CHELATED MINERALS IN ANIMAL NUTRITION

Dr.George Dominic , CVAS, Mannuthy. KVASU

INTRODUCTION
Role of Minerals:
7 macro minerals 9 micro mineral.

Minerals fed to Cattle

Role as Buffer 1. Feed intake 2. milk production 3. Enhance milk composition

4. Sustain health

All Physiological Function

Mineral deficiency occur

All Livestock & Poultry May be sufficient amount in diet Interaction between minerals Presence of Anti nutritional factors Phytate Oxalate

Mimosine
Gossypol

Extend of mineral absorption in ruminant Minerals

Copper Manganese

Extent of absorption (%)

1-3% 3-4%

Iron Cobalt

7-10% 25 %

Non-ruminant little higher with mineral

Factor affecting absorption

1. Chemical form Organic, Inorganic 2. Other dietary factor pH, Solubility etc.,

How to increase absorption

Complexing inorganic element with organic compound. This is called Chelates. Chelates : It is a cyclic compound which is formed between an organic molecule and a metallic ion. Held with in the organic molecule as if by a claw. Chelate -Greek word - Claw Naturally occurring chelates : Chlorophyll's Cytochrome Haemoglobin Vitamin B12

Classification of organic minerals

1.Metal (specific amino acid) Complex

2.Metal Aminoacid Complex

3.Metal Aminoacid Chelate

4.Mineral proteinnates
5.Mineral polysaccharide complex

Complexation and Chelates

Cu2 + NH3 [Cu (NH3)2 + NH3
COMPLEX

(Lewis acid) (Lewis base)

[Cu (NH3)2]

Metalic ion + Ligand

Complex

complex may be as simple as only one bond Or complex contain many bond - Chelates

Metal Complex

Cu

NH3

Metal Chelate

Classification of organic minerals

Metal (specific amino acid) Complex The product resulting from complexing a soluble metal salt with a specific amino acid. Minimum metal must be declared. When used as a commercial feed ingredient, it must be declared as a specific metal, i.e copper lysine complex, zinc lysine complex etc.

Examples are: Copper lysine complex Zinc lysine complex Ferric methionine complex Manganese methionine complex Zinc methionine complex

Classification of organic minerals

Metal Aminoacid Complex Product resulting from complexing of a soluble metal salt (such as copper or manganese, etc) with an amino acid(s). Minimum metal content must declared. When used as a commercial feed ingredient.

Examples are: Copper amino acid complex Zinc amino acid complex Magnesium amino acid complex Iron amino acid complex Calcium amino acid complex Potassium amino acid complex Manganese amino acid complex

Classification of organic minerals

Metal Aminoacid Chelate The product resulting from the reaction of a metal ion from a soluble metal salt with amino acids, with a mole ratio of one mole of metal to one to three (preferably two) moles of amino acids to form coordinate covalent bonds.
Amino acids molecular weight must be approximately 150 the chelate molecular weight must not exceed 800. The minimum metal content must be declared. When used as a commercial feed ingredient,

Examples are: Calcium amino acid chelate Magnesium amino acid chelate Cobalt amino acid chelate Manganese amino acid chelate Copper amino acid chelate Zinc amino acid chelate Iron amino acid chelate

Classification of organic minerals

Metal proteinate is the product resulting from the chelation of a soluble salt with amino acids and/or
partially hydrolyzed protein. It must be declared as a ingredient as the specific metal proteinate.

Examples are: Copper proteinate Zinc proteinate Magnesium proteinate Iron proteinate Cobalt proteinate Manganese proteinate Calcium proteinate

Classification of organic minerals

Metal Polysaccharide Complex

is the product

resulting

from complexing of a soluble salt with a polysaccharide solution declared as a complex ingredient as the specific metal

Examples are: Copper polysaccharide complex Iron polysaccharide complex Zinc polysaccharide complex Magnesium polysaccharide complex

How to prepare a chelate

By reaction mineral salt +

Controlled enzymatically prepared Amino acid/ peptide condition

Ligand bind the metal atom at one or more point

Form Ring

Primary chelated mineral used in animal feeds are

Zinc

Iron
Manganese Cobalt
These are transitional element

Copper

It prefer to form co-ordinate covalent bond- a hybrid form of linkage stable complex
Ca, Mg, k

Technology for preparation of chelated minerals

Hydrolysis of Protein

Separation by centrifuge and ultrafiltration

Chelation process

Removal of unbound mineral

Drying grinding and storage

Dinhh and Aruna Chhabra, 2003

Chelated minerals...

Factors influencing stability

1. Charge / radius : 2. Neural binder more polar Higher tendency to coordinate metal ion. 3. Alkaline binder Stabilization by formation of covalent bond 4. Chelation effect : 1. Mono dentate less stable 2. Multi dentate more stable 5. Dimensions of Chelation : 1. 5 term 2. 6 term
7. Shape: Steric Tension

High stability

Use of chelates in Animal Nutrition

Main Objectives :
1. Reduction of antagonism, interferences and competition among minerals. 2. Improve the bioavailability of minerals 3. Counteract antinutritional factors, which affecting minerals 4. Performance improvement 5. Health improvement (immune status, functional nutrition) 6. over all animal welfare 7. Improvement in animal produces quality (meat, milk, egg, wool etc.,) 8. Reduce degenerative effect of trace minerals on vitamins in premixes and feed. 9. Protect environment by reducing metal pollution.

Mode of action
Stable in rumen environment & abomasum

Delivered in small intestine as such.

Absorbed through active transport (more blood level)

It act as biological complex (more tissue level)

Enter into different pool

Metabolizable in differently(Neathery et al 1972) (Pharmaco-dyanamics nutrient) (using 65Zn)

Ruminants

Mineral Amino Acid complex

Zinc methionine Zinc lysine

Manganese methionine
Iron methionine Copper lysine

Zinc methionine has been studied greatest extend.

Not much research on zinc lysine & iron methionine in ruminants.

Zinc mehionine
Not degraded Remain intact Bind with feed particle or micro organism So no insoluble complex Sperars 1989 Semi purifical diet deficient in zinc ZM compared with zinc oxide. Absorption similar Metabolized differently, Zno. Excreted more through urine.

CONCLUSION

Chelated minerals usually cost more, per unit of metal element, than the same metal in inorganic form. Historically the argument against chelates was that increased use of inorganics was more economic than feeding chelates. However, there is indication that in some situations, chelates can achieve biologic endpoints that inorganics cannot.

Chelated mineral can be used when more amount of antinutritional factor or interference affects mineral utilization It can be used as immuno-stimulant but more data is needed.