qufavsmuf eD&wkef;+zdKufaaw? ,if;ydkif umvrsdK;rSm &cdkiftrsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; atmifvHudkf vGifhxl+ydD;au avsmufeD wHk;+zdKufaw?
1900 ck aemufykdif;udk usvwfawtcg txl;ojzifh qdkca& 1916ck aemufykdif;udk usvwfawtcg &cdkifajyrSm +Adwdo# udkvkdeDu|efouf 100
eD;eD; [dvwf,m+zdKufaw? ,if;tcsdefrSm +Adwdo# t&if;o#if pepfrSm t&dSeft0g wdk;wufwkef;+zdKufaw? tjcm;wbufrSm +Adwdo#t&if;o#if aecs@J ESihf
wuG t&if;o#if wavmwvHk;ukd odyH̀ae;us qdkacsvpf0g'u xdk;ESufwdkufcdkufwkef;+zdKufaw? *smr%D eef@ *syefwdk@uav; wpcef;
xvmwke;f+zdKufaw? a'tcsdefumvrSm &cdkiftrsdK;om; w&yfvHk;a& acwfopfurBm}uD;udk wdG@xdvmpjyKwkef; yif+zdKufaw? txl;ojzifh &cdkifynmwwf
vlwef;pm;a& urBmeef@ txdwdG@qHk;+zdKufeDa&? &cdkif &[ef;ynmwwf vlynmwwfd&dk@ &cdkifvlr_tazG@tap;rm OdD;aqmifr_eD&mudk ,lvmwkef;tcg
+zdKufaw?
txufuwifjyca&twdkif; &cdkif+rDrm t&if;o#ifpepf xGef;xGef;aygufayguf r[dcvdk@ puf&Hk/ tvkyf&Hk}uD;rsm;r[dc? ,if;eef@ t*k
puf&Hktvkyform; tvkyf&Hk/ tvkyform;rsm;qdkvdk@ aumif;aumif;r[d/ qefpuftvkyforsm;&m tae;[da&? rif;r_xrf;/ tpdk;&vcpm;rsm;&m [da&?
a&S@aea&S@&yfav; oufatmifacs[da&?
rdom;pk av;pkavmuf[da& wdkif;&if;om;t&if;o#if&dk@rm b%fvkyfief;eef@ aiGcsD;pm; v,fu oD;pm;caumufeef@ toufarG;+rL
vdrf,leDuwfaw? aecsJ@ vuf0DcH "eo#if (uGefz&m'dk) tqifhrmom [deDca&?
&cdkifajy. vlOD;&Dtrsm;rm v,form;+zdKufaw? v,form;rm qif;&Ja& v,form;/ tv,ftvwfv,form;/ csrf;oma&v,form;vd@k
oHk;rsdK;oHk;pm;[da&/ tm;vHk;a& vufwqkyfpm &ckdifh"eo#if rdom;pk vufatmufcHb0u tae;eef@trsm;ruif;v$wfuwf? ukefoG,fvlwef;pm;
awmfoifh&Hk[dauav; w&kwf/ ukvm;ukefonfwdavmufrrsm;/ ol&dk@avmufavywfr_r[d ?
atydkif teDtxm;rSm[da& igh&dk@ vlr_tazG@tap;udk EdkifiH&D;t&/ pD;yGm;&D;t& pkap;zdk@a& rvG,fc? EdkifiH&D; t&pkap;zdk@qdkau trsdK;om;
acgif;aqmifr_udk&atmif tazG@tap;wckcku v_yf&Sm;yD;&zdk@yif+zdKufaw? ,if;ydkif v_yf&Sm;r_vkyfzdk@qdkau urBmordkif;pOf twdfkif;qdkau
ynmwwfvlwef;pm;u acwfrDpepfv_yf&Sm;r_ yD;&zdk@yif+zdKufaw? a,au &cdkifynmwwfrsm;ESifh &cdkift&if;&ifwdk@a& 1960 ck ywf0ef;usifavmufrSm
trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;wm0efudk &,lzdk@yif+zdKufaw? ,auavh ,if;ydkifr+zdKufc?
pD;yGm;&D;t& pkap;zdk@qdkau pdD;yGm;&D;A[dkXme wckck &cdkif+rDrSm ay:aygufzdk@vdka&? pdkufawG+rdK@udk pD;yGm;&D; A[dkXmet+zdKuf ukr`%Dtpdk;&u
jyKkvkyfcauavh b*Fvm; pD;yGm;&D;atmufu rv$wfc? ukr`%Dydkifp acwfOD;ydkif;rSm b*Fvm;pD;yGm;&D; vufatmufrSm [ddedDca&?
1937 ck +Adwdo#Am;rm;udk oD;jcm; cGJxkwfvdkufawtcg &cdkif ta&SS@bufjcrf; (pdkufawG/ ausmufjzL/ oHawG;/ yvuf0g;) a& &efukefukd rsufESm
rleD&a&// &cdkiftaemufbufjcrf; (b*F g 12 +rdK@/ Adkvfrif;axmif/ oufaxmif/ zvHaxmif/ +rHKaxmif) a& b*Fvm;udk rsufESmrlvm&a&?
+Adwdo#Am;rm;udk oD;jcm;azG@ap;+yD;aemuf&efukefudk yxr+rdK@awmf/ rEWav;udk 'kwd, +rdK@awmft+zdKuf owfrSwfvdkufaw? &efukefa& tkyfcsKyf&D;/
w&m;pD&if&D; / w&m;jyKvkyf&D;/ A[dk&Hk;pdkuf&m +zdKufvma&? pD;yGm;&D; ynm&D;/ tcsuftcsmaw&m +zdKufvma&? ,if;tcgrSm &ckdifta&S@bufjcrf;
(&cdkifwdkfif;) a& tkyfcsKyf&D;/ w&m;pD&if&D;/ w&m;Oya'jyKvkyf&D;/ pD;yGm;&D; / ynm&D;t& &efukef. wqifhcH+zdKufvma&// wae; Arm.
wqifhcH+zdKufvmc&a&?
,+yD;au t*Fvdyfpmudk &Hk;oHk;/ Armpmudk +Adwdo# Am;rm; ajywGif;oHk; vdk@owfrSwfvdkufaw? ,if;tjyif +Adwdo#Am;rm;. trsdK;om;
toGifvuQ%mudk aumuf,l&mrSmavh Arm trsdK;om; toGifvuQ%mudk aumuf,lxm;ca&? ,if;a=umifh &cdkifeef@wuG rGef/u&if/ u,m;/ o#rf;/
ucsif/csif;/ trsdK;om; toGifvuQ%mwdrm wqufquf wdrfaumvm;uwfvD&a&?
,if;ydkif &ckdif trsdK;om;toGif vuQ%mwd wdrfaum+yD;au ordkfif;a=umif; r_ef0g;vm;vwftcgrm &ckdif trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;
orfdkif;a=umif;avh r_ef0g;vm;c&a&? *kydkif tcsdfefavmufrm to#if OwWr rax&fa& 0HomeK &uQdw trsdK;om;&D; w&m;udk ArmajywcGifrSm wGifwGif}uD;
a[m=um;vma&? aecsJ@ qef@usif&D;/ trsdK;om;nDnGwf&D; w&m;udk &J&Jawmuf a[m=um;yga&? atto#ifa& &cdkif trsdK;om; &[ef;awmfwpfyg;yif
+zdKufauavh tdENd,ajy Armajy&dk@rm&m EdkifiH&D;w&m; trsdK;om; Edk;=um;&D;w&m;&dk@udk &J&Jawmuf a[m=um;ca&? ,if;ajywdrm&m tESdufpuf
trsdK;rsdK;cHvdk@v_yf&Sm;ca&? &ckdifajy bufodk@ ta&muf taygufae;yg;ca&? ,if;q&mawmfum; aecsJ@qef@usif&D;/ tm&S0HomeK
acgif;aqmifwpfyg;yif+zdKufaw?
&ckdif trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;vrf;a=umif; (0g) &ckdif vGwfvyf&D; vrf;a=umif; r_ef0g;vm;pGm q&mawmf bk&m;u aecs@J qef@usif&D;/
0efomeKtrsdK;cspf0g' xm;[d&D;&dk@udk tdENd, ajyArmajy tESH@tjym;rm a[m=um;eDca& tcsdefwdrm w&kwfESifh tdEdN,ajywdrm

17
wdkif;&if;rsdK;csdKufajycsdKuf/ ynmwwfvlwef;pm;rsm;/ v_yf&Sm;eDwkef;+zdKufaw// w&kwf+rDrSm a'gufwm qGef,ufqif. ulrefwH tazG@}uD;
v_yf&Sm;eDwkef;+zdKufaw? (Dr-Sung Yed Sen Kuomintang) tdENd,+rDrm uGefu&ufygwD}uD; v_yf&Sm;eDwkef; r[wWr *END*sD v_yf&Sm;edDwkef;
+zdKufaw? Arm+rDrm (YNBA)toif;&dk@ aemuf GCBA toif; v_yf&Sm;eDwkef;+zdKufaw?
8/12/76 &cdkif+rDrmum; a'tcsdefrm &ckdif edkifiH&D; vr;fa=umif;udk +Adwdo# Am;rm;ax;rSm cif;usif;zdk@ }udK;pm; eDwkef;+zdKufaw? r_ef0g;vm;ca&
&ckdif trsdK;om;awmfvSef&D;vrf;a=umif;udk &ckdif rsdK;csdKuf/ ajycsdKufrsm; / &ckdifta=umif;udk pdwf0ifpm;a& &ckdiftrsdK;om;rsm; &cdkif tusK;dudpPudk
jrifhwifvdka& &ckdif t&m[drsm;&dk@a& &ckdiftrsdK;om;&D; v_yf&Sm;r_udk &efukefodk@ OD;aw,lvm;cuwfaw? ArmrsdK;csdKuf/ ajycsdKuf 0HomeK
acgifaqmifrsm;eef@ ,if;acwfu &ckdif rif;wdkfifyiftrwfwd yl;aygif;aqmif&GufpGmu tp &cdkif trsK;dom; awmfvSef&D;vrf;a=umif;a& a&mxGD;vm;c&a&?
&cdkif trsdK;om;rsm;+zdKufaw OD;aratmif/ q&may:xGef; / q&m xGef;atmifausmf / a'gufwm a&$pHatmif / OD; pdefvSatmif/ OD; pdefxGef;atmif pa&
yk*~dKvf&dk@a& +Adwdo# Am;rm;ukdvdkeD tazG@rSm 0ifa&mufv_yf&Sm;&if; &ckdif trsdK;om;awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif; a&mxGD;vm;ca&?
xdkyk*~dKvf&dk@a& &cdkifajy tajctaeudk aumif;rGef wdk;wufatmif vkyfaqmifcuwfpGmudkawmcg trsm;todyif+zdKufaw? &ckdif awmfvSef&D;
vrf;a=umif;udk Arm awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif;eef@ abmifuGJjym;atmif rvkyfcpGmudkavh trsm;todyif+zdKufaw?
,if;tcsdefY r&dSraESmif; tcsdefavmufu &ckdifajyrm &ckdifwdkif;toif; vli,frsm; Edk;=um;&D; toif;/ &ckdif wdkif;vHk;qdkif&m pD;yGm;&D;tazG@csKyf /
wdkif;&if;om;tap;tvHk;&dk@ ay:aygufvm;+yD;au &ckdif t&D;tcif; (Arakan Affair) wdk;wufvmatmif }udK;pm;v_yf&Sm;cuwfaw?
at'D 1937 ck 'DZifbmvrm &ckdifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m pD;yGm;&D;tazG@csKyfeef@ wdkif;&if;om; tap;tvHk;&dk@a& pdkufawG@ wef;cdk; q&mawmfausmif;rm
rsufESmpHknD aqG;aEG;+yD;au &cdkifwdkif;vHk;qkdif&m wdkif;&if;om; tap;t&Hk;udk wnDwnGwfaw; awaxmifvdkufaw? OuUXrSm OD;ompHvS 'kOuUXrSm OD;
atmifxGef; OD;+zdKufaw? a'umvrm &ckdif trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;jzwfvm;ca& umvwpfckyif+zdKufaw? trsdK;om;0HomeK umv v_yf&Sm;r_wd
vkyfeDa& 0HomeKumvudk jzwfoef;eDc&pGmyif+zdKufaw? wae; trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;. t}udKumvwckudk (0g) trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;.
ap;&Hk;&D;umvwckudk jzwfoef;eDcpGmyif+zdKufaw?
0HomeKumv (0g) trsdK;om;awmfvSef&D;. ap;&Hk;&D;umva& ajy@0r_ &ifhusufr_r[dau trsdK;om;awmf vSef&D;a& a,mhusvm;wwfaw?
avG;acsmfvm;wwfaw? atmifayG;r[dyJ qHk;&SL;vm;wwfaw?
EdkifiHwum 0HomeKumvudk avhvm=unfhvdkufau ,if; acwfumvrm udk,fqdkif&m trsdK;om; vuQ%mudk azmfxkwfjcif;/
trsdK;om;vuQ%mjyefav qef;opf&D;jyKvkyfjcif;/ trsdK;om; vuQ%m jyefav yGifhvif;&D;vkyfjcif;/ wdk@udkwGd@&a&? trsdK;om;&D;v_yf&Sm;r_ /
EdkifiH&D;v_yf&Sm;r_wdk@udk rsdK;csdKufajycsdKuf vlvwfwef;pm;u OD;aqmifpGmudk wdG@&a&? w&kwfajy 0HomeKumvrSm a'gufwm qGef,ufqifykdif
w&kwfynmwwfrsm;um; OD;aqmifpGmudkwdG@&a&// tdENd,ajy 0HomeKumvrSm r[wWr*END*sD &dk@ OD;aqmifca&? Armajy 0HomeKumvudk to#if OD;
OwWr rax&f / ocif udk,fawmfrd_if; / a'gufwm barmf&dk@ydkif ynmwwfrsm; OD;aqmifpGmudkwGd@&a&?
t*,ifhyif 0HomeKumvrm aecsJ@udk qef@usif+yD;au trsdK;om; vuQ%m t&yf&yfudk azmfxkwf&a&? aecsJ@wd@k . 0g;rsKdzHk;vGrf;zdk@
}udK;pm;csuf t&yf&yfudk umuG,f&a&? udk,ftrsdK;om; ,Ofaus;r_abmif/ trsdK;om; abmif&dk@udk azmfxkwf&a&// jrSifhwif&a&// udk,fEkdifiH/
udkf,fhtrdsK;om; ,Ofaus;r_ / udk,fhpmyDqdka& usL;ausmfoH&dk@udk ajymifajymif /ajrmufajrmuf azmfxkwfyD;&a&// trsdK;om;&D;pdwf"gwfeef@
,Ofaus;r_tiftm; (National Spirit and Cultural )&dk@udk trsdK;om;w&yfvHk;rSm ajyh0&ifhusufvmatmif / ckdifrmvmatmif/
vkyfaqmifyD;&a&? ,if;u wqifh EdkifiH&D;tiftm; Political Forceudk odyH̀ae;usus wGef;yD;&a&?

(txl
txl;rSwfom;p&m&d
m;p&m&S)
a'ydkif tiftm;udk wGef;yD;a&tcg a&;&ifhjywfom;&a&? wcgwcg vufeufudkif awmfvSef&D;udkxd awmufavsmuf
vkyfaqmifvm;&pgGudk urBmordkif; t&yf&yfrSm odEdkifa&? attydkif;eef@ ywfowfvdk@ ajrmufudk&D;,m;ordkif;rm yHkpHjyp&m erlem
,lp&maumif;wckyif+zdKufaw?

,au &ckdif0HomeKumvu ZmydkifvJ?

pD;yGm;&D;/ EkdifiH&D;/ yx0Dt& a&mxDG;eD,m+zdKufaw// &ckdifvlr_ tazG@tap;a& a'tcdsefumvrm taysmhpm; tcsdefukda&muffeDda& ?
trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif;avh a&mxGD;eD,m+zdKufaw? a'ydkif tajctaersdK;rm 0HomeK vkyf&yfa& pdpyf aocsmeDzdk@vdka&? jywfom;zd@k vdk@a&?
,if;acwf/ ,if;tcgu &cdkifh v_yf&Sm;r_udk =unfhvdkufau &cdkif &mZ0ifudk ArmpmyDrm jyKvkyfjcif;/ &cdkif ta=umif;udk t*FvdyfpmyDrSm azmfxkwfjcif;/
&cdkif&dSa[mif;pmyDudk ArmpmyDavmurm azmfxkwfjcif; vkyfeDcuwfpgGudk wGd@&a&? &cdkifr_t&yf&yfudk azmfxkwfa&tydkif;udk ,if;ydkfifwd@G &+yD;aemufydkif;rm
jrSifhwifa&tydkif;udkrwGd@&? v_yf&Sm;a&tydkfif;udk rwGd@&/ &cdkifEdkifiHudk udk,fEdkifiH / &cdkif trsdK;om;a& udk,fh trsdK;om;/ &cdkif ,Ofaus;r_a& udfk,hf,Ofaus;r_/
&cdkifpmyDa& udkf,fpmyD vdk@a=uG;a=umfcpGmudk rwGd@&? ,if;acwfu ynmo#if&dk@ vkyfaqmif}udK;yrf;cuwfpGma& trSefyiftusdK;[dyga&? ,auavh
trsdK;om;abmifudk jywfjyw/f om;om; rv_yfcuwfaw twGufeef@ &cdkifabmifeef@ Armabmif a&mxD;Gvm;cuwfaw? a&mxDG; vm;pGmrSmawmif
wef;wl &G,fwla&mxD;Gvm;pGmr[kwfbJ wqifhcH vufatmufcH teDeef@&m a&mxDG; vm;cuwfpGm+zdKufaw? 0g;rsKdcH&pGmxufqdk;oda&?

18
 ,if;eef@Zk t*kigh&dk@acwfrm &cdkifrm pm[d,ifhvm; / &ckdifrm *Dw [d,ifhvm;/ &cdkifrmaw;jcif;[d,ifhvm;/
&cdkifrmtrsdK;om;0wfpHk[d,ifhvm; pa& &Sufaumif;xref; ar;cGef;wday:vm&a& r[kwfvm;? Zmavmufxdav;qdkygau “&cdkifa& vlrsdK;wrsdK;vm;”
“&cdkifajyvm;/ &ckdifwdkif;vm;” “&ckdifa& Armajy. tpdyftydkif; wckr[kwfvm;” “&cdkifajya& udkvdkeD wydkif;&m+zdKufaw? vHk;0udkvkdeDr[kwf” “&cdkif
trsdK;om;&D;vkyfau usdKif;ajrmif;a&/ &cdkif,Ofaus;r_udk jrSifhwifhazmfxkwfpGma& acwfaemufjyefqGJa&” pa& ar;cGef;wd / pum;wd
ay:aygufvmc&a&r[kwfvm;? Zmavmufxd&Sufzdk@aumif;a&av;//
a'&cdkif 0HomekacwfrSm xda&mufawajyh0r_ /&ifhusufr_ / jywfom;r_ &dk@r[dcvdk@ &ckdif abmifeef@ Armabmif a&mxDG;vm;c&a&?
trsdK;om; ,Ofaus;r_ abmifawmifru EdkifiH&D;abmif/ awmfvSef&D; abmifrmyg a&mxDFG;vm;c&a&? trsKd;om; ,SOfaus;r_abmifjywfom;rS trsdK;om;
awmfvSef&D; abmif jywfom;zdk@ a,rS jywfom;a& trsdK;om; atmifayG;udk &zdk@? trsdK;om;&D; abmifjywfom;rS trsdK;om; atmifayG;udk jywfom;zdk@?
t*kydkif abmifa&mxDG;pGm. ta=umif;w&m;udk rsufarSmufuvuyif twdwfumv txd jyefav oHk;oya=uhau
atmufygtwdkif;wGd@ [d&a&?
1? 20 &mpk yxrydkfif; &cdkif EdkifiH&D;acgif;aqmif pmyD ,Ofaus;r_ acgif;aqmif&dk@ &cdkif trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=uif; udk
*&krpdkufjcif;?
2? 19 &mpkumvu +Adwdo#t&if;o#if aecsJ@&dk@ &ckdifpD;yGm;&D;/ EdkifiH&D;/ ,Ofaus;r_/ vlr_&D;/ wdk@udka &mxDG;ydkufjcif;/ &cdkifajyudk cGJpdyfcsifydkif
cGJpdyfvdk@ aygif;pyfcsifydkifaygif;pyfydkufjcif;?
3? 18 &mpkumvu Arm ya'o&mZfaecsJ@&dk@ &ckdif trsKd;om; vuQ%mt&yf&yfudk zsufqD;ydkufjcif;/ wajyvHk;udk
aqmufaw&mr&atmif ESdyfpufowfjzwfjcif;//
4? 17 &mpk &cdkif trsdK;om;tcsif;csif; a'opGJt&/ *dk%f;pGJt& cGJjcm;cwwfjcif;/ trsdK;om; ap;&Hk;&D; +ydKuGJ ysufpD;jcif;&d@k +zdKufaw?
*kydkif ysufqD;eDpGm. o&kyfudk aecsJ@tqufquf udkifwG,fzsufqD;cauavh &cdkifh acgif;aqmif tqufquf rudkifwG,f
rjyKjyifcuwfvdk@ rawmfvSefcuwfvdk@ ig&dk@t*kydkif t+zdKufqdk;/ teDqdk;/ wdudk &ifqdkifvmuwf&pGm +zdKufaw? t*kxd ArmaecsJ@&dk@a& &cdkihf trsdK;om;
tax;udk *dk%f;*epGJpdwf/ a'opGJpdwf&dk@udk &ckdif opPmazmufwd uwqifh +zdKuf+zdKuf /wdkuf&dkuf+zdKuf+zdKuf owfoGif; eDwkef;+zdKufaw? ,if;eef@ t*k
ig&dk@twGuf =uyf=uyf owdxm;p&m ocFef;pm,lp&m av;+zdKufaw?

(c) 20 &mpk yxrydkif; &cdkif awmfvSef&D;rsm; Zmydkifav;?

v;
19 &mpktukef 20 &mpktpydkif;rm +Adwdo# aecsJ@&dk@a& txufu wifjyca&twdkif; +Adwdo# tdENd,udk azG@ap;+yD;au udkvkdeD t+zdKufudk
wqwfqwf oGwfoGif;eDwkef;+zdKufaw? udkvdkeD tkyfcsKyf&D; ,EWm;xd a&mufatmif +zdKufzdk@twGuf udkvdkeDynm&D;udk ysdK;axmif
atmifjrifeDwkef;+zdKufaw? vGwfvGwfvyfvyf ul;oef;a&mif;a0&D;qdka& udkvkdeD pD;yGm;&D; ausmuf+zdKufudk wqwfqwfcsvma&? nDwlnDr# w&m;
pD&if&D;qdkau udkvdkeD w&m;Oya' pD&ifwkef;udk ysdK;axmifyD;vma& // ,if;eef@ t*k &ckdifrsdK;quf wquf+yD;wquf udkvdkeD t&dyftm0goudk
cdkvH_vmuwf&a&? ArmaecsJ@ ya'o&mZf}uD;wd &ufpuf,Sufrmr_ rsdK;pHkudk &ifqdkifc&a&? &ckdif vlr_ tazG@tap;twGuf +Adwdo# t&if;pepfa&
tyef;ajzpcef; +zdKufcpGmudk qef;a&vdk@qdkzdkr[kwf?
,if;umvrm &ckdifajyrm pD;yGm;&D; A[dkjyK&m oD;jcm;+rdK@awmfr[djcif;// vrf;yef; qufoG,f&D; nHhzsif;jcif;/ *k%f;pdwf/
a'opGJpdwfvGrf;rdk;eDjcif;/ ArmaecsJ@&dk@. 'g%fa=umif; evHrxl edkifodjcif;/ +Adwdo#&dk@ cGJjcm;&D;pepf aESmifh,Sufjcif;&dk@ a=umifh t&if;o#if udkvkdeDb0rm
&cdkiftrsdK;om; w&yfvHk; aumif;aumif; }uD;=umatmif tdyfarm useDc&a&?
,if;tcsdefrsdK;rSm tdENd,rm trsdK;om;ap;&Hk;&D;vkyfief; (0g) 0HomeKvkyfief; t[defaumif;eDwkef;+zdKufaw? ,if;tcsdefavmufrm
Armynmwwfavmuudk tdENd, v_yf&Sm;&D; *,uf&dkufvma& ? Oa&my wdkufom; Ak'<bmom0if / taomubduQKwf taomutoif;wdk@
ta=umif;jyKvdk@ 1906 ckrm YMBA udk &efukefrm azG@ap;vdk@eDa&? ,if;tazG@tap;rm &efukefa&muf &ckdifynmwwfrsm;yg0if+yD;au
acgif;aqmifvmuwfaw? OD;azatmif/ a'gufwm pHa&$atmif / qm&f ay:xGef; / OD;pdefvSatmif&dk@ yg0ifcuwfaw? 1919 ckavmufrm to#ifOwWr
ax&f a& urBmt&yf&yfudk vSnfhav+yD;au &efukefudk a&mufvma&? trsdK;om;&D; w&m;&dk@udk a&;a&;awmufa[m=um;vma&?
trsdK;om;omoemqdka& tcsuf}uD; oHk;csufudk a=uG;a=umfvmuwfaw// a'umvrm q&mawmfeef@ tqdkyg &ckdifh trsdK;om;}uD;a&
&ckdifvlr_tazG@tap;}uD;udk omrntqifhrSm xm;+yD;au tvkyfvkyfaqmifc uwfaw? &ckdiftrsdK;om;awmfvSef&D;vrf;a=umif;udk
OayuQmjyKuwfaw? ArmajyvGwfvyf&D;udk t"duxm;vdk@ vkyfaqmifcuwfaw?
1920 ckrm YNBA udk GCBA jrefrmh toif;csKyf}uD; t+zdKufajymif;vJ xlaxmifvdkufuwfaw? a'tcgrmavh &ckdfif
trsdK;om;ynmwwf trsm;tjym; yg0ifOD;aqmifcuwfaw? 1920 ck &efukef aumvdyf oydwf wdkufayG;rm +zdKuf+zdKuf / trsdK;om; ausmif;vkyfief;/
trsdK;om; aumvdyfvkyf ief;&dk@rm +zdKuf+zdKuf ,if;ynmwwf yk*~dKvf}uD;rsm;rm &cdkifh jy\emuddk vufatmufcH jy\em t+zdKufxm;cuwfaw? &ckdihf
trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif;udk OayuQmjyKc uwfaw?
&cdkifajybufrmum; &ckdif ynmwwfrsm;u vlr_&D; ynm&D;rsm;rm oifhatmifacs v_&Sm;cuwfaw? tpdk;&. rsLeDpyg,f vkyfief;rm
0ifa&muft&DG;cHcuwfaw? trsdK;om;ausmif;vkyfief;udk &efukefu *,uf&kdufcwfawtwdkif; vkyfaqmifcuwfaw? ,if;tjyif azmfjya& twdkif;
&cdkifwdkif;toif; vli,frsm; Edk;=um;&D;toif;/ &cdkifwdkif;qdkif&m }udD;yGm;&D;tazG@csKyf wdkif;&if;om;tap;t&Hk;&dk@ay:aygufvm +yD;au

19
 v_yf&Sm;vmuwfaw? toif;tazG@&dk@. r[mAsL[mudk,if;toif;tazG@&dk@. emrnfudk =unfhvdk@odEdkifa&? toif;tazG@wck.emrnfa& ,if;toif;.
r[mAsL[mudk azmfnGef;jya&? &cdkifajytpm; &ckdifwdkif;vdk@ oHk;xm;pGmudk =unfhuaw;uyif &cdkifajyudk Armajy.
tpdyftydkif;t+zdKufcH,lvm;c,m+zdKufawqdkpgGudkodEdkifa&// ,if;toif;tazG@&dk@. pdwfrm Zm[dca&qdkpGmxuf ,if;&dk@Zmajymca&qdkpGmxuf
/Zmvkyfcav;qdkpGmu ydkvdk@t&D;}uD;a&? ,if;toif;tazG@&dk@. &ckdifajytay:rm cH,lcsufudk=unfhvdkufau ,if;&dk@. r[mAsL[m /ae;AsL[m&d@k a&
a&mxDG;eD,mqdkpGmudk odEdkifa&? ,auavh ,if;yk*~dKvf&dk@a& &cdkif rsdK;csdKuf/ ajycsdKufpdwfudk arG;jrLcuwfaw? &ckdif udkjrSifhwifhzdk@ }udK;pm;cuwfaw
qdkpGmudk rSwfwrf; &DG;xdk; xm;&zdk@yif+zdKufaw? ,if;yk*~dKvf&dk@a=umihfavh t*ktajctaexd tqihfqifh wdk;wuf ajymif;vJvmpGm+zdKufaw?
1923 ckZGefe0g&Dvrm tdENd, tpdk;& a*Zwftrdef@ trSwf 1192 t& Armajyudk bk&ifcH ai tkyfcsKyfaw ajyae t+zdKufu bk&ifcH
tkyfcsKyfawajyaet+zdKuf awaxmif vdkufa=umif; a=umfjimvdkufaw? ,if;+yD;au 'dkfiftmcD (The Dyarchy System) udk yD;tyfvdkufaw?
,if;pepfa=umif; Armajyrm ygwDEdkifiH&D; ay:aygufvma& GCBA tjcr;fjcrf; +ydKuGJvm;ca&? 1? OD;o#pfvd_if GCBA eef@ 2? OD;pdk;odef; GCBA
3? OD;pk GCBA 4? 21 OD;ygwD 5?[krR&kygwD/ 6? ajyol@ygwD/ &? o&pygwD trsm;ay:xGufvma&// ,if;ydkif ArmhEdkifiH&D; avmurm q&may:xGef; /
q&m xGef;atmifausmf/ &rf;jAJ OD;armifarmif pa& &cdkifh ynmwwfrsm; EdkifiH&D;oHo&m a0hvSJ@eDcuwfaw? &ckdif&dk@ 'dkiftmcD tkyfcsKyf&D;tazG@rm
tm%m&zdk@ }udK;pm;eDwkef; &ckdifhtrsdK;om;&D;vrf; a=umif;aysmufuG,fpGmxuf aysmufvm;c,m+zdKufaw? pdkufawGu wcsdK@ b*Fvm;jyef/
bdvyfjyef&dk@rmum; trsdK;om;&D;udk "n0wDuvyf/ qifa';uvyf/ +rdK@ruvyf &dk@avmufyif pdwfr0ifpm;cuwf // Armajyu trde@f cs+yD;au
ayG;w+cdrfh+cdrfhpJeDuwfwkef;+zdKufaw?
1917 ck rGefw*l (Sir E.S.Montagu) . tpD&ift& +zdKuf+zdKuf 1927ck qdkifrGef (Sir Johnsimon) . tpDt&ifcHpm
t&+zdKuf+zdKuf / Armajyudk tdENd,u cGJxkwfzkd@udk vef'eftpdk;&u oabm ayguf+yD; +zdKufaw? ,auhavh Armajyrm cGJ&D;/ awG;a&; jy\em
ay:aygufca&? vd_if/ jrwf/ ay: tazG@ (OD;/ csdKuf vd_if/ OD; jrwfom'Gef;/ q&m ay:xGef;) / armf/ jrSifh/ ajyh tazG@ (a'gufwm barmf/ ausmfjrSihf/ &rf;+AJOD;
armifarmif)/ ajyholygwD/ a&$awmif=um;ygwD qdk+ydD;au cGJzdk@ awG;zdk@pum;rsm; t+ydKiftqdkif a[meDcuwfaw? q&mawmf OD; OwWrax&f rm a'cGJ&D;/
awG;&D;jy\ema=umifh trsdK;rsdK; 'kuQa&mufawmfrlca&// a' jy\emrSmavh &cdkif &[ef; awmfrsm; &ckdif ynmwwfrsm; aumif;aumif;
wufwuf=uG=uGyg0ifcuwfaw? &ckdifajyudk Zmeef@ cGJpdwfxm;av; qdkpGmudk *&kjyKcuwfyHkrayguf// &cdkif jy\emudk omrmef vufatmufcH
jy\emt+zdKuf xm;cuwfaw? ,if; jy\ema=umihf Armajy twGuf pm;ayG;0dkif;aqG;aEG;ayG; ( Round Cable Conferance) udk 1931
Edk0ifbmv 25 &ufedrSm vef'ef+rdK@txuf vGwfawmf rSmusif;yvDa&? ,if;aqG;aEG;ayG;rm Arm acgif;aqmifrsm;eef@ wuG OD; xGef;atmifausmf/
a':jrpdef pa& &ckdif trsdK;om;/ trdsK;orD;&dk@wufa&mufca&?
1935 ck Armajy tkyfcsKyf&D; tufOya't& 1937 ckrm Armajya& tdENd, tkyfcsKyf&D; pepfrS cGJxGuf+yD;au oD;jcm; t+zdKuf +Adwdo#
tifbmtwGif;rm ay:aygufvma&?
&cdkif ajyrmum; txufu wifjyca&twdkif;yif tpdyfpdyf uGJvdk@yif [dedDwkef;+zdKufaw? Armajyrm xif&Sm;eDuwfaw
Zmaumif;aqmifuavh tuGJu/ tjym;jym; a&mufeDuwf&a& // trsdK;om; wdudk pkap;zdk@ tjcrf;jcrf;uGJeDa& &ckdifa'oudkjyefavpkap;zd@k r}udK;pm;cuwf?
udk,fajy jy\emudk vufatmufcH omrn csnf;xm;cuwfaw? r[kwfar/ *dk%f;aqG;/ ygwDaqG;/ a'oaqG;udk t"duxm;uwfaw? r[kwfau
udk,f}udKufpGmudk v_yf&Sm;eDcuwfaw? ,if;a=umifh igh&dk@acwfrSm trsdK;om; Zmwfedrhf avsmhvm;a&;cif; (Degeneration ) +zdKufeD&a&? ajymif;&$deDa&
trsdK;om; (0g) &$ifhusm vlrsdK; (Migrating Nation )+zdKufeD&a&?
acG;&D;/ awG;&D; jy\em *,uf xeDwkef;umv 1933 ck avmufrm “Armajyonf 'dkajy/ Armpum;onf 'dk@pum;/ Armpmonf 'd@k pm/
'dk@ajyudk csdKufyg/ 'dk@pmudk csdD;jrihfyg/ 'dk@pum;udk av;pm;yg?” qdka& a=uG;a=umfoHeef@ twl Armh rsdK;csdKuf ajycsdKuf vlairsm;. “Armhtap;t&Hk;” a&
a&;a&;/ awmufawmuf/ xGef;xGef;/ ajymifajymif/ ay:xGufvma&? attazG@0if vlai&dk@a& “ocif” qdka&bGJ@udk emrnf&dSrm wwfvmuwfaw?
'dk@Armtap;t&Hk;a& / wdk;wufaw/ v_yf&Sma&/ EdkfifiHeef@ trsdK;om;twGuf b0udk tyfvdk@ }udK;yrf;cuwfaw? a'tazG@0if
ordkif;vlai&dk@um; ynmwwf vlairsm;yif +zdKufuwfaw? a'tazG@tap;. =oZma& &cdkif vlai ynmwwfrsm;tay:rm txl;anmif;ca&? bdvyfjyef
&cdkif/ b*Fvm;jyef &ckdif&dk@a& t*Fvdyf qefuwfa&ydkif a'acwf &efukefjyef&cdkif&dk@avh Armqefuwfaw? a,awmifru tcsdK@ &efukef ausmif;om; &cdkif
vlairsm;rm 'dk@Arm tap;t&Hk;0if ocif wd+zdKufvmuwfaw? a'umvxd &cdkif vl@tazG@tap;rSm aemufvdkuf0g'a& wkduf&dkuf+zdKuf+zdKuf /
oG,f0dSufvdk@+zdKuf+zdKuf aqG;ajr;edD,m+zdKufaw?
1936 ck 'kwd, wuUodkvf ausmif;om; oydwfarSmufawtcg Arm ausmif;om;rsm; tax;u tudkndkxGef;/ tudkausmf&if/ tudkbpH/
&dk@a&xif&Sm;vma&? “u|efynmtvdkr[d” vdk@a=uG;a=umfvmuwfaw? a'&cdkif ausmif;om;&dk@um; &ckdifajywdk@ jyefvmuwfawtcgrSm &ckdifajyrSm
v_yf&Sm;r_ tcsdK@udk vkyfaqmif cuwfaw?
,if; umvrm “ 91 XmetkyfcsKyf&D;” pepfopf tkyfcsKyf&D; ay:aygufvma&// ,if;tkyfcsKyf&D; ed'gef;tprm a&G;aumufayG; usif;ya&tcgrSm
Arm EdkifiH&D;ygwDrsm; rJ+zdKufuwf&a&? ,if;tcg “ig;yGifhqdkifygwD” twGuf q&mawmf to#if OwWrax&f yg0ifulnDcuwfvdk@ t}uD;tus,f ykwfcwf
cH&awmfrla&? a&G;aumufayG; t+ydD;rm a'gufwm barmf. nGef@aygif; tpdk;&azG@a& ,if; tpdk;tazG@rm q&m ay:xGef;/ q&m xGef;atmifausmf&dk@
yg0ifcuwfaw?
*kydkif ArmEdkifiH&D; +Adwdo# t&if;o#if;&dk@. vSnfhuGuftwdkfif; &D0Jxdk;eDc&a&? Arm acgif;aqmif t rsm;pkrm Armajy/ ArmtrsdK;om;
twGufarar&&/ xdxda&mufa&muf rpGef;aqmifEdkifbJ EdkifiH&D; tyD;t,lvkyf&if; tcsdefjzKef; eDcuwf&a&? ,if;ydkif rd@DG edDpGmrm &cdkif

20
acgif;aqmiftrsm;jym;avh 0ifrdG@ eDcuwfaw? ,if;ydkif &DpHkarsmpGmrm &ckdif acgif;aqmif trsm;jym;avh 0ifrDG@eDcuwfaw? Arm acgifaqmif&@kd um;
ArmhvGwfvyf&D; vrf;a=umif;udk rsdK;quf wquf+yD;wquf twGd@/ t}uHK/ tawG;/ tac:wdudk oHk;oyf+ydD;au &SmazGeDuwfpGm+zdKufaw? &cdkif
acgifaqmifwdum; baZmifygvJ?
xdk &cdkif acgif;aqmifwdk@. v_yf&Sm;ca& ordkfif;a=umif;udk qef;pdkua=uhau &cdkifvGwfvyf&D; vrf;a=umif;udk &SmeDcuwfawvd@k ajymzdk@
rvG,fpGmudkwGd@&a&? &ckdifjy\emudk vufatmufcH xm;jcif;udk ygwD*kd%f;*e tm%m&&D;udk&m OD;pm;yD;cuwfpGmudk&m wGd@&a&? ygwDEkdifiH&D;rsm;
,if;acwfu &DpHkarsmc&a& ta=umif;udk a'gufwm barmfudkwdkif ol. (Burma at the beginning of the Second World War)
twef;rm 0efcHxm;pGmudk zwf&_Edkifa&?
1938-39 avmufrm 'dk@Arm tap;t&Hk;0if ocif rsdK;csdKufArm vlairsm;&dk@a& Arm vGwfvyf&D; twGuf txl; }udK;yrf;vmuwfaw?
tcuftcJ@rsK;dpHkudk &ifqdkifvmuwfaw? wuUodkvf ausmif;om; ArmrsdK;csdKuf tiwfiwf/ tjywfjywfcHeD&Asm,f? EdkifiH&D;udk }udK;pm;vmuwfaw?
bHkpepfudk awaqmufzdk@ twGuf EdkifiH vGyfvyf&D;udk yxr }udK;pm;&zdk@pGmudk jrifvmuwfaw? Armh trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; ordkif;a=umif;udk
a&;a&;&ifh&ifh/ awmufawmuf/ xGef;xGef; azmfaqmif Edkifatmif oufpGef;/ }udK;yef;vmuwfaw? EdkifiHjcm; pdkuful&SmazGvmuwfaw? ,dk;',m;/ w&kwf/
*syefudk+zdKufpD/ tdENd,dudk +zdKufpD xGufvm+yD;au pGef@pGef@/pm;pm; tultnD&Smvmuwfaw?
,if; tcsdefavmufrm bpdef/ xGef;tkyf 'dk@Arm tap;t&Hk;eef@ ocifudk,fawmfrd_if;. 'dk@Arm tap; t&Hk;vdk@ ESpfjcrf;uGJeDa&? *kydkif
uGJeDa&tcgrSmavh &ckdif vlairsm; *kd%f;zuf vdkufvdk@ yg0if cuwfaw?
1939 ckrm trsdK;om; wyfaygif;pk oabm0ifvma&? “ArmxGuf&yf*dk%f;” udk a'gufwm barmfESifh ocif atmifqef;&dk@ OD;pD;+yD;au
xlaxmifcuwfaw? ,if;aemuf ydkif;rm 'dk@Armtap;t&Hk; ESpfjcrf;uGJum ocif vlairsm;&dk@a& udk,fae; udk,fh[efESifh tquf&Sm,if; *syefw@kd
a&mufvm;cuwfaw? ESpfjcrf;vHk;u Armvlai oHk;usdyfa& [dkifeef u|ef;rm qHk;ap;vDuwfaw? a&;abmfoHk;usdyfvdk@ aemifwGifvDa&?
1939 u 1945 ck twGif; 'kwd,urBmhpdkuf}udD; +zdKufyGm;eDa&// emZD/ *smr%D/ zufqpf/ tDwvdD/ zufqpf/ *syef &dk@yg0ifa&? uGefjrLepf
qef@usif&D; r[mrdwftazG@eef@ +Adwdo# / tar&duef /jyifopf/ qdkAD,uf yg0ifa&? r[mrdwftazG@&dk@ wdkufayG;aygif; ajrmufrm;pGmudk wdkufckdufvdk@
[duwfaw? “urBmvHk;. ajyol@pdkuf r[m AsL[ma& zufqpf EdkifiHrsm;udk wdkufcdkuf&zdk@+zdKufaw?” vkdk@ qdkAD,uf &k&Sm;u a=ujimvdkufaw?
,if;a=umifh urBmh vuf0Jtiftm;pktm;vHk;avh zufqpfpepfudk jyif;jyif;xefxef qefhusifwdkufcdkufvkd@ [deDvDa&? Zufqdwf *syefa& 1941 ck
'DZifbmv 26 &ufrm a&;abmfoHk;usdfyf&dk@a& ,dk;',m;rm oDG;odkufpma& aomufuwf+yD;au AdkvfbGJ@cHvdk@ “Armajy vGwfvyf&D;wyfrawmf”
(Burma Indenpendance Army) BIA udk azG@ap; vdkufuwf aw? aumif;r=umcif Armajywdk@ 0ifa&muf vmuwfaw?
,if;pyf=um;umv tpydkif;rm Armajyudk tdENd, pdkuf aoemywdu xdef;odr;fxm;&a&? aemufydkif; tajctae qdk;vwfawtcgrSm bk&ifcH qm&f
a':refprdof (Smith Sir Reginald Dorman) eef;&if;0ef qm&f ay:xGef;eef@ tpdk;&wazG@vHk; tdENd,EdkifiH qdrfrvm (Simlar )
+rdK@wdk@ajymif;&$dvm;cuwfaw?
*syefeHygwf 15 wyfrawmf (15th Army) u Armajy wkdufayG;udk wm0ef,l&a&? ,if;wyfudk qdkif*Hk; (Saigon) +rdK@[d *syef
pdkufXmecsKyfu wm0ef,l uGufuJ&a&? ,if;wyfrSm trSwf 33 wyfreef@ trSwf 55 wyfr (33rd Division of 55th Division )&dk@yg0ifa&
,if;wyfu &efukefrm tajcpdkuf+yD;au 1942 ck rwfv 15 &ufrm *syef pdkuftkyfcsKyf&D;udk pwifa& BIA rm 15 eHygwf vufatmufw@kd
a&mufvm;ca&?
ateD&mrSm a&;abmf oHk;usdyf&dk@ t+zdKufeef@ "g;ydkif}udD; ausmfyHk/ a';0efrif; }uD;atmifausmf&$D/ +rdK@ol}uD; atmifausmfZH t+zdKufa&
cyfqifqifwleDa&? 20 &mpkrm zufqdwf *syef aecsJ@&dk@. vSnfhuGufrm a&;abmf oHk;usdyfcH&a&ydkif 19 &mpku +Adwdo# t&if;o#if&@kd . vSnfhuGufrm
"g;ydkif}uD;&dk@ cHuwf&a&? tEdkifEdkifiH ordkif;rmavh *kydkif tuGufrsdK;udk wGd@&a&? aecsJ@qdkor# / vlrsdK;}udD;0g' orm;qdkor#um; wyg;vlukd u|efjyKzdk@
}udK;pm;jrJ+zdKufpGmudk =uyf=uyf/ owdxm;&zdk@pGmyif+zdKufaw? BIA udkavh *syef {u&mZf trdef@t& *syefpdkufAdkvf tD;'g; (General Shajiro
Sida ) u “Armh umuG,f&D; wyfrawmf “Burma Defence Army BDA) t+zdKuf ajymif;vJ azG@ap;vdkufaw? BIA udkrzsufcif BIA
wyf wwyfudk Adkvf &efatmif OD;pD;+yD;au *syefwyfeef@ twl &ckdif ajywdk@ 0ifvmvwfaw? Amrm/ *syef&dk@eef@ &ckdif wdkfif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;
tap;t&Hk;eef@ qufoG,frduwfaw? &cdkif acgifaqmifrsm;+zdKufuwfaw q&mawmf to#if pdENmax&f / to#if oD[ax&f / to#if auo&m
"dywdax&f / OdD;ompHvS /OD; atmifxGef;OD;/ OD; atmifxGef;jr/ OD; atmifomOD; / tudk bpH / tudk ausmfjr/ tudk ndkxGef;/ tudk armifxGef;0if;/ tudk
armifeD/ tudk AHkaygufomausmf/ &dk@eef@ qufoG,frduwfaw? tqdkyg yk*~dKvf&dk@ teuf t*Fvdyf tr_xrf;tcsdK@&dk@ *syefyD;a& tpdk;& tr_xrf;
t&m[dt+zdKuf vkyfaqmif uwfaw? +idrf0yfydjym;&D;udk aqmif&Gufuwfaw? c&dkif0ef/ aeydkif/ +rdK@ydkif /w&m;ol}uD; /toD;oD;+zdKufvm uwfaw? 1942
ck *sLvd_ifv avmufrm Adkvf &efatmif wyf&if; &efukefwdk@jyefvDa& ? 1942 ckrm bl;oD;awmif/ armifawm a'orm &ckdif/ ukvm;t"du&kef;udk Adkvf
&efatmifzefwD;ca&? &ckdif 'kuQonf 1760 udk wifxm;a& oabFma& bl;oD;awmif qdyfurf;u *dkuf 50tuGmrm jrKyfvdk@ vloHk;&m ausmfoDc&a& //
ukvm; &efudk a=umufvdk@+yD;&mrm atmufom; pdkufAdkvf vufcsufeef@ oD;qHk;c&a&// at vlrsdK;&D; t"du&kef;rm ukvm;/ &ckdif pkpkaygif; 7500
ausmfoDqHk;c&a&?

21
 11/ 12/ 76 *syefawmfvSefa&;c&D;
,if; tcsdefavmufrm *syefzufquf aecsJ@udk awmfvSefzdk@ uGefjrLepfygwD (Armajy) 0if ocifpdk; / ocif odef;azjrSifh/ ocif wifjr/ ocif
wifa&$/ tdENd,[d &cdkif acgif;aqmif&dk@eef@ v#dK@0Suf aqG;aEG;+yD;au ocif odef;azjrSifh /ocif wifa&$&dk@ &cdkif acgifaqmif&dk@. tultnDukd ,l+yD;au
tdENd,ajyodk@ qufvuf c&D;ESif vcuwfaw? ,if;rm r[mrdwf&dk@. tm&SpdkufrsufESmrsm;rSm aysmufusm;pdkufqifa& 136-wyfazG@eef@ qufoG,frda&?
tdENd, uGefjrLepfygwDeef@avh qufoG,frduwfaw? tdENd,a&muftjcm;a&;abmfrsm;eef@avh tquftoG,fvkyfaw?
ocifpdk;/ ocifjr&dk@um; rif;jym;u oHawG;txd qufav#muf+yD;au Armajyudk jyefvmcuwfaw? vr;frSmol&@kd ap;&kH;&D;udk
csrSwfvm;cuwfaw? oHawG;rSm tudk ausmf&if &dk@eef@ qufoG,frduwfaw? 1947 rm *syefu Armajyudk vGwfvyf&D; yD;zd@k qdkv@kd a'gufwm
barmfOD;pD;+yD;au “qif;a&;om;ygwD” udk azG@ap;vDa&? &cdkif wkdif;vHk;qkfdif&m wdkif;&if;om; tap;tvHk;. OuU}uD; OD;omZHvSrm tazG@0if
wpfOD;+zdKufaw? ,if;tazG@. tap; ta0;udk wufa&mufzdk@vmvwfawtcgrm ,if;ESpfrm &efukef aq;&Hk}uD;rm OuUX}uD; uG,fvGefvDa&?

rSwfcsuf
*syef udkawmfvSefzdk@/ t*FvdyfudkqufoG,fzdk/@ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufzdk@ twGuf &ckdifajyu awmfvSef&D; acgif;aqmifwdeef@ vma&mufwGd@qHk
aqG;aEG;a&tcg &cdkif acgif;aqmif&dk@u “ +Adwdo# Am;rm; vGwfvyfau &ckfdif ajyudk oD;jcm; vGwfvyf&D; yD;&zdk@vdk@ awmif;qdka& tcg Arm
udk,fhpm;vS,f&dk@u tvG,fwul oabmwluwfaw ? ,if;avmufeef@ rvHkavmufodvdk@ AHkayguf omausmf udk,fwdkif &efukef zqyv XmecsKyfrm
aqG;aEG;cgavh ,if; twdkif; oabmwlcsuf&ca&// ,if;eef@Zk bHk&efol zufqdwf *syefudk awmfvSef&D; twGuf &ckdif acgif;aqmif&@kd Arm
acgif;aqmifwdeef@ yl;aygif;cuwfaw? (AHkayguf omausmf awmfvSef&D; c&D; a0 tawG; 11 )
1943 ck =o*kwf v 1&ufedrm *syef pdkufAdkvf}uD; tD;'g;u *syef {u&mZftrdef@eef@ pdkuftkyfcsKyf&D;udk odrf;+yD;au Armajyudk vGwfvyf&D;
yD;a=umif;a=ujima&? a'gufwm barmf. qif;a&;om;ygwD eef@ 'dk@Arm tap;t&Hk;&dk@a& yl;aygif;+yD;au “ 'dk@Arm qif;a&;om; tap;t&Hk;” udk
xlaxmifvdkufuwfaw?
r=umcifyif &ckdif wdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wkdif;&if;om; tap;t&Hk;a& 'dk@Arm qif;a&;om; tap;t&Hk; avmufrm v#dK;0ifvm;ca&?
,if;aemufydkif;rm Arm EdkifiHa& *syefeef@ pdkufr[m azG@+yD;au +Adwdo# r[mrdwftazG@udk pdkufa=ujima&? 1944 aemufwESpf =o*kwfv yxr tywfrm
AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef; OD;aqmif +yD;au *syefudk awmfvSefzd@k tpDtpOf vkyfxm;a&? Arm wyfrawmf uGefjrLepfygwD ajyol t&D;awmfykH ygwD&dk@
yl;aygif;+yD;au zufquf wdkufzsuf&D; ajyol@ vGwfvyf&D;tazG@ (zwyv) udk awmfvSef&D; wyfOD;t+zdKuf azG@ap;vdkufaw? a,tcg &cdkif wdkfif;vHk;qdkif&m
wdkif;&if;om; tap;t&Hk;rm &efukefu nGef=um;csuf twdkfif; zwyv +zdKufvma&? aemuf &ckdifwdkfif; zqyv +zdKufvm;ca&? Zma=umifhavh qdkau
'dk@Arm qif;a&;om; trsm;pkyif zwyv udk azG@ap;vdkufvdk@+zdKufaw?
'dk@Arm qif;a&;om; tap;t&Hk; (&ckdifwdkif;) acgif;aqmifrsm; +zdKufuwfaw tudk bpH/ tudk pHwif/ tudk ausmfeK / tudk
armifeD/ tudk atmifxGef;0if; &dk@a& zqyv rm yg0ifOD;aqmifcuwfaw? ,if;tjyif uGefjrLepfygwdD (Armajy) eef@avh qufoG,frduwfaw? tudk
AHkaygufomausmf/ tudk vSausmfpa& &ckdif vlaipkavh udk ausmf+idrf;/ udk baqG&dk@. ajyol@t&D;awmfyHkygwD eef@ qufoG,frfduwfaw?
,if;aemuf tudk bpH/ tudk ausmfjr/ tudk armifapmOD;/ (Adkvfatmifausmf) &dk@ acgif;aqmif+ydD;au ajrmufOD;+rdK@rm wyfazG@
wazG@azG@uwfaw? c&dkif0efOfD; atmifxGef;OD; tultnDudk ,l+yD;au *syef Adkvf umevf rD,m0guDudk t*Fvdyfudk wdkufcdkufzdk@vdk@ tpDtpOfukd vdrfav
wifjyvdkufuwfaw? ,if; twGufeef@ *syefyg;u vufeuf tcsdK@&a&? Adkvfwmemum u ajymufusm;pdkufynm udk ,if;wyfazG@udk oifjya&?
to#if ynmoD[ / Adkvf =umvSatmif OD;aqmif azG@ap;a& wyfazG@a& yvuf0 aeudk odrf;ydkuf vdkufaw? ,if;wyfazG@rSm
Adkvf=umvSatmif/ Adkvf armifapmOD;/ tudk OD;ausmf/ tudk armifeD&k@d OD;pD;ca&? ,if;aeudk odrf;&a&apmfu *syef udk awmfvSefzdk@twGuf t[mrdwf&dk@eef@
tquftoG,f vkyfzdk@+zdKufaw? ,if;+yD;aemuf to#if pdENmax&f /to#if ynmoD[ax&f/ OD;atmifomOD;/ tudk bpH /tudk ausmfjr/ &d@k Armajywdk@
vm;+yD;au zwyv eef@ *syef awmfvSef&D;eef@ aqG;aEG;uwfaw?
1944 ck *sKefvrm tdENd, rm r[mrdwf&dk@eef@ qufoG,fzdk@ udpPudk }udK;pm;vkd@[deDa&? Tudk ndkxGef;a& &ckdifajywdk@ jyefa&mufvm+yD;au
*syef awmffvSef&D;twGuf zwyv (&ckdifwdkif;) eef@ vma&muf aqG;aEG;a&? ,if;aemuf tudk ndKxGef;a& tudk pHomausmf/ tudk pHatmif&dk@udk
ac:+yD;au tdENd,odk@jyefvm;ca&?
,if;aemuf yvuf0 ae umuG,f&D; wyfazG@udk Adkvf =umvSatmif/ Adkvf armifapmOD; &dk@OD;pD;&a& tudk ausmfjr/ tudk armifeD/ tudk
armifxGef;0if; wdk@u tkyfcsKyf&D; udk wm0ef,l&+ydD;au aepyfu wqifh vlai&dk@udk tdENd, rm pdkufoifwef;wufzdk@ ydk@yD;&a&? 1944 =o*kwfv rm ,if;
pdkufoifwef; twGuf apvGwfvdkufaw yxr tazG@tap;rm yg0ifuwfaw vlai trsm;eef@ tcsdK@rSm tudk pHatmif&dk@+zdKufaw? tudk AHkaygufomausmf
&dk@ uavh tudk xGef;atmifausmf/ tudk atmifvSausmf &dk@udk ,if;rmwdk@ yifv$wfvdkufuwfaw?
aemuf wokwf ,if;wdk@ vm;uwfaw vlrsm;rSm to#if ynmoD[ax&f/ Adkvf omxGef;atmif/ tudk OD;ausmf/ tudk atmifyef;/ tudk
jratmif/ tudk xGef;vS /tudk armifapmjzL / tudk pdefxGef;/ tudk csKdufvSjzL/ tudk apmxGef;/ tudk a0vm/ tudk pHxGef;/ tudk omausmf/ tudk rdk;om/
tudk bodef;/ tudk pdefarmif &dk@+zdKufuwfaw?
,if;ESduf ajrmufOD;+rdK@ae /ysm;aw; udk to#if ynmoD[u wm0ef,l&a&? tudk bpHu ajrmufOD; +rdK@/ armif;aqG;/ aygufawm/
pufom;&Gm / rif;jym;/ pdkufawG wcGifrSm ap;&Hk;v_yf&Sm;&a&?

22
 to#ifpdENax&f/ AHkayguf omausmf&dk@u ajryHk/ aygufawm wcGifrSm ap;&Hk;&D; v_yf&Sm;&a&? 1944 ck 'DZifbm vqef; avmufrm tudk
csD;wdk;udk &efukef zwyv XmecsKyfudk vGwf+yD;au &ckdifajy tajctaeeef@ zufquf *syefudk awmfvSef&zdk@ ta=umif;udk tpD&ifcH&a&?
1944 ck 'DZifbmv tv,favmufrm zufqdwf*syefudk awmfvSefzdk@ twGuf +Adwdo# 136 wyfazG@ tdENd,rm pdkufoifwef; wuf+yD;a& &ckdif
vlai&dk@udk vDxD;eef@ wpk+yD;wpfpkcsyD;a&?
ausmufawmf+rdK@ae ig;a,mufudkif; &Gm teD;rSm ar*smw&l;/ tukdndKxGef;/ tudk armifapmjzL/ tudk omxGef;atmif &dk@udk‚ /eDa,S&Gm
teD;rm Adkvfarmifuav;/ tudk omausmf rpPwm *sdef; &dk@udk‚/ ,if;&Gm teD;rSmyif “jcaoFh” emrnfcH w&kyfar*smwpfOD; /tudk csKdufvSjzL / tudk
pHxGef;/ tudk pdefxGef;jzL/ Adkvf a0vm&dk@udk avhaumif;/ yef;az; acsmif; a'orSm ajrmufOD;+rdK@ae / pufom;&Gmtem;rSm vleef@ vufeuf
toD;oD;csyD;a&? jAef;*if;/ umbdkif/ pwef;*if;/ ajcmufvHk;jzL;pa& vufeufrsdK;pHk 500 ausmfcsyD;a&?

1944 ck 'DZifbmv tukefavmufrm vDxD; wyfazG@wd pHkvifa&tcg Adkvf =umvSatmifeef@ Adkvf armifapmOD;&dk@ wyfazsmuf+yD;au
ausmufawmf wdk@qif;vmuwfaw? ausmfawmf+rdK@ae/ Zif;cgacs aus;&GmrSm Adkvf armifapmOD; wyfazG@a& *syef zufqdwfwyfazG@udk pwif
awmfvSefwdkufckdufaw? ,if; wdkufayG;rSm *syef oHk;OD;usqHk;a&? ,if;uwcg ,dk;acsmif;wkd@ csDwufaw?
1945 ck *sEM0g&D 1&uf edrm to#if ynmoD[eef@ tudk AHkaygufomausmf&dk@ wyfu ysm;aw; wdkufayG;rSm *syefukd wdkufckduf
okwfoifvdkufaw? vufckyfyif&if; uwqifh Adkvf=umvSatmif/ tudk armifeD / tudk ausmfjrwdk@u wyfeef@twl ,dk;acsmif;wdk@ csDwufuwfaw?
,dk;acsmif;rSm tudk ndkxGef;&dk@ wyfazG@eef@ aygif;+yD;au em&Duef&GmwcGifrm v_yf&Sm;ap;&Hk;uwfaw? Adkvf pHvSwyfu ,dk;acsmif;wyfazG@rm *syef
avmif;ig;pif;udk ESdKuf+rKyfvdkufaw? aemufw&ufrm ykÀm;u|ef;+rdK@ae bJcdk;&GmrSm *syef ig;a,mufudk okwfoifvdkufaw//
em&Duefu wyfazG@tm;vHk;a& pufom;&Gm wdk@csDwufvm+ydD;au tudk bpHwdk@&dk@ wyfazG@eef@ yl;aygif;a&? vD,mOfysHu csyD;vdkufaw
vufeufwdudk pk+yD;au ,if;&GmrSmyif “rsdK;csdKuf Armhwyfrawmf” &ckdifwdkfif; (Patriot Burmese force ( PBF), Arakan Division)
udkazG@ap;a&? Adkvf =umvSatmifudk Adkvf}uD; t+zdKuf wifajrmufaw? wyfazG@ Adkvfrsm;rSm
1? Adkvf armifapmOD;/
2// Adkvf =umeDatmif/
3// Adkvf pHvS /
4// Adkvf apmxGef;atmif/
5// Adkvf armifapmOD; &dk@+zdKufuwfaw? wyfacG; wckrSm vl 150 yga&// pdkufwyfydkif pepfwus azG@ap;a& ? “rsdK;csdKufArm wyfrawmf ”wHqdyfwd
xkwfyD;aa&? EkdifiH&D; t& wyfeef@ twlv_yf&Sm;yD;a& acgif;aqmifrsm;rm
1? q&mawmfto#if pdENmax&f /
2// q&mawmfto#if ynmoD[ax&f/
3? tudkarmifvSausmf
4? tukdarmifeD
5? tudk armifxGef;0if;
6// tudkbpH
7?tudkpHomausmf
8? tudkomxGef;atmif
9? tudka&$om &dk@+zdKufuwfaw? tudk AHkayguf omausmf&dk@uavh wyfazG@ap;a& qdkca& “jcaoFh” emarcH w&kyfar*sm wpfOD;.
emarudk,l+yD;au “jcaoh” ygwDvdk@xlaxmifa&? aygufawm/ rif;jym;/ ajryHk wcGifrm awmfvSefv_yf&Sm;a&? jcaoFh ygwDd0ifvlairsm;rSm tudk
AHkaygufomausmf / tudk omausmf/ tudk xGef;vd_if/ Adkvf armifuav;/ Adkvfomausmf/ Adkvfa0vm/ tudk bxGef; &dk@+zdKufuwfaw?
ajrmufOD;+rdK@ae/ ykÀm;u|ef;+rdK@ae/ aygufawm+rdK@aersm;rSm v_yf&Sm;uwfaw? 1945 *sefe0g&Dv 1&uf edrm ysm;aw; wdfkufayG;u pwif
atmifayG;cH+yD;au pif;jyGef;yif&if; wdkufayG;rm *syef ESpfa,mufudk zrf;&a&?
pufom;&Gm wdkufayG;rSm *syef wpfa,mufusa&? ,if;u oJo&m/ ql;&dkufacsmif;/ wdk@csDwufaw? ql;&dkufacsmif; anhwkdufayG;rSm *syef
trsm;tjym;usa&? ewfacsmif; wkdufayG;rSm *syef ESpfq,favmuf usa&? vufeuf ac;,rf;/ rD;ausmufrsm; odrf;ydkuf&[da&? “qifjcHwkdufayG;” rSm
*syefwpfa,mufusqHk;a&// *syef trsm;xGuf+ydD; vGwfajrmufvm;a&? ql;&dkufacsmif;/ ajrmif;jzm/ anmifyifv,f/ wcGifrSm ajymufusm; pdkufqif&D;
twdkfif;yif wdkufcdkuf o#if;vif;a&? olaiawmfwkdufayG;rSm &efol tcsdK@usqHk;a&? udk,fvl wpfOD;usqHk;a&? ,if;&Gmrm &efol tiftm;aumif;eDvdk@
r[mrdwf vDwyfudk owif;yD;vdkufawtcg vDwyfu vma&muf wdkufcdkufvdk@ &efol trsm;us&if; qkwf+yD;vm;ca&?
rif;jym; +rfdK@ae/ ajryHk+rdK@aewcGifrm 1945 ckazazmf0g&Dv 14&ufrm AdkvfpHvS wyfcGJu Adkvf omausmf OD;pD;a& wyfpkwpk
wdkufcdkufv_yf&Sm;a&? +cdwfawmif&Gmu ajryHk+rdK@aewdk@ csDwuf&m vr;fa=umif; wavsmuf wGd@or# &efolwdudk ajymufusm; pdkufae;eef@
wdkufckdufokwfoif vm;ca&?

23
 15/ 2/ 45 rm jca&Sjyif&Gm wkdufayG;rm &efolrsm;&_Hk;edrfhvdk@ xGuf+yD; vm;cuwfaw? 17/ 2/ 45 rm jca&Sjyif/ rvdayguf/ owfykef;/ acsmif;aEG/
auovmr zavmif;jy &dk@udkjzwfav#muf csDwufaw// 18/ 2/ 45 rm qufvuf+yD;au ZD;yif}uD;/ atmufzm;+ydK&Gm udkjzwfacsmufcsDwuf&m
awmif+cDem;rSm *syef ig;a,mufeef@ wdkufayG;+zdKufaw? wpfa,mufusvdk@ qkwf+yD;vm;cuwfaw//
21/ 2/ 45 rm arvGef;&Gm wkdufayG;rm *syef oHk; a,mufus / 2 a,mufzrf;&/ vufeufrsm; odrf;rda&? pdkufawG c&dkifrm rsdK;csdKufArm
wyfrawmf (&ckdifwdkif;) . &ckdif ajymufusm; a&;abmfrsm;. v_yf&Sm; wdkufckdufr_a=umifh r[mrdwfwyfrsm; 2ESduf wdkifwdkif (1943-44) wdkufcdkuf r&a&
*syefwyfudk 2 vavmufrmyif r[mrdwf wyf&dk@u odrf;ydkufEdkifca&? ajymufusm; wyfom; 3000 yg0if v_yf&Sm;cuwfaw?
,if;aemuf ausmufjzL c&dkif/ ajryHk+rdK@ae +rdKufem;/ acsmif;em;/ awmawmif xlxyf&mrm *syef wyfr[m 2 cku cHwyftcdkiftrm
awaqmuf+ydD;au ckcHwdkufcdkufeDa&? “uHhaumf0” wkdufayG;vdk@ wGifvDa& ? azazmf0g&D v 25 &ufuyif rwfv 2 &ufedxd ig;&ufwkdifwkdif &Dwydfkif;
/ukef;wydkfif; pdkufqif wdkufcdkuf&a&? r[mrdwf vDwyf uavh xdk;ESuf wdkufcdkufaw? aysmufusm;wyf/ r[mrdwfwyf/ yl;aygif;wdkufcdkufuwfaw? *syef
wyfom;ESpfaxmif / r[mrdwfwyfom; ajcmuf&mausmf usqHk;a&? ausmufjzLc&dkif/ trf;+rdK@ae/ arvufarmif;&Gm &xkd;}uD; awmifrm tudkbapm /
Adkvfa&;atmif/ AdkfvfarmifapmjzL Adkvfatmifapm/ ar*smurf;vJvfeef@ tjcm; Adkvf wpfa,muf ajcmufa,muf vDxD;eef@qif;uwfaw?
Adkvf a&$rif;OD;pD;a& ajymufusm;wyfazG@rSm csif; trsdK;om; 73 OD;yga&? wdkuf,if; cdkuf,if; wyfom; 130xd wdk;vma&/ ,if;wyfazG@a&
'vufaerSm wyfawG;eDa&? *syef 6000 wyfudk xdk;azmuf wkdufcdkufaw// *syef wyftqkwfrm Zif;jyGefpcef;/ =uufa& pcef;/ ukef;}uD; pcef; txd
ajymufusm; wdkufae;eef@ wkdufcdkufaw? aemuf pdkufa=umif;wckrm vrf;eD/ trf;/ &xdk;awmif/ rJawmif+cD&if; / edDumawmif/ 'vufae uGef;0/
0g;awmifaus;&Gm / udk;vH/ oifykef;awm0 txd *syefrsm;udk vdkufvHwdkufcdkufaw?
oHawG; c&dkfifrm to#if auo&m"dywdax&f/ OD;&ef}uD;atmif/ OD;a&G}udKif/ OD;oef;armif/ OdD; omxGef;atmif/ tudk ausmf&if/
&dk@zufqdwf*syef awmfvSef wdkufcdkif&D;udk v_yf&Sm;ap;&Hk;uwfaw? tudk ausmf&ifrm 1945 ck 'DZifbm vavmufrm zwyv XmecsKyfwdk@
vm;a&mufwm0ef,ledD&vdk@ usefacgif;aqmifrsm;u wm0ef,luwfaw? zwyv nGef=um;csuf twdkfif; vkyfaqmif cuwfaw? vufeufrsm;pk+yD;au
ajymufusm;wyfazG@uwfaw? &dk;awmifrm awaqmufxm;a& *syef vufeufwdkufudk azmufxGif; uwfaw? udkif;cHk&Gm wdkufayG;rm *syef&@kd udk &mvdkuf
0ifpD; wdkufcdkufvdkufaw?
pdkuf}uD; twGif;u *syefudk awmfvSef wdkufckdufzdk@ azG@ap;ca& rsdK;csdKuf Armhwyfrawmf (&ckdifwdkif;) wyfazG@ acgif;aqmifrsm;rm 1//
tudkndSxGef; 2? Adkvf}uD; =umvSatmif/ 3? Adkvf apmxGef;atmif 4? Adkvf apmomatmif 5? Adkvf =umeDatmif 6? Adkvf pHvS 7? Adkvf atmifausmfac:
Adkvf armifapm&D; *? Adkvf OD;ausmf 9? AHkayguf omausmf 10? Adkvf armifuav; 11?Adkvf omxGef;atmif 12? Adkvf omausmf (qHjcL) 13? Adkvf
omausmf (uef;oif;) 14// Adkvf pHomausmf &dk@+zdKufuwfaw?
pufom;&GmrSm azG@+yD;aemuf aemufxyf tpHktvif azG@ap; vdkufpGm+zdKufaw? txufu qdkca& ajrmufOdD; +rdK@ae olai awmfwkdufayG;
+yD;aemuf rdsK;csdKuf Armh wyfrawmf (&ckdkifwdkif;) udk ysm;aw; pcef;odk@ qkwfcGmzdk@ +Adwdo# r[mrdwfrsm;u trdef@xkwfvma&? +Adwdo# 136 wyfazG@u
vufeuf tyfzkd@trdef@csvma&? vufeuf tyfrtyf udpPtwGuf aumif;aumif; aqG;aEG;,l&a&? ,if;tcsdefrm Armajyrm zufquf awmfvSef&D;
rpodvdk@ tajctae t&yf&yfa=umifh qef+zdKufvm;zdk@pGmudk pdk;&drfvdk (z w y v )0if &ckdif acgifaqmifrsm; vufeuf tyffzkd@ oabmwlvdkuf&a&? 1945
ck azazmf0g&D v aemufqHk;tywfrm ,if;upPudk t+yD; aqmif&Gufvdkuf&a&//
ausmufjzL c&kdifu ajymufusm; wyfazG@rm 1945 ck *Gsefv ukefavmufrm ajrykH+rdK@ae urf;axmif;}uD; &Gmrm wyfzsufodrf;jyD;au
vufeuftyf&a& ? &ckdif acgifaqmif&kd@. r[mrdwf Armacgifaqmifwd tay:rm r[mrdwf yDowfcuwfaw? awmfvSef&D;ukd tjrifausauseef@
=unf@a&vkd@ qkd&zdk@vm; rajymwwf? &ckdifajyrm pkdufOD; usKd;jyD;au qkwfjyD;vm;ca&// *syef wyftoD;oD;a& Armajyrmav@ awmfvSef wkdufcdkufjcif;ukd
cHc&a&// 1945 ck rwfv 27 &ufrm AkdvfcsKyf atmifqef; OD; aqmifa& rsKd;csKduf Armwyfrawmf pwif awmfvSefwkdufckdufa&// av;vavmufa&S
=uma& ? ,if;aemuf r[m rdwfwyf0ifvma& &ckdifajy rmykdif ajymufusm;wyfazG@ tm;vkH;u vufeuftyf&a& //

auhpf-bD vufatmuf &cdkifajy

(C.A.S. (B) Regims)
1945 ck =o*kwfv 19 &ufrm z w y v u aeol&drfayG;&kHrm vlxk tap;ta0;}uD; usif;ya& zwfqdwf wkdufzsuf&D;/ ArmvGwfvyf&D;/
Armxlawmif&D; /ArmnDnGwf&D; a&a&Gcsuf 4 csuf csrSwfxm;aw? z w y v . A[kd OD;pD;tazG@udk Akdvf csKyfatmifqef; OD;pD;vkd@ azG@a& tm;vkH; 21 OD;
yg0ifa&// &ckdif trsKd;om; OD; atmifZHa0 OD; zkd;jr (u o u) OD; ausmf&if &kd@av yg0ifuwfaw ? pufwifbmv 4 &uf rm t&Sdawmif tmo#m
pkdufaoemywd avm'f armifbwWef. zdwfac:csuft& oD[kduGsef;uEWD+rKd@wkd@ AkdvfcsKyf atmifqef; tygt0if 11 OD; c&D;xGufuwfaw? &ckdif trsK;dom;
OD; nSdxGef; wa,mufav@yg0ifa&// +Adwdo#&kd@. Armajyrm Armwyfrawmf azG@ap;&D;ukd aqG;aEG;uwfaw? wyfom; 5000 t&H wyfom; 300 t&m[d
200 &kd@ukd Arm rsKd;csKduf wyfrawmfukd zsufodrf;jyD;au ,if;u &GD;acscef@tyfzkd@ukd oabmwluwfaw? qD;0g; uko&D;utp wyfrawmf om;&k@d .
tcGifhvpmpa& &oifh&xkdufaw tcGifht&D; udpPrsm;yg0ifa&?
a,auav@ uEWDpmcsKyft& &ckdif wyfom;rsm;twGuf rxl;jcm;c// t*k tcsdefxd &ckdifajy Armajy tm;vkH;ukd “au@pfbD”(CAS-B, Civil
Affair Staff Burma) pkduftkyfcsKyf&D; tazG@u tkyfcsKyf eDwkef;+zKdufaw? 1945 ck atmufwkdbmv 15&uf rm&m pkduftkyfcsKyf&D;ukd &kyfodrf;vd@k

24
t,ifbk&ifcH “qm&fa':refprdof” a&mufvma& ol@rm “qrRvmpDrHudef;” (puULjzLpDrHudef;) ygvma&? ,if;pmwrf; pDrHudef;t& Armajy &cdkifajy&dk@udk
jyefavxlawmifzdk@ }udK;pm;cauavh t&mra&mufc?
,if;ydkif tcsdeftwdk;twGif;rm &ckdifajyum; azG;yHk / jrLyHk+zdKufeD,m / ia&;yHk +zdKufeD,m? auhbD vufatmuf wajyvHk; 'kuQrsdK;pHkukd
cHpm;eDuwf,m? 1945 tp ydkif;avmufrm azmfjyca& twdkfif; *syef aecsJ@udk &ckdifajyu armif;ESif xkwf+yD;au r[mrdwfwyfrsm; 0ifvmEdkifuwfaw?
r[mwyfwyfwdudk +Adwdo#u OD;pD;ygvma&? &ckdifajyudk pdkuftkyf&D;eef@ tkyfcsKyfaw? &cdkifajyu zwyv tazG@0ifrsm;/ ajymufusm; a&;abmfa[mif;
rsm;eef@ wrsdK;om;vHk;udk vlrqef/ olrqef zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fa&/ txl;ojzifh to#if pdENmudk +Adwdo# &dk@ rsufrkef; tusdK;qHk;+zdKufaw? pdkuf
twGif;q&mawmf vufatmuf wyfom;rsm;u uy`wdefrwf(pf)wwf acgif;aqmifa&// tkd twf(pf) twf(pf)(OSS) tazG@uwqifh tar&duefeef@
pdkufwyfeef@ qufoG,fcvdk@ q&mawmf ukd &ef+idK;azG@+yD;au zrf;qD;zdk@ ap;0dkif;vma&? q&mawmf wdrf;a&Smifvm;a&tcg wGd@&mrm ypfowfz@kd
trdef@xkwfqifh vdkufaw?
a,+yD;au &aohawmif+rdK@ae +ydKif;awmif &Gmom; tudk xGef;pdef/ tudk armifvHk;jzL to#if e&' ax&f (aygufawm) pa& &ckdif rsdK;csdKuf/
ajycsdKuf &[ef;awmfrsm;udk ta=umif;rJh zrf;qD;+yD;au ajryHkrm 17 &uf csKyfxm;a&? xrif;wxyf&m au|;xm;a&? Adkfvf}uD; =umvSatmifnD Adkvf
=umeDatmif udkavh trsdK;rsdK; tjypf&Sm+ydD;au 0g&rf; xkwfvdkufaw? ,if;tcg Adkvf =umeDatmifu to#if pdENmax&f eef@ wGd@qHk+yD;au t}uH^m%f
awmif;cHa& ? q&mawmfu Zmydkif tcsdfefrsdK;rm aecsJ@&dk@u qlyl x=uGatmif baZmifyifvkyfvkyf awmfvSef wdkufckdufzkd@ r+zdKufEdkifa=umif; txl;ojzifh
*syefvHk;0 ruif;pifcif rawmfvSef Edkifa=umif; awmfvSefau pdkufra&mufcif r#m;ukef+zdKuf vm;Edkifa=umif;/ r[kwfrrSef owif;rsdK;pHk xGufvmauavh
qifjcifoifha=umifh o#if; vif;jyvdkufaw?
,if;aemuf Adkvf =umeDatmif u “0g&rf;+yD;or*~” udk awaxmif+yD;au &&m vufeufrsm;udk pkaqmif;a&? udkf,hfukdukd,fuuG,f&D;
(Self-Sefence)twGuf tm;jyifqifxm;a&? awmifarmf&Gm teD;rm pdkufom; 700 yg0ifa& +Adwdo# wyfwwyfu vma&muf
0dkif;0ef;xm;ca&tcgrm 0g&rf;+yD;or*~ wyfom;rsm;u ajymufusm; wyfae;eef@ ckcHumuG,fwyfcdkufvdkufvdk@ tustqHk;r[d vGwfajrmufca&?
wdkufayG;rSm oHk;em &D=uma&? &efolbufu oHk;a,muf usa&? q,fa,muf'g%f&m &vm;ca&? vDwyf tulnD,l+yD;au 0g&rf;+yD; wyfom; rsm;udk
wdkufcdkufvmuwfaw? ,if;tcg 0g&rf;+yD; wyfom; r[d,m+zdKufaw?
,if;ydkif tcgrsdK;rm zwyv &ckdif acgif;aqmifrsm; 0ifa&mufjyef+yDvdk@ wqdwfau tyD;t,l&ca&? aemuf 0g&rf;+yD;rsm; vufeufcs
tyfvdkufaw? 1946 ck azazmf0g&Dv 14 &ufeduyif pdkuf vD,mOfeef@ to#if ynmoD[ax&f (&ckdifwdkif; /zwyv .=o0g'p&d,) Adkvf}uD;
=umvSatmif / tudk ausmfjr (twGif;&D;rSL;) / tudkOD;apm / ol&@dk udk umvuwWm;wdk@ ac:,l+yD;au tus,fcsKyfxm;a&? tpcg ( C.A.S
(B),M.A(Civil Affair Staff-Burma Military Administration) ac: pdkuftkyf&D; tazG@0ifrsm;u aqG;aEG;zdk@ vd@k ac:+yD;au *kykdif
ysifxm;ca&// 2 vcGJavmuf xm;a&? aemuf q&mawmfu ajAmif a=ujimcsuf xkwfzdk@ rdef@=um;+yD;rS&m jyefydk@vdkufaw? q&mawmf &d@k umvrm
&ckdifajy tajctaea& aumif;aumif; qdk;0g;eDa&? q&mawmf jyefa&mufaw aemufydkif;rm +idrf;csrf; om,m&D; twGuf
pdkuftpdk;&eef@vufawG;vkyfaqmifuwfaw? ,if; twGif;uyif aecsJ@&dk@ bufu azmufzsuf vmuwfaw? 0g&rf;+yD;rsm;udk +idrf;+idrf;/ csrf;csrf;usatmif
q&mawmf&dk@u pDpOfyD;a&?
aecsJ@&dk@um; 0g;&rf;+yD;rsm;udk rw&m; trde@f xkwfqifh+ydD;au zrf;qD;zdk@vkyfvkdufvdk@ Zmydkif +zdKufca& 0g&rf;+yD;rsm; vufeufcs
tyfvdkufjyefauavh xyfrH zrf;qD;ESdyfpufjyefa& ? q&mawmf ynm oD[rm pdkuftpdk;&eef@ 0g&rf;+yD;=um;rm tm;}udK;/ rmefwuf pdpyf&D; vkyfeDc&a&?
pdkuftpdk;&bm;u uwd trsdK;rsdK;awmif;cH+yD;au puULjzLuwd t&avhaumif;/ vDax;rSm aysmufuG,fa& pum;t&+zdKufpD/ 0g&rf;+yD;eDuwfaw &cdkif
trsdK;om; rsdK;csdKuf / Arm wyfrawmfom;rsm;udk vm;ac:a&? acsmharmh azmif;zsa&// trsdK;rsdK; tmrcHvdk@ac:a&? vlairsm;uavh acgif;aqmifrsm;udk
tm;udk;+yD;au vufeufcs tyfvdkufuwfaw? yvdyf*gwfodk@ a&mufau vlairsm;rm ae;rsdK;pHkeef@ zdESdyf/ ESdKufpufcH&a&? vlpHrrDatmif tESdyfpufcH&a&?
q&mawmfrm wckavhrwwfEdkif/ arwWm/ *&k%myGm;jcif; / a'go/ rmefax;cif;rSwyg;/ wckacsavh rwwfEdkifc a,cg &ckdif acgif;aqmifrsm; tcsif;csif;
aqG;aEG;uwfjyefa&// tajzaumif;udkr&? &cdkif vlai&dk@rm udk,f Zmudkvdkcsifa&vdk@ rajymwwf,m/ Zma=umifhudk,f &dk@ Zmydkif+zdKuf&a&avhvdk@
rjrifuwf,m? ajyolavh rGJvm;c,m / acgif;aqmifwdum; ZmydkifvJ

“ &ckdif ordkfif;a=umif;udk rsufuG,frjyKqdkpGmudk owd&yHkray:yg

ray:yg// &ckdif trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; ordkif;udk owd&yHkray:yg”
+Adwdo#Am;rm;rm YMBA acwf GCBA acwfrm Arm t&if;o#if aygufp ynmwwf vlwef;pm;&dk@ trsdK;om;&D; Edk;=um;p
0HomeKvkyfief;udk vkyfaqmifa&tcgrm &ckdif ynmwwf&dk@uavh a&m0ifvkyfuwfaw? Arm ynmwwf&dk@rm Arm trsdK;om; vGyfvyf&D;yef;wdkifukd
ypfrSwfxm;vdk@ }udK;pm;a&tcg &cdkif ynmwwf&dk@u ypfrSwf trSefudk &GD;cs,fcyHkrayguf ? EdkfifiH&D; wm0efudk &mxl;xifv@kd ief;ief;wuf
vdkufeDcuwfaw? ,if;eef@Zk &cdkif vl}uD;tcsdK@ ArmEdkifiH&D; orm;=um;rm a*smfum +zdKufeDca&? tepfemcHvkyfaw// acgif;aqmif wqdwfau
[dcauavh &cdkifajyoludk udk,fpm;rjyKcuwf? &ckdif vlr_tazG@tap;ax;rSm rv_yf&Sm;cuwf? ,if;eef@Zk &cdkif EdkifiH&D; vrf;a=umif; aysmufuG,f
vm;cuwf&a&? &ckdif ynmwwfrsm; &mxl;rufarmeDcuwfvdk@ / vrf;av#mf ypfcuwfvdk@ Zmydkif tusdK;qufwd wwef;}uD; +zdKufvm;c&a&?
,if; ynmwwfwd tdkvmau 'kwd, urBmhpdkuf c&D;twGif;rm &ckdif ynmwwf vlaiwd tcsdK@ &cdkif edKifiH&D;udk vkyfaqmifvmuwfaw? ,if;
vlai&dk@avh Arm EdkifiH&D; avmurm Edk;=um; vmuwfaw? vlaiwdrsm;a& ,if; vlairsm;eef@ Armajyu ynmwwf vlwef;pm; EdkifiH&D; orm;rsm;eef@

25
vufawG; vm;cuwfpGmudk pdkuf}uD; t}udKumvrm wGd@&a&? pdkuf twGif;rm +Adwdo#udk qef@usifuwfaw // ukvm;/ &cdkif t"du&kef;rm ydkrqdk;atmif
vkyfcuwfaw? &yf&Gm +idrf0yf ydjym;&D;twGuf }udKrf;yrf;cuwfaw? a,auavh aemufydkif; umvrm *syef awmfvSef&D; vkyfawtcg &efukefo@kd
vm;qufuwfaw? zwyv tazG@eef@ vm;qufuwfaw? &ckdif wdkfif;qdkif&m wdkfif;&if;om; tap;t&Hk;a& zwyv emrnfopfeef@ Arm *k%faqmif
xGef;ajymifatmif }udK;pm;vmuwfaw? &ckdif rsdK;csdKuf/ ajycsdKuf vlairsm;udk acgif;aqmifwdu rsdK;csdKuf Armwyfrawmfrm oGif;+yD;au Arm vGwfvyf&D;
twGuf toufudk paw;+yD;au wdkufcdkifcuwfaw?
pdkuf twGif;rm *syefeef@ aygif;vkd@ &mxl;,lol,l / +Adwdo# qef@usif&D; pdkuf+yD; csdefavmufrm *syefudk qef@usif / +Adwo# eef@ rdwfazG@vdk@
&mxl,lvl,l / +Adwo# pdkuftkyfcsKyf&D; /&ckdif ajywdk@ a&mufa&tcg &ckdif acgif;aqmif wdudk pdkuftkyf&D;u zdESdyfvma&? ajyol w&yfvHk;
a&;abmftrsm;tjym;/ pdkuftkyfcsKyf&D; atmufrm vlrqef/ olrqef EdSufpufcHc&a&?
*syef awmfvSef&D;Eef@ Cas-B vufatmuf umv&dk@rm &ckdif rsdK;csdKuf/ vlairsm; Armajyodk@ vm;vdk@vm; / tdENd,od@k vm;vd@k vm;/
odD[kdodk@ vm;vkd@vm;// ,if;ydkif vm;or#um; ap;arh/ ur;ffarhr[kwf/ zwyv XmecsKyfu zdwfvdk@vm;pGm? zwyv OD;pD;tazG@rm yg0ifvdk@
ArmvGwfvyf&D; &cgeD;,m? ol@nD OdD;ndkxGef;u uEWD+rdK@odk@ AdkfvfcsKyf atmifqef;eef@ twlygvm;cjyefa&? &ckdifom; wdtwGuf *k%f,lp&m r[kwfvm;?
Arm wyfrawmfudpPudk aqG;aEG;cuwfaw?
,if;ydkif tcsdeftcsdefrm +Adwdo# pdkuf tkyfcsKyf&D;u &cdkifajyudk zdEdSyfvkd@ aumif;wkef; / t,ifu &ckdif t&m[d a[mif;wdukd toHk;csv@kd
aumif;wkef; &ckdif t&m[da[mif;wdavh oHk;ESpfoHk;rdk;tm %mrjyc&pGm/ yg0grjyc&pGmudk apmifheD&vkd@ aus;Zl;o#if ajyol&dk@udk tm%mjyvmuwfaw?
txl;ojzifh oHk;ESpfoHk;rdk; ol&dk@ ckdatmifeDcuwfaw u|ef;&Gm v,form;wdudk &uf&uf pufpuf vkyfcuwfaw? aumif;aumif; &ifemzd@k aumif;a&?
'kwd, urBmpdkuf}uD;a=umifh &ckdif wajyvHk; pD;yGm;&D;/ vlr_&D;/ ynm&D;/ rmt}uD; tus,f usqHk;vm;ca&? ausmif;r[d uefr[deef@
vlaiwd avvGifhukefa& // pm&dwW ysufukefa&// vlr_&D;rm &Sufaumif; xref; &kdif;pdkif;vma&// &kwfw&uf iGDpuULwdudk +Adwdo#&d@k u &kwfodrf;
ydkufvdkufvdk@av v,form;wdk@rm vufeufz0g;&m usefvdkufaw,m // t0wftxnf/ tpm;tpm / qD;0g;r[dvdk@ oD}uDuwfpGmavh 'keef@aw;?
r,lurf; a'ou vlwdudk qdkau ukd,fa'oodk@ rjyefEdkif,m ukvm; &cdkif t"du&kef;cgu +yD;vwfcuwfaw &cdkif trsdK;om;&d@k
udk,fa'owdk@ rjyefuwfab; ukvm;wef w&dk;rm av;+rdK@+rdKuf w&dk;rm tajcpdkuf vmuwfaw? &yf&Gm +idrf0yf&D;avh tysufysuf/ t,Gif;,Gif;
+zdKufvmc&a&? &Gmwdkif;/ &Gmwdkif;rm "jr&efa=umifh rawh+idrfvdk@ +rdK@odk@ajymif;vm;&a&? ,if;eef@Zk aus;&Gm v,f,m vkyfief; ysufpD; qkwf,kwf
vm;c&a&?
+rdK@&dk@rmavh r+idrfrouf edwdkfif; txdyfwvef@eef@ +rdK@aeuvlrsm; c&dkif +rdK@rsm;odk@ a&mufvm uwfaw? c&dkif+rdK@ }uD;rsm;rmuav;
t,ifuydkif pdD;yGm;racsmif ukefvkyfief; / b%fvkyfief;uavh rpm;om? v,f,m taumufcGef uavhr& ,if;eef@Zk +rdK@u vlvwfwef;pm;
ynmwwfrsm; ola=uG/ olaX;rsm; &ckdifajyrm eDvdk@ r+zdKuf,m ? &efukefodk@ ajymif;&DGvm; ca&;yefa&?
+Adwdo# pdkuf tkyfcsKyf&D;atmuf &ckdifajyrm ia&;bHk ydkifacsmif,m &cdkif vl@tazG@tap; tzdk@ acwfqdk; wacwfukd &ifqkdifvmc
jyef,m+zdKufaw? 18 &mpk/ 19 &mpk u t,ift,ifu &cdkfif tusdK;qufwda& ordkfif; wavsmufrm acwfqdk;wdudk jzwfavsmuf c&auavh udk,fh
ordkfif;a=umif; trSef ypfrSwf trSefudk rrdr aysmufcuwf? udk,fypfrSwfudk udk,f}udK;pm;vkd@ acwftqdk;udk &ifqdkifcuwfaw? udk,f trsdK;om;.
ypfrSwfukd (0g) udk,fh wrsdK;om;vHk;. a&a&Gcsuf yef;wkdifudk/ b0ufdk pGef@vk@dvkyfaqmifcuwfaw? a&a&Gcsuf twGuf b0udk tepfem cHcuwfaw?
acwfrDSpGm rrDpGmudkrajymvdk@ wm0efauspGmudk ajymvdka&? a&a&Gcsuf trSeftwGuf b0ufdk tepfem cHcuwfpGmudk armfuGef;xdk;vdka&?
a'acwf 20 &mpktpydkif; rsdK;qufESpfquf (Two Generations) rSmum; &cdkif trsdK;om; ordkif; a=umif;udkavh rxDarhjrif
jyKcuwfaw? trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif;udkavh opPmazmufuwfaw? trsdK;om; a&a&Gcsuf trSefudkavh *&krpdkufuwf? olrsm;
a&Ga&csufrm ta&ma&m/ ta,mifa,mif aemufu vdkufcuwfaw? a'rsdK;quf ESpfquf vkyfydkufcpGmrm ig&dk@ trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif;
aysmufqHk;c&a&? toufo#if eD&ufom;eef@ oDeD&a&? &ckdkifa& Arm+zdKufedDc&a&? ,if; rsdK;qufESpfqufu &cdkifajyol w&yfvHk;udk Arm
vl@tazG@tap;rm oGif;vkdoGif; &ckdkif EkdifiH&D; awmfvSef&D;udk zwyv rm oGif;vdkoGif; rsdK;csdKuf Arm wyfrawmfr oGif;vkdoGif;eef@ vkyf&yfrrSefuef
a&a&Gcsuf rrSefuef vkyfypfcuwfvdk@ t*kydkif +zdKufeD&a&? &ckdifa& Arm +zdKufeD&a&? Arm vufatmufrm u|efykef; udkvdkeDb0 +zdKufeD&a&? ,if;
rsdK;qufESpfqufum; 0dkif /tmrf/ bD/ at eef@ *sD/pDbDat acwf &ckdif rsdK;qufeef@ zwyv eef@ zqyv acwf &ckdif rsdK;quf&dk@ +zdKufuwfaw?
*kydkif &DG;vdk@ a'rsdK;qufwdudk apmfum;apmfr[kwf/ tem*wf ordkfif;rm *kydkif trSm;rsdK; rxyfatmif tusdK;jyK a0zefjcif;&m+zdKufaw/
udk,fhtjriftwdkif; yGifhyGifh/ vif;vif; tjyKoabma0 zefjcif;&m+zdKufaw? +Adwdo# pdkuftpdk;& vufatmuf 1946 ck {+yDv yxr tywfrm yxr
t}udrfajrmuf &cdkif ajyvHk;qdkif zwyv nDvmcH obif}uD;udk ajrmufOD;+rdK@ae ysm;aw;&Gm rm usif;yvdkufaw? q&mawmf to#if pdENmax&feef@
wjcm; EdkifiH&D; acgif;aqmifrsm;rm 0g&rf;xkwf qifhjcif;cHeD&uwfvdk@ nDvmcH obif}uD;okd@ yGifhyGihf vif;vif; rwufa&mufEdkifcuwf? q&mawmf to#if
oD[ax&feef@wuG usefa& EdkifiH&D; acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; pHkpHk/ vifvif wufa&mufEdkifuwfaw? pdkuf}udD;twGif; tdENd,ajy tusdKif;axmifrm
tzrf;cHvD uwf&a&? tudk apmxGef;atmif / tudk ausmfOD;/ pol&dk@avh vGwfvmuwfvdk@ wufa&mufuwfaw? pdkufawG / ausmufjzL/ oHawG;/
oHk;c&dkif udk,fpm;vS,faygif; oHk;&m ig;q,fheef@ wjcm; yk8~dKvfrsm;avh wufa&mufuwfaw? aus;&Gmaygif; ESpfaxmifausmfu vlaygif; ESpfodef;cGJ
wufa&mufawvdk@ rSwfwrf;rsm;rm wGd@&a&? tvm;tvm cufac;&D;=um;u *kydkifwufa&mufuwfaw y&dwfowfrsm; txl; wufwuf/ =uG=uG
[deDuwfaw? udk,f&dk@ acgif;aqmif wdudk txl; tm;udk;eDuwfaw? udk,fh&dk@ acgif;aqmifwda& udkf,fh&dk@ 'kuQtaygif;wdudk y,fzsufEdkifvdrR,fv@dk txl;
tm;ygeDuwfaw? pcef;rSef/ vrf;rSefwdk@ tua,mifyif ydk@yD;edkifvdrfhrnfvdk@ tm;wufeDuwfaw? acgif;aqmif&dk@. rsufESmudk zl;ar#mfcsifuwfaw/

26
toHudk =um;csifuwfaw? =o0g'udk cH,l csifuwfaw/ vrf;nGef&mudk vdkufemcsifuwfa? t,ifcgu acgif;aqmifeef@ ajyolrm
uacgif;ap;&Hk;vdk@[dvDa&? acgif;aqmifwd ap;&Hk;r_ wufxGef; eD,m+zdKufaw? *kydkifpGmrm vrf;rSefau / yef;wdkifrSefudk a&mufEdkifa& r[kwfvm;//
nDvmcHac:,l&a& ta=umif;&if;um; pdkuf twGif; t+zdKuftysufeef@ +Adwdo# pdkuf tkyfcsKyf&D;atmuf tajctae&dk@udk o#if;vif;wifjyzdk@
zwyv. aqmif&Gufcsuf rsm;udkwifjyzdk@ &cdkifvlxk}uD;eef@ EdkifiH&D; orm;rsm;udk aoao/ csmcsm vrf;nGefjyzdk@+zdKufaw?
yvdyf t&m[drsm; pdkufom;rsm;&dk@avh vufeuf rsdK;pHkeef@ tap;ta0;rSwfwrf;rsm; ul;,lzdk@ a&mufeDa&// yxr edrm &ckdifajy
ajymufusm;wyfom;&dk@. Ed_ufemcsufrsm; / &cdkifajy t&yf&yfu jy\emrsm;udk yGifhyGifh/ vif;vif; wifjyuwfaw?
=o0g'p&d, q&mawmf to#if ynmoD[/ +Adwo# pdkuftkyfcsKyf&D;udk jyif;jyif;/ xefxef a0zefcsKyfcsvdkufaw? +Adwdo# tpdk;&a&
&cdkifajyudk r[mrdwf teDeef@ rjyKrlcab; ? pdkuf&HSL; wdkif;ajy wpfajyydkif jyKrl qufqHeDa=umif; &cdkifajy olvlxkudk t*kydkif zdeSdyfeDpGma& &cdkifwkdif;
zqyv udk zsufqD;zdk@vdka=umif; +Adwdo# tpdk;&. tkyfcsKyf&D;udk cdkifajr;pDcsifvdk@ *kydkif vkyfeDpGm+zdKufa=umif;/ ,auavh &cdkifajy olvlxkrm
+Adwdo#udkwcg / *syef udkwcg 2 qlwdkifwdkif awmfvSef wdkufcdkufcvdk@ oHr%dydkif cdkifrm eD,m+zdKufa=umif;/ tcgtcGifh&au w+ydKifeuf awmfvSef
x=uGuwfzdk@ +zdKufa=umif;&dk@udk wifjyvm;ca&?
+Adwdo# Am;rm;. wyfrawmfwdk@ pdkufom; oGif;&D; jy\emudk tus,fw0ifh aqG;aEG;uwfaw? 1945 ck pufwifbmv ujyKvkyfaw
*E<DqHk; tap;ta0; qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk +Adwdo# tpdk;&u vdkufemvkda& qENr&dSvdk@ ,HkrSm;oHo, +zdKufeDuwf&a&? ,if;ydkif +zdKuf&pGmrmavh
uEWDoabm wlnDcsufrsm;twdkif; ajymufusm; wyfom;&kd@udk vcxkwfryD;ab; t*kxd qdkif;xm;pGma=umifh +zdKufaw? wyfrawmf twGuf &ckkdif
pdkufAdkvf q,fa,mufavmuf ,lzdk@qdk+yD;au wpfa,mufaw;&m a&G;cs,fxm;a&? &cdkif om;ig;&mudk vufcHzdk@ qdkauavh vufrcHod// &cdkif wyfom;
a[mif; trsm;tjym; ykvdyf&dk@u ae;rsdK;pHkeef@ ESdyfpufeDuwfaw? atydkifyif uEWD oabmwlnDcsufudk +Adwdo#&dk@u azmufzsuf }udK;pm;eDuwfaw?
,if;eef@Zk ajymufusm; wyfom;&dk@udk vpm csufcsif;xkwfyD;zdk@ rw&m; oufouftcsKyfcHeD&a& aysmufusm;rsm;udk c|if;csufr[d
csufcsif;vGwfyD;zdk@ / ajymufusm; wyfom;&dk@udk acG;jcm;uef@owfjcif;r[dbJ pdkufwyfwdk@oGif;zdk@ // r0ifvdka&vlwdudk “ajyola&;abmf” wyfazG@udk
0if+yD;au vlxk tusdK;aqmifcGifh yD;zdk@ca& tqdkudk qHk;jzwf+yD;au awmif;qdkduwfaw? ,if;aemuf nDvmcH}uD;u
1? EdkifiH&D; tusdKif;orm;wdudk c|if;csufrJ@vGwfyD;zdk@?
2? EdkifiH&D; acgif;aqmif&dk@udk xkwfxma& 0g&rf;rsm;eef@ tus,fcsKyf trdef&dk@udk &kyfodrf;zkd@/
3?ajyol@ vGwfvyfcGifh&zdk@
4? pdkufa=umifh ,dk,Gif;ysufpD;eDa& ajyol ajyom;rsm;udk oufom/ acsmifcsdpD+yD;au
5? ,m,D tpdk;&tazG@udk zwyv tazG@csKyf (&efukef) jyefvDysdK;axmifzdk@eef@ csufcsif;aqG;aEG;zdk@
6? zdESdyfr_rsm;&dk@eef@vyfpm;r_ rsm;&dk@udk wkdufckdufzdk@?
7? 6vtwGif; ajyol vGwfawmf ac:Ekdifatmifjyifqifzdk@ pa& qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk csrSwfuwfaw?
udk,fhudkudk,f ydkifaqmif&Guf&D; vkyfief;}uD;twGuf ap;&Hk;uwfzdk@udkavh qHk;jzwfuwfaw?
*kydkif us,fjyef@ nDvmcHobif}uD;udk usif;y+yD;au tvkyftr_aqmif &GD;aumufuwfaw? qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk taumiftxnf
azmfEdkifatmif trsdK;rsdK; }udK;pm;tm;xkwfuwfaw? atumvrm zwyv a& &cdkifajy jy\emudkd OD;aqmif ajzo#if;vk@d[deDca&? pdkuftpdk;&udk
atmifwdkbmv 15 &uf rm &kyfodrf;+yD;au qm&f a':refprdof tpdk;a&;yefa&mufvmvwfawtcgrm &ckdifajyrm +Adwdo# AsL&dku&wf t&m[dqdk;rsm;/
&ckdif t&m[dqdk;rsm;/ &ckdif pD;yGm;a&orm;rsm;/ +Adwdo# pD;yGm;&D;orm;rsm; wpcef;vmuwfaw?
&cdkif wajyvHk;rmum; pdkuf'g%fa=umifh t0wftxnf &Sm;yg;vdk@ &Gmjyifrm eDxdkif&a&// rdom;pkwd &Gmwdfkif;rmvdkvdk [dvmuwfaw?
tdrfwGif;ykef;eD&a& rdom;pkrsm;/ xrdef&ifvsm;eD&a& trsdK;orD;rsm; [dvma&? txl;ojzifh crD trdsK;orD;rsm;&dk@ twGuf ajccif &Sm;yg;r_a=umihf
&Gmjyifrm eDuwf&pGmu trsm;tjym;?
tpmt[m& csdK@awhr_a=umihf a&m*gxljym;vma&? qD/ qm;/ i&kwf/ =uGufoGef / rpm;&vdk@ ,m;em / 0Jem aygrsm;vma&? 0rf;a&m*g /
ausmufa&m*g/ rsufpda&m*g yGm;rsm;vma&/ iSufzsm;a&m*g xljym;vma&? q;DyD;cef@ rvHkravmuf / q&m0ef/ qD;pyfol/ olemjyKrvHkravmufvdk@
vltodDtaysmuf xljym;vma&? yHkpH ajrmufOD;+rdK@ae / t&ufaor&Gm w&Gmaw;rm *sEM0g&D vtwGif; vl 45 a,muf oDqHk;c&a&?
*syefacwf vlairsm; pm&dwW ysufvma& tm;vyfcsdefrsm; / tyef;ajzpcef;ur[d/ vlairsm; t&ufaomuf/ avmif;upyf/ taysmfvkduftcsdef
jzKef;eDuwfaw? ,if;a=umihf vlairsm; ynm&D;rmavh aZmufxdk;usqif;vma&? ausmif;rvHkravmuf / q&mrvHkravmuf/ y&daygurajyhrpHk/
tpdk;&u wckavhjyefrajz@? at*kydkif u|ef;eDajyolvlxkrma&m / +rdK@eDvlxkrmyg azmfjyyguyfqdk;}uD;wdeef@ jyefav&ifqdkifeDuwf&,m? ,if;tcg
pdkufa=umihf qdk;usdK; cHpm;vm&auavh *kawmhcg pdDrHudef;eef@ pepfwus yHpHazmfxm;a& aecsJ@ ,EWm;a=umifh &ckdifajyrm taxGaxG uyfqkd;}uD;wd
&ifqdkifeDuwf&a&? ,if;tcsdefrm ukefpsD;E_ef;u wufvma&?
-
iyd /1odkuf/ 1d/ pyg;10awmif;eef@za&?
qm; 1odkuf / 1d pyg;q,fawmif;eef@za&/
i&kyf 1odkuf 4d/ pyg;eef@rz
qD 1yd\m 12d/ pyg;25 awmif;eef@za&
axv#m;wax 8d/ pyg;25 awmif;eef@za&?

27
attxufyg yapP;&dk@a& v,form;&dk@twGuf roHk;r+zdKufaw yapP;wd+zdKufaw?
&DeHqDwykvif; wpfusyfjym;&Spfq,f pyg;eef@rz//
ESrf;qD 1ykvif; wpfusyfjym;&Spfq,f pyg;eef@rz
o=um;wpfyd\m &Spfusyf ----? ---
pDuvdyf 1bl; 12jym; ?
vzufa& 1cGuf 4jym; ?
tdyfaqmufvkyfzdk@ukefyapP;rsm;. psD;E_ef;udk =unfhjyeffau
0g;w&mudk 40d u 60d xd pyg;eef@rz
tkef; w&mudk 80d ?
}udrfw&m 15d ?
,if;tcgu ukefpsD;E_ef;wufoavmuf ajyol0ifaiG rwdk;jrSifh/ pyg;psD;rwuf/ pyg;psD;rawmif 100 udk 30d E_ef;psD;&m[da&?
ulvDwpfa,mufwed0ifaiG 12jym; atmufwef;pm&D;wOD; wv0ifaiG 50d/
&Gmausmif;q&m wv0ifaiG 25d/ vufaxmuf pm&D;wOD; 80d
ykvdyftr_xrf; wv0ifaiG 21d txufwef; 90d

ac&dkfif umv vlOD;a& xGufpyg; vdkpyg; a&mif;pyg; avsmhpyg;

pdkufawG pdkufrjzpfrD 780,705 467,000 195,000 276,000 r[d
pdkufjzpf+yD; 684,635 186,000 171,900 14,910 r[d
ausmfjzL pdkufrjzpfrD 252,285 89,000 63,000 26,000 r[d
pdkufjzpf+yD; 227,053 35,600 56,700 r[d 21,100
oHwGJ pdkufrjzpfrD 139,747 62,00 35,00 27,000 r[d
pdkufjzpf+yD; 125,773 24,800 31,500 r[d 6,700
yvuf0g; pdkufrjzpfrD 34,005 6,000 9,000 r[d 300
pdkufjzpf+yD; 30,605 2,400 8,100 r[d 2,700
t*kESpf pkpkaygif; 1,068,066 249,600 268,200 14,900 33,700
*kydkif pD;yGm;&D; t=uyf&dkuf eDpdkiftpdk;&u 0JvfzJ,m oufomacsmifcsd&D; (Welfare) ukefpdiS&D; Xme rsm;udk zGifhvdkufyD;auav; vufwd@kpedwf arSmifcdk
vkyfief;udk&m tmyD;&m a&mufvm;ca&? zqyv uor0g,r zGJ@pnf;+yD;au twwfEdkifqHk; ajz&Sif;Edkifatmif }udK;pm;cuwfaw? tem*wfudk ydkifqdkifa&
vlairsm;. ynm&D; twGuf udkav; zqyvyif OD;pD;}udK;udkifca&? yHkpH pdkufawG txufwef;ausmif;}uD;udk jyefvDjyKjyifyD;ca&? tjcm; a'o&d@k rmavh ,if;ydkif
vkyfyD;ca&?
tudk omausmfuavh “vlairsm; tpnf;t&Hk;” udk xlaxmif+yD;au zqyveef@ qufaoGxm;a&? vlairsm;. ynm&D;/ usef;rm&D;/ qufqH&D;wdk@
aumif;rGef wdk;wufvmatmif }udK;pm;vkyfaqmifyD;ca&?
at t+cDteDrm pD;yGm&D;uwfqdk;u 0ifa&muf aESmuf,Sufvmjyefa&? t&m[drsm;uav; arSmifhvma&? +Adwdo# t&if;o#ifeef@ uGefy&m'dk
aeacs@vuf0DcH&dk@ aumif;=urf;vma&? &ckdkifajyrm vlOD;a&t& +zdKufpD/ pyg;xGufE_ef; t&+zdKufpD/ pyg;pdkuf av{u t&yif+zdKufpD/ pdkuf=uD;+yD;aemuf t+cDteDrm
qkwf,kwfvmuwfaw? ,if;tjyif vlxkuav; cdkufrrDS/ wdkif;ajyuav; r+idrfroufvdk@ avvkyfief;rm usqif;vdk@ [deDa&? tckxdyif+zdKufaw//
pdkufrjzpfcif p&if;rm 1943ck qdyfrvm+rdK@u xkwf0Da& “ Armajytpdk;&vr;fnGef” pmtkyfu ul;,lpGm+zdKufaw? t*k pdkuf+yD;aemuf cef@rSef;+cDrm
pdkuftwGif; toDtqHk;a=umihf vlOD;a& wpfq,f&mcdkifE_ef; usavsmhvm;ca&? pyg; ig;yHkoHk;yHk avsmhvm;a&vdk@ ,lq+yD; cef@rSef;wGufxm;a& pm&if;rsm;+zdKufaw?
pyg;csdefrm wefcsdef+zdKufaw?
txufyg p&if;p,m; t&qdkau &ckdifajyc&dkif av;c&dkifteuf pdkufawGc&dkif wckwnf;u&m pyg;wefcsdefaygif; 14900 ydkeDa&// wjcm; oHk;c&dkifu
avsmheDa& pyg;udk aygif;vdkufau 33,500 wef+zdKufaw? ,au &cdkif wajyaevHk; twGuf ,ckESpf 1946 ckrm pyg;wefaygif; 18,600avsmheDpGmudk wdG@&a&?

t*kydkif pyg;txGufE_ef; avsmheDpGm Zma=umif

Zma=umifhvJ??
wzufrm av,m vkyfief; cdkufrrDSvdk@ pyg;txGufavsmheDpGmydkif wjcm;wbufrSm pyg;pdkuf{u jyKef;vm;pGma=umihf u|J/ EGm; rsm;qHk;,SHK;r_a=umihf pyg;
txGufavsmhvm;&a&? 1941 ckp&if;t& pyg; pdkuf{u 931,000 [dpGm pdkuftwGif; ig;yHkoHk;yHkavmuf jyKef;vm;ca&? u|J/ EGm;aumif&D 237,600 [dpGm 1940 ck
avxGefcsdefrm ig;yHkESpfyHk&m toHk;csEdkifa&? vlOdD;a& avsmhae;vm;vdk@ avvkyfief; tm;ae;vm;&a&? avu&d,mrsm; pHkpHk/ vifvif r[dv@kd av; usqif;vm;&a&?
,if; twGufwma=umifh ,if;Ed_ufu &Spfq,fh&mE_ef; avorm;&dk@rsm;rm 0rf;pmrvHk +zdKufeD&a&?

28
 ,if;ESpf wvif; odrf;csdefavmufrm &ckdifajy. av,m tm;vHk; udk;q,f&mcdkifE_ef;udk ydkifqdkifuwfaw OD;a&;ausmfol ukr`%D/ oEWmjzL ukr`%D/
OD;a&$om ukr`%D/ OD; ay:xGef;atmif ukr`%D&dk@ ay:aygufvmuwfaw? tpdk;ESifh avorm; wdk@udkav; oifhatmifacs aphpyf,luwfvdk@ wrde@f vkyfoifhvdkufaw//
,if;a=umifh zqyveef@ awmifol avorm;or*~u tpdk;&eef@ avydkif&Sifrsm;&dk@udk ,if;Ed_ufrm tcGefraumufz@kd /avcraumufzdk@udk
awmif;yefvdkuf&a&? atmifjrifpGm oifh&Hkavmuf[dca&? ,if;tcg zqyv eef@ awmifol avorm;or*~&dk@. cef@rSef;+cDt& &ckdifajy vlOD;&dD eef@
pyg;txGufrm csdefrudkuf+zdKufeDca&/ pyg;ydkeDa& pdkufawGc&dkifrm ,if;E_dufu 0rf;pm rvHk+zdKufeD&a&? pyg;ae;yg;a&// ausmufjzLc&dkif/ oHawG;/ yvuf0 c&dkfif&dk@rm
qdkauum; ydkrdk qdk;0g;vmzdk@pGm yif+zdKuffaw? wajyvHk; twdkif;twmt& &Spfq,f &mcdkifE_ef; avorm;rsm;rSm 0rf;pm rvHkavmuf+zdKuf eD&a&?
,if;tcsdefrm +Adwdo#ae@csJ@ tpdk;&eef@ taygif;tyg pD;yGm;&D; aomif;usef;a& ukr`%Drsm; /vlxkyk*~dKvfrsm; vyfpm; t&m[drsm;u awmifol
avorm;rsm;udk ydkvdk@ qdk;0g;pDa&?
1945 ck'DZiab;mvrm tpdk;&u pyg;psD; awmif;w&mudk 85d usyf E_ef; oufrSwfvdkuf+yD; &cdkif wajyvHk;twGuf pyg;t0,f Xmewckwnf;udk
pdkufawGrm zGifhv_dufxm;a&? trSefrmtpdk;& pyg;t0,fXmea& pwD; bk&m;om; ukr`%D/ bHkab bm;rm;ukr`%dD/ x&D;'def; ukrR%Drsm;/ aumfykd&D;&Sef;rsm;
pkaygif;xm;a&Xme wck+zdKufaw? aiGudkavh ,if; ukrR%Dwdbm;u &mxkwfyD;xm;a&? ,if;t0,fXme. t&m[d wdrsm;rSmav; xkdukrR%D a[mif;rsm;.
vkyfom; a[mif;rsm;yif+zdKufaw// yHkpHwck jy&zdk@qdkau ,if;tcgu tpdk;& t&m[d }udD;wpf+zdKufaw “ar*smrm,m” rm ,if;ukrR%D. vkyfom;a[mif;
}uD;wpfa,mufyif+zdKufaw// ,if;a=umifh ,if;ukrR%Da& udk,f&dk@. vkyfom;a[mif;}uD;wd yg;uwqifh tpdk;&udk acsvS,fEdkifa&?
tpdk;&rm pyg;psD;E_ef;udk owfrSwf&mrm pedwfrus tae;qHk;psD;E_ef;udkav;owfrSwfryD; /,if;Zkeef@ trsdK;rsKd;u&dkufuxdkuf+zdKuf&a&//
avorm;&[da& pyg;psD;rS owfrSwfxm;a&psD;E_ef;twdkfif;r[kwf w0ufausmfru ae;eDa&? pyg;w&mudk 25d rS 45d rm&[duwfaw?
tpdk;&tzGJ@udkYrm trsK;drsKd;vkyfeDuwfaw? udk,f&dk@vuf0DcH ajrGayG;vufyg;pDwdk@udk vufowf+yD;au psD;trsdK;rsdK;eef@ pyg;0,feDa&? yHkpHjy&zdk@qdkau
pdkufawGom;Zmwd (,if;tcgu ajrmufOD;rm eDa&) ayG;pm;OD;armifvHk;jzLqdkoludk tpdk;& Xmeu aiGxkwfyD;a& ausmufawmfae/ ajrmufOD;aewd@k wGif pyg;w&mudk
25 usyf 30d psD;E_ef;eef@&m 0,fa&? aiGt=uyf&dkufeDa& avorm;wdbm;u pyg;udk yifaxmif0,fpGmudkav;vkyfpDa&? ,if;tcgu &vma& pyg;wdukd
OD;armifvHk;jzLu pyg;t0,fXmerSmoGif;a&? t0,fXmeu t*FvdyfrsufESmjzL t&m[d&dk@a& (ukrR%Dvla[mif;rsm;) t,ifu pyg;wdukd t0,fXmerm
pyg;w&mudk 85dpsD;E_ef;eef@toGif;jyvdkufjyefa&? OD;armifvHk;jzLudk ayG;pm;cyD;vdkufaw? *kydkif+zdKufeDa& EdkifiHjcm; ukrR%D}uD;&dk@u tpdk;&udk }udK;qGJ+yD;au
aygufqdef&dk; &ckdifayG;pm;ukefonfrsm;udk cg;ydkufaqmifxm;ca&? a,+yD;au avorm;&dk@. ac|;aEG;pmvkyftm;cudk tjrwf}uD;pm;acgif;yHkjzwfvkdufaw/

t&mavhwrsdK;[djyefoda&`&`
,if;tcgu &ckdifajyrm ao,lydk@aqmif&D;u raumif; pdkufr+zdKuab;Ju oabFmarmif;rsm;ukdokH;jyD;au ajywGif;rm vm;vmeD&a& oabFmc&D;pkdifuav@ rrSef/
avorm;pyg;wdukdav@rwif/ ,ifht+zdKuf *syefckdufwckdufvkH;u avorm;&kd@rm [doavmufavmif;*sDwduav@ ysufqD;qkH;&SH; / ukef;vrf;uav@rayguf /
"g;jr/olckd;/ vlqkd;uav@aomif;=urf;/ *kykdifpGmrm avorm; qif;a&;om;&kd@rm pdkufawGokd@ yapmifa&mufzl; uwfzkd@av;? aw;zk@d / ckdz@dk / eD&m0g ukd,f&kd@u
*syefwcdkufvkH;rm ulnDvkdufaw jrKd@u t&m[d t&mcHwdukdav@ ,kHpGmr[kwf? a=umufvkd@yifeD&oda&?
,if;ykdiftajctaeqkd;ukd csufaumif;csufeDpGmu ckdufysufolaX;rsm;/ ukvm;/w&kwfolaX;rsm;/ uGefy&m'kd vuf0DcHayG;pm;ukefaorsm;/ ol&@dk ol&@dk a&
avmif;}uD;/ pyf}uD;/ orŠ}uD;wdeef@uGsefurf;tESH@avSjyD;au pyg;wdukdvkdufa0a& tae;qkH;aps;eef@ vkdufa0a& ? avorm;&k@d rm 0wfzkd@/ pm;zkd@u
tylwjyif;vkdvm&a& yifaxmifa&mif;olua&mif; /0rf;pma&mif;olua&mif;/ r[du[du +cdKufAsmvf,mAsmvfa&mif;csvkdufaw ?
ol&kd@ol&kd@&vma&pyg;wdukd tpkd;&yg;rm 85 aps;eef@ oGif;jyD;au 1jyef2jyefjrwfaw/ bl;oD;awmif armif;awm ukd100 aps;eef@ vm;a&mif;au
oHk;av;jyef jrwfaw// pdkufwaumif;okd@vm;jyD;au 125psD;eef@a&mif;auav; 4 5 jyefjrwfaw// wcsKd@u pyg;ukdavmifxm;a& ajywGif;rm pyg;o#m;aetcg
tjrwf}uD;pm;eef@a&mif;zkd@avmifxm;uwfaw/?
*kykdiftiwfzD;eef@&ifqkdifvkd@ vma&tcg pD;yGm;orm;&kd@um; vkyfpm;aumif;wkef; avorm;&kd@rmum; ukd,f@vkyfpGmudkd ukd,f@rpm;& tjrwf&zk@d pGmukdxm;
iwfjyefodrf;a& tcg aemufESpfpyg;twGuf 'gawmifcsjyD;au pyg;avmifxm;a&vlwdyg;u pyg;jyefjyD;au a0a&;yefoda&? &cdkifwajyvHk;. pdkufzD;'g%ftm;vHk;udk
ukef;jymatmifcHpm;eDuwf&a&// avorm;vkyfpmudk +Adwdo# / w&kwf/ ukvm;uav; oHk;ESpfoHk;rdk;twGuf t+idK;ESifht jrwf,la& // &ckdif pD;yGm;&D;orm;
udk,fcsif;rnSm tjrwf,la&? ol@&dk@ol@&dk@rm ysufvcor# pD;yGm;&D;udk tzwfq,fEdkifatmif acgif;yHkjzwfeDuwfaw? ol@&dk@ ol&dk@ tzwfaqvm;pGmu avorm;.
vkyftm;udk;?
t*kydkif &ckdif trsdK;om;w&yfvHk;udk vlpHrrDSatmif +Adwdo# t&if;o#if aecsJ@ tpdk;&a& pD;yGm;&D;t&av;aumif;/ vlr_&D;t&av;aumif;/
EdkifiH&D;t&av;aumif; zdEd_uf csKyfacsa&twGufa=umifh &cdkifajyrm atmufus/ aemufus ajywajy t+zdKufodk@ aZmufxdk; usqif;a&;yefa&? jyefvD xlaxmif&D;
vkyfief;udkav; waphauhavh rvkyfyD;//
+Adwdo# t&ifo#ifaecsJ@um; &ckdifajyudk ESpfcgvdrfvdk@ ESpfcg tkyfcsKyfvD,m// 19 &mpk tpykdif;u wcg &ckdif tm;udk t&Htm; t+zdKufokH;+yD;au &wemydk
pmcsKyft& &ckdifajyudk odrf;ydkufca&? &ckdif&dk@xifpGmu “ +Adwdo#a& u,fwif&Sif r[mrdwfvdk@” +zdKufaw? 20&mpkrm wcg &ckdkiftm;udk t&Htm;oHk;+ydD;au
zufqpf *syefudk wdkufxkwfca&// &ckdifajyudk 'kwd, t}udrfvm tkyfcsKyfjyefa&// a'wacgufrm &ckdifa& t&Htm; t+zdKuftoHk;cH& apmfrmawmif &ckdif
t+zdKufeef@ toHk;cH pGmr[kwf &ckdif acgif;aqmifwd azmufjyefcvdk@ Arm t+zdKufeef@ toHk;cscH&pGm+zdKufaw? ,if;eef@Zk pdkuf'g%fukdavhcH/ pdkuf+yD;jyefau
r[mrdwf&dk@. tEd_fuftpufudkavhcH/ ,if;eef@Zk &ckfdkif ajyol&dk@u +Adwdo#udk xyfrH awmfvSefcsifuwfaw? acgif;aqmifwdrm aeacs@udk awmfvSefzdk@
awmif;qdkeDuwfaw? ajyol&dk@um; acgif;aqmifwd avmuf tjrifraus/ acgif;aqmifwdjrifa&ydkif rjrif / acgif;aqmifwdjrif eDpGmudk ajyolwdem;rav
acgif;aqmif wdjrifeDpGmu Armajyu zqyvtazG@csKyfudk aqG;aEG;csKyfqdk }udK;yrf;a=uhvm&zdk@// Arm vGwfvyf&D;udk &cdkfifajyolwd rD;ydkfif yleD&a& b0udk u,fEkdifz@kd

29
wdkufayG;0if&zdk@/ vrf;nGef yD;zdk@ wm0efum; zqyv (&ckdifwdkfif;) rSm wm0ef[dvDa&? ,if;a=umihf t*kEdSuf tpnf;ta0; awmuef nDvmcHa& emrnf}uD;a&//
awmuef nDvmcHu 5/ 4/ 46 rS 9/4/ 46 qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;
1? to#ifpdENmudk ab;rJha=ujimydD;&ef/
2? zdESdyf csKyfcs,fr_udk &yfap&ef/
3? t*k ESpfrm avcGefeef@ +rDcGef raumufcH&ef/
4? Armajyudk vHk;0 vGwfvyf&D; yD;&ef/
5? &yf&Gm umauG&D;t azG@eef@ ajyola&;abmftazG@rsm;udk vufeufxkwfydD;&ef/
6? &ckdifajyrm vrf;yef; azmufaoG&D;eef@ tvm;tvm vHkjcHK&D; twGuf aqmif&GufyD;&ef/
7? iwfrGwf acgif;yg;&D;udk umauG&ef/
8? EdkifiHjcm;eef@ qufaoG&ef/
9? ynm&D; /
10/ EdkifiH&D; tusOf;orm;wdudk vGwf&efeef@ tcsKyfacsudk z,fzsuf&ef/
11? awmifolavorm; oufoma&SmifcsdpD&ef/
12 ? &ckdif Ak'<bmomeef@ &cdkif rlqvif rsm;wdk@ &if;ESD;pGm aygif;oif;qufqH csKdufa=uhpGm eDxdkif=u&ef/
13? wdkif;ajy jyefavxlaxmif&D; pDrH&ef
14? auGvGefol EdkifiH&D; orm;acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;udk owd&eDatmif ausmuf&kyfaw&ef?
15? wdkif;ajy twGuftoufpGef@ca& ola&;aumif; ajymufusm;rsm;udpP&dk@ yif+zdKufaw? (&cdkifajyeef@ ajymufusm;&dk@ edKufemcsufrSm 99/ 100)
1906 ck 0dkiftrab;Dat tazG@ tap;ta0; / pdkufawG aus;vufa'&Gmrm zqyv nDvmcH}uD;usif;ya&// 1946ckxd &cdkif EdkifiH&D;a& aemufvkduf0g'
+zdKufpGmudk ,if;twdk;twGif; v_yf,Sm;cuwfaw? yk*~dKvf wpfa,mufcsif; vkyfaqmifcsuf/ EdkifiH&D; tazG@tap; toD;odD;&dk@ vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk a=uhau
xifxif&Sif;&Sm;wdG@[dEdkifa&? +Adwdo#udk tm;udk;vdk@ +Adwdo# u|efESpfcg+zdKufc&a&ydkif Armudk,HkrSm;vdk@ Armu|efESpfcg +zdKufeD,m+zdKufaw? aemufvdkuf0g' eef@
aemufvdkuf0g'D&dk@ ig&dk@ vltazG@tap;rSm qdwfokOf;vm;atmif wkkdufzsufrS&m vrf;rSefpcef;rSefeef@ ydkufrSwftrSefudk &Edkfifuwfzdk@+zdKufaw?
1945 / 46 ckrSm ArmEdkifiH&D; *dk%f;*%udpP/ yk*~dvudpP&dk@u wqufquf jyif;xefvma&? ,auavh Arm trsdK;om;&dk@. ydkufrSwfum;raysmuf/
a&a&Gcsufum;raysmuf/ udk,f,Hka=uhcsuf/ a&a&Gcsufudk b0ufdktEd_ufemcHvdk@ aqmif&GufeD uwfwkef;yif+zdKufaw? 1945 ckavmufrm ocifpdk; /ocif
oef;xGef;&dk@a& uGefjrLEd_uf ygwDudk Am;w&mrm qdkif;bkwfwifxm;uwfaw? udkausmf+idrf;/ udkbaqG&dk@uavh ajyol vGwfvyf&D;/ qdkacsvpfygwD
,cifajyolt&D;awmfyHk ygwDudk qdkfif;bkwfvmuwfaw? AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef;uavh awmfvSef&D; a&;abmfa[mif;wdudk pk+yD;au ajyola&;abmf tazG@udk
qdkif;bkwfwifvdkufaw?
1946 ck ZGefe0g&Dvrm zqyv ajyvHk;u|wfnDvmcH}uD;udk a&$wd*Hkbk&m; taemuab;ufukef;rm usif;yvkdufaw? vGwfvyf&D;twGuf
awmif;qkdcsufrsm;udk csrSwfuwfaw? ,if;aemuf OuUXt+zdKuf AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef;udkavhaumif; / twGif;&D;r_;t+zdKuf OD;ausmf+idrf;udkavhaumif;/ awG;buf
twGif;&D;t+zdKuf ocifodef;azjrihf (uGefjrLEd_ufygwD) udkavhaumif; toD;oD; wifajrmufvdkufuwfaw?
1946 ck azazmf0g&D vrm uGefjrLEd_ufygwD uGJtufjyefa&? ocifpdk;/ ocifjr / a':apmjr pa& a&;eD ckESpfOD; cGJxGuf+yD;au uGefjrLEd_ufygwD (Armajy)
tvHeDygwDudk xlaxmifvdkufuwfaw? ocif oef;xGef;uavh usefa&ygwDeef@ Armajy uGefjrLEd_ufygwD (0g) tvHjzLygwDudk xlaxmifvkdufaw?
t*kydkif ArmEdkifiH&D; ygwDwd uGJtufygvwfawtcg &cdkif acgif;aqmif&dk@avh vdkufvdk@ uGJjym;uwfaw? acgif;aqmifuGJjyefau aemufvdkufwdavh
uGJjym;uwfaw// acgif;aqmifwd wdkufuwfau aemufvdkuf a&;abmfwd oD}uDG usdK;yJhuwf&a&?
1?OD; ndkxGef;/ Adkvf }uD;=umvSatmif/ Adkvf pHomausmf/ OddD; omxGef;/ Adkvf armifuav;/ Adkvf atmifausmf&dk@ ajyol@ a&;abmftazG@odk@
ygvm;cuwfaw?
2? to#if ynmoD[&dk@rm zqyv OdD;ausmf+idrf;/ OD; baqG&dk@eef@ wbufaw; OD; bpH&dk@avh ajyol vGwfvyf&D; qdkacsygwDukd pdkufawG &ly&GmrSm
vdkufvdk@ xlaxmifvkdufjyefa&?
3? AHkayguf omausmf&dk@u tvHeD uGefjrLEd_ufygwDbufodk@ ygvm;ca&?
4? OD; ausmfjr&dk@u tvHjzL uGefjrLEd_uf ygwDbufodk@ ygvm;ca&?
q&mawmf to#if pdENmum;0g&rf;+yD;eD,if;yif qdkacsvpfygwD0if ocifjr/ OD;baqG/ OD;ausmf+idrf;&dk@eef@ wdG@qHkaqG;aEG;+yD;au aemufykdif; A[kd=o0g'
tmp&d, tazG@csKyfudk xlaxmifvdkufaw?
,if;ESpfrSmyif q&mawmfu &ckdifajy vuf0JnDnGwf&D; udkac:qdkvdkufaw? uydkifacsmif; &Gm awmpcef;weD&mrSm csdK@0Suf usif;ya&? OD;ndkxGef;/
OD;omxGef;wdk@ ajyol@ a&;abmftazG@ udk,fpm;vS,ft+zdKufavhaumif; / OD;bapmu uGefjrLEd_ufygwD udk,fpm;vS,f t+zdKufavhaumif;/ zqyv
udk,fpm;vS,ft+zdKuf rsdK;csKdufausmfOdD;u ajyolvGwfvyf&D; qdkacsvpfygwDudk,fpm;vS,ft+zdKuf OD;omausmfuavhaumif; toD;oD;wufa&mufvmuwfaw//
tppt&m&mudk aqG;aEG; nd_Ed_if;uwfaw? vuf0J nDnGwf&D; wyfaygif;pk+zdKufEdkifatmif tpDtpOf csrSwfcuwfaw?
aemufydkif;rm &ckdifajyrm zqyv uGefjrLEd_ufygwD ajyola&;abmftazG@ / ajyolvGwfvyf&D; /qdkacsvpfygwD/ A[dk =o0g' tmp&d,
tazG@csKyf&dk@tygt0if ajryHk/ aygufawm nDnGwf&D; wyfaygif;pk nDvmcH udk atmifatmif/ jrifjrif vkyfaqmifvdkufuwfaw? ,if;nDvmcHudk AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;eef@ OD;baqG&dk@ wufa&mufvmuwfaw? ,if;tcsdefrm AdkfvfcsKyf atmifqef; bk&ifcHodkuf tpdk;& tazG@acgif;aqmif+zdKufeD,m? zqyv tpdk;&

30
tm%m&eD,m? AdkvfcsKyf zqyv tpdk;&azG@+yD;pu Armh vGwfvyf&D;r&au wdkuf,lzdk@ pDpOfxm;auavh bdvyfwdk@vm;vdk@ atmifqef;twWvdD pmcsKyfudk
csKyfqdk+ydD; aemufydkif;rm awmfvSef&D;tpm; ajymif;vJr_rsm;udk vkyfaqmifvma&Asm,f? OD;atmifZHa0 wpfa,mufum; zqyvtazG@rm yg0ifeD&a&?
ajryHk nDvmcHrm &ckdif acgif;aqmifwdeef@ AdkvfcsKyfwdk@ tqifrajyc? +Adwdo# vufatmuf &ckdifajya& zqyv vufatmuf &cdkifajywdk@wdk@
ul;ajymif;pjyKvm,m+zdKufaw?
,if; nDvmcHt+yD; &rf;+AJu|ef;u a&;abmf b[efeef@ a&;abmfOD;aEG&dk@ tzrf;cH&a&? q&mawmf t&Sif qENmu ,if; udpPtwGuf vlxkwkdufayG;0ifz@kd
=uGvmawmfrla&tcg zqyv tpdk;&u oabFmxufrmyif q&mawmfudk zrf;qD;vdkufaw? om,0wDaxmifrm csKyfaESmifxm;vdkufaw?
q&mawmf axmifax;rSm oDwif;oHk;eDpdkif &cdkifajy vuf0JnDnGwf&D;um; a,mh&D;&D; +zdKufvma&? wrsdK;om; vHk;udk acgif;aqmif EdkifpGrf;[da&
q&mawmfr[da&tcg ap;vHk;r_avh usqif;vma&? ,if;ydkifpGmrSm tqdk;qHk;um; Armh EdkifiH&D;orm;rsm; *dk%f;cGJpGmudk cHeDuwfaw? &ckdif vuf0Jacgif;aqmif&dk@a&
Arm vuf0JXmecsKyf toD;odD;rm wuGJwjym; yg0ifeDuwfpGma& ,if;tcguyif t*kxd+zdKufaw? tpdkiftvmwckyif +zdKufeDa&? ol&@kd twGuf qdkau udk,fykdif
jyXmef;cGifh (Self Indetity) a& vHk;0 qdwfokef;eD,m +zdKufw? usdKif;ajrmif;/ arSmifrdkufvSa& aemufvkduf0g' wdkufcef;usdKif;rSm tydkuf cHeD&uwfaw? ,if;
yk*~dKvf}uD;ai&dk@udk igh&dk@ &ckdif tazG@tap;u =uyf=uyf okawoe vkyf&zdk@yif ol&dk@trSm;udk awmfvSef&D; ocFef;pmt+zdKuf rSwfom;xm;&zd@k yifjzdKufaw?
AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef;a& zqyv tpdk;&udk azG@ap;+yD;aemuf 0ef}uD;csKyf twWvD. zdwf=um;csuft& vef'ifwdk@ vdkufvD&a&? ,if;rm 1947 ZEM0g&D
12 &uf edrm Armh vGwfvyf&D; tm&HkOD; a&mifjcnfeef@ wla& atmifqef;twWvD pmcsKyfudk csKyfqdkEdkfifca&? ,if;u jyefvm+yD;au &Srf;ajyyifvkH+rdK@wGif &Srf;/ ucsif
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;eef@ twl “yifvHkpmcsKyf” udk 12/ 2/ 47 ckrm csKyfqdkEdkifca&?
19/ 7/ 47 ckrm AdkvfcsKyf tvkyf}uHcH&a&? olauGvGef+yD;aemuf ArmhEdkifiH&D; tajctae uaumif; qdk;0g;vmvwfaw? Arm ajyrmuGJv@kd &cdkif
ajyrmavh uGJvmuwfaw? ,if;u XmecsKyfu nGef=um;wdkif; a'u XmecsKyfu vkdufema&? ,if;ydkifumvrm q&mawmf. jy\em &cdkifajy. jy\em
t&yf&yfrm r_ef0g;vm;ca&? wdrfaumvm;ca&? vufatmufcH omrn +zdKufvm;c&a&?
ArmajyuGefjrLEd_ufygwDXmecsKyfu a&;abmfausmfjr&dk@OD;pD;xm;a& zqyv (&cdkifwdkfif;) udk ukd,fh tiftm;pkt+zdKuf owfrSwfxm;a&? q&mawmf
to#ifpdENm. ajyolvGwfajrmuf&D;ygwD (People’s liberation Party) (A[dk=o0g' tazG@udk jyefvdk@ todkufwpfzef azG@ap;vdkufawygwD )udk
qdkacsvpfygwD (OD;ausmf+idrf;/ OD;baqG wdk@acgif;aqmif) u ol@tiftm;pk t+zdKufowfrSwfvdkufaw/ ,if;a=umihf Armajy uGefjrLEd_ufygwDudk zqyv
tazG@csKyfu AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef;u xkwfydkufvdkufawtcg &cdkifwdkfif; zqyv uGefjrLEd_uf ygwDudk rxkwfEdkif+zdKufeD&a&? 1947 ck &aohawmif nDvmcHrm
uGefjrLEd_ufygwDu ol@tvdkwlxGufvm;pGm&m ? zqyvrm qdkacsvpftiftm;pk +ydKiab;ufr[dbJ wdk;wufvmvwfaw// ,if;jyif qdkacsvpfygwDa&
OD;ndkxGef;acgif;aqmifa& “ajyol@a&;abmfygwD” udkavh &cdkifajyqkdif&m qdkacsvpf tiftm;pk t+zdKufowfrSwf jyKvkyfvdkoda&? t8ifh,ifhyif
&cdkifhawmfvSef&D;orm; /EdkifiH&D; orm;rsm;udk ArmhEdkifiH&D; ygwDtoD;oD;u cg;ydkufaqmif tajrmifvkyf xm;vmuwfaw// vufatmufcH
wynfhvkyfxm;uwfaw// a,bk,stm;jzifh &ckdifEdkifiH&D; orm;rsm;&d@k . aemufvdkuf0g'eef@ ArmEdkifiH&D;orm;&dk@. vlrsdkK;}uD;0g'rm aumif;aumif;
tqifajyeDca&? ,if;eef@ r,m;ydkif &dSvm;/ aemufvdkfufnDeDca&? ocifeef@u|efydkif txuf/ atmufnDnGwfca&?
tjcm;wbufrm pdkufrSefa& acgif;aqmif (uaumif;/ ,Sm;,Sm;/ yg;yg;) tcsdK@um; awmfvSef&D; orm;tcsif;csif; &cdkif/ Arm rcJGjcm;bJ odkufpm
xm;cuwfaw// a&;abmf / a&;bufodkufpmudk Zmolzsufzsuf ol@&dk@rysuab;J cdkifrmeDcuwfaw// awmfvSef&D;. t"du &efol+zdKufaw +Adwo#
t&if;o#ifaecsJ@bm;wkd@&m r[mAsL[mr#m;OdD; awxm;cuwfaw?
,if;tcsdefrm EktwWvDpmcsKyf (17/ 10/ 47 ) csKyfvdk@ atmifjrifvm;c,m +zdKufaw// ,if;aemuf 4/ 1/ 48 rm ArmhvGwfvyf&D; yef;wdkifudk
Armhvl@tazG@tap;a& tcuftcJh aygif;axmifaomif;udk ausmfjzwfvkd@ atmifatmif/ jrifjrif a&mufvm;cuwfaw// +Adwdo#Am;rm;udk “ajyaxmifpk orRw
jrefrmEdkifiH” t+zdKuf a=ujimvdkufaw// atmifayG; obifusif;yuwfaw? uAsmazG@uwfaw? ,if;umvrm ArmhvGwfvyf&D; armfuGef;0if
&cdkifacgif;aqmif}uD;ai&dk@rmum; tcsdK@tm%m& zqyv ygwDaemufvdkufvm;cvdk@ vGwfvyf&D; t&omudk pm;vdk@aomfvkd@/ wcsdK@um;awmcdkv@kd / wcsdK@um;
=um;xkdifvdk@?
Armh trsdkK;om; awmfvSef&D;um; ArmhvGwfvyf&D;eef@ wpcef;owfvm;c,m? oDaygrif; tzrf;cH&a& 1885 cku 1948ck txd Ed_ufaygif; 62
Ed_uft=um;rm udkvdkeDu|eab;0u vGwfajrmufvm;ca&?
&cdkiftrsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;um; baZmifav;? &cdkiforRw&mZm tzrf;cH&a& 1780 p+yD;au u|ef +zdKufvmvwfpGm t*kxufwdkif rvGwfod//
&ckdiftrsdkK;om; awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif;rm &cdkifvGwfvyf&D; atmifayG;yef;wdkif ra&mufod? Arm vGwfvyf&D; atmifayG;udk &cdkifvGwfvyf&D;
atmifayG;vdk@ajymvdk@r&? wdkif;ajy vuf[d&kyfw&m;u Zmudk tajzyD;eDa&vJ// &ckfdiftvkyform;xk/ avorm;xk/ rnmwwf "eo#if aygufpxk/ wdkif;&if;om;
"eo#ifxk Zmyfkdif cHpm;eD&pGmav;// jywfjywfajym&zdk@qdkau &cdkif trsdK;om;awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif;eef@ ArmtrsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif;wdk@
a&mxDG;vm;cvdk@ atmifayG;rcHEdkifod? a&mxDG;pGmrmwcg wef;wla&wla&mxDG;pGmr[kwab;J wqifhcH vufatmufcHt+zdKufeef@ a&mxDG;vm;&pGm+zdKufvdk@
&cdkiftrsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;vrf;a=umif; tazsmufcHvm;c&a&// vGrf;rdk;cHvm;c&a&// zHk;auGcHvm;c&a&// ,if;eef@Zk raoGrD rwdfrf;apmif;uwfauh?
ravG;racsmfuwfauh / trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;udk odkufpmrazmufuwfauh // udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhudk OD;xdyfxm;uwf&zdk@//
ArmvGwfvyf&D; &+yD;aemufydkif;rm Armvlr_tazG@tap;a& ajyol@'Drdkua&pD pcef;qifh (0g) awmffvSef&D; . 'kwd, pcef;qihf wdk;wufvm;c&a&?
&cdkifvlr_@tazG@tap;um; trsdK;om;awmfvSef&D; pcef;qifhrm umvwckudk jzwfoef; eD&wkef;+zdKufaw? ,if;tcsdefavmufrm *syefckdufu pkap;nDnGwf&D;
&cdkifhacgif;aqmif&dk@a& wuGJwjym;pDeef@ 'kwd, pcef;qifhudk qifaEG;zdk@ vufeufudkfifawmcdk+yD;au ArmygwDtoD;oD;tygt0if awmfvSefvm;cuwfaw//
wcsdK@avh zqyveef@ awG;eDvdkufaw// =um;xdkifvm;cuwfaw?

31
 ArmhvGwfvyf&D; &vkvkumvrm ocifpdk;acgif;aqmifa& uGefjrLEd_ufygwD (Armajy)0g tvHeDygwD awmcdk+yD;au &ckdifajy &D;eDAkHaygufomausmf
&dk@avhawmcdka&// tvHeDygwD nGef=um;csuftwdkfif; uGefjrLedKufygwD (&cdkifajy) xlaxmifvkdufaw// tvHeDygwDvdk@ wGifvDa&//
ArmhvGwfvyf&D;&+yD; ,if;Ed_ufrwfv 28 &ufedrSm ocifoef;xGef;acgif;aqmifa& Armajy uGefjrLedwfygwD awmckda&// &cdkifajyu a&;abmfausmfjravh
,if;ygwD0iftaeeef@ awmcdka&// Auy &cdkifwdkfif;udk azG@ap;vkdufaw// &wn ajyae awmif;+yD;aemuf a&;abmfausmfjrtqifhrm ajyaewm0efcH
tqifhxdwdk;vma&? Auy (&cdkifajyae) vdk@avh ajymif;vJvdkufaw//
1948/ ar 5 &ufedrm Armajy 0ef}uD;OdD;eku vuf0JnDnGwf&D;rl 14 csufudk a=ujkima&? aemuf 14 csuf +zdKufvm;c&a&// q&mawmf
to#ifoD[acgif;aqmifa& &cdkifwdkif; zqyvuavh ,if;rltwdkif; vdkufema[m=um;a&// 1948 ck *sKefv 26 &ufedrm ajyol@ a&;abmf ESpfjcrf;uGJa&?
Adkvfzdk;uGef; acgif;aqmifa& tjcrf;u a&;abmfjzLvkd@emrnfcHa& // AdkfvfrSL; atmifausmf acgif;aqmifa&tjcrf;u a&;abmf0g vdk@emrnfcHa&? a&;abmfjzL&d@k
awmcdka&? a&;abmf0gu zqyveef@ usefvkdufaw? a&;abmfjzL awmcdka&tcg &cdkifajyu a&;abmf wazG@vHk;awmcdka&? Adkvf}uD; =umvSatmif/ Adkvf
pHomausmf/ Adkfvf atmifausmf/ Adkvf armifuav; wkd@yg0ifa&// q&mawmf to#ifpdENm vGwfvm+yD;au ajyol@ vGwfajrmuf&D; ygwdDavh awmcdka&?

&cdkifajy vufeufudkif awmfvSef&D; avmurm 1948 ckaemufydkfif;/

1? to#if pdENmacgif;aqmifa& ajyhol vGwfajrmuf&D;ygwD/
2? a&;abmf ausmfjracgif;aqmifa& “Armajy uGefjrLEd_ufygwD” &ckdifwdkif;/
3? a&;eD bHkaygufomausmf acgif;aqmifa& “uGefjrLEd_ufygwD” &ckdifajy /
4? Adkvf}uD; =umvSatmif OD;acgifa& “ajyola&;abmfygwD’’ vdk@ ygwD av;ygwD ay:aygufeDa& // av;ygwD pvHk;. r[mAsL[mrm ajyol@'Drkdua&pD
awmfvSef&D;/ (0g) vlwef;pm;awmfvSef&D;yifjzpfaw// &ckdifajyudk Armajy. udkvdkeD wydkif;vdk@ cH,lxm;uwfaw// pifpkdufa& a'r[mAsL[mrm
Armacgif;aqmif&dk@u Armajy. &kyfw&m;t& ol&dk@cH,lcsuft& cif;usif;xm;a& r[mAsL[myif+zdKufaw// &ckdifajy.vuf[d &kyfw&m;eef@um;vHk;0
r[yfpyfoda& r[mAsL[myif +zdKufaw//
atudpPrSm &ckdifacgif;aqmifwdeef@ Armacgif;aqmifwdudk Ed_if;,d_if a=uhzdk@vdkvdrR,f? Arm acgif;aqmif &dk@a& rsdK;quf tqufqufrSm
udkvdkeD u|eab;0udk tvdkr[duwf? Tqufquf aecsJ@qef@usif&D; pdkufudk qifEGJ@cuwfaw? trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif;udk rdrd&&
qkyfudkifxm;uwfaw// Adkfvfrif;a&mif awmfvSef&D;/ q&mpHawmfvSef&D;&dk@udk ordkif;rSwfwkdfift+zdKuf udkifaqmifxm;uwfaw? 'kwd,awmfvSef&D; twGif;rmavh
*syefaecsJ@udk +zdKuf+zdKuf/ +Adwdo# aecsJ@udk +zdKuf+zdKuf cH,lcsuf/ &yfawcsuf/ OdD;awcsuf/ rSefrSefuefuefeef@ awmfvSefwdkufckdufuwfaw// aemufqkH; trsdK;om;
awmfvSef&D;. ydkufrSwf ta&mufcsDwufvmuwfaw? vGwfvyf&D; atmifayG;udkqifEGJEdkifuwfaw?
igh&dk@ &cdkifacgif;aqmif&dk@rmum; trsdkK;om; awmfvSef&D; ordkfif;a=umif;udk *&krpdkuf / t"du rxm;/ cH,lcsuf/ &yfawcsuf / OdD;awcsuf/ rjywfom;
/awGa0,drf;,dkifvmuwfaw// awmifrif;}uD;/ Akdvfcsif;jyef/ 'g;ydkif}uD;/rif;om;}uD; &dk@ awmfvSef&D;udk ordkfif;rSwfwkdift+zdKuf rudkifaqmifcab; aemufqHk;rm
trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; ykdufrSwf aysmufvm;cuwfaw? Armh vGwfvyf&D;aemufrm udk,fhtrsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; ratmifjriab;Jeef@ 'kwd, pcef;qifh ajyol
'dDrdkua&pdD awmfvSef&D;udk ckefausmfwufvm;uwfaw? Armajyol 'Drdkua&pD awmfvSef&D;abmifrm a&mygvm;cuwfaw? Armh trskdK;om; awmfvSef&D;cguavh
,if;Arm abmifrm a&mygvm;cpGma& t,ifuavha&m t8kavha&m/ a&mygzefrsm;au udk,fabmifudk rjrifEdkifuwf,m// Arm/ csif;/ ucsif/ o#rf;
acgif;aqmif&dk@a& yifvHkpmcskKyfrcsKyfqdkrD rdrdwdk@ajyeef@ trsdkK;om;&dk@twGuf tmrcHcsufudk&[datmif }ud;Kpm;cuwfaw// 1947 ck / azazmf0g&D 6 &uf / rGef;vGJ 2
em&D cGJtcsdefrm yifvHk +rdK@rmusif;ya& o#rf;eef@ ucsifaumfrwD tap;ta0;. qHk;jzwfcsuf ig;csuf tcdkiftrm csrSwfxm;c uwfaw//
yxr wpfcsufrm jrefrm&dk@eef@ tqifhtwef; tcGifht&D;/ wef;wl&ydkifcGifh [d&D;/ wef;wl 'Drdkua&pD usus cHpm;cGifh [d&D;/ yOPr wcsufrm vGwfvyf&D;
&[d+yD;onfaemuf jrefrm ajyaxmifpkrS u|Efkyfwdk@ tcsdefra&G;cGJxGufcGifh[dar qdka& tcsufwdudk tmrcHcsuf&atmif }udK;yrf;uwfaw// azazmf0g&Dv 7 &ufed
rdk;axmuf 9 em&D tcsdefrm yifvHk+rdK@rm usif;ya& csif;/ ucsif/ o#rf; yl;awG; aumfrwD. qHk;jzwfcsufudkfa=uh 1? (u) o#rf;/ ucsif/ csif;/ udk,fpm;vS,f
rsm;yg0ifa& awmifwef;om;rsm; ap;vHk;nDnGwf&D; tr_aqmif aumfrwDw&yfudk azG@ap;/ awaxmif&ar// 4if;tr_aqmif aumfrwDrm awmifwef;om;rsm;
&dk@eef@ jrefrmajy tpdk;&&dk@ t=um;rm ay:aygufor#aom ay:vpD qkdif&mudpP tm;vHk;eef@ pyfcsufvkd@ tqHk;tjzwfyD;Edkifa& tm%mtajyhtpHk[d&r,f// (ul;/
abmf/ vS/ rdsK;/ ajyaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiH0if pmcsKyf pmwrf;rsm; 1968 ck ESm 247/ 248/ 249 )// ,if;aemuf Armudk,fpm;vS,f&dk@eef@ “awmifwef;om;rsm; ap;vHk;/
nDnGwf&D;tazG@’’ (wpnz) eef@ azazmf0g&D 12 &ufedrm yifvkHpmcsKyfudk cskKyfqdkuwfaw// ,if;pmcsKyf csKyfqdk+yD;rS&m csif;/ ucsif/ o#rf;&d@k u Armh vGwfvyf&D;
awmif;qdkcsufudk axmufcHuwfaw// ,auavh txufazmfjyyg qHk;jzwfcsuf&dk@u udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh ( Self-identity)jywfjywf/ om;om;
azmfxkwfjyoxm;a&// 20 &mpk yxrydkif; &ckdifacgif;aqmif&dk@rm udk,fydkif jyXmef;cGifhudk wcgacsavh w&m;0ifajym qdkpGmudk rwd@G c&//
aemuf u,m;ajyuav@ ol&kd@ ukd,fykdif jyXmef;cGifhukd ajyaxmifpk jrefrm EkdifiHawmf azG@ap;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccH Oya'rm twdtus az:xkwfxm;a&?
u&if trsKd;om;&kkd@qkdau 1948 ck azaz:&Dv 5/ 6/ 7 &ufrm nDvmcHobif}uD; usif;yjyD;au u&if ukd,fykdif jyXmef;cGifhukd &[dvkd@?
&ckdif ajyum; ukd,fykdif jyXmef;cGifheef@ tcskKyftcsm tm%mykdifqkdifr_ qkH;eDpGma& ESpfaygif; 200 [dzkd@&m? 18 &mpk ukdvkdeD uGseab;0ok@d trsKd;om;
ap;vkH;nDnGwfr_ +yKduGJcvdkd@ usqif;ca& tcguyif/ trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D;vkyfvmpGm 19 &mpk wavsmufvkH;+zdKufaw? 20 &mpk tpykdif;wk@d a&mufawtcgrS&m
vrf;a=umif;a&mxDG;vmc&a&// ukd,fykdif jyXmef;cGifh ukdavhowdr& ? t*k EktwWvD pmcsKyft& ArmvGwfvyf&D;&a&tcg jAwdo# vufatmufcH &ckdifajya&
ArmvufatmufcH &ckdifajy +zdKufvma& ? uGsefykef;ukdvkdeD EkdifiH+zdKufvm&a&? ,if;a=umifh csif;/ ucsif / o#rf;/ u,m;/ u&if/ Arm&kd@. trskKd;om;vSKyf&Sm;rlrsm;/
trskKd;om; awmfvSef&D;rsm;&kd@ukd4if;/ o&kyfacG;vDvm;zkd@aumif;,m// ukdk,fEkdifiHukd trsKd;om;*k%fukd aqmifjyD;au ukd,@f vlrltazG@tap;tax;rm
ukd,f@tcsKyftcsmtm%mukd atmifjrifpGm csrSwfxm;&a&qkdpGmukd av@vmzkd@aumif;,m// tcsKyftcsmtm%mar@a& vltazG@tap;w&yfrm ukd,f@ykdif

32
jyXmef;cGifhav@r[d trsKd;om; trdDGtESpfw&yfrm tcsKyftcsmr[dau vGwfvyfr_av; qkH;,H_;&a&// ,if;ykdif trskKd;om;rm tem*wffr[dEkdif? a'eD &ckdif
trskKd;om;rm tcsKyftcsm tm%mr[d/ ukd,fykdif jyXmef;cGifhr[d/ vGwfvyfr_r[d / tem*gwf r[d+zdKufeD&a&? tem*gwf r[dau &ckdif qdwfokOf;&zkd@ ?
&ckdif vl@tazG@tap;a& aweDawcgrmav; vufeef@z0g;&m [da&// EkdifiHwekdifiHrm EkdifiH&D;twGufrSm;au xkdEkdifiH. trsKd;om;&D; w&yfvHk;twGuf
touftoDG;/ t&kd;ukdyD;qufvkd@ rukefavmufatmif +zKdufvm&a&? acgifaqmifwuGufrSm;au / aemufvkduf. toufaygif;rsm;pGm tkd;tdrfaygif;rsm;pGm
ysufpD;vm;&a&? aemifvm aemufom;rsm; urf;vm;&a&? wkdif;ajy. &kyforkdif;ukd **krpkdufau awmfvSef&D; w&yfvkH;rSmavh tavGtaoG ysufpD;us&a&?
awmfvSef&D; w&yfysufpD;vm;au wkdif;ajyrm olykef/ oluef 0g'0ifvma& &ckdifajyrm ,if;ykdif +zKduf&a&? t*ktcgrmqkdau &ckdif awmfvSef&Fd;ygwDrsm;rm pdkuf&D;
oDaea&// EkdifiH&D;+yKdeDa&? pD;yGm;&D;/ jcpm;eDa& /vlrl&D;/ ,dkifaus;rl qdwfokef;eDa& / w&ufxufw&uf vkH;yg;yg;vma& ?
trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D;twGuf ap;&kH;&D; vkyf&zkd@umvrm (8) 0HomEk vkyfief;wd vkyfaqmif&zkd@ tcsdefumvrm awmfvSef&D; r&ifusuab;eef@ ajyol
'Drkdua&pD awmfvSef&D;ukd ,if;20 &mpk yxrykdif; &ckdif awmfvSef&D;wd vkyfykdufcvkd@ awmfvSef&dF; om;acsmvm;&a&?
1949 ck ESpfavmufrm Armajy usefESpfygwDdu OD;aqmifjyD;au ajyol 'Drkdua&pD nDnGwf&D; wyfaygif;pk A[kd ap;&kH;&D;aumfrwD azG@ap;vkdufaw?
,if;ap;&kH;&D;atmufrm &ckdif awmfvSef&D;ygwD yg0ifvcjyefa&? &ckdifajy tawmtwGif;rmavh ajyol 'Drkdua&pDwyfaygif;pkk ay:aygufvma&? yvuf0/
ausmufjzL/ oHawG; c&kdif&kd@rm &ckdif awmfvSef&D; wyfaygif;pku odrf;vkdufjyefa&? pdkufawG+rKd@ukdayvkd@ pdkufawG wckvkH;ukdavh odrf;vkdufjyefa&? 1950 ckrm qkdau
pdkufaawG+rKd@rSty wajyvkH;ukd &ckdif awmfvSef&dF;ygwdDrsm; odrf;ykdufvkdufaw? &ckdif trskd;om; awmfvSef&D;+zKdufaw ukd,fykdif jyXmef;cGihfrltwGuf tcsKyftcsm
tm%mtwGuf a&;a&;/ awmufawmuf wkdufayG;0ifeDwkef;+zKdufaw? u&ifajy u&if trskd;om;twGuf tcGifht&D;wkd@ rSefrSef/ uefuef awmif;qkd
wkdufayG;0ifeDwkef; +zdKufaw?
,if;ykdif tcsdefrm &ckdifajyrm &ckdifacgifaqmif&kd@u ygwd 3-4 ckeef@ ajyol@ 'Drkdua& pDawmfvSef&D;ukd Arm XmecsKyf toDd;oD;wk@d .
nGef=um;csuftwfkdif; a&;a&;awmufawmuf wkdufayG;0ifaewkef;+zKdufaw? aemufwcku ygudpPwefu &ckdifajywkd@ 0ifvma&? ygudpPwef ukvm;rsm;u
tpPvef bmom&D;ukd tajccHjydD;au &ckdif r,lurf;ajcrm uskdKif;ajrmifa& ya'o&kdufvlrsdK;&D;/ awmfvSef&dF;ukdvmvkyfaw? &ckdif Ak'Nbmom&[ef;rsm;/ &ckdif
trsKd;om;/ orFd;rsm;ukd zrf;qdF;jydF; csKyfaemifxm;jyF;au trsKd;rsdK;apmfum;a&/ ,if;awmfvSef&D; ygwDrm “rl*sm['f” ygwD vkd@emarcHa&? &ckdifudk a&m ukvm;ukdyg
ESdyfpuf apmfum;a&// rl*sm[d'facgifaqmif umqdrf;rmqkdau r,lurf;/ r*Fvm}uD;awmifrm cHwyf}uD;aqmufvkd@ a&GozlaqmifjyD;au &m*sm bG@J ukdcHa&
aemufrl*sm[d'f ya'o&kduf awmfvSef&D; ysufpD;vm;ca& umqdrf;av; ygudpwef tax;okd@ xGufjydF;vm;ca&// aemufykdif;rm vkyf=uH/ owfjzwfjcif;ukdcHvD&a&?
&ckdifajy wyfaygif;pkav; Armajyu wyfaygif;pk+ydKuGJa&cg +ydKuGJjyefa&// 'Drkdua&pD xm;cor# aeajrwdukd vufvGwfc&a&// aemufqHk;rm acgifaqmif
tcsif;csif;rukdufvkd@ Arm a&;abmftrsm;tjym; oDqkH;c&a& //usKd;uef;/ ysufpD;uwfvDa&? vlrl&D;/ pD;yGm;&D; usqif;vmca& ?,if;eef@ 1985 ckrm q&mawmf
usefvkdufuwfaw/? rl*sm[d'f t=uGif;tusefwduav; vufeufcsvkdufuwfaw? 1958 ck rmq&mawmf pdENm. ajyol@ vGwfajrmuf&D;ygwD/ Adkvf}uD;
=umvSatmif&dk@ OdD;aqmifa& “ajyhol@a&;abmfygwD’’ a&;eD AHkayguf omausmf &dk@acgifaqmifa& tvHeDygwD trsm;pk/ Armajy uGefjrLEd_uf ygwD0iftrsm;pk&dk@
zqyv tpdk;&yg;rm tvif;0ifvkdufuwfaw//
awmwGif;rmqdkau Armajy uGefjrLEd_ufygwD (&cdkifwdkif;) eef@ tvHeDygwD tcskKd@&dk@&m usefvdkufuwfau // rl8sm[dkuf t=uGif;tusef wduavh
vufeufcsvdkufuwfaw//

u|ef;ykef;cdkuf
(u) 'kwd, &cdkif0Homekcdkuf (trsdK;om;awmfvSef&D;. ap;&Hk;&D ;&D;umv)
20 &mpk 'kwd,ydkif;odk@a&mufawtcg &cdkifvl@r_tazG@tap;a& udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifheef@ tcsKyftcsm tm%mydkifqdkif&D;udk *&kjyKvmuwfaw?
teufteJ@xm;vmuwfaw? &cdkifhvl@r_tazG@tap;. &kyfvuQ%mudk tjydef;oHk;oyfa=uhau ukdvdkeDu|efvuQ%m/ avorm;vuQ%m/ AsL&dkua&pD/ rif;arh/
8dk%f;pGJ/ a'opGJ /bmomapG;/ vlrsdK;pGJ awmfvSef&D;pcef;vGefr_/ &mxl;rufarmr_qdka& vuQ%mqdk;aygif;rsm;pGmudk wdG@&a&?
&ckdifvlr_tazG@tap;rm udkvdkeDu|efvuQ%m+zdKufaw// cdkufrrDSjcif;/ pD;yGm;&D;/ ,d_ifaus;r_/ ynm&D;&dk@rm atmufusaemufus +zdKufeD&jcif;qdka&
aumif;r_wdeef@ajyheDa&// avorm;vuQ%m+zdKufaw/ ap;urf;rJhjcif; / pkaygif;vkyfudkifr_ae;yg;jcif; /woD;yk8~Kdv qefjcif; /cdkufrrDjcif;qdka& raumif;r_wdajyhedDa&//
txufu atmufudk tEdkifcHjcif; /ajypGmudk8&krpdkufjcif; /trsm;qENudk*&krpdkjcif;qdka& AsL&dkua&pDqdk;rsm;ajyheDa&? ap;urf;vkyfukdifjcif; trde@f tm%mudk
*&krpdkufjcif;qdka& rif;rJ@0g'. vuQ%mqdk;wdajyheDa&// cH,lcsuf/ &yfawcsuf/ OdD;awcsufeef@ udk,f&kyfeef@ udk,fnDa& oabmw&m;udk rudkifpGJbJ//
trsm;tusdK;udkrvkdufab; udk,ftpGJ /ukd,f*dk%fapG; vef;eDa& vuQ%mqdk;wd[deDa&// ukd,fc&dkif/ udk,fha'oudk&m xefxef&D;+yD;au
trsdK;om;ap;vHk;nDnGwf&D;udk wkduf&dkuf+zdKuf+zdKuf /aoG0dSufvdk@+zdKuf+zdKuf rvkyfcuwf//
&cdkfifajywdk@ 0ifa&mufeD xkdkifuwfaw EdkfifiHjcm;om;rsm;rm &ckdifwdkfif;&if;om; t+zdKuf
pk&Hk;+ydD; &ckdifajyEdkifiHudk oD;jcm;ajyaet+zdKuf xlaxmifcsifuwfoda&// bmom&D;t& cGJjcm;csifuwfoda&// ,if;ydkif vkyfeDuwfpGmudk pcef; vGefygwDu
arSmufarSmuf/ ,Sm;,Sm; tm;yD; axmufcHeDuwfoda&// ,if;ydkif tedXm&HkwdajyheDa&// EdkifiHjcm;om; wOD;u wdkif;&if;om; t+zdKufcH,l+yD;aemuf
udk,fcH,l&mwkdfif;ajyudk odkufpmapmifh&a&// ,if;EdkifiHom;rsm;eef@ qdk;twl aumifzufcH&a&// t,ifu udk,frdcifedkifiHtwGuf tusdK;jyK+yD;au *kudk,feDa&
EdkifiHtusdK;,kwfpDzdk@ tvkyfvkyfau ,if;EdkifiHudk odkufpm azmufr_+zdKufaw// ,if;ydkif vkyfief;qdk;wavhajyheDa&//
&cdkif vlr_tazG@tap;rSmavh trsdK;om;&D;udk udkifpGJ&zdk@tpm; vlrsdK;&D;udk udkifpGJxm;uwfoda&// tcsKd@ ola=uG/ olaX;&dk@qkdau rsdK;EG,fpk qefeD
uwfoda&//

33
 awmfvSef&D; pcef;vGefr_a& tqdk;qHk;+zdKufaw? &cdkfif trsKd;om;udk &cdkifajyrm qkwfokef;pDa&// igh&dk@ wrsdK;om;vHk;udk "m;eef@ ydkif;owfaw w&m;qdk;
yif+zdKufaw// trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;rmqkdau aecsJ@a& vlrsdkK;pkeef@ u|efjyKcH&a&// vlrsdK;. ywdyuQa& t"du ywdyuQ+zdKufaw// atywdyuQukd trsdK;om;
ap;&Hk;nDnGwf&D;eef@ armif;ESihf xkwf&a&// *kydkifpGmrm pcef;vGef awmfvSef&D; ygwDwdu vlwef;pm; ywdyuQwdudk xdk;wifvma&tcg &ckdifajyrm ywdyuQ
ESpfck+zdKufvm&a&// ,if;eef@Zk t"du &efolaysmufvm;c&a& // ydkufrSwf aysmufvm;c&a&// trsdK;om; ap;vHk;nDnGwf&D; aysmufvm;c&a&// ,if;a=umifh
pcef;vGef awmfvSef&D;ygwD &dk@a& &ckdifajyudk tqHk;owfeD&a&vdk@ rSwfcsufcs&zdk@+zdKufaw// *kydkif t+zdKuftysufqdk;wd ajyheDa& ydkif tcsdeftcgr[kwf ay:aygufeDa&
vlwef;pm; ywdyuQa& ArmaecsJ@&dk@ twGuf taygufwck +zdKufeDa&//
,if;tjyif awmfvSef&D; pcef;vGefr_a=umifh rdwfzuf ywdyuQeef@ &efbuf ywdyuQ ruGJjym;+zdKufvm;c&a&// trsdK;om; ap;&Hk;&D;vkyfr& +zdKufeD&a&//
trsdkK;om; awmfvSef&D;u &ckdif+rDo#if ya'o&dkufudk rdwfbufywdyuQ/ aecsJ@ ,fd_ifaus;r_udk &efbufywdyuQvdk@ csvma&tcg vlwef;pm; awmfvSef&D;u 'kwd,
pcef;qifh vkyfae;twdkfif; &cdkif ya'o&dkuf ,d_ifaus;r_udk &efbufywdyuQ vdkjrifvma&// csKwfcszufqD;vma&// trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;u 0g'rwlauavh aecsJ@
qef@usif&D;twGuf &cdkif tcsif;csif; nDnGwf&D;twGuf,dkif+ydKifap;vHk;vma&tcg vlwef;pm; awmfvSef&D;u 0g'rwlvludk 'kwd, pcef;qifh twdkif; wdkufcdkuf
+cDr_ef;&D;udk csrSwfvma&// ,if;tcg vlwef;pm; awmfvSef&D;vkd@ ajyma& vlwd *dk%f;*% 0g'Dt+zdKuf ajymif;vJvm;ca&// trsdK;om; &D;orm;u rwdkufab;
rwlau +ydKifqdkifa& twGufwma=umifh taysmhpm; vdkvkd+zdKufvm&a&// vlwef;pm;orm; tac:cH vlwdu rwlau tuef;uef;/ t,rf;,rf;/
wkdufcdkuf+cDr_ef;vdk@ tjyif;pm;vdk@ +zdKufvm&a&// trSefum; trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif;rm &Sif;&zdk@yif +zdKufaw// aemuf trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;u
vlwef;pm; av;&yfudk ap;vHk;,la& tcg vlwef;pm; awmfvSef&D;u vlwef;pm; ESpfwef;pm;udk ap;vHk;vdk@ usef ESpfwef;pm;udk wdkufckduf vdkufawtcg &cdkif
trsdK;om; wmfvSef&D;twGuf ap;vHk; nDnGwf&D; r&Edkifacs; +zdKufeDa&//
aemuf pcef;vGef orm;&kd@. pmtkyf}uD; qefr_&dk@a=umihf &ckdifordkfif;/ &cdkif ,dkifaus;r_/ &cdkif vuQ%m&dk@udk azmfxkwfeD&mrm +zdKuf+zdKuf / jrifhwifeD&mrm
+zdKuf+zdKuf/ wdkufayG;0ifeDuwf&a& // ArmaecsJ@&dk@eef@ rwdkufab; ol&dk@eef@ab; &ifqkdifeDuwf&a&// aecsJ@yg;odk@ trsdK;om;&D;jrm;udk ydkufvkdufwfkdif; ol&@kd uacs;
=um;u ckcHpGmudk wdG@[d&a&//
*kydkif tedXm&Hk aygif;pHkeef@ ajyhpHkeDa& &ckdifajya& 1947ckrm EktuWvdD pmcsKyft& Armu|efykef; udkvdkeD EdkifiHwck +zdKufvm;ca&// u|ef;ykef;cdkufa& 20 &mpk
tavavmufrm tpjyKvma&/ a'umvrm YMBA cdkuf &cdkif acgif;aqmifrsm;/ &ckdif wdkfif;vHk;qkdfif&m wkdfif;&if;om; tap;tvHk; acgif;aqmifrsm; (0g)
zqyv &cdkfifwdkif; acgif;aqmifrsm; tax;u trsm;pk&dk@rm ajyoleef@ uif;vGwfpGmudk wdG@&a&// ,if;acgif;aqmif tcsdK@rm &ckkdifajyudk pGef@ydkufxm;c,m
+zdKufaw// wcsdK@rm vlxkqef@usifr_udk tjrJcHpm;vm;c&a&// ajyol odkufpmazmufp&if;0if wdvdk@awmif oHcsyfxdk; cHvmuwf&pGmudk wd@G &a&//
awmwGif; acgif;aqmif&dk@rmum;/ ygwDwGif;wkdufayG; / wyfaygif;pkwGif; wdkufayG;/ +rdk@odrf;wdkufayG;udk qifaEG;uwf+yD;au vufeufcs
tvif;0ifuwfaw tcgrm ajyoleef@uif;uGm vm;pGmudk wdG@&a&// txl;ojzifh ,if;acgif;aqmiftcsdK@&dk@ ygvDrefa&G;aumufayG;/ jrLeDpyg,f a&G;aumufayG;&dk@rm
tjywftowf&HSL;edrfhpGmudk a=uhau odEdkifa&// aemufwcsufuavh ,if;acgif;aqmifwdrm ajyaea=uG;a=umfoHeJ@ a&G;aumufayG;EdkifeDa& // &wn tazG@eef@
xdyfwkdufvmwGdvdk@ rpm;om,m +zdKufvm;ca&//
&wnum; &ckdif ygwDreftrwfrsm; xlaxmifvdkfufaw tazG@+zdKufaw// 1951 rm ajyaxmifpk orw jrefrm EdkifiHawmfrm 'kwd, t}udrfajrmuf
ygvDrefa&G;aumufayG;udk usif;ya&// ,if;tcgu 1947 ck yxr t}udrfajrmuf a&G;aumufayG;wkef;u +ydKiab;ufr[d tEdkif&vm;ca&// zqyv
trwfa[mif;rsm;a& tjywftowf&SHK;edrfh vm;ca&// &ckdfif ajytwGuf ajyolvGwfawmftrwf 18 ae&m / vlrsKd;&D; vGwfawmftrwf 5eD&m teuf woD;yk*~dv
&ckdif trwfrsm; t&DG;cHc&a&// ,if;trwfrsm;u “ &ckdifajy ygvDreftrwfrsm;tazG@’’udk azG@uwfaw// ,if;uwqifh 1952 ck pdkufawG oabmFusif;rm
,if;trwfrsm;OD;aqmif+yD;au “&cdkif ajyvHk;qdkif&m wkdif;&if;om; nDnGwf&D; tazG@csKyf (&wn)” udk 0wDav; &yfvHk;qdkif&m nDvmcH}uD;u azG@ap;vdkufaw//
&wn . r[mAsL[mrm a'otvkduf udk,fydkif tkyfcsKyf&D; (Regional Autonomal) +zdKufaw// ae;AsL[mrm ygvDrefwGif; wdkufayG; 0ifz@kd yif+zdKufaw//
&wn udk OD;ausmfriff; / OD;b+rdKif/ OD;armifausmfZH pa& wdkif;&if;om; rsdK;csKduf/ ajycsKduf "eo#if/ ynmwwf "o#ifaygufp&dk@u OD;aqmifcauavh trsdK;om;
w&yfvHk;udk EdkifiH&D; oabmw&m; w&yfudk csrSwf+ydD;au ydkifydkifEdkfifEdkfif rpkap;Edkifc// &cfdkif &kyfb0eef@ udkufnDa& trsdK;om; &D;udk a=uG;a=umfcvdk@
vlkxkaxmufcHr_udk vd_ufvd_uf/ vSJvSJ &[dEkdifcpGm &m+zdKufaw//
&wn ay:aygufvm+yD;au &ckdifajyrm ajyaev_yf&Sm;&D; / trsdK;om; &D;v_yf&Sm;&D;/ ,dkfifaus;r_ v_yf&Sm;&D;/ tpysdK;vma&// trsdK;om;&D; v_yf&Sm;r_
t&yf&yfrm ArmaecsJ@&dk@eJ@ trsdkK;om;&D;abmif cGJvmuwfaw// &cdkifh tekynm ig;& yf+zdKufaw//
1// udk;auGr_qdkif&m ,dkifaus;r_/
2// bmom pmyDqdkif&m ,dkifaus;r_/
3// okckr tEkynm qkdif&m ,dkifaus;r_/
4// qif,if/ xHk;azG@r_qdkif&m ,dkifaus;r_/
5// ydokumqdkif&m ,dkifaus;r_pa& &ckdifh trsdK;om;vuQ%m t&yf&yfwdk@udkavh wqufqufay:xGufvm uwfaw// &ckdif &Daeqef@/ &cdkif
twfzavmf&Dqeff@ (Arakan renaissance and Rakhine afflorercance ) vkyfvmuwfaw// at'D 1788 ckrm &cdkifh vuQ%mt&yf&yfukd Arm
bk&ifarmif0dkfif;u tptqHk; zsufydkufcuaw;u wdrfaum qdwfokef;vm;c&pGm t*ktcgrm wqdwfauavmuf tnGehfwufcGifh&vma&//
ajyolw&yfvHk;uavh tm;wwfoa&m yg0ifv_yf&Sm;vmuwfaw// &ckdif trsdK;om;&D;udk *&krpdkufuwfab; pcef;vGef (Nibiliats) ty tm;vHk; &cdkif
trsdK;om; wdk;wdk;wufwuf vufcHvmuwfaw// ajyaev_yf&Sm;&ddD;udk &wn ygvDrefwGif wdkufayG;eef@ wdkufayG;0ifa&// Arm oHCmhor*~ aomwk*ef tazG@csKyf
&ckdifajy trsdK;om;wyfaygif;pk (&rnw) &dk@uavh Oya'wGif; wkdufayG;rsdK;pHkeef@ wdkufayG;0ifuwfaw// &rnwa& 1958 ck ajyolvGwfajrmuf&D;ygwD/ tvHeD

34
uGefjrLEd_ufygwD0iftrsm;pk/ Armajy uGefjrLEd_uf ygwD0iftrsm;pk&dk@ tvif;0if+yD;aemuf Oya'wGif;rm azG@ap;vm&a& tazG@+zdKufaw// vlwef;pm; tod[da&
wdk;wufaw tazG@wck+zdKufaw// awmfvSef&D; pcef;qifhwqifh qkwfvma&// yk*~dKvfrsm; xlaxmifvdkufaw tazG@tap; wckavh +zdKufaw//
&wneef@ vufwdG@ wdkufayG;0ifvdk@ “wdkif&if;vlaitazG@” [da&// &rnweef@ vufwdG@ wdkufayG;0ifvdk@ “wdk;wufvlaitazG@” [da& // &rnw
acgif;aqmifpkeef@ &wn acgif;aqmif&dk@rm cH,lcsuf / &yfawcsuf/ ,Hka=uhcsuf// OD;awcsuf/ a&a&Gcsuf&dk@t& uGJjym;r_[da&// vuf0J/ vuf,m
toGifudktoD;oD; aqmifeDuwfaw// ,if;ydkifuGmjcm;r_ [dauavh a'wcgrmum; igh&dk@acgif;aqmifrsm;&dk@a& vuf0J/ vuf,m t"du rwifxm;uwfab;
“ajyae&,l&D;’’ udk t"du wifxm;uwf+yD;au twlwuGyl;aygif; aumfrwDazG@vddk@ tvkyfvkyfaqmifuwfaw// r[m oHCmh or*~Dum; em,u tazG@teDeef@
tppt&m&mrm }uD;rSL;yD;ca&// ,if;eef@Zk ygvDrefwGif; jyifwdkufayG;rsm;rm xGef;ajymifca&//
,if;ydkif v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; tzufzufu wdk;wufvma&twGuf a'cdkufudk &cdkif 0Homekcdkuf (0g) &cdkfif trsdK;om; ap;&Hk;&D;cdkufv@kd owfrSwfEdkifa&// 'kwd,
urBmpdkuf r+zdKufcifu &ckdif wdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om; tap;tvHk; acwrmavh 0Homekcdkuf wcdkuf +zdKufay:eDca& twGufwma=umifh &ckdifajyrm
xl;xl;jcm;jcm; &ckdif 0HomeKcdkuf ESpfcdkuf +zdKufay:eDca&// ,if;eef@Zk yxr 0HomeKcdkuf/ 'kwd, 0HomeK cdkufvdk@ owfrSwf&zdk@yif+zdKufaw// 'kwd, urBmpdkuf}uD;
*syef awmfvSef&D;/ +Adwdo# awmfvSef&D;&dk@udk tav;xm;+yD;au wzufwcsufrm *syef 0Homekcdkuf a[mif;eef@ cdkufopfv@kd ay:xGef;uwfpGm &ckfdifh
ordkfif;rmxl;jcm;csufyif +zdKufaw//
yxr &cdkif0HomeKcdkufa& Arm0HomEkcdkuf. =oZmruif;pGmudk ,if;cdkufu pmtkyfpmwrf;wd/ rSwfpkwd/ a[majymcsufwd/ v_yf&Sm;r_wdudk
avhvmokawoejyK+ydD;auaumif;aumif; odomEdkifa&// jywfjywfa0zef&zdk@qdkau ,if; 0HomeKcdkufa[mif;a& &ckdifrl / &ckdif[efukd omreft+zdKuf
vsLpfvsLjyKcpGmudkwdG@&a&// txl;ojzifh udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhukd t"du rxm;bJ vkyfaqmifcuwfpGmudk wdG@&a&//
'kwd, 0efomekcdkufrm txufuwifjyca&twdkif; ta&twGufu ta&tcsif;wdk@ wqufquf/ wufvSrf;vmuwfpGmudk wd@G &a&// &[ef;/ oHChm /
ausmif;om;/ vl}uD;/ vlai/ trsdK;om;/ trsdK;orD;/ vuf0J/ vuf,m/ crD;/ ouf/ +rdK/ csif;/ r&mrm}uD;/ 'dkif;euf/ rcGJjcm;ab; tm;vHk; ap;ap;/vHk;vHk;/
v_yf&Sm;vmpGmudk wdG@&a&// txl;ojzifh &ckdfif trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;udk OdD;awv_yf&Sm;eDa&twGif; udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifheef@ tcsKyftcsmtm%m twGuf
v_yf&Sm;vmr_a=umifh +zdKufa&// xl;jcm;a& cdkufopf+zdKufaw//
EdkfifiHwEdkifiH. 0HomeKcdkufa& trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;. ywdoaE< aweDa& tcsdefrm+zdKufaw// awmfvSefcH&zkd@ aecsJ@0rf;wGif;ax;rSm trsdK;om;
awmfvSef&D; ywdoaE< qGJ,ljcif;+zdKufaw// a'0HomeKcdkuf ywdoaE<umv udk,frl/ udk,fh[ef +zdKufzdk@t&D;}uD;a&// trsdK;om;pdwf/ EdkifiH&D;pdwf
Edkf;=um;vmzdk@t&D;}uD;a&// ,if;ydkif r+zdKufEkdifcau ,if;ydkif rEdk;=um;Ekdifcau awmfvSef&D; om;avsmvm;wwfaw// awmfvSef&D; wydkif; olykefax;cif; wydkif;(0g)
bHkr[kwf ywfr[kwf awmfvSef&D;rsdK; +zdKufvm;wwfaw// udk,f&kyfw&m;udk rudkifpGJbJ wyg;aemufvdkuf awmfvSef&D;vkyfau ,if; awmfvSef&D; wyfrm
cg;ydkufaqmif tar#mifwyf +zdKufvm;&a&// igh&dk@. yxr 0HomeKcdkufrm ta& tajyh0 r&ifhusuab;Jeef@ 'kwd, urBmhpdkuf}uD;udk &ifqkdifvkduf&a&// zufqdwf
*syefaecsJ@udk awmfvSefvdkfuf&a&// +Adwdo#aeacs@Judk awmfvSefvdkuf&a&// ,if;aemuf +Adwdo# udkvdkeD b0u Armh udkvkdeDu|efykef; +zdKufvm;&a&//
,if;a=umifh ArmaecsJ@udk wcg qef@usifvm&a&// a'umvrmqdkau 0HomeKcdkufodkuf xGef;um;vma&// ,if;uwcg trsdK;om;
awmfvSef&D;udk OdD;awvm&a&// trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;+yD;rS&m vlwef;pm; awmfvSef&D; wufvSrf;&zdk@yif+zdKufaw// urBmhyapP;arh acgif;aqmif}udD;&d@k uavh
trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;r[dau qdkacsvpf awmfvSef&D; r+zdKufEdkifvdk@ twdtusqdkxm;a&//
&ckdifh 0efomeKcdkufrm aemufxl;jcm;csufwcsuf [doda&/ ,if;tcsufum; +rdK@xuf Oya'wGif;rm ajyae v_yf&Sm;&D; +zdKufay:eD&a&tcg
awmwGif;rm vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;&D; +zdKufeDoda&// atv_yf&Sm;r_ ESpfcka& xdyfwkduf +ydKifqkdifvm&a&// wbufrm zqyv ta,Smiform;wdu
“Armajyaxmifpk” pdwf"gwfeef@ rd_if;csvmuwfaw// aecsJ@eef@ u|efykef;udkvdkeD &ckdif ajyol&dk@t=um;[d trsKd;om; ywdyuQudk zHk;auGz@kd }udK;pm;uwfaw//
awmwGif;ygwD &dk@uavh a'oapG;pdwf/ ygwDapG;pdwfudk &uf&uf/ pufpuf ukdifxm;+yD;au trsdK;om; ywdyuQudk r_ef0g;pDca&// aecs@J &dk@u wcg ukvm; Arm
t"du&kef;udk zefwD;+yD;au &ckdifajyol nDnGwf&D;udk +zdKcGJydkufzdk@ }udK;pm;vmoda&// ,if; jy\ema& &ckdkifh vlr_ tazG@tap;rSm aumif;aumif;}uD;
ta,SmufyD;ca&//
*kydkfif tcsdefrsdK;rm 1958 ck Arm tpdk;& tm%m& zqyv tazG@csKyf +ydKuGJvma&// eK / wif/ oefh/ vd_if zqyv eef@ aqG/ +idrf; (zqyv)
vdk@ ESpfjcrf;uGJvm;a&// &ckdif zqyv uavh vdkufvdk@uGJa&// “eKwifu ajyaxmifpkygwD’’ (yxp) vdk@azG@vkdufaw// &ckdif uavh yxp vd@k ay:vmjyefa&//
qdkfif;bkwf teDt0g /xrdef teDt0g/ trsdK;rsdK; ajymif;uwfaw// ygvDref wGif;rm OdD;baqGu OdD;ek tpdk;&udk t,Hkta=ur[d tqdkoGif;a&tcg aqG+idrf;trwfrJ
100 &eDa&// OD;eK. eK / wif (zqyv) rJ 50 &m&a&// yrnw rJ 45 rJ@eef@ woD;yk*~vrJ 26 rJ/ (&wn) rJ6 rJaygif; 77 rJu 0ifulvkdufvkd@ OD;ek qufvuf
tm%mjrJvm;a&// ,if;tcg ajyae& ,l&D; twGuf o#rf;/ csif;/ ucsif/ u&if/ u,m;/ rGef/ trwf&dk@ rsufarSmufrm &ckdifajyae oabmwlnDcsufudk OD;eKeef@
&wn trwf&dk@ vufrSwfxdk;xm;uwfaw// oHawG;/ ausmufjzL/ pdkufawG/ oHk; c&dkifvHk;rm ajyae qENjyrJrsm; tkH@tHk@/ usufusuf+zdKufvma&//
1960 ck rm (yxp) rJ tjywfEdkfifvdk@ OdD;ektpdk;& xyfrHwufvma&// &ckdkif ajyrmav; &wn tazG@tap; tjywftowfEkdifv@kd
ajyaev_yf&Sm;&D;rm wdk;wufwifhwif;vma&//
{+yDv 5&ufrm 0ef}uD;csKyf OdD;eku tpdk;& rl0g'udkwifjya& tcgrm “oufqdkif&m wkdif;&if;om; awG&@J pdwfrm ajyae
vdkcsifwJhpdwfwu,hfEd_ufE_duf/ cgcg&dS=uw,fqdk&if &ckdifjy,ffaeESifh rGefajyaeudk pDpOfay;yghr,f// u|efawmfwdk@ uwd ay;zl;ygw,f//
'Drdkua&pDae;ESifhtnDav;aumif;/ a'otwGif;aexdkif=uwJh ajyolvlxktwGuf at;at;csrf;csrf; / cspfcspfcifcif/ aysmfaysmf&Gif&Gi/f tusdK;&dS&Sd +zdKufaprnfhenf;ESifh
tnDvnf;aumif;/ oufqkdfif&m wkdif;&if;om; ajyolvlxk&J@ wu,fh qENudk od&atmif jyK+yD;wJhaemuf od&wJhtcsufudk rlwnf+yD; uwdtwdkif; tapmqHk;pDrH
aqmif&Gufay;ygr,f? oufqdkif&m jynfolvlxk&J@ qENudk odatmif jyKrlwJ@udpPrm jyKyHkjyKenf;udk owfrSwf+yD; u|efawmfwdk@rm oufqkdif&m acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh
wdkifyifygr,f” ajyaeopfrsm; xlaxmif+yD;/ ajyae opfrsm; xlaxmifyD;&D; udpPudk wifjyvm;ca&//

35
 &cdkifajyae/ rGefajyae xlaxmif&D;twGuf 0ef}udD;csKyf. ajyae xlaxmif&D; aumfr,Sef;udk azG@ap;+yD;au tajctae t&yf&yfukd pHkprf;a&/
ArmEdkifiH tajccH Oya'udk jyifqifzdk@ &ckdiftrwfrsm; }udK;pm;uwfaw// ,if;ydkif tcgrm 0ef}uD;&mxl;udpPa=umihf &wneef@ tazG@uGJ&a&// OdD;b}udKiftkyfpk/
OdD;ausmf+idrf;tkyfpkvdk@ ay:aygufvma&//
1962 ckazazmf0g&Dv 25 &ufedrm o#rf;ajy awmif}udD;+rdK@rm ajyvHk;u|wfnDvmcHu tawjyKcsuft& o#rf;ajyu wifoGif;a& ajyaxmifpk
jrefrmEkdifiH azG@ap;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya' jyifqif&D; pmwrf;xGufay:vma&// “z'&,fvfrl” vdk@trsm;ac:wGifa&// vuf[d ajyaxmifpk. azG@ap;tkyfcskKyfykH
tajccHOya'rm ajyaeeef@vlrsdK;pktwGuf wef;wl nDr#&D;twGuf vHkavmufpGm jyXmef;xm;jcif;r[da& twGufa=umifh ajyaeeef@vlrsdK;pkwef;wl
nDr#pdD&eftwGuf tajccH Oya'udk “ajyaxmifpk pdkufpdkufrl” eef@ jyefvDjyKjyif&D;qGJzdk@ atz'&,fvfrludk wifjyvm&a&// ,if;rlrm
1// Arm ajyae azG@ap;&D;/
2// ajyaxmifpk ygvDref vGwfawmf 2ckudk tm%mwl yD;&D;/
3// vlrsdK;pk vGwfawmfwdk@ ajyaewdkfif;u nDr#a& udk,fpm;vS,f v$wf&D;/
4// A[dk ajyaxmifpktm; atmufygXmeudk v$Jtyf+yD; usef[da&// tm%mrsm;eef@ tcGifht&D;rsm;udk ajyaersm;wdk@ v$Jtyf&ef/
(u) EdkifiHjcm; qufqH&D;/
(c) ajyaxmifpk umauG&D;/
(*) ajyaxmifpk b¾m&D;/
(C)aiG '*F g;eef@ aiGpuUL xkwfvkyf&D;/
(i) pmwdkufeef@ a=u;eef;qufaoG&D;
(p) rD;&xm;vrf;/ &Dvrf;a=umif; qufaoGedKif&D;/
(q) ajyaxmifpk w&m;pD&if&D;/
(Z) yifav qdyfurf; tcGefaumuf&D;/
(ps) ajyaxmifpk b¾mawmfudk r#wpGm cGJa0&D;wdk@+zdKufaw// a' awmif}uD;nDvmcHwdk@ OD; armifOdD;ausmf/ OdD; omxGef;OD;/ udk omausmf (AHkayguf) pol&@kd
wufcDuwfaw//
,if;o#rf;rl (0g) ajyaxmifpk pdkufpdkufrludk wifjyvkdufawtcg ArmaecsJ@&dk@ zdzdwkefv_yfvm;cuwfaw// vlrsdK;}uD; 0g'[da& Armwkdif;/ Armajyae
pzdk@pGmudk r}udKufuwf// ajyaxmifpk pdwf"gwfudk xGifxGif}uD; [dkufatmfeDa& // ArmaecsJ@&dk@u ajyaxmifpk pdkufpdkufrludkvHk;0 raxmufcHEdkifuwf// vlrsdK;}udD;
acsmifyef0g'udk udkifpGJxm;a&// Armh wyfrawmfqdkau vHk;0rcHEdkif// ,if;a=umihf o#rf;rludk ta=umif;jy+yD;au 1962 ckrwfv 23 &ufedcg AdkvfcsKyf
ae0if;acgif;aqmifa& Armhwyfrawmfu tm%m odrf;ydkufvdkufaw// o#rf;acgif;aqmif tm;vHk;udkavh zrf;csKyfvdkufaw// &ckdif0ef}uD; OD;b}udKifukdavh
zrf;csKyfvdkufaw//
1962 ckrwfv 2 &ufedrm &ckdifajya& Arm zufqdwfaecsJ@. u|ef;ykef;udkvdkeD b0wdk@ a&mufvm& jyefa&// &ckdkifajyum; vHk;0udkvdkeD+zdKufvdk@
&cdkiftrsdkK;om; awmfvSef&D;eef@ &ckdifvGwfvyf&D;udk t&,lzdk@yif +zdKufaw// vGwfvyf&D;qdkpGma& vlwef;pm;wkdufayG;uavhaumif; ray:xGufEkfdif/ trsdK;om;
awmfvSef&D;. atmifayG;&m vGwfvyf&D; +zdKufaw//
pdkuftm%m&Sif AdkvfcsKyfae0if;u awmffvSef&D;aumifpDudk azG@ap;vkdufaw// jrefrm qdkacsvpf vrf;pOfygwD (rqv)udk xlaxmifvkdufaw/
&ckdifajyudk wdkif;cGJ 13 vdk@owfrSwfvdkufaw// &efukefwdkfif; vHkjcHK&D;eef@ tkyfcsKyfr_ aumfrwD (wvu),if;aemuf evu/ rvu/ &vu tqifhqifhazG@+yD;au
tkyfcsKyfaw// jrefrmae; /jrefrm[efeef@ qkdacsvpfpEd_ufwdk@ csDwufuwfaw// wwd,awmfvSef&D; pcef;qifhwdk@ csDwufedDuwfpGmyif +zdKufaw// &ckdifufkd,fykdif
jyXmef;cGifhudk *&krpdkufuwfab; &ckdfiftrsm; rqv ygwDudk 0ifvm;uwfjyefa&// u|efykef;udkvdkeDb0rm aw[dedDa& &ckdifajy tm%mudk pdkuftm%meef@
qdkacsvpfpcef;wdk@a&mufatmif Armaemufu csdyf+yD;au armif;ESifuwfjyefa&// zufqdwf0g'D&dk@ a& &ckdiftrsdK;om; v_yf&Sm;&D;udk ykdufpdyfwdkufvdkufvdk@
edSrfESif;eDa&// 1967ck =o*kwfv 13 &ufedrm pdkufawG qENjyayG;}uD;udk pdkufvufeufeef@ ajyol@tiwfxkudk ydkufcwfvdk@ twHk;t&Hk; oDqkH;&a&//
trSefajym&zdk@qdkau a'umvrm &cdkif trsdK;om; ap;&Hk;&D; ydkrdk &ifhusufvma&// zdESdrfpGm jyif;xeffoavmuf wGef;uefpGmavh jyif;xefvma&// ,if;ydkif
wdkufayG;wGif;rm&mav; /,if;ydkif wdkufayG;wGif;rm&mavh trsdK;om;w&yf &ifhusufvmzdk@+zdKufaw//

(c) &cdkfif trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;ygwD tazG@tap;rsm; ay:aygufvmjcif;

20 &mpk 'kwd,ydkif;wdk@ a&mufvwfawtcg &ckdifEdkifiH&D;avmurm ta&tcsif;ajymif;vJ&D; w&yf+zdKufay: vma&// trskd;om;&D;v_yf&Sm;r_

t&yf&yfa=umifh trsdK;om;&D;pdwf"gwf/ awmfvSef&D;pdwf"gwf/ &ifhoefvma&// ArmaecsJ@ vuf0DcH "eo#if ygvDreftpdk;&rsm; (zqyv tpdk;&/ yxp tpdk;&) .
0rf;Adkufax;rm &cdkif0Homekcdkuf ywdoaE< wqufquf &ifhrmvma&// wqifhqifhajymif;vJ wdk;wufvmvwfaw// trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;. ap;&Hk;&D;umv
&if;usuf vmpGm+zdKufaw//
1952 cku 1962 ck twdk;twGif;rm (0g) &wn tazG@ap;udkazG@vdk@ ajyaev_yf&Sm;&D;udkpa& 1952 ck Arm zufqdwfaecs@J ae0if;tpdk;&
tm%modfrf;a&// 1962 ck twdk;twGif; &ckdifwajyvHk; v_yf&Sm;&D;rm yg0ifcuwfaw// trSefrm trsdK;om;ap;&Hk; /nDnGwf&D;twGuf
}udK;yrf;cuwfpGmyif+zdKufaw//

36
 ,if;umvrm ygvDrefwGif;wkdufayG;a& tqHk;tjzwftjywfqHk;rm[da&// wjcm;v_yf&Sm;r_wdum; tajctaeyD; tydkif;rm [deDa&vdk@
trsm;,lquwfaw//
1958ckrm &ckdifajywGif;ygwDrsm; tvif;0ifuwf+yD;au xuf /av/ atmufa&;abmfrsm; toD;oD;&dk@ Oya'wGif; v_yf&Sm;&D;rsm;rm yg0ifaqmif&Guf
vmuwfaw// tm;vHk;yif &ckdiftrsdkK;om;&D;udk *&kxm;+yD;au aqmif&Gufvmuwfaw//
a'umvrm &cdkifajy awmwGif;tajctae ajymif;vJvmvwfaw// 1960ck 8sKefv 10 &ufedrm &aohawmif+rdK@aerm ajyol@rsdK;csKduftazG@ ay:vma&//
1962 ckrmaygufawm+rdK@aerm “ &ckdkifajy uGefjrLEd_ufygwD” “&uy ay:aygufvma&// a'ESpfazG@pvHk; tvHeDuGefjrLEd_ufygwD (Armajy) yg;u
acG;xGufvmuwfpGmyif +zdKufaw// a'tazG@ESpfazG@a& &ckdiftrsdK;om;abmifrm &yfawvmuwfpGmav aumif;aumif;rGefjrwfaw//
,if;eSpf rwfv 2 &ufedrm ae0if;tpdk;& wufvma&// ,if;tpdk;a& ajyolqENt& wifajrmufxm;a& tpdk;& tazG@eef@
ygvDrefudkzsufodrf;ydkufvkdufaw// ajAmifvlowfvma&// tm%meef@ zdESdrfcsKyfacsr_rsm; vkyfvma&// ,if; twGufeef@ a'tpdk;&a& zufqdwftpdk;& +zdKufaw//
ygvDrefwGif;jyif v_yf&Sm;r_qkdau vHk;0r[dvdkuf,m+zdKufaw// qdwfokef; vm;c,m+zdKufaw//
a,tcg &cdkifrsKd;csKduf/ ajycsKduf vlairsm;tpk uvyfazG@ap;+yD;au trsdK;om;v_yf&Sm;&D;twGuf ae;rsdK;pHkeef@ }udK;pm; vmuwfaw// t,if
awmfvSef&D; a&;abmfa[mif;rsm; wufvlai/ rsm;tygt0if tm;vHk;csdK@0Suf uvmyfap;rsm; azG@ap;+yD;au vufeufukdif awmfvSef&D;twGuf
v_yf&Sm;vmuwfaw// ,if;ydkif tcsdefrsdK;rm trsdL;om; pdwfjyif;xefvma& vlaiwcsdK@u vufyHjym;tcsdefwdk awmfvSef&D;w&yfukd jyKvkyfvdkufuwfaw//
pdwfqENapmr_a=umihf +zdKufay:vma& ,if;awmfvSef&D;u wrsdK;om;vHk;udk ausausjyef@jyef@ ap;&Hk;v_yf&Sm;zdk@ r&vdkufab; &efol. vufODd;r_ukd&m
cH&vm;uwf&a&// vdsK@0Sufa&;abmftrsm;pkrm rouFmr_a=umihf oHo,eef@eDvmuwf&a&// t"du tpDtpdkifrsm; aESmifhaES;&yfqkdif;vm;c&a&// *kydkif
aygufuGJvm;&pGma& awmfvSef&D; oabmt&yf&yfudk rudkifpGJvdk@ ocFef;pm ,l&zdk@yif+zdKufaw/
a,auavh +rdK@wGif;uvyfap;rsm; v_yf&Sm;r_um; t[defravsmh wae;r[kwf/ wae; }udK;pm;uwfaw// awmwGif; vufeufudkif tiftm;pkrsm;eef@
aqG;aEG;uwfjcif;/ u&if/ rGef/ o#rf;/ awmfvSef&D; tiftm;pkrsm;eef@ qufaoGjcif; &dk@udk pGef@pm; vkyfaqmifcuwfaw// tpdk;&uif;*wfrsm;/ aiGwkdufrsm;
/0g,mvuf &Hk;rsm;udk0ifpD;zdk@ tpDtpOfrsm;udk wm0eftvdkuf csrSwfxm;uwfaw//
,if;ydkifpGmrm tayguf0 uif;wyfeef@ ausmufawmf+rdK@udk 0ifpD;zdk@ tpdDtpOfrsm;a&// wm0efusa& ta&Smiform; wpfOD; ESpfOD;a=umihf
owif;ayguf=um;vm;&a&// *dk%f;*%qefa& vuf0Ju|ef/ pGef@pm;&D;0g'D vlaiwpka=umifhavh rvdkvm;csufrsm; ay:aygufvm;&a&// u&if/rGef/ o#rf;&dk@ eef@
qufaoG&D;rmav; ta&Smiform; vuf,m0g'D wcsdK@a=umifh uarmufur +zdKufvm;&a&// a'ydkif tcsuftvufwda=umifh &cdkiftrsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;
a&;abmftrsm;tjym; tzrf;tqdD; cHvm;uwf&a&//
,if;ydkif t+zdKufqdk; }uHK}udKuf&a&tcgrm tcsdK@a&;abmfrsm; vGwfajrmufvm;cuwfaw// OuUX t+zdKuf Adkvf}uD; =umvSatmif/ twGif;&D;rSL;t+zdKuf
a&;abmf xGef;a&$0g&dk@u wm0ef,laqmif&Gufuwfaw// tdENd,u rDZdk awmfvSef&D;/ em* awmfvSef&D;eef@ qufaoGuwfaw//
+rdK@wGif;u vGwfajrmufvm;a& aemuftiftm;pkwpku “&cdkfif trsdK;om; vGwfajrmuf&D; wyfOD;” (&vw) emareef@ &aohawmifaewdk@
awmcdkvm;+yD;au “ajyol@ rdsK;csKduf tazG@eef@ yl;aygif;vdkufaw// 1962 ck pufwifbmv 9 &ufedrm atESpfazG@aygif;um “&ckdifajy trsdK;om;vGwfajrmuf&D;
tazG@cskKyf” &rvz udk xlaxmifvdkufuwfaw// a'ydkif &ckdiftrsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; eSpfazG@aygif;EdkifuwfpGma& aumif;jrwfaw tvkyf wckyif+zdKufaw//
&rv tazG@csKyf. cH,lcsufrm
1// &ckdkifajya& oddD;jcm; EkdifiHwEkdifiH &ckdif vlr_tazG@tap;a& oD;jcm; trsdK;om;w&yf
2// &cdkif ajyvHk;udk udkvdkeDeef@ ya'o&dkuf wydkfif;EdkfifiH//
3// Arma& ae@acs@vdk@yif+zdKufaw// r[mAsL[mrm trsdK;om; vGwfajrmuf&D;/ ae;AsL[mrSm vlwef;pm; av;&yf(tvkyform;/ avorm;/
"eo#ifaygufp/ rsdK;csKduf/ ajycsKduf"eo#if )yg0ifa&// wyfaygif;pk azG@ap;&D; udkifaqmif xm;a& oabmw&m;vufeufrm rmufpf0g'. uGefjrLEd_uf0g'
yif+zdKufaw//
&ckdifajy uGefjrLEd_ufygwD. cH,lcsufrm
1// &cdkifajya& oD;jcm;edkifiHwEdkifiH/ &ckdif vlr_tazG@tap;a& oD;jcm;trsdK;om;w&yf
2// &ckdifajya& vHk;0udkvdkeD edKifiHeef@ ya'o&dkufwyfdkif; EdkifiH
3// Arma& vHk;0vlrsdK;}uD;0g'udk usifhoHk;a&// r[mArmvdk@yif +zdKufaw// (Armudk r[mArmvdk@ owfrSwfvdkufaw// &cdkifa& vlrsdK;ai (Minority)
+zdKufvm;&a&// &ckdifa&vlrsdK;ai / Arma&yifr vlrsdK;}udD;vdk@ qdk&ma&mufaw// &cdkif vlr_tazG@tap;a& Armhvlr_tazG@tap;. tpdyftydkif;vd@k cH,l&ma&mufaw//
,if;ydkifqdka& &ckdif vlr_ tazG@tap;a& oD;jcm;toGifudk raqmifEdkif,m// &cdkifEdkifiHavh oD;jcm;EkdifiH wpfEdkifiHtoGifudk raqmif,m// ,if;ee@fZk a'tcsufrm
cH,lcsuf t+rD;tajrmufrawh +zdKufeD&a&// &dSaemuf rnD/ rnGwf+zdKufeD&a&// r[mAsL[mrm ajyol 'Drdkua&pD awmfvSef&D; (0g) vlwef;pm; awmfvSef&D; ('kwd,
pcef;qifh) +zdKufaw// ae;AsL[mrm &ckdifajyolorRwEdkifiH xlaxmif&D; yif+zdKufaw// ( r[mAsL[meef@ ae;AsL[mrmavh rjywfom; / &dSaemuf rnDrnGwf
+zdKufeD&a&//) aemuf cH,lcsuf rjywfom;r_ wcsuf[deDa&// &cdkifajya& vHk;0udkvdkeDvdk@ owfrSwfxm;au aecsJ@udk twdtusazmf&vdfrhfr,f// t*k aecsJ@
aysmufeDa&ydkif +zdKufeDa&// aemuf vHk;0 udkvdkeDqdkau trsdK;om;awmfvSef&D;udkwqifh qifaEG;&vdrfhr,f// *k vlwef;pm; awmfvSef&D;udk&m
r[mAsL[mcif;xm;a&//
,if;tjyif Akdvf}uD; =umvSatmif OD;aqmifa& “&ckdifajy trsdK;om; nDnGwf&D; tazG@’ &rnz / u&if awmfvSef&D;eef@ qufaoG+yD;au
tiftm;pkap;vdk@ xlaxmifvdkufaw// “ &ckdifajy vGwfvyf&D; wyfOD;’’ &vw &dk@avh trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; abmifrm ay:aygufvmuwfaw//

37
 &rvz rm ajyol@'Drfdkua&pD awmfvSef&D;uwpcef;qkwfvma& tazG@+zdKufaw// tvHeD uGefjrLEd_uf ygwD (Armajy) uxGufvma& tazG@
wazG@+zdKufaw &rnzeef@ &vw &dk@rm 0HomeKumv wvSrf;wdk;+yD;au trdsk;om; awmfvSef&D;udk a&mufvmuwfaw tazG@ 2 azG@+zdKufaw//
oHk;azG@pvHk;rm&if;ESdD;/ u|rf;0ifuwfaw// rdwfaqG tazG@rsm; +zdKufuwfaw//
&rvz/ &rnz/ &vw qdka& oHk;ygwDrm EdkifiH&D;t& eD;pyfuwfaw tazG@rsm; +zdKufuwfaw twdkfif; 8/ 12/ 67 rm “ArmaecsJ@ qef@usif&D;/ &ckdifajy
trsdK;om; vGwfajrmuf&D; wyfaygif;pk” azG@ap;/ xlaxmifvdkufuwfaw// ,if;aemuf wyfaygif;pk. cH,lcsufrsm;rSmum;
1// &cdkifajya& EdkifiH wEdkifiH. t*Fg &yfeef@ajy@pHka& wdkif;ajywajy+zdKufaw//
2// &cdkifajy vl@tazG@tap; vuQ%ma& vHk;0udkvdkeDeef@ ya'o&dkufwydkif; vl@tazG@/ tap;+zdKufaw//
3// &ckdfifjy. vl@tazG@tap; vuQ%ma& vHk;0 udkvdkeDeef@ ya'o&dkufwydkfif;vl@ tazG@tap;+zdKufa=umif; &cdkifajy olvlxk. t"du awmif;qdkcsufrm
trsdkK;om;vGwfajrmuf&D;yif +zdKufaawvdk@ wnD/ wnGwfaw; cH,luwfaw//
4// ,if;a=umihf &ckdifajy. awmfvSef&D;vuQ%ma& trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; (awmfvSef&D;. yxr pcef;qifh vuQ%m +zdKufaw//
5// &cdkifajy. t"du &efolrm vuf[dumvrm ArmaecsJ@zufqdwf ae0if;tpdk;&+zdKufawvdk@ wnD/ wnGwfaw; cH,luwfaw//
6//wdkufayG;vrf;pdkifeef@ ywfowfvkd@ Oya'wGif; wdkufayG;a& tajctaeudk&myD;+ydD;au vufeufudkif awmfvSef&D; wdkufayG;rmum;tqHk;tjzwfukd
yD;a&vdk@ wnD/ wnGwfaw; cH,luwfaw//
7// a'aecsJ@ya'o&dkuf qef@usif&D; pdkufudk “ajyol@pdkuf” wlnDpGm cH,luwfawyif +zdKufaw//
wyfaygif;pka& tajctaeeef@ tvm;tvmaumif;wdukd zefwD;Edkifcauavh wyfaygif;pkawaqmuf&mrm tpraumif;vd@k taESmif;raocsmc//
yHkpHjy&zdk@qdkau &vw OuUXa[mif; a&;abmf ufkdomEdk;eef@ OuUXodkuf udk atmifausmfom&dk@rm &rvz . tazG@0ifrsm; +zdKufygv#ufeef@ &vw udk
oD;jcm;xlaxmifjcif;// &vwrm oHawG;c&dkif uyif aygufuGJvmpGmudk zdzHk;xm;+yD;au a'rmwyfaygif;pkvmaazG@cif; / &rnz rmqdkau &uy .
wyfaygif;pk0if+zdKufeD+yD;rS a'rmvmvfdk@ wyfaygif;pktodkufrm yg0ifazG@ap;jcif;/ &rvz rmavh ESpfjcrf;uGJeDjcif;&dk@a=umifh a'wyfaygif;pkrm oHk;vom;avmuf&m
cHca&// 1968 ck ZEM0g&Dvavmufrm wyfaygif;pku &rnz EkwfxGufca&// ta=umif; jypGmuawmhcg wyfaygif;pk ESpfazG@0if
+zdKufeDa&twGufwma=umifhvdk@qdka&// azazmf0g&Dv aemufydkif;rm &rvz eeff@ &vw &dk@a& wyfaygif;pkukd +zdKufajrmuf&D; tqifhwdk@ csxm;vdkufuwfaw//
1968 {+yDv 15 &ufedrm &rvzeef@ &vw wdk@yl;aygif;vdkuf+yD;au “ &ckdifajy trsdK;om; nDnGwf&D;wyfOD;” (&rnw)udk azG@ap;xlaxmifvkdufaw//
&ckdkfifajy uGefjrLEd_ufygwDuavh “zufqdwf wdkufzsuf&D;/ trsdK;om; nDnGwf&D; wyfaygif;pk (&ckdifajy)” udk OD;aqmif+yD;au xlaxmifxm;a&//
,if;wyfaygif;pk ESpfwyfeef@ &rnz&dk@ yl;awG;ap;&Hk;&D; aumfrwdDw&yfudk azG@ap; vdkufuwfaw// &rnz u “zufqdwf wdkufzsuf&D; wyfaygif;pk” eef@ “Armajy
aecsJ@ qef@usif&D; wyfaygif;pk” ESpfckpvHk;rm yg0ifxm;vdk@ ESpfckpvHk;u EkwfxGuf+yD;au “zufqdwf aecsJ@qef@usif&D; wyfaygif;pk” rm 0ifz@kd vd@k od&a&//
vufwdG@rmum; Arm aecsJ@qef@usif&D; wyfaygif;pku xGufvm;a& xdkwyfaygif;pkum; t*kxdrxGufod?
,if;+yD;au zufqdwf wdkufzsuf&D;wyfaygif;pkrm rif;jym;+rdK@aerm &uy eef@ “&ckdifajy csif;trsdK;om; vGwfajrmuf&D; tazG@” yl;aygif;ap;vHk;&D;
aumfrwDw&yfudk azG@ap;vdkufuwfaw// &aohawmif+rdK@aermavh &uy eef@ “ &ckdifajy wdkif;&if;om; &dk[def*sm rlqviftrsdK;om; vGwfajrmuff&D;tazG@”
yl;awG; ap;&Hk;&D;/ aumfrwD w&yfudk azG@ap; vdkufuwfaw//
Armajy uGefjrLEd_ufygwD Auy u “ trsdK;om;/ 'Drdkua&pD nDnGwf&D;/ wyfaygif;pk” (r'nw) udk Armajyrm xlaxmifvkdufaw// (Auy)
&ckdifajyaeuavh &ckdifajyrm “vlrsdK;pk tazG@” (vrp) eef@ vufawG;+yD;au r'nw abmifrm twlwl&yfuwfaw//
,if;eef@Zk 20 &mpk 'kwd, ydkif;wdk@ 0ifa&mufvma&tcg &ckdfiftrsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;a& EdkifiHudk *&kpdkufvmpGmudkwdG@&a&// ,if;EdkifiH. &kyfordkif;udk
*&kpdkuf&pGmudkwdG@&a&// atcdkufrm trsdK;om;awmfvSef&D;udk r[mAsL [mcif;+yD;au ay:aygufvma& tazG@tap;eef@ &cdkifajyol@ orRwedkifiHxlaxmifzdk@
ae;AsL[mcif;usif;xm;+yD; ay:aygufvma& tazG@tap;&dk@um;
1// &ckdifajy vGwfajrmuff&D; tazG@csKyf (&rvz) 1960/
2//&ckdifajy uGefjrLEd_ufygwD (&uy ) 1962/
3// &ckdifajy vGwfajrmuf&D;wyfOD; (&vw) 1962/
4// &cdkifajy trsdkK;om; nDnGwf&D;tazG@ (&rnz) 1964 &dk@yif+zdKufaw//
,if;&dk@tjyif &ckdiftrsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;atmufrm wdkif;&if;om; (trSefu EkdifiHom;) tazG@/ tap;eef@ ol@vlrsdkK;pk tazG@tap;
1// &cdkifajy csif;trsdK;om; vGwfajrmuf&D; tazG@ (acG;eDatmif acgif;aqmifa&)
2// vlrsdK;pk tazG@ (a&;abmf armifpdefjzLacgif;aqmifa&)
3// &cdkifajy wdkif;&if;om; &dk[def*sm rlqviftrsdK;om; vGwfajrmuf&D;tazG@/
(&ckdifajyrm ajyol'Drdkua&pD awmfvSef&D;udk r[mAsL[mrm cif;usif;xm;a& ygwDwGif;rmum;)
1// uGefjrLEd_ufygwD (&ckdifajy aumfr,Sef/ tvHeDygwD) atygwDa& rsufarSmuf umvrm &ckdifajyrm r[d,m/
2// Armajy uGefjrLEd_ufygwD (&ckdif ajyae)
3// &ckdifajy uGefjrLEd_ufygwD &dk@yif +zdKufaw//
,if;+yD;au &cdkiftrsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;udk OD;awvdk@ rsdK;csKduf/ ajycsKduf tazG@tap;rsm;/ tiftm;pkrsm;/ woD;yk*~vrsm; / rsm;jym;pGm
ay:aygufvdk@ [da&// ,if;twGufeef@ a'umvudk trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;. ap;&Hk;&D;umvvdk@ owfrSwfxm;uwfpGmyif+zdKufaw// ap;&Hk;&D;umvrm
trsdK;om;ygwDrsm;/ trsdK;om; tazG@tap;rsm;/ rsdK;csKduf/ ajycsKduftiftm;pk woD;yk*~trsm;tjym; / wuGJwjym; ay:aygufuwfpGma& awmfvSef&D;. +zdKuf&kd;/

38
+zdKufpdkif oabmwckyif+zdKufaw// pdkufysuftm;aieDp&mr[kwf// ,if;tauG;tjym;+zdKufeDa& obm0w&m;udk nDnGwf&D; abmifw@kd a&mufvmatmif
ap;&Hk;odrf;oGif;+yD;au wyfaygif;pkw&yfudk awaqmuf &zdk@yif+zdKufaw// ,if;wyfaygif;pk tiftm;eef@&m ArmaecsJ@udk &ckdifEdkifiHu armif;xkwfEkdifz@kd +zdKufaw//
udkvdkeD EdkifiHrm udkvdkeD ajyoleef@ aeacs@&dk@. ywduQ w&m;rm t"du ywdyuQw&m;yif+zdKufaw// ,if;t"du ywdyuQ w&m;udk trsdK;om;nDnGwf&D;
wyfaygif;pktiftm;eef@&m awmfvSefwdkufcdkuf armif;xkwf&zdk@+zdKufaw//

(6) trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; eef@ awmfvSef&ar

r[mAsL[m/ ae;AsL[meef@ cH,lcsufrsm;

atr[mAsL[m ae;AsL[meef@ cH,lcsuf&dk@a& 1968ck Zlvdkifvrm wuUodkfvfrsm;rm tu|ef&dk@ pwifazG@ap;ca&// “&ckdifajy awmfvSef&D;tiftm;pkk”
Arakan Revolutionary Force –ARF udk 1969 ck atmifwdkbmrm wdk;acs@ azG@ap;vdkuf+yD;aemuf csrSwfca& ARF . r[mAsL[m/ ae;AsL[meef@
cH,lcsufrsm;+zdKufyga&// at ARF udk 1970 ck arvrm &ckdifajy vGwfvyf&D;tazG@ ( Arakan Independence Organization AIO) t+zdKuf
ajymif;azG@ap; wdk;acs@cyga&// AIO . rlvrf;pOfa& tae;tusOf; wdk;csJ@ajymif;vJr_[dauavh tajccHrlrm ARF . rltwdkfif;+zdKufyga&// *kwifjyvdkufaw
r[mAsL[m/ ae;AsL[meef@ cH,lcsuf&dk@a& ARF . tajccHrlvrf;pdkif+zdKufyga&//

csdKufawa&;abmftaygif;&dk@
ated ZmawmfvSef&D;udk vkyf&zdk@av; /tajzum; &Sif;eDyg,m/
1// trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;ordkif;qufudk OdD;xdyfxm;vdk@qufcH&zkd@/

18 &mpk 19 &mpk cdkufu &ckdifrsdK;csKduf/ ajycsKduf tmZmenf ola&;aumif;rsm;. trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;a& w&m;a& /rSefuefa&/
,if;acgif;aqmif}udD;&dk@a& &ckdifajyeef@ &ckfdkiftrsdK;om;vHk; vGwfvyf&D;twGuf awmfvSef wdkufcdkufcuwfaw// a'awmf&D; wm0ef&@kd udk OD;xdyfxm;+yD;au
igh&dk@qufvuf wm0efxrf;aqmif uwf&zdk@+zdKufaw//

1// &cdkif trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;twGuf trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; udk&m vkyfaqmif&zdk@

18&mpk 19 &mpk &cdkiftrsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;+yD;au &ckdfifvlr_tazG@tap;rm 20&mpk yxrydkif;rm yxr &ckdif 0HomeKcdkufeef@ &ckdifajy *syef
awmfvSef&D;&dk@ +zdKufay:ca&// ArmvGwfvyf&D;twGuf ArmrsdK;csKduf/ ajycsKduf&dk@ Arm trsdK;om; vkyfaqmifcuwfaw v_yf&Sm;r_&dk@rm a'yxr 0HomeK cdkufeef@
&ckdifajy *syefawmfvSef&D;&dk@ a&mygvm;ca&// ,if;eef@Zk &ckdif abmifeef@ Armabmif a&mxGD;vm;c&a&// ,_yfxDG;vm;c&a&//
20 &mpk 'kwd, ydkif;rmum; 'kwd, 0HomeKcdkuf ay:aygufvma& &ckdiftrsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;twGuf a'cdkuftwGif;rm ap;&Hk;v_yf&Sm;vmuwfaw
&ckdfif&kyfb0u awmif;qkdv_yf&Sm;vmpGm+zdKufaw// &cdkif wrsdfK;om;vHk; vGwfvyf&D;twGuf &cdkifom; awmfvSef&D;udkom vkyfaqmif&zd@k qdkpGm awmfvSef&D;
opPmw&m;yif+zdKufaw//

3// ig&dk@.cH,lcsufrsm;/

(u) &cdkifajya& oD;jcm;EdkifiH wEdkifiH+zdKufaw/ &cdkif vlr_tazG@tap;a& oD;jcm;trsdK;om; w&yf+zdKufw/

(c) &ckdifajya& vHk;0 udkvdkeDeef@ ya'o&dkuf wydkif;EdkifiH+zdKufaw//
(*) igh&dk@. t"du &efola& ArmaecsJ@+zdKufaw//
(C) vufeufudkif awmfvSef&D;&m &ckdifawmfvSef&D;udk tqHk;jzwfyD;zdk@+zdKufaw/ Oya'wGif; wdkufayG;&dk@um; tultnD taxmuf/ tyHhavmufukd&m
yD;edkifvdrR,f+zdKufaw//
(i) t&if;&SifaecsJ@qef@usif&D;pdkufudk ajywGif;pdkuf (Civil War) vdk@avhrcH,l// ajyolpdkuf (People War ) vdk@avhrcH,l / trsdK;om;pdkuf
(National War ) vdk@&m cH,la&//

4// (u) &ckdifajya& oD;jcm; EkdkifiH wEkdifiH+zdKufaw/

39
&ckdif vlr_tazG@tap;a& oD;jcm; trsdK;om; w&yf+zdKufaw//

vl@tazG@/ tap;w&yfudk trsdK;om; w&yf. t*F g vuQ%meef@ ajyhpHk/ rajyhpHkqkdpGmudk baZmifae;eef@ axmufq a=uhuwfzdk@vJ// awmfvSef&D;
acgifaqmif}uD;&dk@u
1// wlnDa& yx0D taetxm;[djcif;
2// wlnDa& pD;yGm;&D; obm0[djcif;
3// wlnDa& bmom pum;[djcif;
4// oD;jcm; trsdk;om; ,mOfaus;r_[djcif;
qdka&tcsuf}uD;av;csufeef@ axmufq a=uhuwfaw//

1// wlnDa& yx0D taetxm;[d

taetxm;[djcif;

&cdkifajy yx0Dtaetxm;udk a=uhvdkufau t&dSbufeef@ ajrmufbufrm &cdkif&dk;r awmifwef;}uD;/ taemufuf eef@ awmifbufrm
b*Fvm;yifavatmff&kd@a& obm0 aeedrdwfrsm;t+zKduf rajymif;/ rvGJEkdifab; =uH@=uH@ckdifckdif aw[deDa&? a'wlnDa& yx0dD taetxm;twGif;rm
&ckdifvl@tazG@tap;a& bkdf;awmftOPerif; %m0pdaENudef;r+zdKufcif ouU&kduf 5995 (BC-3323)avmufuyif aexdkdifca&vk@d &dkuf0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;u
wdG@[d&a&// ,if;tcsdefuyif tdef'dk at&d,efvlrsdK;/ oufvlrsdK; / +rdKvlrsdK;&dk@a& a0omvD / 'Gg&0wD/ "n0wD +rdK@awmfrsm;udk awaxmifuwf+yD;au trsdK;om;
EdkifiHwckudk ausmuf+zdKuf cscuwfaw// ordkif;cdkuftqufqufrm &ckdifajya& trsKd;om;EkdifiH wEdkifiHt+zdKuf (Nation State ) t+zdKuf rm;rm;rufruf
&yfaweDca&// tm&yf/ yg,Sef/ [dENL/ oD[dk/ ay:wl*D/ a'hcsf/ t*Fvdyf/ jyifopf/ rav;&Sm;/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;/ xdkif;/ Arm/ rGef/ o#rf;/ w&kwf/ tmoH/ r%dyl&&d@k eef@
omoem&D; / pD;yGm;&D; / EdkifiH&D;/ pdkuf&D;t& *k%fwla&wl ul;vlk;qufqHca&// &cdkif EdkifiHeef@ trsdK;om; udkavhaumif;/ &ckdifrif;eef@ tcsKyftcsm %mudkavhaumif;/
a&mufvmor# EdkifiHjcm;om;&dk@u t&dktao tav;tpm; todtrSwf jyKxm;+yD;au qufqHcuwfpGmudk ordkif;tpHkpkH/ rSwfwrf;tpHkpkH&@kd rm
&DG;rSwfxm;cuwfaw// &ckdifajy. aeerdwfudk aemufom;aemufvmwdk@ tjiif;tcHkr+zdKuf&atmif at'D 1454 ck &cdkifESpf 816/ wef;cl;vqef; 6
&ufwevmFedrm &cdkifbk&if “e&ek” rif;w&m;}uD;a& Armbk&if tif;0e&ywdrif;eef@ &ckdifArmaeerdwfudk &dk;rawmifwef;}uD;wavsmuf ausmufwdkifpkduf+yD;au
udk,fhae/ ol@ae w&m;0ifowfrSwfca&// &dk;rawmif&dk;wavsmuf owfrSwfca&// &ckdifajy aeerdwfax;rm &dk;awmifpG,ftqHk;/ armfwifpGef;/ [dkif;}udD;u|ef;/
e*&dkif;tilxd / i0Hjrpf/ ykodrfjrpf taemufbuf urf;w&dk;/ &ckdifajy aeerdwft+zdKuf owfrSwfca&//
at'D 1537 ( &ckdifESpf 897 jymodkv )rm '*g;+rdK@ueDvdk@ rif;bmbk&if}uD; trde@fcsrSwf+yD;au "'vDyqm ukvm;rif;bm;od@k yD;vdkufaw &dkufoHrm
“tm%mxGef;vif;/ rif;qufrsm;pGm/ taemufrsufESm/ &uQyl&/ wkdfif;EdkifiH/ ukrRdvm+rdK@txd// taemuf bm*Dd&e'Dd&Dtjcm; armufolZm+rdK@ / umvuwWm;
oabFmqdyfodk@txd/ taemufajrmuf a&mifjzL+rdKuf/ taemufvDvuf+rdK@txd/ ydkifawmfrlonf? ” vdk@azmfjyxm;a&// ,if;aemuf &ckdifrif;eef@ ukvm;rif;&dk@a&
bm*D&ewD &dk;tjcm;rm t[mrdwf azG@uwf+ydD;au udk,fhaeol@ae owfrSwfcuwfaw//
&ckdifbk&iftrsm;yif &ckdifajy. aeerdwfudk ZmwDaw+ydD;au/ uefwl;+ydD;au/ wGif;wl+yD;au / ausmufwkdif pdkuf+yD;au/ owfrSwfcuwfaw// txl;ojzifh
a0omvD/ pEN&m;rif;rsm;/ aumxd,rif;/ '\&dkvm/ rif;xD;bk&if/ e&ekwfrif; w&m;}uD;/ rif;bm}uD;/ rif;zavmif;}uD; / rif;&dkufm}uD;/ rif;carmif;}uD;/
odD&dok"rR&dkufm/ eef@wuG tquftarG awmfrif;rsm;&dk@a& EdkfifiH aeerdwfudk txl; *&kpdkuf apmifhxdrf;cuwfaw//
,if;eef@Zk igh&dk@ &ckdif trsdkK;om; awmfvSef&D;u igh&dk@ ordkif; tqufquf owfrSwfcuwfaw &ckdif EdkifiH&D; taust0ef; aeerdwfukd qufvuf
owfrSwfvdkufaw// t*k rsufarSmufumvrmum; &ckdif vltazG@tap; w&yfvHk;u &kyfusus/ 'dXusus / jyxm;a& aeerdwfudk igh&@kd todtrSwfjyK+yD;au
vufcH&zkd@yif+zdKufaw// “ ordkfif; trDGtquf aeerdwf’’ eef@ “ &ckdif vl@tazG@tap; vuf[d 'dXaeerdwfeSpfckrSty wjcm;ZmaeerdwfrsOf;a=umif;udfkavh igh&@kd
vufrcHEdkif// a'aeerdwf ESpfckteuf wckckudkigh&dk@ &DG;acs&vdrfrnf// &ckdif&kyfb0u awmif;qdka&twdkfif; igh&dk@&DG;acs&vdrfhr,f// t&mZmaeerdwf rsOf;udkavh
igh&dk@vufrcHEdkif/ todtrSwfrjyKEdkif// igh&dk@udk,fpm;vS,frygyJ igh&dk@wrsdK;om;vHk;qENrygyJ// +Adwdo# aecsJ@&dk@ / ArmaecsJ@&dk@ owfrSwfxm;ca& /owfrSwfeDa&
aeerdwfrsOf;a=umif;udkigh&dk@ vHk;0vufrcH// a'eD&mrm w&kwfEdkifiH/ tdENd, EdkifiH/ ygudpPwefEdkifiH&dk@. aeerdwfjy\emudk udkifwG,fuwfyHk/ ajz&Sif;uwfykHukd txl;
avhvma=uhzdk@ vdktyfvdrfr,f//
,if;tcsuf tvuf&dk@udk axmuf+yD;au igh&dk@ &ckdifvl@tazG@tap;u wlnDa& yx0dD taetxm;[da& EkdifiHwck[da&qkdpGm xif&Sm;a&//
&ckdifEdkifiHrmum; ordkfif;tqufqufrm cdkifrma& aeerdwfrsOf;a=umif;udk w&m;0if owfrSwf+yD;au urBmtavrm axax0g0g tifeef@tm;eef@ &yfawca&//
cdkuftvdkufwdk;wufca& EdkifiHwEdkifiH+zdKufaw//

2// wlnDa& pD;yGm;&D;obm0[djcif;

40
 &ckdifvlr_tazG@tap;rm wlnDa& pD;yGm;&D; obm0a& t,ift,ifuyif *kxdaweDa& // &ckdifya'o&dkufcdkuf tqufquf/ Arm ya'o&dkufaecs@J .
vufatmufcHcdkuf// +Adwdo#aecsJ@ t&if;&SifaecsJ@ vufatmufcHcdkuf/ *syef zufqwfaecsJ@ vufatmufcHcdkuf/ +Adwdo# t&if;o#ifaecsJ@. 'kwfd,
vufatmufcHcdkuf/ ArmaecsJ@ vuf0DcH ygvDref tpdk;&. vufatmufcHcdkuf/ Arm zufqdwfaecsJ@. vufatmufcHcdkuf/ a'cdkuftqufqufrm &ckdifEkdifiH.
t"du pD;yGm;&D;rm av,mvkyfief; +zdKufaw// wqifhcHtpG,ftzGm; pD;yGm;&D;rsm;rm O,mOfvkyfief;/ wHigvkyfief;/ qm;vkyfief; pa&pGmwd yif+zdKufaw// &ckdif
wrsdK;om;vHk;rm pD;yGm;&D;wlnDa& obm0[da&//
t,ifu &ckdfifyifav&Da=umif; ul;oef;&D;rmaumif;aumif; xGef;ajymifca&// a0omvDcdkufrm ausmufavSum; oabmFqdyf+rdK@udk
awaqmif+yD;}uD;}uD;/ ausaus ul;oef;a&mif;0,fca&// av;+rdK@cdkufrm/ av;+rdK@(pwk*gr) a'orm oabFmqdyfyif+zdKufc&a&// ajrmufOD;cdkufrm abmif;wGwf
oabmFqdyf+rdK@}uD;udk awaqmuf+yD;au yifav&yfjcm; wdkif;wyg;eef@ ul;oef;a&mif;0,fca&// a&$'*F g;/ aiG'*F g;&dk@udk oGGif;cwf+yD;au pEd_ufwus
ul;oef;a&mif;0,fc&mrm ,if;cdkuf urBmrm xdyfwef;EdkifiHwck+zdKufca&// tm&Swdkufrm yDudef;/ ajrmufOdD;/ *dktm/ Oa&mywdkufrm vef'ef/ trfpwm'rf a'ig;+rdK@ /
yDudef;(, Peking (china) Mrauk U (arakan), Goa(India), London(Britain), Amsterdan(holloand) rm urBmtqifh
twef;rD+rdK@awmf +zdKufawmfrsm;+zdKufawvdk@ taemufwdkfif;om;c&D;onfrsm;u rSwfwef; wifxm;cuwfaw//
,if;cdkuf&dk@u t"du xkwfukefrm qefpyg;+zdKufaw// t"du oGif;ukefrm oH+zdKufaw// *syef oHudk trsm;wifoGif;ca&// t*kckdufrmum;
qefpyg;tjyif &DeH/ opf/ puUL&dk@udk xkwfvkyfEkdifzdk@ +zdKufauavh ArmaecsJ@&dk@ zdESdyfr_ atmufrm &ckdif pD;yGm;&D;rm aZmufxdk;usvk@d [deDa&/ t*kckduf
&ckdifpD;yGm;&D;udka=uhau aumif;aumif;odEkdifa&// ae0if;tpdk;& a&eHwl;zdk@ &ckdifajyrm cHwyfawa&// wl;vdk@&a& &DeH&dkif;udk Armajyodk@ wifykd+yD;au ,if;rm "gwfqD/
&DeHqD/ za,mif;wdkif pa& ukefacsmwd t+zdKufxkwfvkyfzdk@/ ,if;ukefacsmwdudk Armajyu wifydk@a&mif;cszdk@+zdKufaw// &ckdif &DeHukd &ckdif tusdK;rcHpm;&/
ArmaecsJ@&dk@u vuf0g;}uD;tkyf oDG;pkwfxm;a&// a'&Sifha& ArmaecsJ@u &cdkifajytay:rm ajAmifaecsJ@um udkvdkeDpEd_ufudk usifhokH;xm;pGm +zdKufaw// &cdkif
qefpyg;udkavh ArmaecsJ@u udkvdkeD pEd_uftwdkfif; tjrwf}uD;pm; xkwfvkyfa&mif;cseDa&// wjcm; &ckdifpdD;yGm;&D; wdk;wufzdk@vkyfief; (Oyrm) pdkfif;wif
puULpufvkyfief;&dk@udkum; csdK;ESdKufxm;a&// zsufqD;xm;a& / trSefrmqdkau &ckdifEdkifiHrm trsdK;om;pD;yGm;&D;w&yfudkaumif;aumif; xlaxmifEkdifa& tiftm;eef@
ajyhpHkvdk@[da&//

3// wlnDa& bmompum;[djcif;

&ckdifajy w0ef;vHk;rm &ckdifpum;udk t"du ajymqkdoHk;pGJuwfaw/ &ckdiftrsdK;om;&dk@rm a'otvdkuf [dkif;}uD;u|ef; toH/ awmifcGifom; toH/
&rf;+AJ}uD;/ aitoH/ rpJoH / acsmif;om; toH / rmefatmif toH/ ausmufjzL toH/ av;awmif toH/ pdkufawG toH/ awmifpudkfif; toH/ av;+rdK@om; toH/
aumufuwefom; toH/ Adkvfrif;axmif toH/ yvuf0g;acsmif;zsm;om; toH/ +rdKom; toH/ ausmufzsmom; toH/ t0om; toH/ pa&pa& toH/
bvHtrsdk;rsdK;/ ZmavmufyifuGJuGJ &ckdifpm&ckdifpum;yif+zdKufaw// ,if;toHwd ,if;pum;toHk;tE_ef;wd ,if;pGmwdudk tqDtavsmf/ tnDtnGwf
odkfif;0dkif;aygif;ap;yD;zdk@vdk@qdkau &ckdifpum;eef@ &cdkifpmrm t*kxufwdk;wufa=uG0a&// bmom pum;w&yf pmyD w&yf+zdKufvmEdkifvma&//
&ckdifwdkif;&if;om; vlrsdK;rsm;+zdKufuwfaw “wdbufwdk arm&ifudk” tkyfpkpifwd +zdKufuwfaw +rdK/ ysL/ csif;/ acgifpdk@/ tek/ 'kH/ o#rf;'l;/ vif;uJ/ ouf/
'dkif;euf/ r&mrm}uD;/ acsmeef@ &ckdif pa& vlrsdK;rsm; tcsif;csif;avhaumif; tjcm; &ckdfifwdkfif;&if;om; tcsif;csif;avhaumif; wwdkfifeef@wwdkfifqufqH&mrm
&ckdifpmeef@ &ckdifpum;udk t"du ajymqkd oHk;E_ef;uwfaw// igh&@dk tm;vHk;rm “wdbufwkd arm&if” tkyfpkpif+zdKufuwfawtwkdfif; &uQ 0Àbmomudk ajymqdk
oHk;pGJuwfaw// ,if;eef@Zk tcsif;csif;pkaygif;um ckdifrm eufae;a& ausjyef@a& trsdK;om; pmyDw&yfudk avhxlaxmifEdkifa&//
igh&dk@ &ckdif vl@tazG@tap;rm &dk;awmifeef@ yifav=um;rm aw[deDvdk@ igh&dk@ &ckdif trsdkK;om; bmompum;rm obm0tm;jzifh
awm&dk;awmif&dk;qdkfif&ma0g[m&rsm;/ yifav/ +rdKufacsmif;qkdif&ma0g[m&rsm;&dk@rm aumif;aumif; a=uG0vSa&// ,if;eef@Zk igh&dk@a&
wlnDa&bmompum;[da&tjyif &ckdif trsdK;om; bmompmyDw&yfudk aumif;aumif; xlaxmifEkdifa&tiftm;eef@avh ajyh0 pHkvifeDpGmudk wd@G [d&a&//

4// oD;jcm; trsdK;om; ,dkifaus;r_[djcif;/

trsdK;om; ,dkifaus;r_ w&yfudk t*F gig;&yfeef@ axmufcsdefEdkifa& / ,if;ig;&yfrm

1// udk;auG r_qdkif&m ,dkifaus;r_
2// bmom pmyD;qdkif&m ,dkifaus;r_
3// okckr teKynmqdkif&m ,dkifaus;r_
4// qif,ifxHk;azG@r_qdkif&m ,dkifaus;r_
5// ydokumqkdif&m ,dkifaus;r_yif+zdKufaw//

1// udk;auGr_qdkif&m ,dkifaus;r_

41
 &ckdfif vlr_tazG@tap;tm;vHk;vdkvdkyif Ak'<bmom0ifrsm;+zdKufuwfaw/ c&pf,mef bmom0ifavh tcsdK@[da&// tpPvmrf bmom0ifrsm;tcsdK@[da&//
&dk;&mewfudkauG;r_avh[da&/ &ckdif &dkuf0if rSwfwrf;rsm;t& Ak'<bmoma& &ckdifajyodk@ rZ<sdr a'ou Ak'< vufxufawmftcguyif a&muf[dvma&vdk@od&a&//
&cdkifajyrm Ak'<bmomax&0g' xGef;um;a&// &[ef;awmfrsm;rm {upm&*dk%f;eef@ A[kpm&*dk%f;wdk@ ESpf*k%f;[da&/ t,ltquGJv@kd *dk%f;uGJeDpGmr[kwf//
t&n0oD awm&yfrDSa& &[ef;awmfrsm;udk {upm&Dvdk@ac:a& // ,if;&[ef;awmftpkudk {u& *dk%f;vdk@ ac:a&// +rdK@wd&Gmwdrm oDwif;oHk;a& &[ef;rsm;udk
*gr0goD (0g) rekZm&dDvdk@ac:a&// ,if;&[ef;awmfrsm;tpkudk A[kpm&dD *dk%f;[kac:a&// tckcdkufrm uH*dk%f;/ 'gG&0wD *dk%f;vdk@ uGJjym;eDuwfaw// uH*dk%f;vdk@
ac:a0:eDuwfaw *dk%f;rm pifpdkuf Armajyu vma& uH*dk%f;r[kwf// t,ifu &ckdifajyrm &[ef;awmfrsm;. *dk%f;quf / *dk%f;airsm;&m +zdKufaw// &ckdif
q&mawmf}uD;tcsdK@rm Arm q&mawmf}uD;tcsdK@eef@ 'Gg&*dk%f;udk xlaxmifvdkufuwfawtcg &ckdif&[ef;awmfrsm; avmurmavh 'Gg&*dk%f; ay:aygufvma&//
&ckdif ydËuyfawmfrsm; jrwfpGmbk&m;. t*~om0u +zdKufawmfrla&// t&Sif Agukvrax&feef@ r[m pENmol&d, rif;}uD;&d@k }uD;=uyfv@kd
ay:aygufvma&vdk@ &cdkif &dkuf0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;rm wdG&a&// ,if;aemuf oD[dkpwkwW oHCmh,emrleef@ ,if;tqufquf wdkufqdkifaw;jzwfxm;cuwfaw//
&cdkfifajy Ak'<omoemawmfrm r[mrked udk,fpm;awmfavh txGwftxdyf+zdKufaw// rZ<sdra'o / =o&do/ oD[dk/ rGef/ Arm/ xdkfif;/ o#rf; / &ckdif&@kd rm omoem&D;t&
ordkfif;eef@ csdDf+yD;au aumif;aumif; &if;ESD;uwfaw EdkifiHrsm;+zdKufaw//
&dk;&mewfudk;auGr_rm &dSa[mif;cdkufu ausmufwHk;/ ausmufaqmifwd}uD;rsm;udk udk;auGjcif;/ awmtkyf/ opfyif}uD;rsm;udk udk;auGjcif;/ acsmif;ajrmif;/
+rdKuf}uD;/ +rdKufairsm;udk udk;auGjcif;&dk@u +rdKufzsm;cHvmpGm+zdKufaw// &dk;&mewfudk;auG&mrm &ckdif/ +rdK/ouf/ 'dkif;euf/ r&mrm}uD;/ csif;/ pa& wdkif;&if;om;
tm;vHk;&dk@rm aumif;aumif;/ qifwlr_[da&// a,+yD;au &ckdiftmZmeDrsm;udk ajy&Sif/ ajy&Sifrt+zdKuf wifajrmufuwfaw//
,ifa=umifh &dk;rawmifpG,ftqHk;/ armfwifpGef;/ &rf;+AJawmifpG,ftqHk; / awmifeDawmif&dk;/ awmifeDtqHk;/ usdef;awmifwef;/ awmif&kd;awmifpG,ftqHk;/
=o&r awmif&dk;awmifpG,ftqHk;/ r,lurf; awmif&dk;awmifpG,ftqHk; / pdkufwaumif; awmif&dk;/ awmifpG,ftqHk; acsmif;&dk;/ +rdKufzsm;rsm; tqHk;&d@k rm ewf&kH
/ewfuGef;/ t}uD; /tai aqmufvkyf+yD; ylaZmfyowkef; +zdKufaw//
ewf&Hkewfu|ef;eef@ tjcm;aejcm;/ aeerdwfrsdKif;a=umif;&dk@udk owfrSwfxm;cpGmavh[da&// &cdkif&dk@u ewf udk;auGauGr_ukd ajycsKdufpdwf/
rsdK;csKdufpdwf&dk@udk azmfnGef;azG@ap;pGm&dk@udkfavh wdG@&a&//

2// bmompmyDqkdif&m ,dkifaus;r_

&cdkiftuQ&mrm oD[kd/ Arm/ rGef/ xdkfif;/ avm/ uar<m'D;,m;/ o#rf; trsdK;om;&dk@. tuQ&m rsm;ydkif tdENd, ajrmufydkfif; jA[dRtuQ&m qif;oufvma&//
a0omvDcdkuf (at'D 320- 957) twdk;/ twGif;rm tuQ&m 0Àqef;odkufwdk;wuf +zdKufxGef;vma&//
&cdkfifpmyDavmurm 1// pum;ajy 2// vuFpum;ajy 2 axGa&m 3// ta&G@tzGifhvdk@ oHk;rsdK;/ oHk;pm;uGJjym;pGmudk wdG@&a&// "rRoufavsmuf xHk;jzwf/
xHk;edygwfyHkjyif/ &dkuf0ifrSwfwrf;/ rSwfpkpa&pGm&dk@udk pum;ajyeef@ t&DG;rsm;a&// wcgwcg vuFm pum;ajy ESpfaxGa&meef@ azG@aEG@a& vuFmtrsdK;tpm;yg0ifa&//
pmyDavmuudk uAsmusrf;/ o'Ngusrf; tbd"gefusrf;&dk@u xdrf;a&// &ckdif pmyDavmuudk &ckdif uAsmusrf;/ &ckdif o'Ngusrf;/ &ckdfif
tbd"rRmefusrf;&dk@uxdef;a&// &cdkif pmyDavmurm okw0gp qef;usrf; (a0omvDcdkuf jrefrmjyef) uAsmqefusrf;/ u0d*E<ygoqef;usrf; (ajrmufOD;cdkuf)
ay:aygufca&// o'Ngusrf;rsm;/ tbd"gefusrf;rsm;&dk@a& ay:aygufca&// ,if;eef@Zk ig&dk@ wm0efw&yfrm cdkufrD trsdK;om;pmyDw&yfukd cdkifckdifaemif;aemif;/
ausausjyef@jyef@ xlaxmif &zdk@yif+zdKufaw//

3// teKokckrynmqdkif&m ,dkifaus;r_

&cdkif okckrtekynmrm vufae;odrfarG@a&// qef;ausa&// obm0 toHudkvdkufvdk@ *Dwaw;oGm; trsdK;rsdK; awxGif+yD;au oDqkdwD;r_wfuwfaw//
*k%f&oajrmufr_udk t"du xm;uwfaw// t&dSwdkif; qefqefyif pJ0g; nDnGwfr_xuf *k%f&oajrmufom,mr_/ OD;pm;yD;uwfaw// pdfkufeef@qdkvmau pdkufoDG;/
pdkufrmef/ ajrmufvmatmif ajrSmufwD;&a&// vlxkayG;}uD;usvmvwfau/ oHcskyfxdk;vdk@ tdk;pnf/ AHkarmif;xdk;uwfaw// &dk;&m ewfayG;rm ywfwD;a&/ xdrfjrm;/
r*FvmayG;rm yef;wsm;wD;uwf&a&// &SifjyKayG;rm orufwufayG;rm r*Fvm pnfwDa&// bk&m;wuf ausmif;wuf awtcg aumif;r_pnfukd wD;a&// usifayG;rm
usifpnfwD;&a&// rom/ tokbrm 'Hk;pnf wD;&a&//
t+idrf@wD;0dkif;rsdK;rm yvD trsdK;rsdK;/ wl&d,m trsdK;rsdK;&dk@udk tjcm;wl&d,m&dk@eef@ awG;+yD;au +idrfhanmif; om,mpGm csdKwodrfodrhf / csrf;w+idrhf+idrfh/
wD;r_wfuwf&a&// wD;yHkwD;[efeef@ywfowfvdk@ t=urf;wD;/ teKwD;/ taEG;taysmif;wD;/ tvGrf;wD; toGm;wD;vdk@&ot& uGJjym;wD;uwfawydkif t=urf;/
t+idrfh/ tekK/ taEG@/ taysmif;/ tvGrf;/ toGm;vdk@ cGJjcm; oDqdkuwf&a&// cGJjcm; uckefuwf&a&// u[efrm vufacsmif; t,ltiif/ rsufESmtrl t&ma&
aumif;aumif; t&D;}uD;a&// nm+cD/ nmvuf b,f+cD/ b,fvufrm &ckdif. t"du uuGuf+zdKufaw// ,if;&dk@a& tu. o&kyfukd aqmifa&/ tu.
*k%fo&udk aqmifa&//
&ckdif trsdK;om;okckr teKynmrm &mpk Edkufrsm;pGmuyif udk,frl/ udk,fh[efeef@ ajyhajyh00 qif;oufvmvdk@ urBmtavrm axax0g0g wrlw[ef
woD;wjcm;&yfawvdk@[deDa&//

42
4// qif,ifxHk;azG
azG@r_qkdif&m ,dkifaus;r_

&cdkiftrsdK;om;0wfpHkrm cdkuftvdkuf wdk;wufajymif;vJr_[da&// t,ifht,ifcgu a,musFm; rdef;r tm;vHk; qefxHk;/ xHk;uwfaw// ykwD;/ em;a'gif;/
vufusyf/ vufaumuf/ +cDcsif;0wfuwfaw// trsdK;orD;&dk@rm qefxHk;udk tqef;wa=u tvSty/ xHk;avh[duwfaw// trsdK;om; vl}uD;&d@k rm acgif;aygif;xD;xD;
aygif;avh[duwfaw// tusD Fxdkif rodrf;/ ykqdk;awmifa&S@&dk@udk cef@cef@em;em; 0wfqifuwfaw// ta&Ga&mufaw trsdkK;orD;&d@k rm &ifwifygwpfxydefudk
&dSpxm;vdk@ 0wfuwf&a&// cg;}udK;&mrm &ckdiftrsdK;orD;&dk@. wifhqefa& tqif;wefqmwck +zdKufaw//
&ckdif &dk;&m0wfpHkufdk ta&Gvdkuf/ tv$mtvdkuf/ ayG;vrf;/ obiftvdkuf/ woD;woef@pD owfrSwfxm;a&// trsdK;om; w&yf. trsdK;om; usufoa&
aqmif+zdKufawydkif/ &ckdkfif trsdK;om;0wfpHkavh &cdkif trsdK;om;. trsdK;om; usufoa& aqmifyif+zdKufaw//

5// Adokum qkdif&m,dkifaus;r_

tif'dkt,f&d,ef&dk@. ,dkifaus;r_ taiG@toufudk a0omvD cdkuftaqmuftOD;&dk@rm awG@&a&// av;+rdK@cdkuf ajrmufOD;cdkuf&@kd rmum; &ckdifrl
&ckdif[efygyg Adokum ynm&yfxGef;um;ca&// txl;ojzifh ajrmufOD;cdkuf vuf&dk;&mrm aumif;aumif; ajymifajrmufa&// &Spfaomif; odrf}uD;/ udk;aomif;
odrf}uD;/ wkwfuefodrf/ av;rsufESmbk&m; / ajrmufwefaqmif/ jrwef;aqmif/ tHawmfodrf/ &wemyHk / avmifyGef;ajymufwd/ *lawmifbk&m;/ ausmufwvHk;
bk&m;/ *l0 bk&m; / rmefig;yg; apwDdawmfrsm; / OD;&dkufawmf apwDawmfrsm;eef@ Asm'dwf0if apwDawmfrsm;/ ,iftjyif r[m rkedukef;awmf / a0omvD
ausmufavSum;/ yk&drfeef;&m ukef;awmf/ ajrmufOD; eef;&mukef;awmf/ oHawG; eef;&m ukef;awmf &dk@rm &dSa[mif; &ckdifvuf&m Adokum ynm[d xGef;ajymif
csufrsm;udk nGef@jyvdk@ [dvdDuwfaw//

csKdufawa&;abmff&dk@

a,au &ckdifajya& oD;jcm;EdkifiHwEdkifiH+zdKufaw// &cdkif vlr_tazG@tap;a& oD;jcm;vlr_tazG@tap; +zdKufawqdkpGmudk jyefaumufuwfr,f// a'ydkif;udk

oifh&Hk taus&DG;vkdufpGmuavh &ckdifvlr_@tazG@tap;rm trsdK;om; vuQ%m zsufqD;a&0g'Drsm; ay:aygufeDvdk@yif+zdKufaw// &ckdifrma& ordkif;tqufquf[djcif;/
cdkfifrma& aeerdwf wdwdusus[djcif;/ ordkif;tqufquf qufqHvmor#EdkifiH&dk@rm EdkifiHeef@ trsdK;om;bk&ifeef@ tcsKyftcsmtm%mudk av;av;pm;pm;
todrSwfjyKcH&jcif;eef@ajyhpHka& twGufwma=umihfhavhaumif;/ wlnDa& yx0D taetxm;[djcif;/ wlnDa& pD;yGm;&D; obm0[djcif;/ wlnDda&
bmompum;[djcif;/ oD;jcm;trsdK;om; ,dkifaus;r_[djcif;&dk@eef@ ajyhpHka& twGufwma=umifhavhaumif; igh&dk@&ckdifajya& EkdifiHwEdkifiHt*F g &yfvuQ%meef@
twdtusajyhpHka&//
&ckdifEdkifiHrm ouU&dkuf 1000 ajyh (AD 1638)uyif trsdK;om; ap;vHk;nDnGwf&D; usqif;&jcif;/ wyg;vufatmuf udkvkdeD +zdKufeD&jcif;/ eD+rD
tjcrf;jcrf; tpdyfcHeD&jcif;&dk@a=umifh tiftm;usqif;qkwf,kwfvm;&auavh &cdkifEdkifiH. trsdK;om; t*F gvuQ%ma& vHk;0qdwfokef;vm;pGmr[kwf//
EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHudk aeacs@wwdkifu odrf;ydkufrdau cdkufa[mif;rSmyif +zdKuf+zdKuf/ cdkufopfrmyif +zdKuf+zdKuf / t"du tede@f eef@ ,if;odrf;ydkufcHeD&a&
trsdK;om; vuQ%m t&yf&yfudk zsufqD;ydkufuwfaw// pD;yGm;&D;/ EdkifiH&D; / pdkuf&D;/ vlr_&D; wqifhqifh+zdKuf+zdKuf / w[kefxdk;+zdKuf+zdKuf
ESdrfESif;wkdufzsufydkufuwfaw// ,if;ydkifvkyfuwfpGma& t"du tm;jzihf xdkvufatmufcHEdkifiHudk +cDr_ef; pGmyif+zdKufaw// at'D 1784 rS 1788 twGif; Arm
ya'o&dkufaeacs@rif; armif0dkif;u igh&dk@ &cdkfdif trsdK;om;vuQ%mt&yf&yfudk 0wDav;&yfpvHk;rm vdkufvH zsufqD;ydkufvdkufpGmudk &dkuf0if rSwfwrf;&d@k rm
zwf&_&a&//
aecsJ@&dk@ bavmufzsufzsuf/ udkvdkeDajyolu &kef;uefawmfvSefuwfawtcg rzsufEdkif// EdkifiHw&yfnhHa&tcg udkvdkedD +zdKuf&auavh wdk;wufvma&tcg
wdk;wuf p+rJ+zdKufaw// ,if;eef@Zk trdsK;om; ap;&Hk;&D;umva& trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;tp ed'gef;ysdK;jcif;+zdKufawvdk@ qdkvkdufaw// trsdK;om;
ap;&Hk;&D;umvuyifp+yD;au trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif;twdkif; wdkuf&D; cdkuf&D;a& ,if;trsdK;om; vGwfvyf&D;yef;wkdifwdk@trSef {uefa&muf[d&a&//
,if;ydkif vGwfvyfvmau ,if;EdkifiH. trsdK;om; vuQ%mavh ordkfif;trDGquft&avhaumif; / cdkuft&pEd_uft&avhaumif; xGef;um;vm&a&yif+zdKufaw//

3//// (1) &ckdifajya& vHk;0 udkvdkeD eef@ ya'o&dkuf wydkif; EdkifiH+zdKufaw//

t=uifEdkifiH wEdkifiH. tcsKyftcsmtm%mudk tjcm;EdkifiHwEdkifiHu rw&m; csKyfudkifxm;/ rw&m; odrf;ydkufxm;/ rw&m; csKyfacsxm;au xkdEkdifiHrm
udkvdkeD u|efb0odk@ qif;vm;c,m+zdKufaw// pdkuf&D;t&yifodrf;odrf;/ EdkifiH&D;t&yif odrf;odrf;/ pD;yGm;&D;t&yifodrf;odrf;/ todrf;cH&a&EdkifiHa&
udkvdkeDyif+zdKufaw//

43
 t,if 18-19 &mpktcgu udkvdkeD pEd_ufa[mif; xGef;um;ca&// 19-20 &mpkavmufrm ('kwd, urBm@ pdkuf+yD;aemufykdif;rm) u|efykef;udkvkdeD
ay:xGef;vma& // txl;ojzifh vGwfvyf+yD;. EdkifiHtwGif;rm u|ef;ykef;udkvdkeDwd trsm;}uD;[da&// ajyaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHvdk@ ac:wGifa& EdkfifiH twGif;rma=uhyg//
&ckdifa& Arm. u|ef;ykef; udkvdkedD +zdKufeD&a&//
a'udpPeef@ywfowfvdk@ ordkif;a=umif;eef@ wqdwfauaqG;aEG;r,f// &cdkfifudk Armya'o&dkufaecsJ@bk&if armif0dkif;odrf;,la&tcg &cdkiftcsif;csif;
ap;&Hk;r_+ydKuGJpGmudk ta=umif;jyKvdk@ 0ifa&mufcsKyfudkifvdkufpGm +zdKufaw// aemufydkfif;rm &cdkifudk odrf;ydkufvdkufaw// +Adwo# t&if;o#ifaecs@J &cdkifukdf tpyxrcg
&cdkifacgif;aqmifwdeJ@ vufawG;um 0ifa&mufvmpGmudk wdG@&a&// aemufrS pdkuftiftm;eef@ rw&m;odrf;ydkufvdkufpGm+zdKufaw// aemuf+yD;au Armh vGwfvyf&D;udk
+Adwdo#bm;u awmif;uwfawtcg &ckdifudk csKyfudkifodrf;ydkufvdkufaw// t*kqdkau &cdkifa& Arm vufatmufcH +zdKufeDauavh &cdkihftcsKyftcsmtm%mudk
Armh&dk@u rw&m; odrf;ydkufxm;auavh “ajyaxmifpk” qkda& a0g[m&eef@ zHk;tkyfxm;a&// “ajyaxmifpk” ax;rSm zHk;auGxm;a&// ,if;eef@Zk &cdkifrm udfkvkdeD
+zdKufeDauavh tzHk;t0dSuf cHeD&yefoda&// wae; u|ef;ykef; udkvdkeD+zdKufeD&a&//
ated urBmt&yf&yf u|efykef;udkvdkeD trsm;tjym; awmfvSefwdkufcdkuf eDuwf,m+zdKufaw// bD,mz&m awmfvSef&D;/ em* awmfvSef&D;/ rDZdk
awmfvSef&D;/ ucsif awmfvSef&D;/ u&if awmfvSef&D;/ rGef awmfvSef&D;/ o#rf; awmfvSef&D;/ &cdkif awmfvSef&D; (ygupPwefrSm abvlcsDpwef awmfvSef&D;)
aecsJ@qef@usif&D; trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;&dk@yif+zdKufaw// vGwfvyf&D; twGufawmfvSef&D; pdwfeef@ wdkufcdkuf eDuwfpGmyif+zdKufaw//
&cdkif ouU&dkuf at'D 1784 ck avmufrm &cdkif vl@r_tazG@tap;. tcsKyftcsmtm%mudk rw&m;odrf; ydkufxm;uwfpGma& ated txd+zdKufaw//
aecsJ@ Arm /aecsJ@ +Adwdo#/ aecsJ@ *syef/ aecsJ@ +Adwdo# / aecsJ@ Armh&dk@rm vufajymif;/ vuffjyef &cdkif tcsKyftcsmtm%mudk rw&m; odrf;ydkufxm;uwfaw// igh&@kd .
+rDay: +rDatmuf pD;yGm;&D;rsm;udk ol&dk@ vuf0g;}uD;tkyf oDG;pkwfacsvS,fxm;a&// &cdkifukdukef;=urf; ajywajyt+zdKuf zefwD;+yD;au Armhu ukefacsmxkwf
ajywajyt+zdKuf zefwD;eDa&// *kydkif &ckdfifudk Armu pD;yGm;&D; wzufapmif;eif; zdESdyf +yD;au qufqHa&// ol@&dk@. ukefacsmwdudk a0,lokH;pGJa&//a'ydkif +zdKufatmif
zefwD;eDa&/ zefwD;xm;a&// wae; EdkifiH&D;t&‚if;/ pD;yGm;&D;t&‚if;/ &ckdifudk Armu udkvdkeD vkyfxm;a&//
aemufArmtpdk;&. pdkuf&D;tm%mudkavh &ckdifwajyvHk;rm jzef@=uwfxm;a&// pdkuf&D;t& &cdkif vlr_tazG@tap; wckvkH;udk zdEdSufaw/
ajAmifvlowfaw/ awmyefZif;/ ref;yifZif;/ rusD;ukef;/ pGef&D;/ pdkufawG&dk@rm tpkvdkuft+yHKvdkuf a+Amifvlowfaw//
&ckdfif wOD;csif;vGwfvyfr_ / &ckdfifwrsdK;om; vHk;vGwfvyfr_udk zdESdyfcskKyfacsxm;a&// &cdkifrm udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh (Self Indentity) vHk;0r[d//
udk,fhpmyDudk udk,froif=um;&// udkf,fhtpdk;&udk ukd,f&DG;acscGifhr& /xlaxmifcGifhr&/ udk,fydkif pdkufwyf xlaxmifcGifhr&/ udk,fydkfifynm&D; / usef;rm&D;/ vlr_&D;
t&yf&yf&dk@rm udk,f&dk@obm0eef@udkufnDatmif vkyfcGifhr&// EdkifiHjcm;eef@vGwfvyfpGm pdkuf&D;/ EdkifiH&D;/ pD;yGm;&D;t& rqufaoG&// &cdkifEkdifiH. ukkvor*~0ifEdkifcGifh
tcGifht&D;udkavh ol&dk@zdESdufxm;a&// &cdkfifaeerdwfudkavh ol&dk@&Sifa&ydkif owfrSwfjcm;eDa&// tcsKyftm;jzifhajym&au &cdkifukdo@l &d@k vufatmufcH
u|eft+zdKufzdESdufxm;a&//
,if;tjyif &ckdifvlr_tazG@tap;rm pD;yGm;&D; t&+zdKuf+zdKuf/ EdkifiH&D; t&+zdKuf+zdKuf/ pdkuf&D;t& +zdKuf+zdKuf/ ,dkifaus;r_t&+zdKuf+zdKuf/ vlr_&D;
t&+zdKuf+zdKuf zdESdufcHeD&a&// ig&dk@ udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhudk ol&dk@csKyfudkifacsvS,fxm;a&// igh&dk@ tcsKyftcsmtm%m igh&dk@vGwfvyfr_udk ol&@kd rw&m;odrf;ydkufxm;a&//
,if;aemuf igh&dk@ArmaecsJ@vufatmufrm vHk;0 udkvdkeD +zdKufeD&a&// rsufarSmufcdkuf &cdkifajyrm +rD&Sifya'o&dkufpEd_uf tajyht0r[d,m// &ckdif+rD&Sif ya'o&dkuf
}udD;rsm;+zdKufaw +rdK@pm;/ &Gmpm;/ acsmif;pm;/ u|ef;pm;/ u|ef;&yf&dk@r[d,m// 'kwd, pdkufr+zdKufcifu[dca&// EdkifiHjcm;om; +rD&Sif}uD;rsm;a&
wdkfif;&if;om;+rD&Sif}uD;rsm;/ jyKaumif;rsm;/ csdyfydkifrsm;avh r[dvdkuf,m/ a,auavh +Adwdo# ya'o&dkuf pEd_uf t=uGif;tusefavh [doda&// ,if;eef@Zk &ckfdifrm
+rDo#ifya'o&dkufwydkfif; &kyfusus owfrSwfxm;jcif;+zdKufaw//
aecsJ@udkawmfvSefeDa&umvrm a'o#ifpEd_uft=uGif;tusefudk igh&dk@a& t"du xm;vdk@r&/ av,m+rD awmfvSef&D;udk trsdK;om;ap;&Hk;&D;
umvrm+zdKuf+zdKu/f trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; umvrm+zdKuf+zdKuf t"du xm;vdk@r&/ ,if;Eef@Zk trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D;umvrm av,m/ +rDjyKjyifajymif;vJ&D;udk
vkyfaqmif&zkdk@+zdKufaw//
trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;umvrm udkvdkeD ajyoleef@ aecsJ@.ywdyuQ&m t"du ywdyuQ+zdKufaw// vHk;0udkvdkeDeef@ ya'o&dkuf wydkif;EdkifiHrm+zdKuf+zdKuf/
udkvdkeD wydkif;eef@ ya'y&dkufwydkfif; EkdifiHrm+zdKuf+zdKuf/ trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; vkyfcsdefrm +rD&Sifeef@ avvkyfom;&dk@. ywdyuQrm vufatmufcH ywdyuQ+zdKufaw//
,if;eef@Zk t"duudk t"du xm;vdk@/ vufatmufcHudk vufatmufcHxm;&zdk@ // t"du ywdyuQudk awmfvSef&zdk@ vufatmufcH ywdyuQukd jyKjyi/f ajymif;vJ&zk@d
a,au vHk;0udkvdkeDeef@ ya'o&dkufwydkif;[da& ihg&dk@&cdkifajyrm trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;udk qifaEG;,if; av,m+rDjyKjyif/ ajymif;vJ&D;udk
tcuftvuft+zdKufxm;+yD;au vkyfaqmif&zdk@+zdKufaw//
tu,kwfyif av,m+rDjyKjyifajymif;vJ&D;udkawG;+yD;au trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;udk vkyfaqmifvm;jcif;a& tem*wfumvrm wdk;wufaw//
avmuudk wufvSrf;Edkifzdk@twGuf +cDvSrf;opfwvSrf; vSrf;xm;pGm+zdKufaw// awmfvSef&D; w&yf qifaEG;a&tcgrm EdkifiH&D;/ pD;yGm;&D; / ,dkifaus;r_qkdif&mrSm
armif;ESif;&D;tiftm; oHk;&yfyg0if&a&// EkdifiH&D; t& awmfvSef wdkufcdkufeDa&eD&mrSm pD;yGm;&D;t& awmfvSef&jcif;/ ,dkifaus;r_t& awmfvSef&jcif;&dk@udk+ydKifwl
vkyfvm;vdk@r&// tEdkifEdkifiH awmfvSef&D;ordkfif;rm oufoD[da&// ZmEdkifiHrmav; awmfvSef&D; oHk;&yfudk a&ma&mxDG;xGD; vkyfaqmifvm;vdk@
atmifayG;qifca&vdk@r[dzl;// ,if;ydkif vkyfavhrvkyfcuwf// ,if;twGufwma=umifh pdD;yGm&D;/ awmfvSef&D;. ed'gef;+zdKufaw av,m+rD
jyKjyifajymif;vJ&D;udkawG;vdk@ vkyfaqmif&a&// ae;wl ,dkifaus;r_ awmfvSef&D;.ed'gef;tp+zdKufaw EdkifiHjcm; ,dkifaus;r_udk qef@usif+yD;au trsdK;om;,dkifaus;r_
jyKjyifajymif;vJ&D; (&Dae;qef@/ twfzavmf&Dqef@ ) udk awG;vdk@ vkyfaqmif&a&//
&ckdkfifajyrm q&mawmf t&SifpdEWmax&f oufawmfxif&Sm;[dpdkifu “&ufacsmif; nDvmcH” rm &cdkfif acgif;aqmif trsm;pku av,m+rDjyKjyif/
ajymif;vJ&D;eef@ywfowfvdk@ Oya't&yf&yfudk &D;qGJcuwfaw// ,if;av,m+rDOya'udk rDS+yD;au rsufarSmufumv awmfvSef&D; awmwGif;ygwDrsm;u
topfjyKpkvdk@ toHk;jyKuwfaw// tcsdK@avh ,if;Oya'twdkfif;yif toHk;jyKuwfaw//

44
 av,m+rD jyKjyifajymif;vJ&D;eef@ywfowfvdk@ wqdwfauavmuf qufvufaqG;aEG;yg&pD// tajccH awmfvSef&D; r[mAsL[meef@ awG;ajrSmif+yD;au
av,m+rDjy\emudk &cdkif awmfvSef&D;ygwDrsm; Zmydkif aqmif&GufawqdkpgGudk tusOf;acsavmuf aqG;aEG;wifjyyg&pD//

av,m+rD awmfvSef&D;. t"du a&a&Gcsufrm

1// av,mvkyfol av,m ydkifqdkif&D;/

2// cdkufrrSDa& av,mvkyfief;udk cdkufrDa& av,mvkyfief;t+zdKuf ajymif;vJ&D;/
3// avxGuf yapP;rsm;udk avorm; tajyht0 cHpm;&D; yif+zdKufaw//
avorm; vlwef;pm; tv$mt& 1// +rDo#if}uD; 2// csrf;oma& avorm; 3// tavtvwfwef;pm; avorm; 4// qif;a&;a& avorm;vd@k
tv$mav;v$m owfrSwfxm;a&// ,if;av;v$mtay: oabmxm;rmum;” +rD&Sifudkwdkuf/ csrf;omudk =um;xm;/ tavtvwfudk rdwfazG@/ qif;a&;udktajccH”
vdk@yif+zdKufaw//
+rD,mawmfvSef&D;. t"du a&a&Gcsufrsm;udk taumiftaxazmfzdk@twGuf wkdufayG;vrf;pdkifrmum;
1// oD;pm; wdkufayG;/
2// vufikwf/ vuf&if;/ vufrjyKwf&D; wdkufayG;/
3// av,m+rD / ajyolydkifwdkufayG;/
4// pkaygif;av,m vkyfief;wdkufayG; ( 0g) uGefysKef;wdkufayG;&dk@yif+zdKufaw//

trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;umvrm oD;pm;wdkufayG; / vufikwf/ vuf&if;rjyKwf&D;wdkufayG;udk qifEDG;uwfaw// wae; v,f,m+rD jyKjyifajymif;av;&D;udk

qifEDG;uwfaw// eDacs@qef@usif&D; wdkufayG;udk qifEDG;pdkifumvrm avorm; atmufwef;tv$mwd. zdESdyfr_0ef'g%f avsmhyg;vmatmif
jyKvkyfyD;jcif;yif+zdKuffaw// avorm;atmufwef;v$m&dk@udk trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;abmifwdk@ odrf;oGif;/ ap;&Hk;,ljcif;yif+zdKufaw// wbufwGif +rDo#if}uD;eef@
csrf;oma& avorm;&dk@udkav; &efrjyKod// ap;&Hk;&D;toGifrm xm;odha&// t"du OD;awwdkufcdkufeDpGmum; eDacs@ udkyif+zdkufaw// a'awmfvSef&D; c&D;pdkiftwdkif;
&cdkifajyrm
(u) &ckdifajy trsdK;om;v$wfajrmuf&D; tazG@csKyf (&rvz)
(c) &cdkifajy trsdK;om; nDnGwf&DwyfODd; (&rnw ) (&rnw +&vw) &dk@yif+zdKufaw// a'trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; tazG@(2) azG@a& trsdK;om;
awmfvSef&D; umvrm av,m+rDjyKjyif ajymif;av;&D;eefh ,dkifaus;r_ jyKjyifajymif;av;&D;&dk@udk aw;G+yD;au vkyfaqmifvdk@[duwfaw// &cdkifh vGwfvyf&D;
atmifayG;a& xdkESpfazG@twGuf trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;. tqHk;tjzwf cef;+zdKufaw//
&ckdifajy uGefrsLedwfygwD (&uy) / ArmajyuGefjrLedwfygwD (Auy) &dk@. awmfvSef&D; tqHk;tjzwfcef;um; av,m+rD ajyolykdifvkyfpGmyif+zdKufaw// a'
2 ygwD. awmfvSef&D;um; ajyol'Drdkua&pD awmfvSef&D; ( 'kwd, pcef;qifh) +zdKufaw// &uy . &cdkiforwEdkifiH awaqmuf&D;rm ae;AsL[m&m+zdKufaw// Auy
. &cdkifajyeDrmav; ae;AsL[myif+zdKufaw//
&uy / Auy &dk@csDwufeDuwfpGmum; ajyol'dDrdkua&pD awmfvSef&D; ajyolydkifwdkufayG; / 'kwd, pcef;qifh wdk@rS wqifh qdka&Svpf awmfvSef&D;
uGefjrLedwfwdkufayG;wdk@ (wwd, pcef;qifh) +zdKufuwfaw// &rvz/ &rnw &dk@. csDwufeDuwfpGmum; &ckdif vGwfvyf&D; atmifayG;wd@k (yxr pcef;qifh)
wdk@rSwqifh qdkacs@vpf awmfvSef&D; uGefrsL;wdkufayG;wdk@ wwd, pcef;qifh wdk@+zdKufaw//
,edumv tEdkifEdkifiH. awmfvSef&D;udk qef;pdkuf vd@vma=u@zdk@vdka&// tdENd, / w&kwf/ udk;&D;,m;/ Ad,ufemrf / Arm tif'kdae;,Sm; awmfvSef&D;
ordkif;t&udk oHk;oyfqifjcifa=u@zdk@vkda&// ,if;EdkifiH&dk@. &kyfb0rm igh&dk@ &cdkifedkifiH. &kyfb0eef@ ae;pyfaw/ ateDAD,ufemrf trsdK;om; w&yfvHk; tar&duef
eDacs@udk qef@usif wdkufcdkufvdk@ [dpGmudk wajyvHk;u todyif+zdKufaw// AD,ufemrfa& eDacs@udkqef@usif&mrm wrsdK;om;vHk;udk ap;&Hk;,la&//
1// tvkyform;udk t+cDcHtm;
2// avorm;Eef@ "eo#ifaygufpukdk t"dutm;
3// rsdK;csdKuf/ ajycsdKuf +rDo#if}uD;/ "eo#if}uD;rsm;udk t&Ht+zdKufxm;+yD;au/ trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;udk jyif;jyif;/ xefxef qifEGD;eDa&/
twk,lp&myif+zdKufaw// xl;jcm;pGm wcku awmfvSef&D; 'kuQdwwd +zdKufaw tusdK;tuef;/ rdrJ@/ brJh/ vifrJ@&dk@udk qif;&Ja& avorm;wdeef@twlxm;+yD;au
&efolyg;u odrf;aq; rda& av,mwdrm eD&mcsyD;a& // a'xl;jcm;a& vkyfaqmifcsufrsdK;udk wEkdifiHrmav; vkyfaqmifpGmudk rwdG[d&yg//
aemufw&kyfajy av,m+rDjyKjyifajymif;av;&D;udk eD&mcsxm;yHkudk av;vd@vma=u@oifhfa&// ajywGif;pdkuf umvrm ajyol 'Drkdua&pDawmfvSef&D;
av,m+rDajyolydkifwkdufayG;udk qifEDG;a&// *syefzsufqdwf eDacs@usL;ausmf0ifa&mufvma&tcg ajyol 'Drdkua&pD awmfvSef&D;udk vufatmufcHxm;vdkuf+yD;au
trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;pdkufudk qifEDG;vma&// w&kyf awmfvSef&D; auG;aumufoavmuf r[mAsL[majymif;av;Edkifvdk@&m awmfvSef&D; atmifayG;udk
cHEdkifjcif;yif+zdKufaw// &efolteDtxm; ajymif;av;oavmuf awmfvSef&D; r[mAsL[mudkav; rajymif;av;au ,if;awmfvSef&D;a& ydkufuGif;vGJvm;zd@k
a&a&Gcsuf/ OD;awcsuf aysmufvm;&zdk@yif+zdKufaw/ r[kwfau awmfvSef&D; ysufpD;qHk;&H_;vm;&zdk@yif+zdKufaw//

45
 ,if;eef@Zk wdkif;ajy. &kyfvuQ%m/ wdkif;ajy. &kyfb0awmif;qdkcsufeef@ &efolteDtxm;&dk@udk txl; *&kpdkuf&zdk@yif+zdKufaw// a,+yD;rS&m rSefuefa&//
r[mAsL[mudk cif;usif;Edkifzdk@ ae;AsL[mudk csrSwfEdkifzdk@+zdKufaw// ,if;a=umif; cH,lcsuf/ &yfawcsuf rSefuefjywfom;rS&m OdD;awcsuf/ a&a&Gcsuf r[mAsL[m/
ae;AsL[m rSefuefjywfom;Ekdifzdk@ +zdKufaw// a,+yD;rS&m atmifayG;qifEdkifzdk@+zdKufaw//

igh&dk@. t"du &efolrSm ArmeD@acsjzpfaw//

EdkifiHwEdkifiH. tcsKyftcsm tm%mudk tjcm;EdkifiH wEdkifiHu csKyfudkifodrf;ydkufxm;au /pD;yGm;&D;t&+zdKuf+zdKuf/ EdkifiH&D; t&+zdKuf+zdKuf/
csKyfudkifodrf;ydkufxm;au/ ,if;EdkifiHa& xdkEdkifiHudk awmfvSefwdkufcdkuf&zdk@+zdKufaw// ,if;ydkif awmfvSefwdkufcdkufzdk@ twGuf tzdEdSyfcHajyolrsm;w&yfvkH;
ap;&Hk;nDnGwf&zkd@ yif+zdKufaw// trsdK;om; uGJjym;eDcsuf ywdyuQ+zdKufeDcsuftm;vHk;udk ,m,D&yfqdkif;xm;+yD;au (0g) jyKjyifa& tqifhrm xm;+yD;au t"du
bHk&efol+zdKufaw tEdkifcHeDa& EdkifiHudk wkdufcdkuf&zkd@+zdKufaw// ,if;a=umifh tzdESdyfcH trsdK;om;w&yfvHk;u tEdkifcHeDa& EdkifiHudk t"du &efol jywfjywfom;om;/
xifxif,Sm;,Sm;jrif&zdk@+zdKufaw//
&cdkifEdkifiH. tcsKyftcsmtm%mudk ArmeDacs@u odrf;ydkufxm;a& / pD;yGm;&D; EdkifiH&D; / ,dKifaus;r_t& csKyfudk csKyfacsxm;a&// wae;u|efjyKxm;a&//
eDacs@xm;a&/ ,if;ArmeDacs@udk &ckdifwrsdK;om;. ap;&Hk;nDnGwf&D;tiftm;eef@ awmf vSefwdkufccdkuf&zdk@+zdKufaw// ,if;ydkifawmfvSefwdkufcdkuf&zdk@twGuf
wrsdK;om;vHk;ap;vHk;nDnGwf&D;udk t&,lzdk@+zdKufaw// &cdkiftrsdK;om;ax;rm uGJjym;eDa& tcsuftvufwd[dauav; ,if;tcsuftvuftm;vHk;udk
vufatmufcHxm;zdk@+zdKufaw// a,+yD;rS&m ArmeDacs@udk wdkufcdkufedkifzdk@twGuf trsdkK;om;ap;vHk;nDnGwf&D;tm;udk pkap;Edkifzdk@+zdKufaw// ,if;a=umihf ArmeDacs@udk
t"du &efolt+zdKufxm;+yD;au usefa& &efoltm;vHk;udk vufatmufcHxm;&zdk@+zdKufaw//
udkfvdkeDu|efEdkifiHwckrm ywdyuQ trsdK;rsdK;[dauav; udkvdkeDtrsdK;om;w&yfEef@ eDacs@.ywdyuQa& t"du ywdyuQ+zdKufaw// ,if;ywdyuQa& t"du
&efol+zdKufaw// ,if;csifhudk trsdK;om; nDnGwf&D;tiftm;eef@ awmfvSefarmif;xkwf&a&// &ckdifEdkifiHrm bmomapG;t& ywdyuQ/ a'oapG;t& ywdyuQ/
tv$mt&ywdyuQ/ rsdK;EG,fpkt& ywdyuQtrsm;tjym;[da&// ,dkifaus;r_t& ywdyuQav;trsm;tjym;[da&// vdift& ywdyuQpa&
ywdyuQtrsm;tjym;[doda& //,if;&dk@xuf udkvdkeD &cdkiftrsdK;om;Eef@ ArmeDacs@&dk@. ywdyuQ&m t"du ywdyuQ+zdKufaw// a't"du ywdyuQ}uD;udk
trsdK;om;awmfvSef&D;pdwfeef@ajzo#if;&zdk@+zdKufaw//
,ed &cdkiftrsdK;om;w&yfvHk;. EdkifiHa&; / vlr_&D;/ bmom&D; udkufpt00udk ArmeDacs@&dk@u zdESdyfxm;a&// igh&dk@ vGwfvyfcGifhukd odrf;ydkufxm;a& / igh&@kd .
tkyfcsKyf&D; /w&m;Oya'jyKvkyfa&; / w&m;pD&if&D;qdka& tcsKyftcsm tm%mydkifqdkifr_udk ArmeDacs@u odrf;ydkufcsKyfudkifxm;a&// igh&@kd . udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGihfudk
ydkufyifwm;qD;csKyfudkifxm;a&// igh&dk@. udk,fydkif tcGifht&D;udk zdESdyfcsKyfacsxm;a&// igh&dk@wrsdK;om;vHk;. vGwfvyfcGifh udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh pD;yGm;a&; / EdkifiH&D;/ pdkuf&D;/
,dkifaus;r_&dk@udk ArmeDacs@u zdESdyfcsKyfudkfifxm;a& // igh&dk@. ajywGif; vrf;yef;qufoG,f&D;/ ajyyEdkifiHjcm;qufoG,f&D; &dk@udkav; ol&dk@csKyfukdif acsvS,fxm;a&//
igh&dk@. trsdK;om;qkdif&m tcGifht&D; vlom;qkdif&m tcGifht&D;tm;vHk;udkav; ArmeDacs@u zdESdyfcsKyfudkifxm;a&// ,if;Eef@ZK igh&@kd rSm vGwfvyfvGwfvyf
wdk;wufzdk@r&// vGwfvGwfvyfvyf v_yf,Sm;zdk@r&/ ap;&Hk;zdk@r&// igh&dk@. tem*wftwGufigh&dk@rm tmrcHcsufr[dau igh&dk@&ckdkiftrsdK;. tem*wfawwhH&D;
wdk;wuf&D;qdkpGmudk pdwfrcsEdkifiH/ ,if;ydkif+zdKufeDpGma& udkvdkeDu|eftrsdK;om;&dk@. tqdk;qHk;vuQ%mw&yfyif+zdKufaw//
,if;eef@Zk &ckdifwrsdK;om;vHk;tzk@d tem*wfumvrm &cdkifwd[d&D; / r[d&D;/ &cdkifawwJha&; ysufqD;qdwfokef;&D;a& oD&D;o#if&D;yif+zdKufaw//
&cdkfifwrsdK;om;vHk;twGuf aumif;aumif;t&D;}uD;qHk;jy\emyif+zdKufaw// a'jy\emudk t"du &efolArmeDacs@Eef@ &ifqdkifajzo#if;&zk@d +zdKufaw// ArmeDacs@u
&ckfdkifudk,fwdkif &cdkfifjy\emudk ajzo#if;cGifhrjyK / tem*wfumvrm &ckdif[d&D;/ awwHha&;udk ArmeDacs@u rvdkvm;// &cdkifqdwfokef;&D; /jyKef;wD;&D;udk ArmeDacs@u
teKae; t=urf;ae;/ rsdK;pHkEef@vkyfaqmifeDa&// ol&dk@twGuf &cdkifvuQ%mt&yf&yfudk &cdkfifpD;yGm;&D;/ EdkifiH&D;/ pdkuf&D;/ vklr_&D;t&yf&yfudk rsdK;yGm;ykdufz@kd pGma& t"du
vkyfief;w&yf+zdKufaw// &cdkifrludk Armrlvkyfydkufzdk@ (0g) &ckdifudk cskdK;ydkufzdk@ / vGifhydkufzdk@pGma& ol&dk@. eDacs@ae;AsL[mwd+zdKufaw// ol&@kd u tay:pD;,l+yD;au
&ckdifArma&m xGD;ydkufzdk@ tjrJ}udKpm;eDa& // ol&dk@. eDacs@r[mAsL[mt& ol&dk@vufatmufcH trsdK;om;&dk@udk ajyaxmifpkpdwfqdka& rwfvkH;eef@wdkuf+yD;au
pdkuf&D;t& tEdkif,lxm;zdk@ EdkifiH&D;t& pD;yGm;&D;t& tEdkif,lxm;zkd@ aemufqHk; Arm vkyfydkufzdk@ +zdKufaw// Armvkyfae;vkyfief;ratmifjrifau xdcdkufvmau/
ajyaxmifpkudk+zdKcGJa& trsdK;om;pdwf"gwfudk xdcdkfufvma& vdk@ 8a,mifuwef;xajyma&//
&cdkif&dk@tzdk@rm trsdK;om;vGwfvyf&D;a& oD&D;o#if&D;+zdKufaw// trsdK;om;nDnGwf&D;a& oD&D;o#if&D;+zdKufaw// igh&@kd . r[mAsL[mrm
trsdK;om;vGwfvyf&D;+zdKufaw// ae;AsL[mrm &ckdfifwrsdK;om;vHk; ndDnGwf&D;+zdKufaw// a'r[mAsL[m ae;AsL[mEef@ wdkuf&dkuf&ifqkdifvmwkkd;pGma& ArmeDacs@/
Armajyaxmifpkvkyf&D;+zdKufaw// ,if;eef@Zk igh&dk@ r[mAsL[mae;AsL[meef@ ol@&dk@eDacs@&D;a& &cdkfiftrsdK;omvHk;twGufqdkau ArmeDacs@&efa& t"du
ywdyuQ+zdKufaw// t"du&efol+zdKufw// ,if;&efudk armif;xkwfEdkfif&D;/ ,if;ywdyuQudkajzo#if;Ekdif&D;rm igh&dk@trsdK;om;vHk;. odD&D;o#if&D;+zdKufaw// tem*wfrm
&cdkif[d&D; r[d&D;udkufp+zdKufaw// &ckdkfifawwHh&D;jy\em+zdKufaw// u|efykef;udkvdkeD. t"du jy\em+zdKufaw//
u|efykef;udkvdkeD EdkifiH. t"dujy\emrm trsdK;om;awwJh&D;/ EdkifiHawwJh&D; / EdkifiHryaysmuf&D;/ EdkifiHrqdwfoke;f&D;yif+zdKufaw// a'jy\em
a't&D;udkufpwdk@udk ajzo#if;zdk@r[mAsL[maoeuajymif;0udk eDacs@&ifudk awhawhxm;&a&// ae;AsL[mrm udk,ftrsdK;om;&D;bm;u pkap;xm;&zdk@+zdKufaw//
,if;eef@Zk &ckdifwrsdK;om;vHk; pkap;nDnGwfawtm;udk t&,l+yD;au ,ed&ckdfifr[mAsL[majymif;0udk t"du&efol+zdKufaw ArmeDacs@&if0udk
awxm;&zdk@+zdKufaw// ArmeDacs@qdk&mrm ArmtrsdK;om;ryg0if/ eDcsJ@EdkifiHwckwGif tcGifhxl;cHvlwef;pm;u tvkyform;/ avorm;rsm;udk
tjrJwrf;zdESdyfxm;pjrJ+zdKufaw// ,edArmtpdk;& zufqdwfeD0if;vufxufrm pdkuf0g'Dvlwpkeef@ ol&dk@. vufyg;pDtcsdK@&m tcGifhxl;udkcHeDa&// useftvkyform;/
avorm;/ ajyolvlxkw&yfvHk;rm t0wfcsKd@aw/ teDcsdK@awh / teDtxdkifcsK@dawh+zdKufeD&a&// ajyolxkwfukefwefbdk;us+yD;au aiGazmif;yGvma&// wbufrm

46
arSmifcdkukefudkrydkufEdkif/ EdkifiHjcm;yapP; t,rf;t,rf;psD;wufeDa&// ,if;eef@Zk ol&dk@a=uG;a=umfxm;a& pm;0wfeD&D; wdk;wuf&D;qdkpGmrm ol@&d@k tcGifhxl;cHwpk.
tusdK;udk qdkpGmxif,Sm;eDa&// ajyol.vkyftm;udk oDG;pkwf acsvS,feDpGm xif,Sm;eDa&//
tjcm;wbufrm ajyolw&yfvHk;. tjcyftcsmtm%mudk ol&dk@rw&m;oufouf csKyfudkifxm;a&// tkyfcsKyf&D;tm%mudk rw&m; udkifxm;a&//
vkyf&D;tm%m/ w&m;pD&if&D;tm%mudk ol&dk@csKyfudkifxm;a&// ol&dk@. ygvDrefudk ajymif;vufeufeef@ odrf;ydkufxm;a&// ,if;tm%mudk ol&@kd vufukdifjyK+yD;au
ajyoludk zdESdyftkyfcsKyfeDa&// ,edajyolrm vGwfvyfr_tm;vHk;&H_;qHk;eDa&// ,edajyoludk ol&dk@ cdkif;csifykdifcdkif;+yD;au }udK;qGJeDa&// ,edajyolukd qdka&Svpfpum;
azmif;azmif;ajym+yD;au zdEdSyfedDa&// ol&dk@. Armqdka&Svpfvrf;pdkifrm ajyolpm;0wfeDa&; usyfaw;eDa&qdkpm vufwGd ol&@kd qdka&Svpfvrf;a=umif;rm
ukefpsD;e_ef;jrifhwufeDpGm/ wuUodkvfausmif;om;wdudk ajAmifvlowfpGm/ w&kwfArm t"du &kef;rmum; vlowfpGm/ qefjy\em ay:aygufvm&pGm/
tvkyf&Hkpuf&Hk}uD;wd ( yHkpH pdkufawmif;puULpuf) uarmufur +zdKuf&pGm /vufpm;r_ qwef;xydk; wdk;eD&pgG&dk@a& xifxif,Sm;,Sm;+zdKufay:eDa&//
ol&dk@vufwqkyfpm zufqdwf0g'D tcGifhxl;cH vlwef;pm;&m ol&dk@. qdka&Svpft&omudk cHpm;eD=ua&// wyfrawmf wckvHk;udkav; cg;yfdkufaqmifvkyfxm;a&//
pdkuftrdef@eef@ wyfrawmf wckvHk;udk udkifxm;a&// qdka&Svpf0g'udk oGefoGifxm;a&// vlrsdK;}uD;pdwf"gwf oGif;xm;a&// ,if;ydkif tm;pk+yD;au ajyoludk zdESdyfaw/
ausmif;om;wdudkowfaw/ wkdif;&if;om;w&kwfwdudk owfaw/ u|efykef;udkvkdeDudk zdESdyfeDacs@eDa&// ,if;eef@Zk zufqdwf tpdk;&rm cHpm;eD&a&
Armajyolw&yfvHk;rm igh&dk@. r[mrdwf+zdKufaw// tzdeSdyfcH Armajyol&dk@. vGyfvyf&D;wdkufayG;eef@ &ckdkifwrsdK;om;vHk;. vGwfvyf&D;wdkufayG;udk *edbHk&efol
ArmeDacs@ zufqdwftpdk;&udk awmfvSef wdkufcdkufaweD&mrm yl;aygif;&zkd@+zdKufaw// Armajyol&dk@. ajyolpdkufausqefeef@ zufqdwfeDacs@tpdk;&udk
wdkuf&zdk@+zdKufaw// Armajyolu ajyolpdwf jc,fr_ef;&D;pdwfudk qifEGJeDa&tcgrm &ckdiftrsdK;om;w&yfvHk;udk trsdK;om; armif;ESifa&;pdwfukd qifEGJ &zdk@+zdKufaw//
t*k=uyf=uyfowdxm;&zdk@pGm wcsufu Armajyolpdwfeef@ &ckdkiftrsdK;om;pdwf ra&mxDG;ydkufzdk@pGmyif +zdKufaw// olpdwftm;eef@ udk,fpdwftm;udk
r[mrdwfazG@xm;zdk@yif +zdKufaw// bHk&efoludk wdkufcdkufa&tcgrm r[mrdwfazG@xm;&m +zdKufaw// &efoludk rsufjc,frjywf&// eDacs@armif;ESif&D;udk
rsufjc,frjywf&// eDacs@a& t"du&efolqdkpGmudk rsufjc,frjywf&// &ckdifawmfvSef&D; ordkfif;rm ocFef;pm t}udrf}udrfvkyf+yD;,m +zdKufaw// ,if;a=umifh *eddigh&dk@.
t"du&efolrm ArmeDacs@ +zdKufaw// ,if;&efoludk trsdK;om;pdwfeef@ wdkufcdkuf armif;xkwf&zk@d+zdKufaw qdkpGmudk =uyf=uyf owdxm;&zdk@pGmyif+zdKufaw//

3// (C) vufeufudkif awmfvSef&D;&m vGwfvyf&D;twGuf tqHk;tjzwf yD;&zd@k +zdKufaw// Oya'wGif; wdkufayG;&dk@um; t+cDteD taxmuftyHhukd&m
yD;edkifvdrfhr,f+zdKufaw//
*ed ArmeDacs@ tpdk;&a& *syef awmfvSefa&;umveef@ +Adwdo# qef@usif&D; umvtwdk;wGif;u udk,f&Jabmf &Jzufaumif; +zdKufaw
&ckdfiftrsdkK;om;wdudk u|efjyKxm;,m +zdKufaw// vufeufeef@wrsdK;/ oabmw&m;eef@wzHk/ zdESdyfu|efjyKxm;,m+zdKufaw// ,if;eef@Zk igh&@kd av; vufeufeef@
awmfvSefwdkufcdkuf&zdk@ yif+zdKufaw// oabmw&m; vufeufudkav; udkifapG; xm;&zdk@yif+zdKufaw// ,if;ydkif vufeuf awmfvSef&D;eef@&m igh&@kd &ckfdif vl@tazG@.
tcsKyftcsm tm%mufkd jyefvnf wdkufcdkuf odrf;,l&mrSm tqHk;tjzwf yD;Edkifzdk@yif+zdKufaw// EdkifiH&D;eef@ pdkuf&D;t& ArmeDacs@udk &ckdfifajywGif;u awmfvSef
armif;xkwfEdkifzdk@ yif+zdKufaw// atae;vrf;rSty tjcm;ae;vrf;r[d//
eDacs@ zufquftpdfk;&. 8edt+cDteDudka=u@yg/ Oya'wGif; wdkufayG;a& qdwfokef;vm;c,m// ygvDreftwGif;rm awmif;qdkz@kd av; ygvDrefr[d,m
//pdkufawG qefjy\em wdkufayG;rm ajAmifvlowfpGmuav; txift,Sm;,m// ,if;eef@Zk Oya'wGif; wdkufayG;eef@ vGwfvyf&D;r&Edkif// ,if;wdkufayG;wda&
t+cDteD taxmuftyHhudkum; trSefyD;Edkifa&/ awmfvSef&D;qdkpGma& EdkifiH&D; tm%m jy\emyif+zdKufaw// EdkifiH&D; tm%muav; aoeyfajymif;0u&m
xGufvma& / a'tqdkwda& awmfvSefrSefuefa& ordkfif;t&yf&yfrm EdkifiHa&;tm%m jy\emtwGuf awmfvSef wdkufckdufcuwf&a&?/ EdkifiH&D; tm%mtwGuf
vufeufudkif awmfvSef&D; wdkufcdkufcuwfaw// vufeufeef@&m EkdifiHa&;tm%mudk &,lEdkifa&// pmcsKyf pmwrf; oabmwlnDcsufqkdpGmu vufeufudkif
awmfvSef&D; aemufydkif;rm ay:aygufvm&pGmyif+zdKufaw//
t*ki&dk@. trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;av; &ckdifajywGif;rm / &ckdifEdkifiHwGif;rm &ckdfifArm jy\emyif+zdKufaw// &ckdifEdkifiHwGif;rm &ckfkdifvlr_tazG@tap;.
tcsKyftcsmtm%mudk &ckdifydkifoifha&// Armydkifoihfvkd@ wkdufeD&a& EdkifiH&D;jy\emyif+zdKufaw// ArmeDacs@u pdkuftiftm;/ EdkifiH&D;tiftm;eef@ &ckdifEkdifiHwGif;rm
tcsKyftcsmtm%mudk usL;ausmf odrf;ydkufxm;pGmudk kigh&dk@u omref awmif;qdkeDvdk@r&// &cdkifpdkuftiftm;eef@/ &ckdif EdkifiH&D;tiftm;eef@ awmfvSef
wdkufcdkuf&zdk@yif +zdKufaw//
awmfvSef wdkufcdkufaw eD&mrm vufeufa& aumif;aumif; wefcdk;xufjrwfaw// a,auav; vufeufud&d,ma& awmfvSef&D;udk
aumif;aumif;tqHk;tjzwf ryD;Edkif/ vlu&m tqHk;tjzwfyD;Edkifa&/ awmfvSef&D;orm;u&m awmfvSef&D;udk tqHk;tjzwfyD;Edkifa&// oabmw&m;eef@ vufwdGudk
aygif;pyfuwfaw// &ifhusufaw awmfvSef&D; orm;u&m qHk;jzwfEdkifa&/ trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;umvrm pdkuf&D;*sD; wbufowf aumif;+yD;au EdkifiH&D;uef;eDa&
wyfazG@u awmfvSef&D;udk tqHk;tjzwfryD;Edkif atmifayG;txd rwdkufcdkufEdkif// EdkifiH&D;*sD; wbufowf apmif;xufeD+yD;au pdkuf&D;jrKyfeDa& ygwDuav;
awmfvSef&D;udk tqHk;tjzwfryD;Edkif atmifayG;txd rwdkufcdkufEdkif// pdkuf&D;/ EdkifiH&D; ajyh0pHkvifa& awmfvSef&D; ygwDu&m tqHk;tjzwfyD;Edkifa&//
*edtrsdK;om;umvrm ygwDa&
1// pif=u,frGefjrwfaw trsdK;om;pdwf"gwfvufeuf
2// awmfvSefrSefuefa& oabmw&m;vufeuf
3// acwfrDvufeufwyfqifxm;zdk@vdka&//

47
 Oya'wGif;rm omrmefv_yf,Sm;r_rsdK;a& ta&twGuf ajymif;av;r_rsdK;udk&m +zdKufpDa&// awmfvSef&D; w&yfu&m ta&tcif; ajymif;av;r_udk
+zdKufpDa&// ta&twGuf ajymif;av;r_a& ta&tcif; ajymif;av;r_twGuf taxmuftyHh+zdKufaw// Oya'wGif; omrefwdkufayG;rsdK;a& vGwfvyf&D;udk
tqHk;tjzwfryD;Edkif// vGwfvyf&D;twGuf taxmuftyHhudkum; trSef+zdKufpDEdkifa&//
*ed&ckdif trsdk;om;awmfvSef&D; qifEDG;au awmfvSef&D;. t"du tiftm;udk cdkifcdkifrmrm jyKvkyfxm;&r,f+zdKufaw// awmfvSef&D;. t"du tiftm;rm
(avorm;eef@ "eo#ifaygufp) +zdKufaw// avorm;&dk@rm awmvufaus;&Gmrm eDxdkifuwfaw// "eo#ifaygufp / ynmwwf trsm;pkrm +rdK@rm eDxdkifuwfaw//
a'twef;pm;ESpfckudk aygif;+yD;au t"du tiftm;udk awaqmuf&zdk@+zdKufaw//
,if;ydkif t"du tiftm;udk awaqmufzdk@ eD&ma& awmfvSef&D;. t+cDcH a'ousa&eD&m +zdKuf&r,f// &ckdiftrsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;. t+cDcHa'oudk
umva'o obm0eef@tnD csrSwfzdk@qdkau aus;vufa'oa& +rdK@a'oxuf tzufzufu aumif;rGefa&// t"du tiftm; w&yf+zdKufaw// aus;vufudk
t+cDcH+yD;au +rdk@udk 0dkif;0ef;wdkufcdkuf odrf;ydkuf&zkd@+zdKufaw// avorm;eef@ +rdk@eDynmwwf "eo#ifaygufp&dk@udk pkap;+yD;au t"dutiftm;udk vufeuf wyfqifzdk@
qdkauav; aus;vuf t+cDcHpcef;a& taumif;qHk;+zdKufaw//
,if;t"du tiftm;tjyif t+cDcH tiftm;+zdKufaw tvkyform; / t&H tiftm;+zdKufaw rsdK;csdKuf/ ajycsdKuf+rdDo#if / "eo#if&@kd udkav; awmfvSef&D;
abmifax;udk ap;&Hk;,l&zkd@+zdKufaw// a' ap;&Hk;a&; tiftm;udk t+cDcH A[dkpcef;u ap;&Hk;&r,f// ,if;a=umifh t+cDcHpcef;. t"du v_yf,Sm;r_+zdKufaw
vufeufudkif awmfvSefr_a& vGwfvyf&D;. tqHk;tjzwf cef;+zdKuf&a&// tjcm; t&yf&yf Oya'wGif; v_yf,Sm;r_a& ,if; awmfvSef&D;. taxmuftyhH+zdKuf&r,f//
trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;. tiftm;oHk;&yf (0g) vlwef;pm;av;&yf tvkyform;/ avorm;/ "eo#if aygufp/ rsdK;csdKu/f ajycsdKuf/ ajycsdKuf "eo#if /
+rDo#if&dk@udk ap;&Hk;+yD;au ygwD azmfxkwfawtcg vufeuf wyfqifyD;zdk@pGma& aumif;aumif; t&D;}uD;a& trsdK;om; pdwf"gwfvufeuf/ oabmw&m;vufeuf/
acwfrD pdkufvufeufoHk;&yfeef@ wyfqifyD;a&tcg umva'o obm0udk txl;*&kpdkuf&a&//
trsdkKom; pdwf (National Spirit)a& vlrsdk;&D;pdwf (Racial Spirit) r[kwf/ trsdK;om;pdwfa& ausjyef@a&/ eufae;odr@f arG@a&/ Zmwd*k%frmef
wuf=uGpDa& //oef@pifrGefjrwfaw rsdK;csdKufpdwf/ ajycsdKufpdwf / EkdifiHwum csdKufcifpdwf/ vlom; tcsif;csif;csdKufcifpdwf/ eDacs@qef@usifpdwf/ wyg;olatmufrm
tvHrav; 'l;axmufpdwfvdk@yg0ifa&// vlrsdK;&D;usdKif;ajrmif;a&/ wdrfa&/ Zmwd*k%frmefarmufrmpDa&/ ,kwfnHhodrfi,fa&/ vlrsdk;apG;pdwf/ a'oapG;pdwf/ EdkifiH
tcsif;csif; usL;ausmfvkdpdwf/ vltcsif;csif; zdESdyfvdkpdwf/ eDacs@vdkpdwf/ wyg;oludk tEdkifcHvdkpdwf/ wyg;olbm;rm t&SLH;vG,fa& pdwfvdk@yg0ifa&// ,if;eef@Zk
ArmeDacs@udk igh&dk@a& trsdK;om; pdwfajyhajyh00eef@ qef@usif wdkufxkwf&zkd@+zdKufaw// vlrsdK;&D; rkef;wDpdwfeef@ ykefuef wdkufzsuf &zdk@r[kwf/ acsr_ef;&D; pdwfr[kwf /
armif;ESif &D;pdwf&m+zdKufaw// vlrsdk;&D;pdwfudk &ckdifom;wdkfif; udk,fpdwf tpdkifu wdkufc|wf ydkuf&zdk@+zdKufaw// trsdK;om;pdwfudk OD;xdyfxm;&zd@k +zdKufaw//
&cdkifavmurm aemuf+rD;qGJ ygwDwd trsdK;om; zsufqD;&D; 0g'Dwd pmtkyf}uD;0g 'Dwd&dk@a& trsdK;om;&D;eef@ vlrsdk;&D;udk rcGJjcm;bJ &ckdiftrsdK;&D; pdwfudk
rsdK;quf ESpfqufwdkifwkdif ydkufy,fxm;cuwfaw// 'kwd,rsdK;qufrm &cdfkiftrsdK;om;&D; pdwfudk wkdufcdkuf acsr_ef;cuwfoda&// t*k ,if;rsdK;qufESpfqufa&
&cdkfifavmurm wqufquf qdwfokef; vm;c,m+zdKufaw// &ckdifynmwwf avmurm wqdwfauavmuf&m [da&// tm;eef@tifeef@r[d,m//
,if;a=umifh &ckdifvlr_tazG@tap;. acwftqufquf jzwfavsmufvm;cyHk &kyfydkif; ordkif;pdkifudkav;aumif; / awmfvSef&D; ordkif;pdkifukdav;aumif;/
tekynm ,dkifaus;r_udkav;aumif;/ &ckdifvlr_&D; t&yf&yfudkav;aumif;/ &ckdifwdkfif; &ckdfifwdkfif; txl;ojzifh &ckdifEdkifiH&D;orm;wdkif; pedwfwus od[dxm;zd@k vdka&//
&ckdifEdkifiH&D;udk vkyfcsifau &ckdifawmfvSef&D;udk vkyfcsifau &ckdifta=umif;udkodzdk@vdka&// &cdkifudkrodab;eef@ &ckdifEdkifiH&D;orm;/ &ckdif awmfvSef&D;orm;+zdKufcsifa&
vla& vlvdrfvlnm wa,mufvkd@owfrSwf&zdk@/ ta&Smiform;wa,mufvdk@ owfrSwf&zdk@// tvG,fvrf;}udKuf/ t}udKufvrf; vkyfr[kwfwrf;
w&m;vufudkifxm;a&vlvdk@ owfrSwf&ar// ,if;ydkifqdkjyefauav; &ckdifedkifiH&D; avmurm &ckdifudk roda& vlwyHk}uD;[deDa&// &ckdifukdroda& &Jabmf/
&ckdifudkroda& acgif;aqmif / &ckdifudkroda&ygwD tazG@tap;toif;tyif;/ trsm;}uD;/ &cdkifudkokawoD wOD;ydkif od&zkd@vd@k rqdkvkd/ EdkifiH&D;orm;ydkif/
awmfvSef&D;orm;wOD;ydkif od&zdk@udkqdkvdka&// awmfvSefa&;pcef;vGef/ pcef;acsmf/ pcef;v$J&dk@. 'g%fa=umihf &ckdiftrsdK;om;&D;udk vspfvsLjyKcuwfawacwf/
&ckdiftrsdK;om;&D;udk ydkufyif+yD;au aemuf+rD;qGJvkyfeDcuwfaw acwf&dk@a& atedcg wqufquf csKyf+idrf;eD,m+zdKufaw// wvd_if;pD wvd_if;pD ol&dk@ol&dk@
csDwufvmauav; aqmf'gjrSyfeef@ twlwl,m+zdKufaw//
,if;Eef@Zk &ckdiftrsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;twGuf vufeufwyg;+zdKufaw &ckdfiftrsdK;om;&D; pdwf"gwfudk &ckdifwdkif; wyfqifxm;&r,f+zdKufaw// &ckdifukd
&ckdifod&r,f/ wae; &ckdif&kyfydkif;ordkfif;/ &cdkif awmfvSef&D;ordkif;/ &ckdifvlr_ t&yf&yfudkod&r,f +zdKufaw// ,if;A[kokweef@ awmfvSefrSefa& oabmw&m;eef@
aygif;pyfjcif;eef@ trsK;dom;&D;pdwf tpdkifrm vufeuf wyfqifxm;&r,f +zdKufaw//
aemufwyg;um; awmfvSef&D; oabmw&m;w&yf+zdKufaw oabmw&m;udk oabmw&m;twdkif; twHk;vkduf twdkufvkduf udkifapG;xm;zd@k r[kwf
oabmw&m; vdrRmr_eef@ ygwDw&yfudk cg;ydkuf aqmifxm;zkd@r[kwf// rdwfaqG todkif;t0dkif; w&yfudk cg;ydkufaqmifwayh t+zdKufarG;jrLxm;zd@k pGm r[kwf//
oabmw&m;w&yfudk w&m;oD udkifapG;xm;zdk@r[kwf/ a=uhndkylaZmfxm;zdk@r[kwf/ ynm[dcHzdk@vdk@ oabmw&m;udk aq;yl;&zkd@r[kwf / oabmw&m;qdkpGma&
vlavmuudk tusKd;aqmifzdk@twGuf tvkyfvrf;nGef@&m+zdKufaw// udk,fu oabmw&m;udk tvkyfvrf;nGef@t+zdKuf udkifapG;+yD;au avmutusdK;/
vlom;tudsK;udk aqmif&Gufzdk@+zdKufaw// avmu vl@tazG@tap;w&yf. tpdwftydkif; w&yf+zdKufaw udk,ftrsdK;om; tazG@tap;udk tusdK;aqmifzdk@twGuf
oabmw&m;a& vr;fnGef&m+zdKufaw//
oabmw&m;w&yfudk vd@vma&tcg ,if;. &kyftESpfom&udk azmufjrifzk@d vdk@a&// oabmw&m;eef@ ,if;. &kyfywf0ef;usif ,if;&kyfywf0ef;usif.
v_yf,Sm;r_udk tpdkiftquf qufpyfEdkifzdk@vdka&// yHkpH vDeif. &DaomufjrpfoHk;oG,fudk vd@vmau rufpf. tawG;tac:udk +zdKufpDa&// &kyfw&m;oHk;yg;udk
jrifzdk@vdka&// ,if;&kyfw&m; oHk;yg;. v_yf,Sm;eDr_ /,if;v_yf,Sm;r_. ordkif;pdkifudk vl@obm0usus jrifwwfzdk@vdka&// aemufyHkpHwck Ak'<. Edrdwf}uD; av;yg;udkav;
Ak'<. tawG;tac: ^m%fawmf+zdKufay:pD&m &kyfta=umif; w&m;av;yg;vdk@jrif&zdk@ // ,if;ta=umif;w&m; av;yg;a=umifh opPm w&m;av;yg;udk &awmfrla&vd@k

48
vl@obm0usus jrifwwf&zkd@// ,if;eef@Zk oabmw&m;wdkif;udk vd@vmau w&m;oD rvd@vmoifh wbufpGef; r+idwG,foifh/ pdwful;r,dkifoifh /vl^m%fu
vlywf0ef;usift& / vl@oabmw&m;udk awaqmufvdkufpGmudk owdjyKxm;&zkd@ yif+zdKufaw//
awmfvSef&D; vkyfawtcg awmfvSef&D; oabmw&m;udk ukdifapG;&zkd@+zdKufaw// bmom&D; tapG;tvrf; 0g'&D; tapG;tvrf;/ vlrsdK;&D; tapG;tvrf;/
a'oapG; tapG;tvrf;wdudk rdrdudk,fwGif;u wdkufc|wf ydkuf&zkd@+zdKufaw// ajyh0pHkvifa& oabmw&m; wcktwGuf awmfvSef&D;ordkif;udk av;aumif;
awmfvSef&D;eef@ oufqdkif&m 0wWKrSwfpk / rSwfwrf;/ a[majymcsuf pa&apmfwdudkav;aumif; awmfvSef&D; acgif;aqmif&dk@. v_yf,Sm;yHkukdav;aumif; awmfvSef&D;
tawG;ac:wdudk av;aumif; awmfvSef&D; oabmw&m; w&yfudkav;aumif; pedwfwus vd@vmzwf&_&zkd@ aq;yl;rSwfom;&zd@k vd@k a&// wyfEkfdifau
oifwef;wufyD;&r,f// awmfvSef&D; oabmw&m;qdkpGmrm awmfvSefrSefuefa& oabmw&m;udkqdkvdka&//
awmfvSef&D; oabmw&m;w&yfudk aq;yl;rSwfom;a&tcg vGefu|efr_wd r=umr=um +zdKufay:wwfaw// wcgwcg t,rf;+zdKufvm;a&/ tcgwcg
tjrHK+zdKufvm;a&// awmfvSef&D; c&D;wavsmuft,rf;wd/ tjrHKwd&mru tvGeftu|Hwd tvGJtacsmfwd tuef;toDwd trsm;tjym; ay:aygufvmoda&//
EdkifiHwum awmfvSef&D;wdrm ay:aygufcpGmudk wdGEdkifa&// ,if;ydkif +zdKufpGma& awmfvSef&D; oabmyif+zdKufaw// vGJacsmfvdk@ &apmfr[kwf// ,if;a=umifh
,if;jy\emudk &ifqkdif csDwuf&pGm+zdKufaw// ,if;t=um;rmyif &ifusufr_/ ajyh0r_/ pHkvifr_qdkpGm+zdKufvma&// oabmw&m;eef@ vufwGdukd aygif;pyf&mu
&vma& awmfvSef&D; rSefuefa& oabmw&m;yif +zdKufaw// a'awmfvSef&D; rSefuefa& oabmw&m;&dk@udk udk,frm wyfqif&zk@d +zdKufaw// &ckdif
trsKd;om;awmfvSef&D;rm wyfqif&zkd@+zdKufaw a'oabmw&m;udk wyfqifpGmrm edcsif;&ufcsif;/ tavmw}uD;/ o&kef;b&kef; wyfqifv@kd r&// tcef;usdKif;rm
wyfqifvdk@r&// pmtkyfax;rm wyfqifvdk@r&// v_yf,Sm;r_tjyifrm wyfqifvdk@r& / vufwdGeef@ oabmw&m;udk aygif;pyfaw qkdpGmav; vkyf,if;oif
/oif,if;vkyf&apmf+zdKufaw// ,if;tax;u&m tpdyftrSefxGufay:vma&// ,if;tax;rm&m rdrdudk,fudk oabmw&m; vufeuf wyfqifv@kd ajyh0pHkvifEdkifa&//
oabmw&m; vufeufudk awmfvSef&D; vkyfief;ax;rm &ke;fuefv_yf,Sm;,if;oif / oif,if;vkyf+yD;au wyfqifxm;&a&// ,if;ydkifyif tEdkifEkdifiH
trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;xuf avatmuf &Jabmf&dk@tusdK;aqmif v_yf,Sm;vm;pGmudk wdG@&a&// aemufvufeuf wyg;a& pdkufvufeuf+zdKufaw// pdkufvufeuf
qdkpGmrm pdkuf.w&m;eef@ vufeufud&d,m&dk@yg0ifa&//
vlwdkif; oduwfawtwdkif; pdkuf.w&m;a& t&mcyf;odrf; twdkfif;yif wdk;wufeDa& *edvlom;&dk@a& pdkufukd rvdkvm;auav; pdkufwkdufeDuwf&a&
pdkufudkpdkufeef@ &ifqifeDuwf&a&// pdkufufkdpdkufeef@ tqHk;owfzkd@ }udK;pm;eDuwfa&a& // *edavmu wckvHk;rm pdkufeef@ruif; rw&m;a&pdkufwd/
eD&mtESH@tjym;+zdKufay:eDa&// usL;ausmfolwdkif; /zdESdyfolwdkif; /rw&m;a& “pdkuftvHeuf” udk udkifaqmif+yD;au pdkufwdkufeDuwfaw// ,if;udk awmfvSefol&dk@u
w&m;a& “pdkuftvHeD” udk ukdifaqmif+yD;au ckcHwdkufcdkfufeDuwfaw// ,if;a=umif hpdkufjy\emwd pdkufw&m;wdudk od[dxm;&zdk@+zdKufaw//
*ed&ckdifajyudk ArmeDacs@a& usL;ausmfeDa& &ckdifom;&dk@udk zdESdyfeDa& a'usL;ausmf&D;pdkufudk usL;vGefeDa&// tvHeuf udkufdkifaqmifxm;a& // ArmeDcJs@udk
&ckdiftrsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;u tvHeDudk udkifaqmif+yD;au awmfvSef wdkufcdkuf&zkd@+zdKufaw// &cdkfif ordkif;tqufqufu &J&ifhjcif;/ owWdtwGuf teDa&mifukd
jyXmef;xm;ca&// twdwfu &ckdif awmfvSef&D;uav; awmfvSefjcif;twGuf tedDa&mifudk jyXmef;xm;ca&twdkif; tvHeDudk a&;a&;&ifh&ifhukdifaqmif+yD;au
tvHeufudk udkifaqmifxm;a& ArmeDacs@udk armif;xkwfydkuf&zdk@+zdKufaw//
pdkufoabmw&m;t& trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;+zdKuf+zdKu/f vlwef;pm; awmvSef&D;+zdKuf+zdKu/f pdkuf. vuQ%meef@ pdkuf. t+cDteD/ udk,f&@kd . xl;jcm;a&
t+cDteDeef@ xl;jcm;a& vuQ%mudk pdpdpyfpyf em;av;rS&m pdkufudk tEdkifwdkufEdkifzdk@+zdKufaw// ,if;eef@Zk pdkufynmudk w&m;oDrrSwf& pdkuf. y&d,m,fukd
w&m;oDrSwfvdk@r&// pdkuf. Oya'udk w&m;oD rSwfvdk@r&// ,if;&d@k a& pdkufordkif; tqufqufu oDG;eef@&if;vdk@ ,l&pGm+zdKufauvd@ igh&@kd ckduf pdkuftjcDteD/
pdkufvuQ%m/ udk,fh&dk@a'o. t+cDteDxl;&dk@eef@ aygif;pyfzdk@vdkoda&//
wwfEdkifau pdkuft+cDteDw&yfvHk;eef@ oufqdkifa& aoe*FAsL[m pdkufynmudk pdkufausmif;rm +zdKuf+zdKuf/ oifwef;rm +zdKuf+zdKuf/ oif=um;Edkifau
taumif;qHk;+zdKufaw// ,if;ydkifvd@ vd@usifh&zkd@+zdKufaw// a,au vd@vmvdk@ aumif;pGmu pdkufynmudk pdkufayG;rm oif,lpgG&m taumif;qHk;+zdKufaw//
pdkufwdkuf,if;oif /oif,if;wdkuf vkyfae;&m+zdKufaw// &ckdif trsdkK;om; awmfvSef&D;rmvd@ &cdkif trsdK;om; w&yfvHk;eef@oufqdkifpGmu pdkufynm oif+yD;rS
0ifa&mufvkyf udkifEdkifjcif;rjyKbJ/ vkyf,if;oif oif,if; vkyfjcif;&m+zdKufaw// ordkif; t&yf&yfrmvd@ ,if;ydkifyif+zdKufaw//
a,au vufeufudkif awmfvSef&D;&m vGwfvyf&D;udk tqHk;tjzwfyD;zkd@+zdKufaw qdkpGmudk jyefa=u@uwfar// vufeufudkif qdkpGma& trsdK;om;pdwf"gwf
vufeuf/ awmfvSef&D; rSefuefa& oabmw&m; vufeuf/ pdkufvufeuf oHk;yg;udk udkifaqmifpGmudk qdkvdka&// ,if;ydkif awmfvSef&D;rsKd;&m vGwfvyf&D;udk
tqHk;tjzwfyD;zdk@+zdKufaw//
,if;ydkif vufeufoHk;&yfeef@ ap;&Hk;,l&mrS&m igh&dk@awmfvSef&D;rm oHr%dfoHom;usus cdkifrmwifhwif;zkd@+zdKufaw//

3//
3// (i) t*kaeacs@qef@usif&D;pdkufukd ajywGif;pdkufvdk@rcH,l/ ajyolpdkufvdk@av;rcH,l/ trsdK;om;pdwfvdk@&mcH,la&//
trsm;oduwfawtwdkif; ajywGif;pdkuf (Civil War) qdkpGma& udk,fEdkifiHwGif;rm wdkufcdkufaw pdkuf+zdKufaw// EdkifiHwGif;rm udk,hftcsif;csif;
xD;eef;vkayG; ygwDtm%mvkayG;&dk@udk tajccH+yD;au wdkufawpdkuf+zdKufaw// ajyolpdkufqdkpgGa& awmfvSef&D;. 'kwd, pcef;qifh/ wwd,pcef;qifh&@kd rm ay:ayguf
vmpGmpdkuf+zdKufaw// avorm;eef@t vkyform;&dk@tay:rm t"du tiftm;eef@ tajccHtiftm; toD;oD;xm;+yD;au qifEGJa& pdkuf+zdKufaw// 'kwd,/ wwd,
pcef;qifh&dk@rm udk,fEdkifiH wGif;rm +zdKufay:a&pdkufudk ajyolpdkufvdk@ac:a&//
yxr pcef;qihfrm eDacs@qefhusifh &D;qifEGJa&pdkufudk trsdK;om;pdwfvdk@ ac:uwfaw// ,ed&ckdkifajyrm t"du ywdyuQa& ArmeDacs@eef@
&ckdiftrsdK;om;&dk@. ywdyuQ+zdKufaw qdkpgGudkwifjy+yD;,m // ,if;t"du ywdyuQudk awmfvSefrSefuefa& trsdK;om;pdkufeef@ qef@usif armif;xkwf&a&//
,if;a=umifh ,if;pdkufa& ajywGif;pdkufav; r[kwf/ ajyolpdkufav; r[kwf/ igh&dk@trsdK;om; awmffvSef&D;a& ArmeDacs@udk &ckdifEdkifiHu armif;xkwfaw

49
awmfvSef&D;+zdKufaw// &ckdifajywGif;udk usL;ausmf 0ifa&mufvma& ArmeDacs@udk awmfvSefarmif;xkwf&zdk@+zdKufaw// &ckdiftrsdK;om;vHk; (vlwef;pm; av;&yfpvHk;0
) yg0if qifEDG;a& rsdK;csdKuf pdkufayG;}uD;+zdKufaw// trsdK;om; pdkufayG;}uD;+zdKufaw//
ArmajyaxmifpktwGif;rm vlrsdK;pkwd / tzdESfdyfcHArmajyolwd awmfvSefa&pdkuf[da&// ,if;pdkufa& ajywGif;pdkuf+zdKufaw// ArmajywGif;rm zdEdSyfeDa&
tpdk;&udk zdESdyfcHajyol&dk@ awmfvSefa&pdkuf+zdKufvkd@ ajywGif;pdkuf+zdKufaw// ajyol'Drdkua&pD awmfvSef&D;eef@ qdka&SvpfawmfvSef&D; ('kwd,pcef;qifh
wwd,pcef;qifh) umvrm qifEDG;a&pdkufudk ajyolpdkufvdk@ac:a&// ,if;ajyolpdkufrm twef;pm;vuQ%myga&// ajyolqdka& a0g[m&rmav; avorm;/
tvkyform;&dk@udk&mqdkvdka& // ajyolpdkuftqHk;owfa& vlwef;pm; vGwfajrmuf&D;+zdKufaw// trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;. tqHk;owf atmifayG;a& EdkifiH
vGwfvyf&D;+zdKufaw//
ajyolpdkufrSm twef;tpm; vuQ%myga&qdkvdk@ tcsdK@ bufrpHk awmifrpHkvkd@ trsdK;om; vuQ%mpdwfrm twef;tpm; vuQ%mryg// ,if;a=umifh
trsdK;om;pdwfudk rqifEGJ&// trsdK;om;awmf vSef&D;orm;a& trsdK;om;vuQ%mudk raqmifvdk@ arSmufarSmufrSm;rSm; ,lquwfaw// 0HomeKvkyfief;(0g)
trsdK;om;awmfvSef&D;/ ap;&Hk;&D;/ trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;/ vlwef;pm; awmfvSef&D; / qdka&Svpf awmfvSef&D;&dk@a& ordkif;acwfwavsmuf tydkif;tjcrf;&m+zdKufaw//
tm;vHk; jzwfavsmuf vm;&zdk@ pcef;+zdKufaw// ,if;tqifhqifhudk jzwfavsmufaweD&mrm t=uifyk*~dKvfwOD;a& yHktrsdK;rsdK; oabmw&m; trsdK;rdsK;eef@yg
0ifvma&qdkauav; xdkyk*~dKvfudk awmfvSef&D;u pdkufaq;&zdk@+zdKufaw// awmfvSef&D;u tm;vHk;oludk pdkufaq;&zdk@+zdKufaw// (0g) awmfvSef&D; ololigigtm;vHk;.
trsdK;om; tnSpftqdk;wdudk wdkufzsuf vdkuf&zdk@+zdKufaw// wdkuf zsufvdk@r&a&vla& awmfvSef&D;abmifu xGufvm;&zdk@yif+zdKufaw/ awmfvSef&D;orm; t+zdKuf
csKyf+idrf; vm;&zdk@yif+zdKufaw// ZmvlZmydkifoDoD / Zmydkif+zdKuf+zdKuf / awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif;um;[djrJ// awmfvSef&D;um; baZmifawmfvSef&D;eef@ wuG
w&m;rSefuefa& awmfvSef&D;wd&dk@um; csDwuf+rJ csDwufvdk@yif+zdKufaw//
,if;ydkif awmfvSef&D; wa=umif;aw;yif+zdKufauav; xl;jcm;a& vuQ%mtvdkuf pcef;qifh ydkfif;xm;pGm &m+zdKufaw// wqihfxufwqifh
wkdufcdkufeD&zkdk@ r[kwf // ysufqD;eD&zdk@ r[kwf // ,if;eef@Zk igh&dk@a&mufatmif pcef;qifha&mufatmif awmfvSef&D; umvudkav;aumif;/ awmfvSef&D;umv.
pdkufvuQ%mudkav;aumif;/ wmfvSef&D;. av,m+rD jy\emudkav;aumif;/ awmfvSef&D; ,dkifaus;r_jy\emudkav;aumif;/ txufuqkdca&twkdif;
vuQ%m xl;jcm;csuftvdkuf tqihfqifh pDpOfydkif;jcm;xm;pGm+zdKufaw// ,if;ydkif ydkif;jcm;xm;auav; aemufqHk; ed*Hk;csKyfyef;wdkifu wckaw;&m[da&//
,if;&Sihfum; vlom;taygif; +idrf;+idrf; csrf;csrf;/ pdkufrJh / ab;rJheDxdkifEdkif&D; / avmuudk csDwufuwfpGmyif+zdKufaw//

(4) igh&dk@. r[mAsL[ma& trsdK;om;awmfvSefa&;jzpfaw//

(5) igh&dk@. ae;AsL[mrm trsKd;om; nDnGwfa&;jzpfaw//
csdKufaw&Jabmftaygif;&dk@

*ed &ckdiftrsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;xl;jcm;csufwd/ yufyif; jy\emwdudk ordkif;eef@csD+yD;au odkif;vdk@0ef;vkd@ txufu oihfatmifacs

o#if;+yD;c,m+zdKufaw// ,if;ydkif o#if;vif;&pGmuav; xl;jcm;csufeef@ yufyif;jy\emwdudk wifjycsifvdk@+zdKufaw// ,if;csihfudk oabm aygufpDcsifv@kd +zdKufaw//
udk,fh&ckdif&kyfb0udk oabmaygufpDcsifvdk@+zdKufaw// ,if;ydkif+yD;rS&m cH,lcsuf/ ,Hka=uhcsuf/ OD;awcsuf/ a&Ga&csuf&dk@ pedwfwus rSefrSefuefuef
+zdKufay:vmzdk@+zdKufaw// cH,lcsufrSefau &dSqufzkd@ twGufrSefuefa&// cH,lcsufrrSefau &dSqufzdk@twGuf rrSefuef+zdKufeDa&//
cH,lcsuf/ &yfawcsuf/ ,Hka=uhcsufwdk@ rSefuefau OD;awcsuf/ &yfawcsufwdk@ rSefuefa&// wcsufaw;rm r[mAsL[m ae;AsL[m&d@k av; rSefuefEkdifa&//
,if;&dk@ rrSefuefau OD;awcsuf/ a&Ga&csuf&dkrrSefuefEdkfif// wqufaw;rm r[mAsL[m/ ae;AsL[m&dk@av; rrSefuefEdkif+zdKufaw//
r[mAsL[mqkdpgGa& vkyfief;pdkif pDrHudef;+zdKufaw// ae;AsL[m qdkpGma& vkyf;ief; vkyf[ef+zdKufaw// r[mAsL[m atmifjrifz@kd twGuf ae;AsL[m
vkyfae;vkyf[ef aumif;rGefzdk@vdka&// ae;AsL[maygif;axmif/ aomif;ruvdk@ r[mAsL[ma& xl;xl;jcm;jcm; &kyfb0eef@ awmfvSefrSefuefa& oabmw&m;u&m
ay:xGufEdkfifa&// r[mAsL[mqdkpgGa& &kyfb0eef@ awmfvSefrSefuefa& oabmw&m;. t"du pdwfw&m; tESpfom& w&m;yif+zdKufaw//
a'owck/ EdkifiHwcka& EdkifiH. tpdyftydkif;yif+zdKufaw// ,if;a'o/ ,if;EdkifiH. vl@r_ tazG@tap;a& urBm vl@tazG@tap;. tpdyftydfkif;yif+zdKufaw//
,if;tpdyftydkif;wkdif;rm xl;jcm;csuf udk,fpD[da& // xl;jcm;csuf tvdkufr[m AsL[m[da&// ,if;AsL[ma& urBm. awmfvSefrSefuefa& r[mAsL[mudk
qef@usifvdk@r& tpdyftydkfif;. r[mAsL[ma& urBmh r[mAsL[mrm tusKHk;0ifa&//
,ed&ckdifEdkifiHa& urBm tpdyftydkfif;wck+zdKufaw// &ckdif vl@tazG@tap;a& urBmh vl@tazG@tap;. tpdyftydkif+zdKufaw? &ckdiforkdif;rSm
wjcm;eef@rwla& ukd,fykdif xl;jcm;csuf[da&// ,if;ukd,fykdif xl;jcm;csuftvkduf r[mAsL[m[da&// &cdkif. r[mAsL[ma& urBm. awmfvSefrSefuefa&
r[mAsL[mukd qef@usifhvkd@r&/? ,ed urBmwpfckvkH;a& awmfvSef rSefuefa& awmfvSef&D; orkdif;ukd qufcsD;eDa&// &ckdifav@ ukd,fae;ukd,f[efeef@
qufcsd&zkd@+zdKufaw? urBm. tpdwftykdif;+zdKufaw ukd,fxl;jcm;csuftwkdif; ukd,fr[mAsL[ma& [djyD;om;+zdKufaw? &ckdif &kyfb0twkdif; r[mAsL[ma&
[djyd;om;+zdKufaw? r[mAsL[ma& toDr[kwf xl;jcm;a& &kyfw&m;t& ay:vma& r[mAsL[ma&toDr[kwf pcef;qifh tvkduf+zdKufaw// &efol
teDtxm;tvkduf+zdKufpD/ ajymif;av;&a& pcef;qifh ajymif;av;&pGmuav; trSefrSm[dau t"du&efol(0g) t"du ywdyuQ ajymif;av;vkd@
ajymif;av;&pGm+zdKufaw// om;orif. teDtxm;ukd vkdufvkd@ jr$m;ukd csdefaqG&a&ykdif &efol teDtxm;udk vkdufvkd@ ajymif;av;&a&/?
ykHpHjy&zkd@qkdau w&kwf awmfvSef&D; orkdif;yif+zdKufaw? w&kyfajyukd *syefzufqpf r0ifrD w&kwfajyrSm ajyol'Drkdua&pD awmfvSef&D;(0g) vlwef;pm;
awmfvSef&D;udk qifEGD;a&// *syef0ifvma&tcg trsK;dom; awmfvSef&D;ukd qifEDG; vkdufaw/ *syefr0ifrDSd t"du &efola& w&kwf azmufjyef&D; tpdk;&+zdKufaw/
*syef0ifvma&tcg *syefeDcsJ@+zdKufvm;a&// t"du &efolukd ajymif;av;a& twkdif; r[mAsL[mukdajymif;av; ay;&a&// ,if;eef@Zk atmifayG;
tqifhqifhcH,lEkdifca&/?

50
 aemufykHpHwckjy&zkd@qdkfau / &ckdfifawmf vSef&D;orkdfif;yif+zdKufaw// &ckdfifajyrSm Armya'o&kdfufr0ifrSdD/ &ckdif ajro#ifpedwf xGef;um;eDa&// ,if;tcguyif
&ckdifajyrSm ajywGif;pdkuf tcsif;csif;+zdKufay:eD,m// ArmeDcsJ@0ifa&tcg trsKd;om; pdkufukdqifEDG;uwfaw/ Arm ya'o&kdufr0ifcif t"du &efola& &ckdifajro#if
ya'o&kdfuf+zdKufaw// Arm0ifvmvwfawtcg t"du &efola& Armaeacs@jzpfaw// &efol teDtxm;ajymif;vJwdkif; r[mAsL[m ajymif;vJca&// a,auav@
&ckdif awmfvSef&D;rSm r[mAsL[m atmifjrif&D;twGuf ae;AsL[mtiftm;/ nH@cvkd@ atmifayG;rqifEkdifcjcif;/ t&Htiftm;aumif; r&Ekdifcjcif;/ pa&pa&
tcsuftvuf&kd@a=umifh atmifayG;rcHEkdifc?
,if;eef@Zk r[mAsL[m rSefuefzkd@ t&D;}uD;oavmuf ae;AsL[m rSefuefaumifrGefzkd@ trsm;}uD;vkda&/ ae;AsL[m trsm;}udF; vkda&qkdpGm xifo#if;a&/
&ckdiforkdif;rSm +zdKufay:ca& r[mAsL[m jy\emwd/ ae;AsL[m jy\emwdukd qufvuf ykHpHjyEkdifoda&/ r[mAsL[m rSefuefauav@ ae;AsL[mt&/
r[mrdwftiftm; xm;pGmrSmav; ykdifEkdifjywfom;zkd@vkda&// ,if;eef@Zk r[mAsL[mukd ukdifapG;xm;&mrSmyif +zdKuf+zdKuf/ ae;AsL[mukd
vkyfaqmif&mrSmyif+zdKuf+zdKuf qENykdif;ukd OD;pm;ryD;&/ vlom;&kd@a& ukd,fA[kokw/ ukd,ftawG@t}uKH/ ukd,ftawG;tac: / ukd,fcHpm;csuft&/ qENydkif;qkdif&m
vSKyf,Sm;vmuwfaw// ,if;qENapG;a=umifh aemufrSD;aqG;jcif;/ a0;,m vGefuGsHjcif;/ &SdvGefuGsHeDjcif;/ pmtkyf}uD;qefjcif;/ pdwful;,kdifjcif; pa& raumif;w&m;wd
ay:aygufvmuwfaw/ ,if;w&m;qkd;wda=umifh qENykdif; vlyf,Sm;vmau yuwdykdfif; rSKef@0g;vmuwfaw// ,if;ykdifqEN}uDd;pkd;vmvk@d &ckdifr[mAsL[m
ae;AsL[mykdif; ratmifjrifpGmukd om"u trsm;jyEkdifa&?
18/ 19 &mpkwGif;u Arm ya'o&mZfaeacs@eef@ +Adwdo#t&if;o#ifwdk@udk awmfvSefcsifa& &ckdiftrsdK;om;awmfvSef&D; r[mAsL[mt& rSefuefa&//
ae;AsL[mt& t&eftiftm;/ r[mrdwf tiftm;azG@,l&mrSm qENydkfif; ygcpGmudk tae;eef@trsm; w@dG&a&// 20 &mpk yxrydkif;rmqdkau r[mAsL[ma&m
ae;AsL[myg qENydkif; vGrf;rdk;csufwdudk cHvm&a&// +Adwdo#t&if;o#if aeacs@ wdkufcdkuf&mrm +zdKuf+zdKuf/ zufqdwf*syefaeacs@udk wdkufcdkuf&mrm +zdKuf+zdKuf /
qENydkif;pdk;rdk;pGmudk trsm;}uD;wdG@&a&// udk,fusKd;qefjcif; / aemuf+rD;qGJjcif;0g'/ oabmw&m;udk w&m;oD udkifapG;a& 0J,m vGefu|efjcif;/ t&dSusL;vGefjcif; pa&
w&m;qdk;wd }uD;pdk;pGmudk wdG@&a&// ,if;eef@Zk atmifayG; rcH&bJ u|efykef; udkvdkeDb0udk usa&mufvm&a&//
aemuf+yD;au rpf 0g'udkudkifapG;+yD;au &ckdiftrsdK;om;wddrm awmwGif;rm vufeufudkif awmfvSef wdkufcdkufeDuwfauav; &ckdif&kyfb0udk
urBmhtpdyftydkfif;t+zdKuf woD;wjcm; rowfrSwfbJ Armtpdyftydkfif;t+zdKuf vufatmufcH owfrSwfxm;uwfvdk@ r[mAsL[m wpcef;vGefeDa&// &ckdif&kyfb0
awmif;qdkcsufeef@ rudkufnD+zdKufeDa& // &ckdif tajcteDeef@ rudkfufnD+zdKufeDa&// rufpf 0g'. tedwfwum tESpfeef@ rufpf0g'. touf0d^m%frSm
ol@tajcteDeef@olpD pdwfoHk; oyfjcif;yif+zdKufawvkd@ vDeifu rSm=um;zl;a&// ( armfpDwkef;pdkuf&D;pmapmif6) a'tcsufwdudk &ckdif rupf0g'vd@k cH ,lvlwd
ydkufyifxm;uwfyHk+zdKufaw//
Zmudkufpyifvkyfvkyf ,if;udkufp. tajcteD ,if;udkufp.vuQ%m ,if;udkufpeef@ tjcm;udkufpwd qufpyfeDykHrsm;udk em;rvnfygu
,if;udkufp. w&m;wdudk odzdk@r[kwf// ,if;udkufpudk aumif;aumif;av; vkyfedkifzdk@r[kwf qdkpGmudk tm;vHk; todyif+zdKufaw// a'ed &ckdiftrsdK;om;
toD;oD;wdk@a& &ckdifEdkifiH&D; awmfvSef&D;tay:rm trsm;}uD; [duwfaw// a,bk,tm;jzifh udk,fhae;udk,fh[efeef@ trsm;}uD;vkyfaqmifv@kd [duwfaw// &ckfdif
vl@r_tazG@tap; aumif;udsK;udk aqmif&GufeDuwfaw// ,if;ydkifaqmif&GufpGmrm r[mAsL[m /ae;AsL[mrSefuefzdk@ aumif;aumif;t&D;}uD;a&//
,if;ydkift&D;}uD;a& r[mAsL[m/ ae;AsL[mudk qENydkif;rm csrSwfvdk@rrSefuefEdkif// qENydkif;qkdpGmudk txufu zGifhjyca&twdfkif; tapG;tvrf;
tvGeftu|Ht,dkif;t,dkif trsm;}uD;yga&// ,if;eef@Zk yuwdydkif;udk t"du xm;&a&// a,au &cdkif vl@tazG@tap; aumif;udsK;udk aqmif&GufeDuwfaw
tm;vHk;ololigig&dk@a& yuwfdudk&m t"duxm;oifha& // ,if;yuwdykdif;u awmif;qdkcsufeef@ awmfvSefrSefuefa& oabmw&m;ydkfif;udk aygif;pyf+yD;au ae;AsL[m
r[mAsL[mudk azmfaqmif vkyfudkif&zdk@+zdKufaw//
&ckdif aumif;usdK;udkufpudkvkyfau &ckdifudkufptajcteD/ &ckdifudkufp. vuQ%m / &ckdudkufpeef@ tjcm;udkufp&dk@. qufpyfeDyHkukd em;rvnfygu
&ckdifudkufp. w&m;wdudk odzdk@r[kwf/ &ckdifudkufpudk Zmydkif vkyf&zdk@qdkpGmudkav; odzdk@r[kwf// &cdkif udkufpudkav; aumif;aumif; vkyfEdkifzdk@r[kwf//
,if;ydkifqdkau xdkxdk &ckdif yk*~dKvf&dk@. EdkifiH&D;/ awmfvSef&D;wdk@a& &ckdifudkufp t&yf&yf yuwdydkif;udk ydwfyif+yD; qENydkif;udk t"du wifxm;au *dk%f;*%
woD;yk*~v tvkyfudk vkyfeDpGmrSty atmifayG;udk a&S&_Edkifzdk@r[kwf// rSefuefa& r[mAsL[m ae;AsL[mudk csrSwfEdkifzdk@r[kwf// wdkufayG;udkav; atmifjrifatmif
wdkufcdkufEdkifzdk@ r[kwf//
awmfvSef&D;w&yf. r[mAsL[m/ ae;AsL[mudk csrSwfawtcgrm a,bk,tajcteDeef@ xl;jcm;a& vuQ%mudkav; *&kpkdufz@kd vdka&//
&k,Sm;awmfvSef&D; / w&kyfawmfvSef&D;/ ArmawmfvSef&D; pa& EdkifiHwum awmfvSef&D; tawG;tac:wd Oya'owdtwdkfif; xyfwlvkyfv@kd r+zdKuf// ,if;ydkifvkyfau
avmif;tvdkfuf aygif;qif&zkd@tpm;/ aygif;tvdkuf avmif;qif&zdk@ +zdKufeDa&// ,if;ydkfifqdkau orm;&kd;usaemufvdkfufae;yif+zdKufawvd@k pdkufayG;wdkif;rm
qHk;&H_;+yD;au awmfvSef&D; edkifiH&D; a,mhusvm;&zdk@ / qHk;&H_;vm;&zdk@yif+zdKufaw//
,if;twGufwma=umifh igh&dk@a& a,bk, tajcteDeef@ vuQ%mudk *&kpdkuf&a&ydkif udk,fydkiftajcteD xl;jcm;csufeef@ vuQ%m
xl;jcm;csuf&dk@udkav; *&kpdkuf&zdk@yif+zdKufaw// a,+yD;rS&m tjyifa&m tESpfyg *&kpdkuf&musa&// a,bk, oabmw&m; oufoufukd vkdufeDau tjyifudk
udkifeDa&vdk@qdk&zdk@ // &kyfw&m; tESpfom& w&m;udk rudkifrDSvkd@qdk&zdk@ +zdKufaw// pdkufatmif&D; vrf;a=umif;udk ydkufy,f+y;Dau atmifayG;&dS&m vrf;a=umif;udk
vrf;cGJ+yD;au vltax;u vlt+zdKufudk pGef@+yD;au a,bk, oabmw&m;qdka& }udK;eef@ wdkif;ajyudk twif;ezm;xdk;vdk@ qGJ,lzdk@ }udK;pm;eDa&vdk@ qdk&zdk@+zdKufaw//
,if;ydkifqdkau qENydkfif; (rdrd0g'.tapG;tvrf;ydkif;) twGuf yuwdydkif;udk tvkyftau|;jyKzdk@ ckdif;eD&m+zdKufaw// rdrdt}udKuf qENykdif;twGuf trsdK;om;
w&yfvHk;udk tvkyftau|;jyKzdk@ ap;&Hk;odrf;oGif;eDpGm wdkufayG;0ifeDpGm +zdKufawvdk@ qdk&zdk@// trSefrSm yuwdydkfif; (udk,fhajy. yuwdyfkdif;) a& t"du
udk,fqENydkif;a& orn+zdKuf&zdk@yif //
,if;ydkifqkdau r[mAsL[mae;AsL[mudk udk,fht}udKuf udk,fh&ifwGif; udk,fhacsmif;wGif;rSm usif;y+yD;au ajyolw&yfvkH;udk trsdK;om;w&yfvHk;udk
ckwHk;vkyfzdk@ }uHeD&musa&// ,au udk,fwdG@xm;a&0g'w&yfeef@ ajyolukd tusdK;jyKzdk@tpm; udfk,fhudk&m trsdK;om;w&yfvHk;u tusdkK;jyKatmif

51
av;pm;eD&musvm;a&// *kydkif t+zdKufwdudk tEdkifEdkifiH awmfvSef&D;rm&m wdG@EdkifpGmr[kwf// wdG@&pGmr[kwf// &cdkif awmfvSef&D;orfkdif;rmav; trsm;yifwdG@&a&//
txl;ojzifh 20 &mpk awmfvSef&D; c&dD;udk jyefa=u@auav; wdG@Edkifa&//
a'ed &ckdifvlr_tazG@tap; &kyfb0 awmif;qdkcsuftwdkfif; ay:aygufvma& r[mAsL[mrSm trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;+zdKufaw// a'r[mAsL[ma&
w&m;a&/ rSefuefa&// a&a&GcsufrSm udkvdkeDu|efb0u vGyfvyf&D;+zdKufaw// ,if;a=umifh trsdK;om; wyfjyefawmfvSef&D;pdkufudk trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;pdkufeef@
wdkufcdkuf tEdkif,l&zdk@+zdKufaw// ,if;pdkufudk tEdkif wdkufEdkfifzdk@twGuf pdkuf. a,bktajcteD vuQ%meef@wuG udk,ftajcteDxl;eef@ vuQ%m&dk@udk
*&kpdkuf&zkd@+zdKufaw// &ckdifajyax;rSm +zdKufay:ca& rwla& ordkfif;tqifhwd / +zdKufay:ca& pdkufayG;wd/ vuQ%mcsif;rwla& pdkufayG;wd / rwla& ya'o&dkufrm
+zdKufyGm;a& pdkufayG;wd / rwla& aeacs@wdeef@ wdkufcdkuf&a& wdkufayG;wd/ aoeu AsL[mwdudk pl;prf;vd@vm ynm,l&zdk@yif+zdKufaw// &ckdfif
trsdK;om;awmfvSef&D;eef@ Arm awmfvSef&D;abmif a&mxGD;vm;jcif;&dk@udkav; pl;prf;vd@vm ynm,l&zdk@+zdKufaw// ,if;&dk@a& r[mAsL[m ae;AsL[m.
jy\emwdudk pl;prf;vd@vmjcif;yif+zdKufaw//
r[mAsL[mqdkpGma& awmfvSef&D; tajcteDw&yfvHk;. vkyfief; tpDtpOf+zdKufaw// urBmhvHk;. awmfvSef&D;tjcteDeef@av;aumif; EdkifiHwEdkifiH.
awmfvSef&D; tajcteDeef@av;aumif;/ awmfvSef&D; pcef;qifh tajcteDEef@av;aumif; oufqdkifa&// ,if;eef@Zk r[mAsL[mudk atmifayG;&atmif
vkyfaqmifa& tcgrm t&D;}uD;qHk;tcsufum; vkyfief;tpDtpOfwckvHk;udk txl;*&kpdkufzdk@vkda&// ,if;*&kwpdkuf vkyfaqmifa& tcgrm atmufyg
tcsuftvufwdudk w@dG[d&a&// trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;umv (txl;ojzifh &ckdfiftrsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;umv twGif;) rm qdkau ,if;tcsuftvufwdyif
t"du+zdKufawvdk@,lqa&//
1// awmfvSef&D; pcef;qifhwck tpDtpOftwdkfif; qufpyfeDjcif; ( &ckdiftrsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;. yufyif;jy\em)
2// trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; orm;eef@ aeacs@&dk@ qufpyfeDjcif;( &efbufywdyuQ)
3// awmfvSef&D; wckt"du armif;ESif&D; tm;oHk;&yf+zdKufaw pD;yGm;&D;/ EdkifiH&D;/ ,dkifaus;r_&dk@ qufpyfeDjcif;/
4// trsdK;om; pdwf"gwf / awmfvSef&D; oabmw&m;/ aoe*FAsL[m pdkufynm&dk@. qufpyfeDjcif; ( yufyif;vkdtyfcsuf)
5// trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;. t&Htiftm;pk t"du tiftm;pk&dk@&dk@ qufqyfeDjcif;//
6// trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;udk OD;aqmifr_ygonfeef@ trsdK;om; w&yfvHk; qufpyfeDjcif;/ (t"du vkdtyfcsuf)
&// r[mAsL[meef@ ae;AsL[m&dk@. qufpyfeDjcif; //
8// attcsuftvufwdudk wdG[d&a&// atjy\emwdudk pl;prf;qifjcifvd@vma=u@au em;vnfEdkifa&// oabmaygufEfkdifa&// em;vnf&kHeef@r+yD;
oabmaygufatmif pl;prf;qifjcif vd@vm&zdk@+zdKufaw// pl;prf;qifjcif vd@vmEdkifau aq;yl;zdk@udkufp vG,fvm;a&/ aq;yl;Edkifau toHk;cszkd@ vG,fulvma&//
pedwfwus toHk;csjcif;a& ae;AsL[m ydkif;udk rSefuefpGm pDrHEdkifa&// ae;AsL[mydkif;udk rSefrSefuefuef pDrHEdkifau r[mAsL[mudk atmifatmifjrifjrif
vkyfaqmifEdkifa&// r[mAsL[m atmifayG;cH&atmif vkyfaqmifEdkifa&// a'acgif;pdkif. ed*Hk;ydkif;rm &ckdifajy trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;pdwf. xl;jcm;csufwdudk
tusdKif;csKyf wifjyvkdufaw// ,if;&dk@rm
1// &ckdif EdkifiH&D;eef@ Arm EdkifiH&D;udk a&mxGD;Edkifa&// pD;yGm;&D;t& csdK;ESdrfjcif; cHeD&a&// ,SOfaus;r_t& trsdK;om; vuQ%mudk rsdK;yGm;cHeD&a&// u|efykef;udk
vdkeDEdkifiH wck+zdKufaw//
2// &ckdifEdkifiHrm pD;yGm;&D;t& ya'o&mZfpedwf t=uGif;tusefwd t+ydKtysufwd aw[deDa&// ya'o&mZf wydkfif;EdkifiH+zdKufaw//
3// &efoltiftm; }uD;rm;jcif;+zdKufaw/ &efol&dk@twGufqdkau ol&dk@ wdkufcdkuf&zdk@pdkufrSm wpdyfwa'o pdkuf tiftm;udkoHk;vd@k wdkufcdkuf&zd@k +zdKufaw//
igh&dk@twGufqkdau wrsdK;om; vHk;qifEDG;&zkd@pdkuf+zdKufaw//
4// trsdK;om;tiftm;pkwd odrfhi,ftm;nHheDa&/ z&dkz&Jjyef@=uJeDa&/ ta&twGufa&m/ ta&tjcif;yg &efolxuf tm;nHhedDa&//
5// vuf[dumvrm trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;twGuf acgif;aqmifr_ygwDudk }udK;pm;eDwkef;+zdKufaw// ap;&Hk;&D;rSmav; aumif;aumif;
eduseDwkef;+zdKufaw// attcsufig;csufa& xl;jcm;a& vdk@,lqa&// at xll;jcm;csufwdudk txufu o#if;jy+yD;c,m +zdKufawvd@k xyfv@kd
wifjyzdk@vdk@zdk@r[kwf,m//
a'xl;jcm;csufwdrmyif r[mAsL[meef@ ae;AsL[m trsdK;om;twGuf aoe*FAsL[m pdkufAsL[meef@ pdkufy&d,m,f&dk@ ay:aygufvmpGm+zdKufaw//
a'w&m;wduyif awmfvSef&D;. vrf;nGef@vrf;pdkif vkyfae; vkyf[ef&dk@ukd owfrSwfyD;vdkufaw// &yfawcsuf/ ,Hka=uhcsuf/ OD;awcsuf / a&a&Gcsuf&@kd udk
arG;xkwfvdkufpGmav; xl;jcm;csufwdyif+zdKufaw//

aumufEkwfcsufwd
csdKufaw&Jabmftaygif;&dk@
“Zmvkyfuwfzdk@av;? (0g ) &ckdfif awmfvSef&D;. jy\emwd” pmwr;fudk &Jabmf&dk@udk wifjyaqG;EDG;pGm tydkfif;}uD; & ydkif;[d,m// a'tydkif;qdkau 8
ydkif;[dzdk@// a'tydkfif;rm aumufpkdufxkwfa=uhuwfar// aemufqHk; ed*Hk;ydkif;rm aumufpdkufcsuf csrSwfpGmwfdudk wcg vkyfief;ydkif; vufwdGoabm csrSwfuwfar//
1// ed'gef; “Zmvkyfuwfzdk@av;”// &ckdifhtrsdK;om;wd Zmvkyfuwfzdk@av;// &ckdifEdkifiHeef@ trsdK;om; vGwfvyfatmif igh&dk@ }udK;yrf;uwf&zd@k
2// igh&dk@ ZmawmfvSef&D;rsdK;eef@ awmfvSefuwf&zdkav;// ArmeDacs@udk trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;eef@ igh&dk@awmfvSefuwf&zdk@//
3// &ckdif trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; ordkfif;a=umif;

52
 (u) Arm ya'o&mZf aeacs@udk awmfvSefjcif;
&ckdif Arm oabmwlcsufud azmufzsuf+yD;au usL;ausmf 0ifa&mufvmjcif;
yxrydkfif; (at'D 1&85- 1&88) usm;&D0wf awmifrif;}uD;/ AdkvfausmifxDG;. trsdK;om;awmfvSef&D; 1&88 ck &ckdif trsdK;om;
vuQ%mt&yf&yfudk Armaeacs@ ya'o&mZfu +cDr_ef;zsufqD;vdkufjcif;//
'kwd,ydkfif; (at'D 1&84 -1815 ) Adkvfcsif;ysH. trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;//

(c) +Adwdo#t&if;o#if eDacs@udk awmfvSefjcif; (at'D 1826-

1826-1916)

-&ckdif +Addwdo#oabmwlcsuf
-&EWydkpmcsKyf (24 -2- 1826 ) t& +Adwdo#u &ckdifajyudk vufwvHk;jcm; vdrfvdk@odrf;ydkufvdkufjcif;
-"g;ydkif}uD;/ ajypdk;}udD;/ u|eftkyf- trf;pm;/ rif;om;}uD;/ a';0ef}uD;/ +rdK@ol}uD;&dk@. trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;
-AdkvfcsKdufpH (av;+rdK@acsmif;) . trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;
-AdkvfarmifomeD (oHawG;eD)
-}udrfovDq&mawmf (oHawG;eD)
-AdkvfarmifOD;jzL (ajrmufOD;+rdK@eD)
-ausmufpdrf;Adkvf (oHawG;eDf)
-oHawG;q&mawmf (oHawG;eD )
-Adkvf=umxGef;/ Adkvfa&$vS/ Adkvfvmb (pdkufawGc&dkif)
-Adkfvfausmf0 (oHawG;eD)
-Adkvfcsif;zdk@/ Adkvfarmifazmfatmif (&aohawmif)

oHk;oyfcsuf

1//// txuf ygawmfvSef&D;rSm

(u) awmfvSef&D;. t"du 0if&dk@+zdKufaw ap;&Hk;r_ tiftm;ae;yg;jcif;
(c) awmfvSef&D; oabmw&m;w&yf ckdifcdkfifaemif;aemif; r[djcif;//
(*) &efol tajcteD/ udk,fh tajcteD / ajyol tajcteD t&yf&yfudk pdpdpyfpyf rqef;pdyfbJ awmfvSef&D; umv r&ifhusufbJ awmfvSefwkdufckdufjcif;/
(C) pdkuf&D;/ pdkuf&m/ wdkufae;wdkuf[ef / vkyfae;vkyf[ef tm;ae;jcif;
(i) r[mrdwf tiftm;pk t&Htiftm;pk &dk@udk pedwfwus rudkifwG,fcjcif;
(p) aeacs@ ESpfwdkif=um;u &kef;uefeD&jcif;

oHk;oyfcsuf

2//txufyg awmfvSef&D;. aumif;rGefjywfom;a& tcsuftvufwd

(u)) cH,lcsuf cdkifcdkif aemif;aemif;[djcif;
(c) &efoludk oabmxm; jywfom;jcif;
(*) ol@u|efrcHvdkpdw ftajyht0[djcif;

(*) +Adwdo# tdENd,qdka& pD;yGm;&D; pm;usuf}uD;udk azG@ap;jcif;

-1885 ckrm ucsif/ u,m;/ u&if/ &Srf;/rGef/ Arm / &cdkif/ &Srf;/ tiftm;pk tm;vHk;udk aygif;ap;vdk@ +Adwdo#bm;rm (British Burma) azG@ap;jcif;//
aemuf+Adwdo# Am;rm;udk +Adwdo# tdENd,ax;rSm ax;hoGif; aygif;ap;vdkufjcif;

(C) 193& ck +Adwdo# Am;rm;ukd cGJxkwfjcif;eef@ rwfrdk[wfaeerdwfrsrsOf;a=umif;owfrSwfjcif;

-+Adwo# -Am;rm;udk +Awdo#- tdENd,u acG;xkwfjcif;

-rwfrdk[ef aeerdwf rsOf;a=umif;owfrSwfjcif;
-&ckdif&[ef; yk*~dKvf vlyk*~dKvfwd ,if;aeeedrdwf jy\emudk rsufuG,fjyKwwfjcif;

53
(i) &cdkifaeerdwf tjcr;fjcrf; cGJpdyfcH&jcif;/ Zma=umifhav;?
v;

-&ckdifajy tjcrf;jcrf; cGJpdyfcH&jcif; (Partatain and Arakan)

-u|efykef; udkvdkeDb0udk usqif;vm;jcif;
-&ckdifwdkfif; (Arakan Division) vkd@owfrSwfcH&jcif;
-AD -1853 ck awmifcGifc&kdifeef@ [kdif;}uDd;uGsef;&kd@ukd &ckdifajyu zJ@xkwfvkdufjcif;
- Armh vGwfvyf&D; &jyd;aemuf yvuf0 c&kdifukd &ckdifajyu zJ@xkwfvkdufjcif;
- jAHKawmifudkf tdENd,ax;rSm ygvm;jcif;
- Akdvfrif;axmif/ oufaxmif/ zvHaxmifeef@ b*Fg 12 +rdK@a'o&k@d rSm ygudkufpwefax;rSm ygvm;jcif;
-&ckdiftrsKd;om; awmfvSef&D;orkdif;a=umif; a&mxGD;vm;jcif;/

yxr &ckdif0HomEk acwf Zmykdifav;

-1826 ck pjyD;au jAdwdo# ukrRm%D tpkd;&u &ckdifajyukd ukdvkdeD ykHpHt+zdKuf oGwfoGif;jciff;
-1852 ck rSm &ckdifajy (yvuf0/ ausmufjzL / pdkufawG/ oHawG;/ awmifcGifc&kdif/ [kdif;}uD;uGsef;) yJcl; /rkwWr/ weoFm&D&kd@ukd jAdwdo# ukr`%D tpkd;&u jAdwdo#
Arm;ukd azG@ap;vkdufjcif;/

r[m0efo#ifawmfrif;}uD;u tkyfcsKyfjcif;

-&ckdifajyrm vuf0DcH(0g)uGefy&m'kdwday:aygufvmjcif;/ &kdtif*smukvm;wd ajAmufaomuf0ifvmuwfjcif;

-1885 ck Armbk&ifoDayg@rif;ukd zrf;qD;jcif; &ckdifajyukd wkdif;t+zdKufeef@Armajyax;rm ax@vkdufjcif;
-189& ck rm bk&ifcHi,fwpfOD;u tkyfcsKyfjcif; &ckdifwkdif;ukdum; 0efo#ifawmfrif;}uD;(Commissioner)tkyfcsKyfjcif;
-AD 1826 -1916 cktwkd;twGif; jAdwdo#t&if;;o#ifeDacs@tpkd;&ukd &ckdif trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D;eef@ qefusifh wkdufckdfuf uwfjcif; //
-AD 1937 ckrm jAdwdo#Arm;ukdcGJxkwfvkdufjcif;//
-jAdwdo@#&kd@. vufatmufcHb0rm &ckdifajya& &efukef.wqifhvufatmufcH+zdKufvm;&jcif;//
-&ckdifhEkdifiH&D;acgifaqmifwd / &ckdifpmay orm;/ &ckdif&mZm0ifq&mwd/ ArmhEkdifiH&D;abmif/ Armpmayabmif&kd@rm vlyf,Sm;eDuwfjcif;/
-EkdifiH&D;tazG@wday:aygufvmjcif;

yxr&ckdfif0HomEkacwfabmifa&mxGD;vm;jcif;
okH;oyfcsuf

1? 20 &mpk yxrykdif; &ckdifEkdifiH&D;acgifaqmif/ pmayacgifaqmif&kd@/ trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D;vrf;a=umif;ukd *&krpkdufjcif;

2? +Adwdo#t&if;o#ifeDacs@&dk@ &ckdifpD;yGm;&D;/ vlr_&D;/ EdkifiH&D;&dk@udk / ,dkifaus;r_&dk@udk a&mxGD;ydkufjcif;/ &ckdifajyudk cGJpdyfcsifykdif cGJpdyfv@kd
aygif;pyfcsifydkifaygif;pyfydkufjcif;//
3// Armya'o&mZfeDacs@&dk@ &ckdiftrsdK;om;vuQ%mudk zsufqD;ydkufjcif;/ wajyvHk;udk aqmufaw&mr&atmif ESdufpufowfjzwfjcif;
4/ &ckdiftrsdK;om;tcsif;csif; a'oapG;t& / *dk%f;apG;t& cGJjcm;uwfjcif;/ trsdK;om;ap;&Hk;&D; +ydKuGJysufpD;jcif;

20 &mpk yxrydkfif; awmfvSef&D;wd Zmydkifav;?

v;

-+Adwdo# t&if;o#if eDacs@ vufatmufrm tdyfarmuseDcjcif;

-0dkiftrfbDat toif; / *sDpDbDat toif;&dk@rm Arma&muf &ckdif ynmwwffwd yg0ifv_yf,Sm;eDuwfjcif;
-&ckdif EdkifiH&D; toif;tazG@tap;wd ay:aygufvmjcif;//
-1923 ck 'dkiftmcD pedwfay:aygufvmjcif; / &ckdif trsdK;om;wd ,if;wGif v_yf,Sm;eDuwfjcif;//
- cGJ&D;/awG;&D;/ jy\emwd Armajy twGuf pm;ayG;0dkif; aqG;EDG;ayG;wdrm v_yf,Sm;eDuwfjcif;//
-'dk@Arm tap;t&Hk;Armajyrm ay:aygufvmjcif;//
- &ckdif vli,ftcsdK@ aemuf+rD;qGJuwfjcif;/
-91 Xme tkyfcsKyf&D; ay:aygufjcif;// &ckdiftrsdK;om;wd ,if;wGifv_yf,Sm;eDuwfjcif;//

54
zufqd qwd f/ *syefeDacs@acwf
- 'dk@Arm qif;&Jom;tap;t&Hk; zwyv &dk@ vufatmufudk &ckdifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om; tap;tvHk;0ifuwfjcif;/ aemuf+rD;qGJvkdufjcif;//
- zwyv (&ckdifwdkfif;) / Arm rsdK;csdKufwyfrawmf(&ckdifwdkfif;) t+zdKufeef@ zufqpf*syefudk &efukef nGef=um;csuftwdkfif; awmfvSefuwfjcif;//

+Adwdo# tpdk;&
;& *pfbD vufatmufcH &cdkifajy/

-EdkifiH&D;t& / pD;yGm;&D;t& / vlr_&D;t& +Adwdo#&dk@ zdESdyfjcif;/

- 0&rf;+yD;or*~&dk@ ay:aygufvm&jcif;//
-&ckdfiftrsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif; aysmufqHk;vm&jcif;

a0zefcsuf

-ysm;aw;nDvmcH (zwyv &ckdifwdkfif;) awmif;qdkcsufwd /

-pD;yGm;&D; tajcteD qdk;0g;vmyHk/
-awmuef nDvmcH. qHk;jzwfcsufw/d
-Armajy EdkifiH&D;tuGJtjyJwd/ &ckdifajyrm aemufvdkuf tuGJtjyJwd/
-q&mawmfto#ifpdEWm. &ckdifacsmif;aqG;EDG;ayG;-

ajryHkvuf0JnDnGwf&D;wyfaygif;pk nDvmcH/
q&mawmfto#if pdEW@m tzrf;cH&jcif;/

-+Adwdo# vufatmuf &ckdifajyrS Arm vufatmuf &ckdifajy t+zdKufpwifyHk/ a0zefcsuf

-Arm EdkifiH&D;*,ufa=umifh &ckdifajyu ygwDtoD;oD; awmcdkuwfjcif;/ vlwef;pm; awmfvSef&D;udk xdkygwDwd vkyfaqmifuwfjcif;
-awmfvSef&D; pcef;qifh a&mxGD;vmjcif;

1948 ck aemufydkif; avmufrm &ckdifajy vufeufudkifawmfvSef&D;avmurm

1// to#ifpdEWm acgif;aqmifa& ajyolvGwfajrmuf&D;ygwD

2// &Jabmf ausmfjr acgif;aqmifa& Armajy uGefjrLedwfygwD
3// &JeD AHkaygufomausmf acgifaqmifa& uGefjrLedwfygwD
4// ajyol&JabmfygwD
&ckdifajy vlwef;pm; ygwD. abmifa&m xDG;jcif;/ pcef;qifha&mxDG;jcif;/ aemuf+rD; qGJjcif;&dk@udk a0zefoHk; oyfcsuf//
1958 ck &ckdifawmwGif;ygwDtcsdK@eef@ &Jabmfwd tvif;0ifjcif;

(5) “u|efykef;acwf”

(u) 'kwd, &ckdfif0HomeKacwf(&ckdfiftrsdK;om;awmfvSef&D;/ ap;&Hk&D;umv)

-&ckdif vlr_tazG@wd qkwf,kwfaw vuQ%mwd udkvdkeD vuQ%m /avorm; vuQ%m / AsL&dkua&pD/ rif;rJh*dk%f;apG;/ a'oapG;/ bmomapG;/ vlrsdK;apG; /
pcef;vGefr_/ &mxl;rufr_ /

20 &mpk yxrydkif; &ckdif EdkifiHi&H D; umv tusdKif;csKyf

-&wn . ajyeDv_yf,Sm;&D; pwifvmjcif;/ ,if;. r[mAsL[m ae;AsL[m
-&ckdkif 0HomeK tpdkuftrSef vkyfief;wd/
-20&mpk 'kwd, ydkif;umv EdkifiH&D; tazG@tap;wd//
-yxr &ckdif0HomeK acwfeef@ 'kwd, &ckdif 0HomeKacwf Edkif;,_difa0zefjcif;
-'kwd, &ckdif0HomeKacwf. xl;jcm;csufwd/
-Arm EdkifiH&D;ygwD tuGJtjyJwd/ &ckdif EdkifiH&D;rm *,uf&dkufr_wd

55
 - 25 / 2 / 62 &Srf;ajy awmif}uD;nDvmcH z,f'&,frl
-2/ 3/ 62 zufqdwf eD0if; tpdk;& tm%modrf;jcif;
-&cdkif ajyudk wdkif;cGJ (13 )vdk@ owfrSwfjcif;
-&ckdif ajyudk zufqdwf ae;eef@zdESdyfjcif;/

(c) &ckdif trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; ygwD tazG@tap;rsm; ay:aygufvmjcif;?

-vsdK@0SufEdkifiH&D; v_yf,Sm;jcif;wd trsdK;om; tiftm;pkwd tzrf;cHuwf&jcif;/ tcsdK@ awmcdkjcif;//
-&ckdifajy vGwfajrmuf&D; tazG@csKyf (&rvy)
-,if;. r[mAsL[m ae;AsL[m
-&ckdifajy uGefjrLedwfygwD (&uy)
-,if;. cH,lcsuf/ r[mAsL[m/ ae;AsL[m
-&ckdfifajy trsdK;om; nDnGwf&D;tazG@ (&rnz)
-&ckdifajy vGwfvyf&D; wyfOD; (&vw)
-Arm aeacs@qef@usif&D; / &ckdfifajy trsdK;om; vGwfajrmuf&D; wyfaygif;pk / ,if;. cH,lcsufwd
-,if;. tm;ae;csufwd
-zufqdwf wdkufzsuf&D; trsdK;om; wyfaygif;pk ,if;. vkyfaqmifcsufwd / &cdkifajy awmwGif;ygwDwd
-trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;udk r[mAsL[mcif;vdk@ ay:aygufvma& tazG@tap;wd// &ckdifajyol@ orRwEdkifiHudk ae;AsL[m cif;usif;a&ygwD//
-&rvz / &uy ae;AsL[m &ckdifajyol@ orRwEdkifiH/ r[mAsL[m / ajyol'Drdkua&pD awmfvSef&D; (&vw/ &rnz)
-&ckdifajy trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;abmifrm &yfawuwfaw &ckdif wdkif;&if;om; tazG@tap;wd vlrsdK;pktazG@tap;wd/
-&ckdifajy csif;trsdK;om; vGwfajrmuf&D;tazG@/
-vlrsdK;pktazG@/
-&ckdifajy wdkif;&if;om; &Gifhusm rlqvif trsdK;om; vGwfajrmuf&D;tazG@
-&ckdifajy ajyol'Drdkua&pD awmfvSef&D;udk r[mAsL[m cif;usif;xm;a& ygwDwd /
-uGefjrLedwfygwD (&ckdifajy aumfro#if)
-Armajy uGefjrLedwfygwD( &ckdifajyeD )/
-&uy ae;AsL[m &ckdif olorRwEdkifiH/
-(6) trsdK;om; awmffvSef&D;eef@ awmfvSef&r,f//

r[mAsL[m/ ae;AsL[meef@ cH,lcsufwd/

(u) trsdK;om; awmffvSef&D; ordkfif;qufudk OD;xdyfxm;vdk@ qufcH&zdk@
(c) &ckdif wrsdK;om;vHk; vGwfvyf&D;twGuf trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D;udk &m vkyfaqmif&zkd@/
(*) ig&dk@. cH,lcsufwd
1// &ckdifajya& oD;jcm;EdkifiH wEdkifiH+zdKufaw// &ckdif vlr_tazG@tap;a& oD;jcm; tazG@tap;+zdKufaw//
2// &ckdifajya& vHk;0 udkvdkeDeef@ ya'o&mZf wydkif;EkdifiH+zdKufaw//
3// igh&dk@. t"du &efola& Armaeacs@+zdKufaw//
4// vufeufudkif awmfvSef&D;&m &ckdifajy vGwfvyf&D;udk tqHk;tjzwfyD;zkd@+zdKufaw// Oya'wGif;wkdkufayG;&dk@um; tajcteD taxmuftyHhukd&m
yD;Edkifvdrfhr,f+zdKufaw//
5// t*k eDacs@eef@ ya'o&mZf qef@usif&D;pdkufudk ajywGif;pdkuf / ajyolpdkufvdk@ rcH,l& / trsdK;om; pdkufvdk@&m cH,l&zkd@+zdKufaw//

3// (u) &ckdfifajya& oD;jcm;EkdifiH wEdkifiH+zdKufaw/ &ckdif vlr_tazG@tap;a& oD;jcm; trsdK;om;w&yf+zdKufaw//

1// wlnDa& yx0D teDtxm;[djcif;//
2//wlnDa& pD;yGm;&D; obm0[djcif;//
3// wlndDa& bmompum;[djci;f//
4// oD;jcm; trsdK;om; ,dkifaus;r_[djcif;//

(u) 1// wlnDa& yx0DteDtxm; [djcif;//

-bDpD avmufu &ckdifajyrm &ckdif vlr_tazG@tap; pwifeDxdkifa&//
-a0omvD/ 'Gg&0wD/ "n0wD&dk@rm tif'dkt,f&dD,HvlrsdK;/ oufvlrsdK;/ +rdK@vlrsdK;&dk@ EdkifiH(State) xlaxmifuwfjcif;//

56
-
&dSEkdifiHjcm;qufqH&D;

-at'D 1454 ck e&eKrif;}uD;. aeerdwfowfrSwfjcif;//

-at'D 151&ck rif;bmbk&if. aeerdwfowfrSwfjcif;//
-ordkif; trGDtqu faeerdwfeef@ &ckdifvlr_tazG@tap;vuf[d "dXaeerdwf//

(u) 2// wlnDa& pD;yGm;&D; obm0[djcif;//

-av,mvkyfief;/ O,dKifvkyfief;/ wHigvkyfief;/ qm;vkyfief;/ &dSpD;yGm;&D;
-Armaeacs@ vufatmuf &ckdifpD;yGm;&D; / a&eHvkyfief;/

(u) 3// wlnDa& bmompum;[djcif;//

-a'otvdkuf &ckdifpum;oHwd/
-&ckdif wdkif;&if;om;wd/ (+rdK/ crD/ 'dkif;euf/ &Srf;'l;/ ouf/ vif;au;/ +rHK/ r*lyg (0g) rm&rm}uD;/ teK/ acgifpdk/ cHk/ acsm/ &cdkif)
-trsdK;om; pmyDw&yfudk xlaxmifEdkifa& tiftm;eef@ ajyhpHkEdkifa&//

(u) 4// oD;jcm;trsdK;om;,dkifaus;r_[djcif;

(1) udk;uG,fr_qdkif&m ,dkifaus;r_/
(2) bmom pmyDqdkif&m ,dkifaus;r_
(3) okckr teKynmqkdkif&m ,dkifaus;r_
(4) qif,if xHk;azG@r_qkdfif&m ,dkifaus;r_
(5) Adokum qdkif&m ,dkifaus;r_

3// (c) &ckdifajya& vHk;0 udkvdkeD EdkifiHeef@ ya'o&dkuf wydkif;EdkifiH+zdKufaw//

-vuf[d umvrm &ckdkifajya& u|efykef; udkvdkeD EdkifiH wEdkifiH+zdKufaw// &ckdif tcsKyftcsm tm%mudk Armu odrf;ydkuf csKyfudkifxm;a&// Arm
ajyaxmifpkqkda& a0g[m&eef@ zHk;uG,fxm;jcif;/ pD;yGm;&D;/ EkdifiH&D;/ vlr_&D;t& zdESdyfxm;jcif;//
-+Adwdo# ya'o&mZf pedwfwydkfif;[djcif;/
-av,m+rD jyKjyifajymif;av;&D;ukd tem*wf umvrm wdk;wufaw avmuudk wufvSrf;zdk@ twGuf ajcvSr;fopf wvSrf;t+zdKuf vkyfaqmif&zdk@/
-av,m+rD awmfvSef&D;. t"du a&a&Gcsuf

1// avvkyf olwkdif;avydkifqdkif&D;

2// cdkufrrDa& av,mvkyfief;udk cdkufrDa& av,mvkyfief;t+zdKufajymif;av;&D; //
3// avxGufyapP;udk avorm;tajyht0cHpm;&D;//

avorm;vlwef;tv$mav;v$m

1// +rDo#if}uD; / 2/ csrf;oma& avorm; 3// tavtvwfavorm; 4// qif;&Ja& avorm;/

av,mwkdufayG;vrf;pOf

1//oD;pm;wkdufayG;
2/ vufikwfvuf&if; vufrjyKwf&D; wdkufayG;/
3// av,m+rD ajyolydkif wdkufayG;//
4// pkaygif; av,mwdkufayG; (0g) uGefAsL;wdkufayG;/

&rnzeef@ &rvw wdk@. wdkufayG;vrf;pdkif/

57
(buy) eef@ (&uy) &dk@. wkdufayG;vrf;pOf
awmfvSef&D;tiftm;oHk;ck
1// tvkyform; t+cDcHtm;
2// avorm;eef@ "eo#ifaygufp t"du tm;
3// rdsK;csdKuf ajycsdKuf "eo#ift&Htm;/

AdD,ufemrfeef@ w&kwfawmfvSef&D;wd

3// (i) igh&dk@. t"du &efolrSm Armaeacs@+zdKufaw//

-&ckdif vlr_tazG@tap;wGif ywdyuQ /
-Arm aeacs@eef@ &ckdif wrsdK;om;w&yfvHk;. ywdyuQa& t"du ywdyuQ+zdKufaw// Armaeacs@a& t"du &efol+zdKufaw//
3// (C) vufeufudkif awmfvSef&D;&m vGwfvyf&D;twGuf tqHk;tjzwf+zdKufaw// Oya'wGif; wdkufayG;um; t+cDteD taxmufyhHukd &myD;Edkifvdrhfr,f//
-Arm aeacs@u ol@pdkuf tiftm; /EdkifiH&D;tiftm;eef@ &ckdfifEkdifiH&D;tiftm;wGif;rm &ckdif tcsKyftcsmtm%mudk usL;ausmf odrf;ydkufxm;pGmudk igh&dk@
omrmefawmif;qdkvdk@r&// &cdkfifpdkuftiftm; /&ckdif EdkifiH&D;tiftm;eef@ awmfvSef wdkufcdkuf&zdk@+zdKufaw//

trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;. vufeufoHk;yg;/

1// pif=u,frGefjrwfaw trsdK;om;pdwf"gwfvufeuf

2// awmfvSefrSefuefa& oabmw&m;vufeuf
3// acwfrDpdkufvufeuf
-awmfvSef&D;. t+cDcHpcef;
-trsdK;om; pdkuf"gwf vlrsdK;&D; pdwf"gwf/ oabmw&m;qdkpGma& vl@toHk;cHyapP;&m+zdKufaw// tvkyf. vrf;nGef@&m+zdKufaw// pdkuf. w&m;a&
ajymif;av;eDa& wdk;wufeDa&// t+cDteDeef@ pdkuf. vuQ%mudk xl;jcm;a& t+cDteDeef@ xl;jcm;a& vuQ%m //

3// (i) t*k aeacs@eef@ ya'o&mZfqef@usif&D;pdkufudk ajywGif;pdkuf// ajyolpdkufvdk@ rcH,l&/ trsKd;om; pdwfvdk@&m cH,l&a&//
ajywGif;pdkuf (Civil War) / ajyolpdkuf (People War)// trsdK;om;pdkuf (National War)
(C) igh&dk@. r[mAsL[mrSm trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;+zdKufaw//
(i) ae;AsL[mrSm trsdK;om; nDnGwf&D;+zdKufaw//
-awmfvSefrSefuefa& r[mAsL[meef@ ae;AsL[m
- t"du ywdyuQtwdkfif; r[mAsL[m+zdKufay:vma&/ yHkpHwd (w&kwfawmfvSef&D; &ckdifawmfvSef&D;)

(8) vkyfief;ydkfif;
csdKufaw&Jabmftaygif;&dk@

igh&dk@a& &cdkif awmfvSef&D; ordfkif;. t+zdKufrsdK;pHkwd 0HomeKacwf ESpfacwf. xl;jcm;csufwd Arm / &ckdkif abmifa&mxDG;vmjcif;a=umifh
ihg&dk@txdemcsufwd pa&pGmwdudk a0zefowWKcs+yD;au aqG;EDG;c,m+zdKufaw// tqHk;rm aumufpdkufcsufudkav; wifjyc,m+zdKufaw// a'tcsuf
tvufwda& igh&dk@. twdGt=uHK/ igh&dk@tawG;tac:/ ihg&dk@. A[kokw. &cdkif ordkif;&kyf.&kyf0wWK t+zdKuftEdkufwdukd aygif;pyfEDS;aESm +yD;au
wifjyaqG;EDG;jcif;/ aumuffpdkuf csjcif;+zdKufonf// a'tcsuf tvufwda& igh&dk@. trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;umvrm aumif;aumif;xda&mufzdk@
tcsuftvufwdyif +zdKufvdrfhr,f// igh&dk@. yxr pcef;qifh trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;twGuf udkifapG;&zdk@ cH,lcsufwdyif +zdKufzdk@ ,lq&a&//

csdKufaw&Jabmftaygif;&dk@
igh&dk@a& oabmw&m; oufoufeef@ pcef;vm;au tjrHK+zdKufeDvdrhfrnf// vufwdG@ oufoufeef@ pcef;vm;au tuef;+zdKufeDvdrhfar// ,if;eef@Zk
oabmw&m;eef@ vufwdG@aygif;pyfrS&m atmifayG;ta&muf wdkufcdkuf csDwufEdkifzdk@+zdKufaw// tvkyfvkyf&m wdkif;rm pDrHudef;cs+yD;au ae;aumif;
vrf;aumif;udk udkifaw+yD;au wm0efcsvdk@ vkyfaqmifrS&m ,if;tvkyfa& vkyfief;w&yf+zdKufaw// atmifayG;twGuf ajyh0a&/ aumif;jrwfaw
tvkyftaqmifwck +zdKufaw//

58
 yxrtcsuf// // igh&dk@rm awmfvSef&D; wck. awG;ac:ajrmfjrif&D; w&m;/ awmfvSef&D; wck. oabmw&m;/ cH,lcsuf/ &yfawcsuf/
,Hka=uhcsuf/ OD;awcsuf/ a&a&Gcsuf&dk@ cdkifcdkifaESmif;aESmif; [dzk@d vdk@a&//

'kwd,tcsuf// // r[mAsL[m jywfom;awhrwfzdk@vdk@a&// ae;AsL[mudk yg;eyfusifvnfpGm / odrfharG@ eufae;pGm / ae;rSefvrf;rSef oHk;wwfz@kd vkda&//

wwd,tcsuf// // a'umvrm rsdK;csdKuf tiftm;pktoD;oD;/ woD;y*~~v toD;oD;&dk@udk ap;&Hk;Edkifzdk@ aumif;aumif; t&D;}uD;a&// oHr%d
&Jabmfwdudk pkap;+yD;au trmcHtjrHKawygwD awaqmufzdk@vkda&// a,+yD;au wqifh au'gygwD (0g) ap;&Hk;&D;ygwD awaqmufz@kd vdka&// ap;&Hk;&D;a&
awmfvSef&D;. t"du 0if&dk;+zdKufawtwdkif; ap;&Hk&D; vkyfawtcg r[mAsL[m qdkpGmudk awhrufpGm jywfom;pGm csrSwfxm;+yD;au ae;AsL[mudk
txl;u|rf;usifvdrRm yd&dpGmeef@ ae;rSefvrf;rSef oHk;wwfzdk@vdk@a&// r[mAsL[mwck atmifjrifzdk@twGuf ae;AsL[m axmifaomif;ruvdka&// ihg&@kd &ckdif
wrsdK;om;vHk;udk ap;&Hk;a& tcgrm pD;pD;pdkufpdkufvkyfzdk@vdka&//
1//tvkyform;/ avorm;/ "eo#ifaygufp/ rsdK;csdKufajycsdKuf "eo#if/ a'vlwef;pm;av;&yfudk yxr pcef;qifhtrsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;umvrm
nDnGwf&D; wyfaygif;pkEdkifzdk@twGuf ap;&Hk;a& t"du vufeuf+zdKufaw//

pwkwWtcsuf// // awmfvSef&D;w&yfrSm armif;ESif@&D;tiftm; oHk;&yf&Sda&/

1// EdkifiH&D; tiftm;
2// pD;yGm;&D; tiftm;
3// ,d_ifaus;r_ tiftm; &dk@yif+zdKufaw//
,if;a=umifh trsdK;om;awmfvSef&D; r[mAsL[meef@tnD pD;yGm;&D; udkufp+zdKufaw av,m+rDjyKkjyif ajymif;av;&D;udk awG;+yD;auvkyfaqmifzdk@vdka&//
ae;wl EdkifiHjcm; ,dKifaus;r_udk qef@usif+yD;au trsdK;om; ,dKifaus;r_ jyKjyifajymif;av;&D;udkvd@ awG;vdk@ vkyfaqmifzdk@vdka&//

yOPrtcsuf// // trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;}uD;udk qifEDG;zdk@twGuf

1// pif=u,frGefjrwfaw trsdK;om;pdwf"gwf ajyh0vmatmif }udK;pm;uwf&zkd@ &ckdifordkif; t&yf&yf /urBmhordkif;/ EkdifiHwumordkif; twWKywWdudk
zwf&_vd@vmzdk@vdkvdrfhr,f//
2// awmfvSefrSefuefa& oabmw&m;eef@ ajyh0a& pdwf"gwf +zdKufvmatmif }udK;pm;uwf&zdk@ // EkdifiH&D;odyH̀/ EkdifiH&D; azG@ap;yHk/ Oya'ynm/ 'oedu ynm/
abmuaA'ynm / vlr_&D;odyH̀pa& bmom&yfwdudkav;aumif;/ awmfvSef&D; ordkif;wdudk av;aumif; zwf&_vd@vmzdk@ vdktyfvdrRnf// udk,fEkdifiH.
&kyfb0eef@ qDav#mf udkufnDatmif usifhoHk;uwfzdk@ vdktyfvdrR,f//
3// pdkufynm u|r;fusifvmatmif }udK;pm;uwf&zdk@ / udk,fcE<mynm trsdK;rsKd;udkwwfu|rf;&zdk@ //
4// wdk;wufaw oabmw&m;&D; tiftm;eef@ ZGJxufoefpGm vufwdG@vkyfaqmifjcif;/ tiftm;ESpfckudk aumif;aumif; rGefrGef aygif;pyfwwfz@kd vdka&//
5// opPmw&m;}uD; oHk;yg;udk eufae;pGm usifhoHk;vkyfaqmifzdk@ vdka&//
(u) &ckdif trsdK;om; tay:rSm xm;tyfa& opPmw&m; /
(c) &ckdifwdkif;ajy tay:rSm xm;tyfaw opPmw&m;/
(*) &ckdifajy vGwfvyf&D; wyfrawmftay:rSm xm;tyfaw opPmw&m; a'oHk;yg;udk OD;xdyfxm;+yD;au usifhoHk; vkyfaqmifzdk@vdkvma&//

6// udk,f/ E_wf /ESvHk; oHk;yg;vHk; rGefa&aumif;jrwfatmif owd0d&d,eef@ xdef;ausmif;zdk@ vdkvma&//

tz&ckdifajy EdkifiHeef@ trsdK;om;vGwfvyf&ar// nDnGwfr_jzifh atmifayG;odk@

to#ifapmrGef (&ckdifajy)
(&aohawmif+rdK@ae/ &Dacsmif;&Gm /xm;blawmifuGif; pcef;weD&mrm 21/ 1/ 69 edef@ 18/ 29 em&D tcsdefwGif &DG;om;ca& //
Zmvkyfuwfzdk@av;? pmwrf;udk okwfoif jyifqifvdk@+yD;pD;,m//)

59