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Presentation Topic:
TCP/IP
Presented By:
Iftakhar Hussain
Roll No:
2019-BSIT-043
Department:
CS & IT
 TCP/IP Model
TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol. TCP/IP Protocol Stack is specifically designed
as a model to offer highly reliable and end-to-end byte stream over an unreliable internetwork.

TCP/IP Model helps you to determine how a specific computer should be connected to the internet and how data
should be transmitted between them. It helps you to create a virtual network when multiple computer networks are
connected. The purpose of TCP/IP model is to allow communication over large distances.

TCP Characteristics
Here, are the essential characteristics of TCP/IP protocol

• Support for a flexible TCP/IP architecture

• Adding more system to a network is easy.
• In TCP/IP, the network remains intact until the source, and destination machines were functioning properly.
• TCP is a connection-oriented protocol.
• TCP offers reliability and ensures that data which arrives out of sequence should put back into order.
• TCP allows you to implement flow control, so sender never overpowers a receiver with data.
 Four Layers of TCP/IP model
The functionality of the TCP IP model is divided into four layers, and each includes specific protocols.

TCP/IP is a layered server architecture system in which each layer is defined according to a specific function to
perform. All these four TCP/IP layers work collaboratively to transmit the data from one layer to another.

• Application Layer
• Transport Layer
• Internet Layer
• Network Interface
 Most Common TCP/IP Protocols
Some widely used most common TCP/IP protocol are:

TCP:
Transmission Control Protocol is an internet protocol suite which breaks up the message into TCP Segments and
reassembling them at the receiving side.

IP:
An Internet Protocol address that is also known as an IP address is a numerical label. It is assigned to each device that
is connected to a computer network which uses the IP for communication. Its routing function allows internetworking
and essentially establishes the Internet. Combination of IP with a TCP allows developing a virtual connection
between a destination and a source.

HTTP:
The Hypertext Transfer Protocol is a foundation of the World Wide Web. It is used for transferring webpages and
other such resources from the HTTP server or web server to the web client or the HTTP client. Whenever you use a
web browser like Google Chrome or Firefox, you are using a web client. It helps HTTP to transfer web pages that
you request from the remote servers.
 Most Common TCP/IP Protocols
SMTP:
SMTP stands for Simple mail transfer protocol. This protocol supports the e-mail is known as a simple mail transfer
protocol. This protocol helps you to send the data to another e-mail address.

SNMP:
SNMP stands for Simple Network Management Protocol. It is a framework which is used for managing the devices
on the internet by using the TCP/IP protocol.

DNS:
DNS stands for Domain Name System. An IP address that is used to identify the connection of a host to the internet
uniquely. However, users prefer to use names instead of addresses for that DNS.

TELNET:
TELNET stands for Terminal Network. It establishes the connection between the local and remote computer. It
established connection in such a manner that you can simulate your local system at the remote system.

FTP:
FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. It is a mostly used standard protocol for transmitting the files from one
machine to another.
 Advantages of the TCP/IP model
Here, are pros/benefits of using the TCP/IP model:

• It helps you to establish/set up a connection between different types of computers.

• It operates independently of the operating system.
• It supports many routing-protocols.
• It enables the internetworking between the organizations.
• TCP/IP model has a highly scalable client-server architecture.
• It can be operated independently.
• Supports several routing protocols.
• It can be used to establish a connection between two computers.
Disadvantages of the TCP/IP model
Here, are few drawbacks of using the TCP/IP model:

• TCP/IP is a complicated model to set up and manage.

• The shallow/overhead of TCP/IP is higher-than IPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange).
• In this, model the transport layer does not guarantee delivery of packets.
• Replacing protocol in TCP/IP is not easy.
• It has no clear separation from its services, interfaces, and protocols.
 Introduction of OSI Model

Open Systems Interconnection Basic Reference Model

(OSI Reference Model or OSI Model) is an abstract
description for layered communications and computer
network protocol design. It was developed as part of
the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) initiative.
In its most basic form, it divides network architecture
into seven layers which, from top to bottom, are the
Application, Presentation, Session, Transport,
Network, Data-Link, and Physical Layers. It is
therefore often referred to as the OSI Seven Layer
Model.
 Differences between OSI and TCP/IP models
OSI Model
OSI model provides a clear distinction between
interfaces, services, and protocols.
OSI refers to Open Systems Interconnection.
OSI uses the network layer to define routing
standards and protocols.
OSI layers have seven layers.
OSI model, the transport layer is only connection-
oriented.
It is defined after the advent of the Internet.
The minimum size of the OSI header is 5 bytes.
TCP/IP Model
TCP/IP doesn't have any clear distinguishing points
between services, interfaces, and protocols.
TCP refers to Transmission Control Protocol.
TCP/IP uses only the Internet layer.
TCP/IP has four layers.
A layer of the TCP/IP model is both connection-
oriented and connectionless.
It is defined before the advent of the internet.
Minimum header size is 20 bytes.
•Transport Layer(Process to Process)
Transport layer builds on the network layer in order to provide
data transport from a process on a source system machine to a
process on a destination system. It is hosted using single or
multiple networks, and also maintains the quality-of-service
functions.

It determines how much data should be sent where and at what

rate. This layer builds on the message which are received from
the application layer. It helps ensure that data units are delivered
error-free and in sequence.

Transport layer helps you to control the reliability of a link

through flow control, error control, and segmentation or de-
segmentation.

The transport layer also offers an acknowledgment of the

successful data transmission and sends the next data in case no
errors occurred. TCP is the best-known example of the transport
layer.
 Important functions of Transport Layers:

• It divides the message received from the session layer into segments and numbers them to make a sequence.
• Transport layer makes sure that the message is delivered to the correct process on the destination machine.
• It also makes sure that the entire message arrives without any error else it should be retransmitted.

The two main Transport layer protocols are:

• Transmission Control Protocol

It provides reliable communication between two hosts.

• User Datagram Protocol

It provides unreliable communication between two hosts.

 Data Link Layer(Host to Host)
Data Link Layer is second layer of OSI Layered Model. This layer is one of the most complicated layers and has
complex functionalities and liabilities. Data link layer hides the details of underlying hardware and represents itself to
upper layer as the medium to communicate.

Data link layer works between two hosts which are directly connected in some sense. This direct connection could be
point to point or broadcast. Systems on broadcast network are said to be on same link. The work of data link layer
tends to get more complex when it is dealing with multiple hosts on single collision domain.

Data link layer is responsible for converting data stream to signals bit by bit and to send that over the underlying
hardware. At the receiving end, Data link layer picks up data from hardware which are in the form of electrical
signals, assembles them in a recognizable frame format, and hands over to upper layer.

Data link layer has two sub-layers:

• Logical Link Control: It deals with protocols, flow-control, and error control

• Media Access Control: It deals with actual control of media

 Functionality of Data-link Layer
Data link layer does many tasks on behalf of upper layer. These are:

Framing

Data-link layer takes packets from Network Layer and encapsulates them into Frames. Then, it sends each frame bit-
by-bit on the hardware. At receiver’ end, data link layer picks up signals from hardware and assembles them into
frames.

Addressing

Data-link layer provides layer-2 hardware addressing mechanism. Hardware address is assumed to be unique on the
link. It is encoded into hardware at the time of manufacturing.

Synchronization

When data frames are sent on the link, both machines must be synchronized in order to transfer to take place.
 Functionality of Data-link Layer
Error Control

Sometimes signals may have encountered problem in transition and the bits are flipped. These errors are detected and
attempted to recover actual data bits. It also provides error reporting mechanism to the sender.

Flow Control

Stations on same link may have different speed or capacity. Data-link layer ensures flow control that enables machine
to exchange data on same speed.

Multi-Access

When host on the shared link tries to transfer the data, it has a high probability of collision. Data-link layer provides
mechanism such as CSMA/CD to equip capability of accessing a shared media among multiple Systems.
 Difference b/t Transport Layer & Data Link Layer
Transport Layer
The protocols of the layer provide host-to-host
communication services for applications.
It provides services such as CODS support, reliability,
flow control and multiplexing.
The transport layer provides the services across an
internetwork made up of many networks.
Data Link Layer
This layer is the protocol layer that transfers data
between adjacent network nodes in a WAN or
between nodes on the same LAN segment.
The data link layer provides the functional and
procedural means to transfer data between network
entities and might provide the means to detect and
possibly correct errors that may occur in the physical
layer.
The data link layer provides the services within a single
network.