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4.1 History of TCP/IP 4.2 IP Addressing 4.3 Name Resolution 4.4 TCP/IP Protocols
History of TCP/IP
DARPA also accelerated the spread of Transmission Control Protocol /Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) by including it in distributions of the UNIX operating system.
IP Addressing
IPv4 Addressing
For any two systems to communicate, they must be able to identify and locate each other. IP addresses are used to locate other computer systems when data must travel and be forwarded by other network hardware Each computer in a TCP/IP network must be given at least one unique identifier, or address.
This kind of address is called a hierarchical address, because it contains different levels and because of the fact that the address can be broken down into two parts, with each parts being used as an identifier.
Class A Addresses
In a Class A address, the first number (octet) is the network portion, and the last three numbers are the host portion. The format is Network.Host.Host.Host, or N.H.H.H. Only 1-126 is valid for Class A networks because network 127.0.0.0 is reserved. The IP address 127.0.0.1 is known as the "local loopback" address, and is used to test the NIC of the local system.
Class B Addresses
A Class B IP address divides the network portion from the host portion between the second and third octet. The format is N.N.H.H. If the first octet in an IP address is greater than 127 but less than 192, it is a Class B address.
Class C Addresses
A Class C IP address divides the network portion from the host portion between the third and fourth octet. The format is N.N.N.H. If the first octet of the IP address is greater than 191 but less than 224, it is a Class C address.
IPv6
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the next generation protocol designed to replace the current version of the Internet Protocol, IPv4. IPv6 fixes a number of problems in IPv4, such as the limited number of available IPv4 addresses. It will also add many improvements to IPv4 in routing and in various network configuration tasks. IPv6 is expected to gradually replace IPv4, with the two coexisting for a number of years during a transition period.
Subnetting
Subnets are similar to the American telephone numbering system. It is divided into area codes, which are divided into exchanges, and further divided into individual connections. Subnet addresses specify a network number, a subnet number, within the network, and a host number within the subnet.
Subnetting
It is important to know how many subnet/networks are needed and how many hosts will be allowed to be on that network. With subnetting, the network is not limited to the standard Class A, B, or C subnet masks and there is more flexibility in the network design.
Name Resolution
By their numerical form addresses are difficult to remember and to manage. This is true when there is a need to change addresses to adapt to changing network conditions. Names are easy to work with. The technique that allows names to represent network addresses is called name resolution.
WINS
To resolve or map the NETBIOS names used by applications into IP addresses, Microsoft added Windows Internet Naming Service (WINS) as an extension to DNS. WINS automates the process of translating NETBIOS names into IP addresses so packets can be properly delivered to devices or services.
TCP/IP Protocols
DHCP Services
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) enables computers on an IP network to extract their configurations from a DHCP server. When a computer on the network needs an IP address, it sends a request to a DHCP server. The DHCP server can then provide the host computer with all the configuration information it needs.
Telnet
Telnet enables interactive terminal communications with remote systems as if they were directly connected to the terminal, even though there may be many networks separating the terminal from the remote system. Users can type commands to the system as if they were directly connected to it.
SMTP
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is a protocol for sending e-mail messages between servers. The messages can then be retrieved with an e-mail client using either Post Office Protocol (POP) or Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP).
POP3
Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3) is a common mail service protocol that is used by ISPs that provide Internet and e-mail service to home customers. POP3 permits a workstation to retrieve mail that the server is holding.
IMAP
Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) is a newer email protocol that is more robust than POP3. It is a method for accessing electronic mail or bulletin board messages that are kept on a mail server. It is fully compatible with Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension (MIME) Internet messaging standards, and it allows message access and management from more than one computer.