State University of Moldova Faculty of Foreign Languages and Literatures English Philology Department

Comparative study of the word order in English and Romanian in Economic texts

Diploma Thesis

Chisinau 2008

Introduction

English Grammar has been studied by grammarians from different countries and their valuable contribution to the science is manifested through a treatment of a particular part from the point of view of contrasting it with their mother tongue counterpart For ages, the word order has been discussed by many linguists and raised too many problems. For example in such high inflected languages like Latin and Sanskrit, word order is relatively free, since the relations between words can be signaled by inflections, but it is relatively fixed in English. We have chosen namely this topic because there are a lot of unclear moments in translating an English sentence and in the same time to keep the same order in Romanian. We will try to do it in Economic texts. It is not easy to study word order in comparison with its equivalents in Romanian. It is of a great importance to understand how to keep properly the correct order of words in English and its translation in Romanian. The purpose of this Diploma Thesis is to analyse word order according different aspects of translation. We will discuss the subject from many points of view, we will concentrate our attention on the very part of the sentence, we will demonstrate that there are cases of inversion which do not influence negatively the translated sentence. This Paper consists of two chapters, the first representing the theoretical part, and the second- the practical one. The first part is based in general on the works of Russian linguists as: Caushanskaia, Ganshina, Krylova; Romanian linguists as: Badescu, Ganea, Gruia; and English inguists as: Jespersen, Jepson, Close, Cobb Timothy, Erdman, Henrichs-Kleinen etc.

The First Chapter represents an overview on the word order and an approach of the lexical and grammatical characteristics of it. Our great purpose in this paper is to show that the English language is very rigid and we cannot change the places of the sentences parts at will. In the practical part we have selected about 150 examples with Economic sentences from different Economic documents and analyzed them from the syntactical point of view in order to establish similarities and differences in Romanian. By means of such methods like contrastive analysis and synthesis we are going to investigate the problems that will appear by establishing and explaining in details the means and ways of translating a sentence keeping the right order. This topic raises many important questions in English grammar. It is a great interest since the majority of English learners face the difficulties in translating. We hope that through this paper we will be able to understand better the word order and we will be capable to make correct sentences from all points of view.

Contents Introduction Chapter One: A general overview on word order in English and Romanian. 1.1The S-P-O sentence. General remarks. 1.1.1 Position of the Subject; 1.1.2 Position of the Predicate; 1.1.3. Position of the Object; 1.1.1.1 Direct object; 1.1.1.2 Cognate object; 1.1.1.3 Indirect object; 1.1.1.4 Prepositional object; 1.2 Position of attributes; 1.2.1 Close attributes; 1.2.2 Loose attributes; 1.2.3 Position of two or more attributes; 1.2.4 Attributes in post- position; 1.3 Position of adverbials; 1.3.1 Adverbial modifier of Place; 1.3.2 Adverbial modifier of Time; 1.3.3 Adverbial modifier Manner and of Cause; 1.3.4 Adverbial modifier of Purpose and of Concession; 1.3.5 Adverbial modifier of Condition and of Agency; 1.3.6 Adverbial modifier of Frequency and of Degree;

1.3.7 Adverbial modifier of Measure and of Result. 1.4 Inverted word order; 1.4.1 Full inversion; 1.4.2 Partial inversion. Chapter Two: Comparative study of word order in English and Romanian in Economic texts. 2.1 Contrastive analysis of the main units of an Economic sentence. 2.1.1 The S-P-O sentence in corresponding to S-P-O in Romanian; 2.1.2 Slight differences in translating the S-P-O sentence from English into Romanian; 2.2 Attributes in English and Romanian in Economic sentence; 2.2.1 Position of one attribute in an Economic sentence in English and Romanian; 2.2.2 Cases with two or more attributes in the English sentence comparing with the Romanian one; 2.3 Position of different adverbial modifiers in the sentence in English and Romanian; Conclusions

Chapter one: A general overview on word order in English and Romanian

1.1 The S-P-O sentence. General remarks.
When we speak about the simple declarative sentence, we must take into consideration that its order of words is fixed. To demonstrate this fact we will concentrate our attention on the problems created by some changes of the main parts of the sentence.

Word Order in Positive Sentences

For the beginning, remember this simple rule:
subject
I

verb(s)
speak English

object

can speak

English

subject
I

verb(s9
will tell

indirect object
you

direct object
the story

place
at school

time
tomorrow.

Word Order in Negative Sentences

The word order in negative sentences is the same as in affirmative sentences. Note, however, that in negative sentences we usually need an auxiliary verb:
subject verbs
will not tell

indirect object direct object

you the story

place

time

at school tomorrow.

In comparison with the Romanian language, where we can understand the meaning very easily, due to flexible forms of the language, in English, which is an analytical language, the word order is very rigid. An eventual change in the word order in a Romanian sentence will not modify the meaning of the sentence. [8, pag.92] As for example: Vorbesti dumneata Englezeste? may be expressed in many variants: Dumneata, vorbesti englezeste? Dumneata englezeste vorbesti? Englezeste vorbesti dumneata? Englezeste dumneata vorbesti? Vorbesti englezeste dumneata? Beeing an analytical language, English is very rigid, how we already mentioned, i.e. the words have a fixed position in the sentence, thus the example is presented in English only in a way: Do you speak English?[8,pag. 93] Or if we take an example from literature: e.g. Tess knew the name we see a simple S-P-O sentence that cannot exist in another way than this one. In Romanian we translate this sentence in too many variants: Tess stia numele

Numele Tess il stia Numele il stia Tess So, we can easily observe that in Romanian, having more freedom in organizing the sentences we can express the same thing differently while in English only one order is accepted.

1.1.1 Position of the SUBJECT

The word order in English is fixed. We cannot change the position of different parts of the sentence at will, especially that of the subject and the object[3, pag.264] To illustrate this, the author change the order of words in the following sentence: e.g. Mr. Winter sent the little boy with a message to the next village one December day. (Hardy) If we put the Direct Object in the first place and the subject in the third, the meaning of the sentence will change altogether because the object, being placed at the head of the sentence, becomes the subject, being placed after the predicate becomes the object: e.g. The little boy sent Mr. Winter with a message to the next village one December day.[3, pag.264] [22, pag.221]

In Romanian such changes of word order are in most cases possible: e.g. Sora mea a vazut un film interesant la cinematograf. e.g.Un film interesant a vazut sora mea la cinematograf. [22, pag.222]

e.g. The young girls formed, indeed, the majority of the band./ Intradevar procesiunea era in mare parte formata din fete tinere. in this case we can mention that the Romanian sentence is in passive, that is why the logical way is kept while translating. e.g. Not a soul passed that way for o long while and the faint notes of the band were the only human sounds audiable within the rim of the blue hills. / Multa vreme nu trecu pe acolo nici un suflet Nu se auzeau decit sunetele slabe ale fanfarei singurele sunete omenesti, care rasunau pina departe spre dealurile albastre. The right position of the subject in English is at the beginning of the sentence, but in Romanian, we know that it is freedom in placing the subject. In this order of ideas, the translator didnt take much care about it and put it in the end; in fact the meaning remains the same. Well, it might be translated in another way like: e.g. Nici un suflet nu trecu pe acolo multa vreme or Nu trecu nici un suflet pe acolo multa vreme or even Pe acolo multa vreme nu trecu nici un suflet

The parts of the sentence that are very closed to each other must not be despised. Here is a general rule for a perfect word order: a) b) c) the subject with its attributes( adjectival, substantival ) the predicate verb, preceded by the object of time, indirect and direct other types of objects ( adverbial(s) )

Every change interfering this order modify the syntactical rapports and in fact the meaning of the sentence. [2, pag.610]

In her book Grammar of the English Language, Ellen Henrichs- Kleinen, says that a normal order of words in a sentence is: SUBJECT + PREDICATE + OBJECT Sally I The millers She He buys can speak have has written doesnt like a record. English. a house. a letter. football.

But a specific element is that this order is kept only in the following sentences, or cases:
1)

When at the beginning of the sentence it is used an object:

e.g. Now they entered the house. e.g. Soon they reached the submit of the hill.
2)

When a secondary sentence precedes the principal one:

e.g. When I came in, my friend was reading a book. e.g. When his agitation had cooled he would be at moments incensed with his poor wife.
3)

At complex tenses:

e.g. I have written a book. e.g. I have forgiven you for the same.

4)

In the sentences succeding the direct speech:

e.g. Ill come, he said to me. e.g. No, she said becoming grave[14, pag.239] e.g. It was a hazy sunrise in August. / Era o zi cetoasa la revarsatul zorilor. There is a but; here we deal with a very simple statement that while being translated into Romanian the order of words changes. That is because of the impersonal pronoun it; The impersonal it doesnt exist in Romanian, that is why in Romanian the subject changes its place with the predicate. The word order is a crucial syntactical problem in many languages. In English it has pecularities, which have been caused by the concrete and specific way the language has developed [21, pag.211] O. Jespersen states that the English language has developed a tolerably fixed word order, which in the majority of cases shows without fail what is the subject of the S-P-O sentence. This predominance of S-P-O word order makes conspicuous any change in the sentence and inevitable calls forth a modification in the intonation design. The most conspicuous place in the sentence are considered the first and the last: the fist, because the full force of the stress can be felt at the beginning of an utterance; and the last, because there is a pause after it. This traditional word order has developed a definite intonation design. Through frequency and repetition this design has imposed itself on any sentence even though there are changes introduced in the sequence of the component parts. Hence, the clash between semantically insignificant elements of the sentence when they are placed is structurally significant position and the intonation, which follows the recognized pattern [16. Pag.115]

The natural order of words in an English sentence may be altered for some good reason as long as the alteration does not result in an absurdity. Therefore we must not draw the conclusion that the subject is always placed first; it may be in the middle, or even in the end of a sentence. [15,pag.20] To illustrate this fact, the author gives some examples: e.g. Father had been snoring e.g. My revered father had meanwhile been snoring loudly from the depths of his easy chair e.g. A useful footballer he will be in an year or two. [15, pag.7]

1.1.2 Position of the predicate

The sentence is the communication where it is presented only one predicate. From the normal point of view the sentences are simple and complex. The subject is grammatically independent of any other part of the sentence. The second principal part of the sentence the predicate agrees with the subject in person and number and this agreement between them helps the sentence to have a finite meaning. [1, pag.89] To speak to the point, there are cases when a P-S-O is also correct in meaning. To distinguish between the two S-P-O sentence and P-S-O sentence we will give examples from both of them. a) in affirmative and negative sentences: e.g. She was writing a poem b) in interrogative sentences which begin with an interrogative word ( who, which, what, how much etc.) in nominative:

e.g. Who thinks so?, e.g. What happened with her? c) in indirect interrogative sentences: e.g. We dont know who these men are e.g. Tell me what their name is and how old they are? a) in interogative sentences:

e.g. Was she on the terrace? e.g. Did he hold a degree? b) in sentences containing an exclamation or a wish:

e.g.Long may you live to enjoy it! How short seemed the hours! c) When the verb is preceded by the introductive particle there: e.g.

e.g. There is something in what you say. There remains nothing to be done before the exam. d) When the subject is succeded by a long attribute sentence:

e.g. Here go the English women who had decided to organize a demonstration for the banning of nuclear weapons. e) In conditionals sentences where if is omitted:

e.g. Were she here, she would solve the problem. f) In the sentences containing a negative imperative:

e.g. Dont you dare say a word to him! e.g. Dont you believe such a thing! g) with emphasis:

e.g. Lucky is the man who has such a life

h)

in indirect speech , where the rithm of the sentence requires the

inversion of the subject with the verb: e.g.Yes, he said. e.g.For though Ive never seen it, I know others who have i) in cumulative declarations:

e.g. The children are hungry, so am I [2, pag.607].

1.1.3 Position of the object;

Concerning the object in the S-P-O sentence we can say that its importance is relative. e.g. The object is a secondary part of the sentence which stands in close relation to a verb, completing restricting or in any other way modifying its meaning [3, pag.270] e.g. The usual position of the object is after the predicate. However, in exclamatory sentences the direct object may occupy the first place: e.g. What wonderfully eyes you have Ernest! [3, pag.270] e.g. This position of the object generally doesnt cause inversion, except in poetry, high prose and negative exclamatory sentences: e.g. Passage after passage did he explore, room after room did he peep into In declarative sentences the front position of the object serves the purpose of emphasis: e.g. A fearful voyage I had with such a monter in the vessel [21,pag.212]

e.g. A natural incident relieved her anxiety. / Dar o intimplare ii puse capat nelinistii. 1.1.3.1 Direct Object A noun in a common case or a pronoun in the objective case that completes the meaning of a transitive verb is called a Direct Object. The Direct object is the direct receiver or product of the action denoted by the transitive verb[23.pag.210] e.g. The other returned a quick affirmative. When the direct object is emphasized and placed at the head of the sentence, the inverted order of subject and predicate may be found.[23,pag.211] But there are cases with two direct objects. The following verbs take two Direct Objects to ask, to answer, to take, to envy, to hear, to forgive. In fact, the place of the direct Object is behind the verb[14, pag.240] 1.1.3.2 Cognate object But there is another object that is called the Cognate Object, that is placed between the transitive verb and the Direct Object: e.g. to run a swift race e.g. to dream an interesting dream[3, pag.271] The Cognate Object or Accusative consists in the fact that it has the same root with the verb which is considered transitive: e.g. They live a long and happy life.[2, pag.611] The indirect Object usually denotes the person towards whom the action of the finite verb is directed:

e.g. I shall buy a book for you. e.g. He bought the boy a book.[11, pag.330] 1.1.3.3 Indirect Object The Indirect Object has a fixed place in the sentence it precedes the Direct one; it cannot be used without the Direct Object. The indirect object follows the Direct Object if this one is a pronoun and the Indirect object another personal pronoun. When the Direct Object is a pronoun, it is placed before the indirect one: e.g.Give it to Jones! [11, pag.328] In the case when the indirect object implies the idea of a selection, the Direct Object is placed before the indirect one: e.g. Pass the salt to Marry. 1.1.3.4 Prepositional Object The prepositional object is always placed behind the direct object and the indirect object: e.g. I havent told him anything about it [11, pag.329] As a rule every English sentence contains words or groups of words functioning as subject and predicate. The three parts of the sentence: and the subject, and the predicate, and the object have a great responsibility of word order. We can add that the whole notion is based on these three parts of the sentence.

1.2 Position of the attributes;

Concerning the attributes we must be very attentive not to change somehow their position, because they become meaningless. In this sub-point we will state the importance of this secondary part of the sentence by questioning if it influences somehow the meaning of the sentence or not. We will demonstrate that meaning can change when we change the position of the attributes, and it remains when we do not. The attribute is the secondary part of the sentence determining a noun. The usual place of the attribute expressed by an adjective, noun, pronoun or participle is before the word it modifies.[6, pag.237] Words in the function of attributes modify nouns giving them some kind of characteristic.[10, pag.116] Just the same definition of attribute gives us other authors: The attribute is the secondary part of the sentence which denotes the qualities of a person or thing expressed by a noun (or pronoun) in any of its functions in the sentence. [9, pag.373] Attributes determine the noun and their place is before the noun: e.g. She is singing a beautiful song e.g. He is my good friend [11, pag.331] Depending on closeness of the syntactic ties between the attribute and its noun, we distinguish: close attributes and loose attributes.

1.2.1 Close and loose attributes

Close attributes form a tight sense unit with their nouns. but loose attributes are less tightly connected with their nouns. Adding more information to, or explaining what is being said in the sentence, they are regarded as a more independent member of the sentence, and hence, often separated by a comma from the rest of the sentence. Close attributes: e.g. A large cat jumped the window seat. e.g. They gave each child a big apple. e.g. Id like another cup of tea. e.g. I borrowed two pounds from Janes brother. e.g. She admired his way of doing things. Loose attributes: e.g. Happy and carefree the children run down the hill. e.g. Painted green, the house was almost invisible on the forest covered hill. e.g. You behave like a school boy afraid of his teacher.[10, pag.117] Sometimes the attribute is placed behind its noun: e.g. They were the last to come. e.g. You can ask the man in the street. e.g. The book read by me is interesting.[11, pag.332]

1.2.2 Position of two or more attributes;

There are cases when the sentence contains two or more attributes, and then, we may have doubts concerning their place in the sentence. To be sure where is the place of every attribute, Leon Levitchi and Causanscaia will help us. Attributes denoting age, color, material and nationality come next to the noun modified. e.g. Two years of married life had not lengthened her shost dark chestnut hair.(Galsworthy) When two or more attributes denoting age, color, material and nationality refer to the same noun, the order is as follows: various age new A funny old Five-year old [3, pag.272] [18, pag.126] e.g. She was a regular church-goer, of simple faith, honest-hearted, receptive, intelligent, graceful to a degree chaste as a vestal and in personal appearance exceptionally beautiful. / Era cinstita, receptiva, inteligenta si destul de gratioasa, pura ca o vestala, iar in ceea ce privste infatisarea, neasemuit de frumoasa. Because of the fact that in this example we have only attributes from the same class, they do not require any order a part. This is an abundance of adjectives describing a young girl. Rosycheeked color grey material silk English nationality noun stockings squire child

e.g. The mixed, singular, luminous gloom in which they walked along together to the spot where the cows lay often made him think of the Resurrectionhour. / Privind ceata ciudata amestec de lumina si de intuneric, prin care treceau ca sa ajunga in locul unde erau vocile Clare se gindea la invierea Mintuitorului. mixed general; singular state, age; luminous color; gloom noun. A perfect presentation of word order in English, what we cannot say about the Romanian variant, that is translated in another way. e.g. She was a fine and handsome girl not handsomer than some others, possibly but her mobile peony mouth and large innocent eyes added eloquence to color and shape / Era frumoasa la chip si la trup. Poate ca nu mai era cea mai frumoasa, dar miscarea buzelor rosii ce bujorul si nevinovatia ochilor ei mari faceau ca forma si culoarea acestora sa devina mai expresive. As we can see, from these examples, in Romanian it is less strict to keep the right position of the very word. We can arrange the sentence as we want, the flexibility of our language permit us such things.

1.2.3 Attributes in post-position

There are cases when we can meet attributes in post- position. There are not so many, but anyway we will mention them in order not to make mistakes. There are some cases when the post position of the attribute is its normal place, when it is not emphatic: [3, pag.272] 1. Most adjectives in able and ible are placed after the noun, especially when the noun is preceded by the adjective only or an adjective in a superlative degree: e.g. sufferings unspeakable e.g. the only person visible [11, pag.332]

Sometimes, we can find in literature examples like this one: e.g. After that, the blackness of unutterable night it follows the general rule because here we dont have any superlative. e.g. such models unimpeachable as are turned out yearly by the lathe of a systematic tuition. Here it is the superlative degree. 2. in some stock phrases e.g. poet laureate e.g. sum total e.g. court material e.g. four years running e.g. the first person singular [19, pag.126] 3. Attributes expressed by cardinal numbers denoting the place of object in a series always follow the noun modified: e.g. chapter nine e.g. room five e.g. page ten [19, pag.126] 4. The adjective proper and present, coming from French, are placed after the noun: e.g. the subject proper e.g. all the people present [3, pag.273] 5. Adjectives stand after indefinite and negative pronouns.

e.g. Id like to read something very interesting. e.g. There is nothing extraordinary in her dress. [3, pag.273] e.g. It was something very strange in his words / Se simtea ceva straniu in cuvintele lui. We see that in Romanian the expression is translated otherwise, but the logical way is kept. 6. Attributes expressed by prepositional phrases follow the noun modified e.g. As a gesture of proud defiance he had named his son Francis Nicolas. [3, pag.273] When two or more attributive adjectives are placed in post-position, their connection with the noun they modify is often loose; they become detached and are consequently separated by a comma: e.g. When I looked up there stood the window pale, grave and amazed. e.g. The boy inherited his own eyes, large, brilliant and black.[3, pag.271274]

1.3 Position of adverbial modifiers;

To draw a parallel with the adverbials, the attributes are to modify nouns, while adverbials verbs.

There are very many kinds of adverbials and each of them pretend a firm position in the sentence. An Adverbial modifier hardly ever separates the Direct object from the predicate. It stands either before the predicate or after the Direct object.[11, pag.329]

1.3.1 Adverbial modifier of place; Adverbs of Place

(e.g.: here, there, behind, above) Like adverbs of manner, these adverbs are put behind the direct object or the verb.
subject
I

verb(s)
didn't see him

direct object

adverb
here.

He

stayed

behind.

The adverbial modifier of place generally stands either at the beginning or at the end of the sentence. e.g. English is spoken all over the world. e.g. William the Conqueror landed at Pevensey, on the coast of Sussex.[24, pag.54] However an adverbial modifier of place sometimes comes between the predicate and the prepositional object: e.g. He emerged from the theatre with the first of the crowd.[3, pag.274] The adverbial modifier of place has an advanced of preceding those of time and purpose:

e.g. I am going to the country tomorrow. e.g. Well, they only kept up there about an hour, but that was sure a long time[25, pag.300] e.g. Not a human being was out-of-doors at the dairy. / Ograda laptariei era pustie. the adverbial modifier of place stands either at the beginning or at the end of the sentence. Here it is in the end, but it is not clear in the Romanian variant; it might be translated in another way: Nici o fiinta umana nu era la laptarie here we can easily say that in Romanian even the order is kept. e.g. There was a great stir in the milk-hose just after breakfast. / Dupa gustarea de dimineata accea toata lumea era in fierbere. the adverbial modifier of place sometimes prcedes that of time, while in Romanian it is placed in front of the sentence.

1.3.2 Adverbial modifier of time; Adverbs of Time

(e.g.: recently, now, then, yesterday) Adverbs of time are usually put at the end of the sentence.
subject verb(s) indirect object direct object
I will tell you the story

time
tomorrow.

If you don't want to put emphasis on the time, you can also put the adverb of time at the beginning of the sentence.

time
Tomorrow I

subject verb(s) indirect object direct object

will tell you the story.

The adverbial modifier of time is usually placed at the beginning or at the end of the sentence;

e.g. We have lived in Craiova for 25 years.[24, pag.52] e.g. Angel felt that he would like to spend a day with her before the wedding, somewhere away from the dairy. / Inainte de nunta, Angel simti ca vrea sa mai petreaca o zi cu Tess hoinarind ca indragostitii undava departe de laptarie. both adverbial modifiers are placed after the predicate. The adverbial modifier of time follows the predicate and the adverbial modifier of place follows that of time. In Romanian we do not have the same picture, because the adverbial modifier of time is placed in front of the sentence. In fact, the meaning remains the same. e.g. They said finally that it was better not to act in a hurry but that they would not object to see her. / In cele din urma parintii spusera ca ar fi mai bine sa nu ia o hotarire pripita, dar ca nu ar avea nimic impotriva sa vada fata. the adverbial modifier of time is usually placed either at the beginning or in the end of the sentence. In the English sentences the adverbial is placed in the end of it, while being translated into Romanian it stands in front of the sentence.

Position of Time Expressions

(e.g.: recently, now, then, yesterday) Adverbs of time are usually put at the end of the sentence.
subject verb(s) indirect object direct object
I will tell you the story

time
tomorrow.

If you don't want to put emphasis on the time, you can also put the adverb of time at the beginning of the sentence.
time
Tomorrow I

subject verb(s) indirect object direct object

will tell you the story.

Note that some time expressions are adverbs of frequency (always, never, usually usw.). These are usually put before the main verb (except for 'be' as a main verb).
subject auxiliary/be adverb main verb object, place or time

often

go swimming in the evenings.

He

doesn't

always

play

tennis.

We

are

usually

here in summer.

have

never

been

abroad.

1.3.3 Adverbial modifier of Manner and of Cause;

The adverbial modifier of cause expresses the cause of the action done by the subject and that is expressed by a predicate. Its place is usually at the end of the sentence. e.g. I couldnt come because of the rain e.g. We arrived late on my account[11, pag.333]

Adverb of Manner
(e.g.: slowly, carefully, and awfully) These adverbs are put behind the direct object (or behind the verb if there's no direct).
subject
He

verb(s)
drove

direct object
the car

adverb
carefully.

He

drove

carefully.

The most frequent position of the adverbial modifier of manner is after the predicate, if the verb is intransitive and after the object if the verb is transitive: e.g. The children were playing happily. e.g. Alice sings beautifully [5, pag.42] e.g. Then those eyes flashed brightly through their filmy heaviness. / Ochii somnorosi ii lucira sub greutatea pleoapelor. The adverbial modifier of manner is usually placed after the predicate but it is lost while translating in this case: flashed brightly = lucira. When we have an emphasis like this example, it stands in front of the sentence: With a feeling of faintness she withdrew the letter. / Tess lua scrisoarea simtind ca-i fuge pamintul de sub picioare.

1.3.4 Adverbial modifier of Purpose and of Concession;

The adverbial modifier of purpose represents the purpose of the subject materialized. Always its place is in the end of the sentence. e.g. He only works for money. e.g. This advice is used for various purposes.[19, pag.245] The adverbial modifier of concession is placed usually in the end of the sentence: e.g. They have come in spite of my refusal not to come. e.g. They played football in spite of the bad weather.[13, pag.55]

1.3.5 Adverbial modifier of condition and of agency;

The adverbial modifier of condition represents the condition of the subject in that sentence. It is usually placed in the end of the sentence: e.g. Whether permitting, well arrive earlier. e.g. Come with your friend, if possible.[6, pag.250] The adverbial modifier of agency, the logic subject is used only in passive voice; and its place depend on the context: e.g. The book was read by the student. e.g. The house was destroyed by the earthquake.[11, pag.335]

1.3.6 Adverbial modifier of Frequency and of degree; Adverbs of Frequency

(e.g.: always, never, seldom, usually)
Adverbs of frequency are put directly before the main verb. If 'be' is the main verb and there is no auxiliary verb, adverbs of frequency are put behind 'be'. Is there auxiliary verbs, however, adverbs of frequency are put before 'be'.
subject auxiliary/be adverb
I often

main verb

object, place or time

go swimming in the evenings.

He

doesn't

always

play

tennis.

We

are

usually

here in summer.

have

never

been

abroad.

The adverbial modifier of frequency precedes the predicate verb in a simple tense form, but follows the verb to be and all the modal verbs. When it is emphasized it stands before the verb to be:

e.g. You are always good at this work[3, pag.270] Sometimes it occupies the first place but this position generally doesnt cause inversion: e.g. Often, he had asked her to come and pass judgements on his junks.[17, pag.52] e.g. Whenever this happened the dairy was paralysed. / Ori de cite ori se intimpla asa laptaria era ca paralizata. Both in English and Romanian the adverbial modifier of frequency precedes the predicate-verb. The adverbial modifier of degree expressed by the adverb enough generally follows the adjectives it modifies, but may follow or precede a noun: e.g. He is clever enough, but very lazy. e.g. I have time enough to do it. e.g. I have enough time to do it.[18, pag.124] e.g. yet it was enough to build up wretched dolorous dreams upon there in the shade of the night. The adverbial modifier of degree always precedes the predicate; if the verb is in a compound tense-form they follow the first auxiliary: e.g. I entirely agree with you e.g. It was quite enough for him[6, pag.244] e.g. I fell strong enough to walk any distance said she. / Ma simt in stare sa merg oricit, spuse ea. Ma simt destul de puternica, it would be better, because we can see the slight difference between the original, and the translated variant.

1.3.7 Adverbial modifier of Measure and of Result;

The place of the adverbial modifier of measure is usually in the middle or at the end of the sentence: e.g. He stood still a long while, surveying the hillside. e.g. He moved down the street a few steps. e.g. Mauki no longer weights one hundred and ten pounds.[9, pag.379] The purpose of the adverbial modifiers in a sentence is to give complete information about the subject and its actions. How we can see, in the very example given to each kind of adverbials, they are placed at the end of the sentence that is easy for us not to avoid mistakes. In general, words in these functions like: attribute, adverbial modifiers, give some more information to nouns, verbs, specifying the circumstances of a happening.

1.4 Inverted word order

How we already mentioned, we know that all the words in the sentence perform definite syntactic functions. But not every time the order of words is respected in a sentence. So, to help us to understand how the meaning of one sentence can change is the notion of the Inverted order of words. Usually, the subject can change its place with the predicate. In this sub-point we are interested in the importance of the inverted order of words, and we are going to demonstrate that the changing of words place in the sentence has a firm intention.

To be more concrete we will take examples which state especially this fact, and we will analyze this problem from a prospective point of view. Peter Erdman in his work Discourse and Grammar, argues that the inversion in fact, is the placing of the subject after the finite verb [Jacobsson 1951: 51] Angela Cataraga, in her English grammar in tables and Schemes illustrates very well the most cases of inversion. So, here are some examples: In interrogative sentences; Where did they find her? Sentences introduced by there; There is nothing marvelous in that. Compound sentences, their second part beginning with so or neither; Their parents escaped unhurt, so did three of their sons. Simple exclamatory sentences expressing wish; Be it so! The inverted order of words is widely used when a word or a group of words is put in a proeminent position. I this case inversion is due to the authors wish to produce a certain stylistic effect. Thus inversion occurs when: An adverbial modifier opens the sentence: a) Ad. Ms. expressed by a phrase or phrases open the sentence, and the subject often has a length modifier; In an open barouche stood a stout old gentleman. b) An Ad. M. with a negative meaning opens the sentence. Here belong such adverbial modifiers as: in vain, never, little etc. In

this case the auxiliary do must be used if the predicate does not contain either an auxiliary or a modal verb; Never before and never since, have I known such peace, such happiness. c) Ad. Md. expressed by such adverbs as: so, thus, now, then, etc. placed at the head of the sentence, if the subject is expressed by a noun; Now was the moment to act. NB. If the subject is a pronoun, inversion does not take place. Thus he thought and sank down upon the wet earth. d) Ad. Ms. of M may or may not cause inversion. In case of inversion the auxiliary do must be used if the predicate does not contain either an auxiliary or a modal verb. Silently did the doctor bear all this. Only, hardly, scarcely (correlated with the conjunction when) no sooner (correlated with the conjunction then), nor open the sentence; Scarcely was one long task completed when a guard unlocked our door. The sentence begins with the word here which is not an adverbial modifier of place but has some demonstrative force; Here is my car, Sir. N.B. If the subject is expressed by a personal pronoun, the word order is direct. Postpositions denoting directions open the sentence and the subject is expressed by a noun. Here belong such words as: in,

out, down, away, up, etc; Out went Mr. Smiths head again. N.B. If the subject is a pronoun, inversion doesnt take place. An object or an adverbial modifier expressed by a word group with not a, or many a opens the sentence. In case of inversion the auxiliary do must be used if the predicate does not contain either an auxiliary or a modal verb; Not a soul did I met with all I drive. A predicate expressed by an adjective or by the pronoun such opens the sentence (in case the subject is a noun or an indefinite pronoun); Sweet was that evening. Such is life. The predicate, which introduces conditional clause, is expressed by was, were, had, could, or should. Even were they absolutely hers, it would be a passing means to enrich herself. [Cataraga] According to the form of the finite verb two types of inversion are then distinguished. The first of this known as absolute inversion, has a verb form in the present or past, followed by the subject e.g. He will never understand gambled the President.[7, pag.22] The second part is known as partial inversion indicating that only part of the predicator follows the subject (e.g. the be of the expanded from temporal have ) [7, pag.23] e.g. When are you leaving?

e.g. Never before have his comments been nastier.[17, pag.75] e.g. Oh, yes; there is nothing like a fiddle./ Asta asa-i When the verb is preceded by the introductive particle there the order of the words changes and we have already a P-S-O sentence. e.g. How can you think of reading it? How can I? Why it is a system of philosophy. / Cum iti poate trece prin minte sa citesti asa ceva? Cum? Bine, dar e vorba de un sistem filosofic. The definition of inversion as the placing of the subject behind the finite verb raises problems with all English verb forms which do not have a contrast between the finite and non-finite. Exception to the S-P-O rule that means inversion is when the predicate is placed in front of the subject.[14. Pag.240] e.g. Seeing Tess standing at gaze he went across to her. / Vazind ca Tess privea in jur cautind pe cineva, se apropie de ea. e.g. Do you know that riddle about the nott cows, Jonathan? / Cunosti zicala aia despre vacile ciute, Jonathan? in interrogative sentences. There are very many cases of inversion and in different sentences the subject goes behind the predicate due to some categories of sentences such as exclamations without the objects when here and there introduce a sentence; in the sentence expressing a wish. In fact, we have already done this classification and mentioned that the inversion produced is the process of changing the place of the subject with the predicate.

 The inverted order of words is widely used when a word of a group of words is put in a proeminent position. Inversion occurs when an adverbial modifier opens the sentence[14, pag.241] Inversion occurs when post-position denoting direction opens the sentence and the subject is expressed by a noun. [3, pag.268] This order of words makes the speech especially lively. e.g. Out went Mr. Pickwicks head again.(Dickens) e.g. Theres a letter for you, Miss Moss.(Monsfield) [3, pag.269] e.g. Then tere was the hissing of a train / Se auzise apoi pufaitul unui tren care se opri aproape fara zgomot. In comparison with other authors, Causanskaia argues that it must be born in mind that emphatic order doesnt necessarily mean inversion; emphasis may be also achieved by the proeminent position of some part of the sentence without inversion, i.e. without placing the predicate before the subject.[3, pag.269] There is the case to speak about the full inversion and partial one. Due to many inflections in the language there are people that dont distinguish between them saying that inversion is in fact inversion and its all. Looking inside of this problem there are very close, but not the same: e.g. Up flew the sparks in myriads at the long were stirred. full inversion; e.g. Where are you going. partial inversion; [9, pag.351] e.g. There are two main cases of inversion:

a) Inversion may be required by the grammatical structure of a given type of a sentence. Thus in interrogative sentences the finite verb must, as a rule, precede the subject: e.g. Will you leave your message with me?(Galsworhty) e.g. Is Mr. Worthing in the library?(Wilde)[9, pag.353] e.g. Why do nott cows give less milk in a year than horned? / De ce ciutele dau mai putin lapte intr-un an decit vacile cornute? e.g. What is the good of your mother and me economizing / Ce rost mai are ca parintii tai sa stringa bani - even the interrogative word in nominative permits here the inversion. e.g. Do you know why I did that, Tess? / Stii de ce am facut asta , Tess? b) Inversion may be the result of emphasis. When some word in the sentence is put in a proeminent position to make it emphatic, the structure of the sentence may require an inverted order of subject and predicate verb. e.g. Up flew the bright sparks in myriads as logs were stirred. (Dickens) e.g. Never shall I forget the lonely sensation of a first lying down, without a roof above my head (Dickens)[15. Pag.45] e.g. But now glad am I to have you here! / Dar tare imi pare bine ca te am aici linga mine! Since emphasis and stress normally fall at the beginning and end of the English sentence, a skillful writer often inverts word order to place what he wishes to have emphasized at the sentences beginning or ending.

e.g. Divine I am inside and out. more grammatically than if he had written I am Divine inside and out. [23, pag.207] Word order is one of the subtlest and most important problems of style. There are no rules or reliable guidelines; the best way to learn how best to order a sentence is to read widely among skilled writers and educate your ear to possible rhythms [18, pag.128] Sometimes word order involves logic, as we can see in the examples with misplaced modifiers. Otherwise, lack of wondering purpose may seem to be what the essay suffers from. But usually the issue is more one of style than sense. e.g. Life, Liberty and the pursuit of happiness. [23, pag.208] - The meaning is clear, but it is lost when we change the words, it has another connotation: Life, the pursuit of happiness and Liberty. \ Liberty, Life and the pursuit of happiness. We mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes and our sacred honor, again has the inevitability of the right word order. Perhaps a slight shift in the normal word order creates dramatic tension. Ordinarily, a modifier should be placed next to the word it modifies. [23, pag.209] The inverted order of words is o required in indirect speech: e.g. Whats the matter? said he. / Ce-i, Tess, ce s-a intimplat? o intreba Angel. What a fresh and virginal daughter of Nature that milkmade is, said he. / Ce proaspata si feciorelnica fiica a Naturii, isi spuse el.

e.g. It is a lady again interrupted she holding out the bud she had peeled. / Ia uitate asta e altfel il intrerupsese ea aratindu-i mugurele pe care il cojise. Inversion in English is triggered by a variety of linguistic factors. First, the type of sentence determines whether there is post-position of the subject. Obligatorily or optional, inversion occurs with polar and Wh questions, negated imperatives, exclamations, comparative sentences and other constructions. These can be termed sentence type inversion. e.g. Do you remember her name? e.g. Isnt the weather nice? [7, pag.23] There is also post-position of the subject in declarative sentences when introduced by adverbial elements such as nowhere seldom qualifying elements like little and few intensifying expressions like so or such or pro-forms like as or so. This can be called clause element inversion. e.g. Nowhere could he find a job. e.g. Dana liked the movie, and so did Bob. [5, pag.27] Inversion also occurs in declarative sentences when certain lexical conditions of the verbal group are fulfilled. This type of inversion can be referred to predicator inversion. e.g. On the floor squatted the man had been looking for. e.g. Spearheading the campaign was Masspink, the party official. [25, pag.293] e.g. Some problems of word order are dealt with in the section of jargon, circumlocution and dead wood.

The arrangement of words is an artistic rather than strictly grammatical matter. Styles vary from stark sentences of early Hemingway to the full diapason of Faulkner, whose open-stopped sentences sometimes go on for as long as six pages, full of subordination upon subordination, participle upon participle and parentheses within parentheses. Most writers settle somewhere between these two extremes [23, pag.207] Inversion generally causes many problems both in speech and writing. The most important place is attributed namely to the inverted order of words. Researching different works of many authors we managed to draw a picture concerning the inverted order of words. Now we dont have the right to say that the sentence in English is the most difficult to investigate. We tried to sum up much information about it and now we have a strait idea of what the sentence consists in. In learning and especially while translating into English we must take into consideration the place of each part and in some cases such as: emphasis or something else to serve us of inverted order of words.

Conclusion
Word order is a crucial syntactical problem in many languages. In English it has peculiarities, which have been caused by the concrete and the specific way the language has developed. Of course every language has its structure and the

functions of different parts of syntactical items vary. Because of the fact that the English language is very rigid, each part of the sentence has its position in it. To prove this fact, we examined a lot of examples that give us the whole information about each item a part. For instance, we must remember that the S-P-O sentence serves as a base of the word order in English. The position of a word in the sentence may be changed within the recognized variants and the models are the materialization of these variants. Concerning the inversion, is usually known as being an emphatic construction. Generally, we must take into consideration the fact that while translating or even speaking English we must be very attentive at the word order because we can make mistakes aimless.

Chapter Two: Contrastive study of word order in Economic Documents.

Introduction

Many researchers of word order and word order variation have approached the subject matter by taking what can be described as a speaker's stance. Constraints on, or patterns and preferences in, word order are studied by observing how varying aspects of a meaning that is to be expressed, like grammatical function assignment or information structure, influences word order. In computational linguistics, natural language generation involves taking this perspective. Conversely, one may also emphasize the effect word order variation has on the interpretation of a sentence. For instance, one may study how word order restricts the available readings of a sentence in terms of grammatical function assignment, information structure, referentiality of arguments, or quantifier scoping. The computational linguistics task of natural language parsing is a concrete example of this approach, which we may call taking the hearer's perspective. More recently, researchers have proposed that a more complete understanding of word order is gained by combining these perspectives. For instance, it has been argued that canonical word order is preferred in contexts in which grammatical function assignment cannot be reliably determined using word order independent information, such as case, agreement, or animacy. In a model that combines perspectives, this can be formalized as a restriction of the speaker's freedom in choosing a word order variant that is determined by hearer's ability to recover the correct grammatical function assignment. The aim of this Diploma Thesis is to bring together researchers of word order that assume different perspectives (focusing on the interpretation of form, the expression of meaning, or on the interaction of the two) from a variety of methodological backgrounds (computational, experimental or theoretic, quantitative or discreet)

In this Chapter our purpose is to illustrate better the importance of a certain word order in the English sentence. We will work with many Economic documents such as Decision concerning the strategy for support to SMES development for 2006 2008, or Prerequisites for achieving the priorities of the national development strategy. We will state the differences between some abbreviations and economic terms. This analysis will help us to demonstrate the rigidness of the English language in organizing an economic sentence. We will use original documents in English and original ones in Romanian, but we will permit us to give some of our variants of translation in order to show some hidden aspects of the meaning of the sentence. Of course we cannot deny that sometimes in Romanian there are cases when changing the place of a word we obtain another meaning, but it happens very rarely. We will take care about it.

2.1 Contrastive analysis of the main units of an Economic sentence.

2.1.1 The S-P-O sentence in corresponding to S-P-O in Romanian;

This chapter is wholly dedicated to the equivalents with different types of sentences from many Economic Documents. We have selected and analysed about 150 examples of sentences from the syntactical point of view. I chose namely to research Economic works because it seemed to me very interesting how the word order changes in some situations: when we have to emphasise something, or the author wants to hide something from the people eye. Economy is actual that is why we decided to research this topic. We will take now some interesting examples and we will try to discover how to use the right order not to make context mistakes in the field of Economy. Communication in the process of NDS development was a key element for ensuring the participation of stakeholders. Comunicarea in cadrul procesului de elaborare a Strategiei a reprezentat un pilon de baza pentru asigurarea participarii partilor interesate I this first example we can observe that the order of words in Romanian keeps the word order from English. The translator tried to be closer to the original variant in order to give a perfect translation. Due to this, he kept not only the order but the main idea of the sentence too. The aim of the second stage was to collect the contributions to the draft action plan, the analysis of these, ways of stakeholder participation in the implementation of the strategy. Scopul etapei a doua a constat in colectarea contributiilor la proiectul Planului de actiuni pentru implimentarea Strategiei, analiza acestora, relevarea modalitatilor de participare a gurpurilor de interese la implimentarea Strategiei. In this example we can follow a translation made with a very strict attention to its order. This means that the translator followed very attentively the order namely in this sentence, as it follows: Subject with its attributes, predicate, object, and other modifiers. If the collapse of the economy was rapid, so has been the recovery.

Daca colapsul economiei a fost rapid, la fel a fost si recuperarea. Here it could be the effect produced by If conditional, but it doesnt have any value because the sentence doesnt contain any condition. It is just a statement and it drives us wrong, at the first sight. The Moldovan growth is still recovery growth and the productivity gains that are due to reallocation of productive resources from import substitution into export production are closed to be depleted. Cresterea inregistrata in Moldova este pina la ora actuala o cresetre de recuperare, iar performantele in productivitate, care se datoreaza realocarii resurselor productive de la sectoarele mai putin competitive la cele mai competitive, sunt practice pe sfirsite. So, we can mention here that the subject didnt suffer any change after being translated, and so did the predicate, that means that the word order didnt change. Abrupt economic decline combined with an inadequate policy response to quickly address the new situation forced the Moldovan labour force to search employment opportunities outside their home country. Declinul economic abrupt in combinatie cu raspunsul de politici inadecvat, care trebuia sa careneze situatia nou create, a pus forta de munca din Moldova in pozitia de a cauta oportunitati de angajare inafara hotarelor tarii de bastina. The debate on migration flows has traditionally separated two large categories of explanation for migration: the push factor and the pull factor. Dezbaterile pe marginea fluxurilor migrantilor au separat explicatiile motivelor care cauzeaza migratia in doua categorii mari: factori de constringere si factori de atragere. There is a significant difference between the perceived poverty situations of the migrants into different destinations. Exista o diferenta semnificativa intre nivelul de saracie al migrantilor si destinatiile alese de acestia.

Due to the construction There is that introduces the sentence we have here an inversion. In Romanian, there is is translated as exista, and the order of words is kept in both languages. Finally, even the nationality of the workers matter. In final, chiar si nationalitatea muncitorilor are importanta. Here is an example of a perfect model of word order. The translator tried to be close to the original variant, that is why it is perfect. For a private household looking for investment opportunities, the variety of options is rather limited. Pentru o gospodarie privata care cauta unele oportunitati de a investi, varietatea optiunilor este destul de limitata. Here are some other examples that belong to the category of Direct Word order: The landscape of economic opportunities in Moldova is rather monotonic. Peisajul oportunitatilor economice din Moldova este destul de monoton.
-

Moldova needs to encourage productive investments in order to reach higher levels of sustainable growth that could contribute to poverty reduction domestically.

Moldova trebuie sa incurajeze investitiile productive pentru a atinge niveluri mai inalte de crestere continua, care ar putea contribui la reducerea saraciei din tara.
-

Corruption is not a problem for the legal system alone, but affects the investment climate at large.

Coruptia constituie o problema nu doar pentru sistemul de drept, ci care afecteaza si climatul investitional in general.
-

Moldovan firms generally do not see infrastructure as a major constraint for their business.

Intreprinderile moldovenesti nu percep infrastructura drept o constringere majora pentru afacerile lor.

2.1.2 Slight differences in translating a S-P-O sentence from English into Romanian;
Based on the analysis of the current situation, policy reforms are suggested that would gear the development towards more sustainable pro poor growth. In baza analizei situatiei curente, este propusa reformarea ampla a politicilor care ar directiona procesul de dezvoltare catre sustinerea cresterii continue intru reducerea saraciei. Due to more freedom in Romanian in what consists arranging the sentence it is proposed this way of translation. We see that in English, the S-P order is present, while in Romanian it changes into P-S. Also, in Moldova the households are looking for the optimal solution for improving their welfare. De asemenea, gospodariile casnice in Moldova cauta solutia optimala pentru a-si imbunatati nivelul de trai. As a rule, in English the Predicate goes just after the Subject and we do not have the right to introduce between them any adverbial modifier as we can in Romanian. The national Development Strategy for 2008 2011, which is included in the annex that is a part of this low, is approved. Se aproba strategia nationala de dezvoltare pe anii 2008 2011 cuprinsa in anexa care face parte integrate din prezenta lege. Her we see the same situation that we have above: in English the order is right, but in Romanian it is emphasized the action i.e. it is approved se aproba, and not strategia se aproba. Within a timeframe of 3 months since the effectiveness of this low, the Government will develop and approve an Implementation plan and the monitoring system for the National Development Strategy for 2008 2011.

Guvernul, in termen de 3 luni de la data intrarii in vigoare a prezentei legi, va elabora si va aproba planul de implimentare si sistemul de monitorizare ale strategiei nationale de dezvoltare pe anii 2008 2011. We see that in the English variant the subject goes first as it might be, so it is in Romanian, but here already it is interrupted by the additional information, the adverbial phrase that completes the idea. In English this phrase is placed at the head of the sentence. At the beginning of 2007, a more significant growth of FDI was observed, which increased by USD 205 million, accounting for USD 1505.4 million on July, 1. De la inceputul anului 2007, s-a observat o crestere mai semnificativa a USD care a sporit cu 205 milioane de dolari SUA, constituind la 1 iulie 1505.4 milioane de dolari SUA. The predicate goes after the subject in English, but in this case we get an inverted order of S-P. In this context, the mapping of pre-university education facilities was completed and a school network optimization strategy will be developed on its basis. In acest context a fost finalizata cartografierea institutiilor de invatamint preuniversitar si in baza acesteia va fi elaborate strategia de optimizare a retelelor de scoli. We observe that in most of the variants proposed by Economic documents, especially in the Romanian ones, the order P-S is considered to be more literary. At present the competitiveness of Moldova small business is still limited. Totodata, in present ramine a fi joasa competitivitatea intreprinderilor mici in Moldova. The same that we have already mentioned is that the predicate goes first in Romanian, and in English it goes secondly.

2.2 Attributes in English and Romanian in Economic sentence;

We know that the usual way of the attribute is before the word it modifies, so our purpose in this sub point is to give some examples from Economic documents in order to show the difference of their places in Romanian and in English. First we will take some examples with only one attribute, after this, with two or more attributes.

2.2.1 Position of one attribute in an Economic sentence in English and Romanian;

The position of the attribute in English is before the noun, while in Romanian it is after the noun it modifies. We do not deny the fact that it may be before as well, but there are few cases in Romanian of this type. We shall see just now. The Parliament adopts the present ordinary low. Parlamentul adopta prezenta lege ordinara. We see the right position in Romanian of the attribute is after the noun while in English it is before the noun, what we have already mentioned above. The government of the Republic of Moldova and civil society established the following objectives in the process of Strategy development. Guvernul si societatea civila si-au propus urmatoarele obiective in procesul de elaborare a strategiei Another typical example of a right order in both languages. Given the experience acquired in the development and the implementation of EGPRSP and MEUAP Pornind de la experienta acumulata in procesul de elaborare si implimentare a SCERS si PARMUE

Here we have the post-position of the attribute in English that is translated into Romanian in the same way. Even if it would be: the acquired experience in the , it didnt change anything in meaning. Here it is the translators choice. Organizing the launching event NDS National Forum. Organizarea evenimentului de lansare Forumul National. Another typical example of a right order in English and Romanian. Here are some more examples of this type: Organizing 15 public discussions at the national level Desfasurarea a 15 discutii publice publice la nivel national Macroeconomic stability. Stabilitatea macroeconomica. The domestic supply. oferta interna. compex measures masurile complexe All these examples demonstrate us the real picture of the word order in Romanian and in English. We mentioned that the position of the attribute in Romanian is after the noun, while in English, on the contrary, it is before the noun, what is characteristic only for each language a part. The translator of the Economic documents tried to be very close to the original, that is why he used only identical expressions.

2.2.2 Cases with two or more attributes in the English sentence comparing with the Romanian one;
There are cases when the sentence contains two or more attributes, and then, we may have doubts concerning their place in the sentence. But the rule that the scientists proposed us in the theoretical part of our research will help us to see if the order of two or more attributes in English corresponds to the order in Romanian. So, let us take some examples.

An essential prerequisite to sustainable and balanced economic growth is the assurance of a macroeconomic stability by means of steady and foreseeable monetary and fiscal policy. Asigurarea stabilitatii macroeconomice, prin politici monetare, fiscale si comerciale stabile si previzibile, reprezinta o preconditie esentiala pentru cresterea economica durabila si echilibrata. The word order is kept in both languages because the words respect the rule proposed by the linguists: so, sustainable and balanced belong to category of various and economic to nature or material. In Romanian it doesnt matter how the attributes are arranged, it is the choice of the author, what he want to emphasize. Promote a flexible exchange rate policy. Promovarea politicii flexibile a cursului de schimb al monedei nationale. Here not all the attributes refer to the noun policy that is why all of them are placed before the noun as they follow the words they modify. Improve public financial management. Perfectionarea managementului finantelor publice. In this case public refers to financial and then financial to management, that is why in Romanian it is translated as managementul finantelor publice. We cannot change public and financial because it is a nonsense. The NBM will implement a prudent monetary policy BNM va realiza o politica monetara prudenta In this case we can see a right order of the two attributes because prudent belongs to various, and monetary to material. The implementation of a new monetary policy regime is planed Se preconizeaza implimantarea unui nou regim de politica monetara The national Bank of Moldova will continue to maintain a floating regime of the exchange rate and will promote a prudent foreign exchange policy consistent

BNM va mentine in continuare regimul cursului de schimb flotant si va promova o politica valutara prudenta In this example we can mention that the attributes go one after another being interrelated between them, so prudent and foreign modify exchange, and exchange modifies policy. What we have in Romanian? Here we see another panorama: flotant modifies schimb, schimb modifies cursului, and finally cursului refers to regimul. Moldova is a young independent nation with an institutional framework still developing. Moldova este o natiune tinara independenta, cu un cadru institutional inca in dezvoltare. of a comprehensive medium-term public service reform si marimii grilelor de venituri impozabile anuale ale persoanelor fizice Here is the same situation that we have already analyzed. of administrative costs and their channeling towards better-quality civil services si directionarea acestora pentru prestare unor servicii publice de o calitate superioara 27 districts of the country participated in the regional public discussions. In cadrul discutiilor publice la nivel regional au participat 27 de raioane ale republicii. In this example, we can affirm in a loud voice that the rule of the before placed attribute is respected very well. We cannot change public with regional, because regional is of a generality, while public it is already a characteristic to those discussions. of implementing the following primary conditions and priorities.

pentru implimentarea Strategiei in vederea realizarii urmatoarelor conditii primordiale si prioritati. Following belongs to the general category within the context, while primary is the nature of the conditions, that is why we cannot change their positions; in fact this position is kept in the translated variant as well.

2.3 Position of different adverbial modifiers in the sentence in English and Romanian;
The economic growth was accompanied by a significant improvement in the fiscal situation. Cresterea economica a fost insotita de o imbunatatire semnificativa a situatiei fiscale.

The adverbial modifier of agency is placed after predicate in order to show the doer of the action, or who carries the action In Romanian we can observe that it is the same. At the beginning of the 2007, a more significant growth of FDI was observed. De la inceputul anului 2007 s-a observat o crestere mai semnificativa a ISD. The adverbial modifier of time is placed either at the beginning or in the end of the sentence. In this example, it is at the head of the sentence, so it is in Romanian. Development continued to be low-profile in rural areas due to a modest progress accomplished in agriculture. Dezvoltarea in spatial rural a continuat sa fie restrinsa, in acest lucru explicindu-se prin evolutia modesta a sectorului agricol. The adverbial modifier of place is usually placed either before the verbpredicate, or after it. In this example we observe that the adverbial is after the predicate, while in Romanian it is translated and put before the predicate. Here it is emphasized that the development, namely in spatiul rural and not elsewhere, continued to be low-profile. During the economic recovery period, a high proportion of enterprises operated in red. In perioada de recuperare economica, ponderea intrerinderilor care au inregistrat pierderi a ramas a fi inalta. Here the adverbial modifier of time figurate at the head of the sentence, that permitted to the translator not to make many troubles with it and to place it just the same at the beginning of the sentence. The growth of spending in this sector hasnt been always accompanied by a similar improvement in the quality of rendered services.

Sporirea cheltuelilor in aceste sectoare nu a fost intotdeauna insotita de o imbunatatire similara a calitatii serviciilor. The adverbial modifier of frequency stands in English between the auxiliary verb and the predicate verb at complex tenses. So, it is in Romanian. The quality of education is negatively affected by the method of funding in the education system Calitatea educatiei este afectata de modul de finantare a sistemului educational In this example we have two adverbial modifiers. The first one the adverbial modifier of manner: negatively, stands before the predicate being emphasized, and the second the adverbial modifier of agency: by the method, stands after it. In the translated variant the author lost the word negatively, because the verb a afecta has already a negative connotation. The health sector has been subjected to important changes over the last years. In ultimii ani, sectorul sanatatii a fost supus unor transformari importante. Here we see that the adverbial modifier in English is placed in the end of the sentence, while in Romanian at the beginning of the sentence being separated by a comma. and the social protection expenditures dont always generate the expected impact. cheltuielile publice pentru protectia sociala nu intotdeauna au efectul scondat. The adverbial modifier of frequency is placed before the predicate verb, and so it is in Romanian variant. Poverty is a very complex phenomenon, determined by the evolution of several factors. Saracia este un fenomen foarte complex, influientat de evolutia mai multor factori.

The adverbial modifier of agency stands after the predicate verb in passive. Poverty in 2006 will be analyzed independently of its evolution in previous years. Saracia in anul va fi analizata separat de evolutia acetsteia in anii precedenti. The place of the adverbial modifier of manner is after the predicate. In 2005, the inequality level slightly increased in the Republic of Moldova. In anul 2005, la nivelul inegalitatii in Republica Moldova a inregistrat o usoara crestere. The adverbial modifier of time dont make many problems, and it is very easy to put it in the end or at the beginning of the sentence. Here it is at the beginning in both variants. The poverty profile in Moldova is characterized by major differences between urban and rural areas. Profilul saraciei in Republica Moldova se caracterizeaza prin diferente mari intre zonele urbane si rurale. The adverbial modifier of agency, the logic subject is used only in passive voice; and its place depend on the context, here it is in the end. The adverbial modifier of agency, the logic subject is used only in passive voice; and its place depend on the context, and here it is in the end. However, povery remained at the level of 2004 in small towns. In orasele mici insa, saracia s-a mentinut la nivelul anului 2004. The adverbial modifier of place is placed in the end of the sentence both in English and Romanian. and is considerably higher compared to previous years. care este cu mult mai mare decit in anii precedenti. The adverbial modifier of degree is placed before the predicate in order to calculate how much higher may it be compared.

Previously, poverty measurement and analysis were both carried out by the Ministry of Economy and Trade. Anterior, masurarea si analiza saraciei erau realizate de de catre Ministerul Economiei si Comertului. The adverbial modifier of agency is placed in the end of the sentence, and the adverbial modifier of time at the beginning. If possible, include the annual consumption flow derived from the use of durable items. Daca e posibil, se include fluxul de consum annual ce deriva din utilizarea bunurilor de folosinta durabila. The adverbial modifier of condition represents the condition of the subject in that sentence. It is usually placed in the end of the sentence or at the beginning. In Chisinau, households paid only half of the central heating bill. In municipiul Chisinau, gospodariile au platit doar jumatate din factura pentru incalzirea centrala. that dont exactly correspond to. care nu corespund intocmai. The adverbial modifier of manner in English is paced before the predicate verb, while in Romanian it is vice versa. Because resources allocated for maintenance and repairs of rural infrastructure were limited , it has significantly deteriorated. In cazul infrastructurii rurale, insuficienta resurselor, destinate intretinerii si reparatiei, au condus la deteriorarea semnificativa a acesteia. The adverbial modifier of cause is placed usually at the end of the sentence. Here we have an emphasis that is why it is placed at the beginning of the sentence. It is necessary to work out an action plan that would set distinct implementation stages for the administrative decentralization process in the Republic of Moldova.

Se va elabora un plan de actiuni care va stabili etapele distincte de implimentare a procesului de descentralizare admininstrativa in Republica Moldova. The adverbial modifier of place is placed in the end of the sentence both in English in Romanian. Despite their high education in Moldova, they are usually unable to find employment that would match their qualification Desi sinsele au diplome de studii superioare obtinute in Moldova, ele nu-si pot gasi un loc de munca peste hotare care ar corespunde calificarii lor The adverbial modifier of frequency is placed before the predicate verb. What happens in the Romanian variant? Here the word usually disappeared and give to the context another meaning. Hence, an optimal strategy at the micro level turns paradoxically out to be a costly barrier for sustainable growth at the macro level. De aceea, o strategie optimala la nivel microeconomic se transforma, in mod paradoxal, intr-o bariera mult prea scumpa in calea cresterii continue din perspectiva macroeconomica. The adverbial modifier of manner is placed after the predicate. In the Romanian variant the modifier is isolated by commas, that means like being an additional information to the main idea. These changes have sometimes been badly sequenced and they remain insufficient Aceste schimbari au fost uneori prost planifacate si astfel insuficiente Here, on the contrary, the adverbial modifier of manner is placed before the predicate verb. It is emphasized the negative effect of those changes. Emigration is always a second best opinion weighted against staying at home Emigrarea este intotdeauna a doua cea mai buna optiune care vine dupa optiunea de a ramine acasa

The adverbial modifier of frequency is placed after the predicate because it is not emphasized anything, it is just a statement.

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