Internetworking using TCP/IP

By:
Nitin Saraswat
 TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

• The Primary protocol responsible for Internetworking

is TCP/IP .
• It is actually a collection of protocols.
• The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not exactly match those in
the OSI model.
• The original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as having four layers:
host-to-network, internet, transport, and application.
• However, when TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say that the TCP/IP
protocol suite is made of five layers:
• physical, data link, network, transport, and application.
• At the physical and data link layers, TCP/IP does not define any
specific protocol. It supports all standard Protocols.
OSI v/s TCP/IP Reference Model
• The Application layer is the scope within which
applications create user data and communicate this data to
other applications on another or the same host. The
applications, or processes, make use of the services
provided by the underlying, lower layers, especially the
Transport Layer which provides reliable or unreliable pipes
to other processes. The communications partners are
characterized by the application architecture, such as the
client-server model and peer-to-peer networking. This is
the layer in which all higher level protocols, such as SMTP,
FTP, SSH, HTTP, operate. Processes are addressed via
ports which essentially represent services.
• The Transport Layer performs host-to-host
communications on either the same or different hosts and
on either the local network or remote networks separated
by routers. It provides a channel for the communication
needs of applications. UDP is the basic transport layer
protocol, providing an unreliable datagram service. The
Transmission Control Protocol provides flow-control,
connection establishment, and reliable transmission of
data.
•
• The Internet layer has the task of exchanging datagrams
across network boundaries. It provides a uniform
networking interface that hides the actual topology
(layout) of the underlying network connections. It is
therefore also referred to as the layer that establishes
internetworking, indeed, it defines and establishes the
Internet. This layer defines the addressing and routing
structures used for the TCP/IP protocol suite. The
primary protocol in this scope is the Internet Protocol,
which defines IP addresses. Its function in routing is to
transport datagrams to the next IP router that has the
connectivity to a network closer to the final data
destination.
• The Link layer defines the networking methods within
the scope of the local network link on which hosts
communicate without intervening routers. This layer
includes the protocols used to describe the local network
topology and the interfaces needed to effect
transmission of Internet layer datagrams to next-
neighbor hosts.
 TCP/IP Protocol suite
• At the network layer (the internetwork layer), TCP/IP supports
the Internetworking Protocol (IP) which in turn uses four
supporting protocols:
ARP, RARP, ICMP and IGMP
• IP is an unreliable and connectionless protocol (IP provides
no error checking or tracking)
• IP transports data in packets called datagram, each of which
is transported separately.
• IP packets transfer information across Internet
Host A IP → router→ router…→ router→ Host B IP
• IP layer in each router determines next hop (router).
• Network interfaces transfer IP packets across networks.
Internet Protocol Approach
IPv4 Header Format
 IPv4 Addressing
• Each host on Internet has unique 32 bit IP address.
• Each address has two parts: netid and hostid.
• netid is unique & administered by American Registry for
Internet Numbers (ARIN), Reseaux IP Europeens (RIPE),
Asia Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC).
• It Facilitates routing.
• A separate address is required for each physical connection
of a host to a network; “multi-homed” hosts
• Dotted-Decimal Notation:
• int1.int2.int3.int4 where intj = integer value of jth octet
• IP address of 10000000 10000111 01000100 00000101 is
128.135.68.5 in dotted-decimal notation
 Classful Addresses

Class D
THANKS