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GENERAL PRINCIPLES
OCCURRENCE
ores of some metals are very common (iron, aluminium)
others occur only in limited quantities in selected areas
high grade ores are cheaper to process because,
ores need to be purified before being reduced to the metal
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
THEORY
The method used to extract metals depends on the . . .
purity required
energy requirements
cost of the reducing agent
position of the metal in the reactivity series
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
REACTIVITY SERIES
K
Na
Ca
Mg
Al
Zn
Fe
Cu
Ag
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
METHODS - GENERAL
Low in series
Cu, Ag
occur native or
extracted by roasting an ore
Middle of series
Zn, Fe
High in series
Na, Al
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
METHODS - SPECIFIC
reduction of metal oxides with carbon
IRON
ALUMINIUM
IRON
EXTRACTION OF IRON
GENERAL PROCESS
occurs in the BLAST FURNACE
high temperature process
continuous
iron ores are REDUCED by carbon / carbon monoxide
is possible because iron is below carbon in the reactivity series
EXTRACTION OF IRON
RAW MATERIALS
IN THE BLAST
FURNACE IRON ORE
IS REDUCED TO IRON.
THE REACTION IS
POSSIBLE BECAUSE
CARBON IS ABOVE IRON
IN THE REACTIVITY
SERIES
C
D
B
B
E
F
C + O2
CARBON + HEAT
DIOXIDE
CO2
C + CO2
CARBON
MONOXIDE
2CO
3CO + Fe2O3
CARBON + IRON
DIOXIDE
3CO2 + 2Fe
REDUCTION INVOLVES
REMOVING OXYGEN
CaO + CO2
CaSiO3
E
Now move the
cursor away
from the tower
CAST IRON
- cheap and easily moulded
- used for drainpipes, engine blocks
RECAP
SLAG PRODUCTION
silica (sand) is found with the iron ore
it is removed by reacting it with limestone
calcium silicate (SLAG) is produced
molten slag is run off and cooled
it is used for building blocks and road foundations
SLAG PRODUCTION
silica (sand) is found with the iron ore
it is removed by reacting it with limestone
calcium silicate (SLAG) is produced
molten slag is run off and cooled
it is used for building blocks and road foundations
EQUATIONS
limestone decomposes on heating
calcium oxide combines with silica
overall
SULPHUR DIOXIDE
sulphur is found in the coke; sulphides occur in the iron ore
burning sulphur and sulphides
produces sulphur dioxide
O2 >
SO2 + H2O
SO2
> H2SO3
sulphurous acid
CARBON DIOXIDE
burning fossil fuels increases the amount of this greenhouse gas
STEEL MAKING
Iron produced in the blast furnace is very brittle due to the high
amount of carbon it contains.
In the Basic Oxygen Process, the excess carbon is burnt off in a
converter and the correct amount of carbon added to make steel.
Other metals (e.g. chromium) can be added to make specialist steels.
Removal of impurities
SILICA
CaSiO3
CARBON
add oxygen
C + O2 >
PHOSPHORUS
add oxygen
2P + 5O2 >
P4O10
SULPHUR
add magnesium
Mg + S >
MgS
CO2
TYPES OF STEEL
MILD
LOW CARBON
STAINLESS
COBALT
MANGANESE
increased strength
NICKEL
TUNGSTEN
ALUMINIUM
EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM
EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM
RAW MATERIALS
BAUXITE
aluminium ore
EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM
RAW MATERIALS
BAUXITE
aluminium ore
CRYOLITE
EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM
ELECTROLYSIS
Unlike iron, aluminium cannot be extracted using carbon.
(Aluminium is above carbon in the reactivity series)
EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM
ELECTROLYSIS
Unlike iron, aluminium cannot be extracted using carbon.
(Aluminium is above carbon in the reactivity series)
Reactive metals are extracted using electrolysis
EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM
ELECTROLYSIS
Unlike iron, aluminium cannot be extracted using carbon.
(Aluminium is above carbon in the reactivity series)
Reactive metals are extracted using electrolysis
Electrolysis is expensive - it requires a lot of energy
- ore must be molten (have high melting points)
- electricity is needed for the electrolysis process
EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM
ELECTROLYSIS
SOLID IONIC COMPOUNDS DONT CONDUCT ELECTRICITY
EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM
ELECTROLYSIS
SOLID IONIC COMPOUNDS DONT CONDUCT ELECTRICITY
EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM
ELECTROLYSIS
SOLID IONIC COMPOUNDS DONT CONDUCT ELECTRICITY
NEGATIVE IONS
EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM
EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM
CARBON ANODE
CARBON ANODE
EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM
STEEL
CATHODE
CARBON
LINING
CARBON LINED
STEEL CATHODE
EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM
MOLTEN
ALUMINA and
CRYOLITE
EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM
MOLTEN
ALUMINA and
CRYOLITE
EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM
POSITIVE
ALUMINIUM IONS
ARE ATTRACTED
TO THE
NEGATIVE
CATHODE
CARBON CATHODE
Al3+ + 3e-
Al
EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM
NEGATIVE OXIDE
IONS ARE
ATTRACTED TO
THE POSITIVE
ANODE
CARBON ANODE
O2-
O + 2e-
EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM
ELECTRONS
CARBON ANODE
CARBON CATHODE
EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM
ELECTRONS
OXIDATION (LOSS OF
ELECTRONS) TAKES PLACE
AT THE ANODE
CARBON ANODE
ANODE
3O2-
1O2 + 6e-
OXIDATION
EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM
ELECTRONS
OXIDATION (LOSS OF
ELECTRONS) TAKES PLACE
AT THE ANODE
REDUCTION (GAIN
OF ELECTRONS)
TAKES PLACE AT
THE CATHODE
CARBON CATHODE
ANODE
3O2-
CATHODE
2Al3+ + 6e-
1O2 + 6e2Al
OXIDATION
REDUCTION
EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM
ELECTRONS
OXIDATION (LOSS OF
ELECTRONS) TAKES PLACE
AT THE ANODE
CARBON ANODE
REDUCTION (GAIN
OF ELECTRONS)
TAKES PLACE AT
THE CATHODE
CARBON CATHODE
ANODE
3O2-
CATHODE
2Al3+ + 6e-
1O2 + 6e2Al
OXIDATION
REDUCTION
EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM
CARBON DIOXIDE
PROBLEM
THE CARBON
ANODES REACT
WITH THE
OXYGEN TO
PRODUCE
CARBON DIOXIDE
CARBON ANODE
EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM
CARBON DIOXIDE
PROBLEM
THE CARBON
ANODES REACT
WITH THE
OXYGEN TO
PRODUCE
CARBON DIOXIDE
CARBON ANODE
PROPERTIES OF ALUMINIUM
ALUMINIUM IS NOT AS REACTIVE AS ITS POSITION
IN THE REACTIVITY SERIES SUGGESTS
THIS IS BECAUSE A THIN LAYER OF ALUMINIUM
OXIDE QUICKLY FORMS ON ITS SURFACE AND
PREVENTS FURTHER REACTION TAKING PLACE
THIN LAYER
OF OXIDE
SODIUM
EXTRACTION OF SODIUM
Involves electrolysis of molten sodium chloride in the Downs Cell.
CaCl2 is mixed with the sodium chloride to lower the melting point and
reduce energy costs.
Sodium is discharged at the
cathode
Na+ +
e >
Cl >
Cl2 +
Na
e
RECYCLING
Problems
Social
benefits
Economic
benefits
Purification of Copper
impure copper
anode
pure copper
cathode
54
Purification of Copper
Copper is easily extracted by r ________, but it
then needs to be purified by e_________.
The p_______ electrode is impure copper.
At this electrode copper ions (Cu2+) move into
the solution.
Copper ions are attracted to the n_______
electrode to form copper atoms.
Impurities fall to the bottom.
55