Sigmund Freud (1856 1939)

Classical Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalytic Theory
Conscious Awareness
small part above surface

The mind is like an iceberg mostly hidden.

Unconscious: below the surface thoughts, feelings, wishes, memories
Repression:

Preconscious

banished unacceptable thoughts & passions in the unconscious Dreams & Slips
Similar design created by Dr. Kevin Richardson in 1998 is available the American Psychological Society. Redesigned and colorized by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004

Freud & Personality Structure

Personality arises from conflict between aggressive and pleasure-seeking drives (id) and social restraints (superego). Conscious Level
Needs Thoughts Perceptions Emotions

Satisfaction without the guilt?

Conscious Level Preconscious Level Unconscious Level

Memories Knowledge Ongoing but Unattended-to Needs, Feelings, Thoughts, Problems Selfish Needs Raw Aggression Selfish Needs Social Unacceptable Sexual Desires Immoral Urges Irrational Wishes

ID

Animalistic Sexual Drives

Shameful Experiences

A simpler version created by Dr. Kevin Richardson in 1998 and made available through the APS. Redesigned and colorized here by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004

Freudian ideas

The psychoanalytic construct of mind is rooted in biology:

Instincts and drives are primarily sexual & aggressive;

A drive is a state of physical excitation in response to stimuli;

The minds goal is to bring about the cessation of tension and to be gratified.
Created by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004

Freud & Personality Structure

Pleasure Principle

Id - energy constantly striving to satisfy basic drives Ego - seeks to gratify the Id in realistic ways

Reality Principle
Super Ego

voice of conscience that focuses on how we ought to behave

Basic design originally created by Dr. Kevin Richardson and in 1998 and made available through APS. Rearranged and colorized by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004.

Structuring Personality
ID
A raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality

EGO
The part of personality that provides a buffer between the id and the outside world
The Ego Eat a small bar of chocolate

SUPEREGO
The final personality structure to develop, the right and the wrong of the society as taught

The Id I want ice cream

The Superego Youre on a diet

Written and arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004

When the inner battle between the id and superego, refereed by the ego, gets out of hand, the result is Anxiety. The ego protects itself (you) by using Defense Mechanisms

Tactics that reduce or redirect anxiety in various ways, but always by distorting reality.
Repression Regression Projection Identification Reaction Formation Denial

Defense Mechanisms

Rationalization Displacement
Undoing Isolation

Sublimation

Fantasy Compensation
Written and arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004

Defense Mechanisms Sample Situation

Defense
Repression

Description

Example

Pulling into the unconscious Forgetting sexual abuse from your childhood due to the trauma and anxiety Slamming a door instead of hitting a person, yelling at your spouse after an argument with the boss When losing an argument you state youre stupid, homophobia Having a bias against a particular race or culture and then embarrassing that race to the extreme
Written and arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004

Displacement Taking out impulses on a less threatening target Projection Placing unacceptable impulses in yourself onto someone else Taking the opposite beliefe because the true beliefe causes anxiety

Reaction Formation

Defense Mechanisms Sample Situation (cont..)

Defense Regression Description Returning to a previous stage of development Acting out unacceptable impulses in a socially acceptable way Supplying a logical or rational reason as opposed to the real reason Arguing againsts an anxiety provoking stimuli by stating it doent exist Example Sitting in a corner and crying after hearing bad news, throwing a temper tantrum when you dont get your way Sublimating your aggressive impulses toward a career as a boxer, becoming a surgeon because of your desire to cut Stating that you were fired because you didnt kiss up the boss, when the real reason was your poor performance Denying that your physicians diagnosis of cancer is correct seeking as second opinion
Written and arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004

Sublimation

Rationalization

Denial

Psychosexual Stages of Development

Stage Age Erogen ous Zone Mouth Gratification Conflict

A. Pre-genital Oral Anal

0 1 y/o

Eating, biting, thumb sucking, chewing Discharging & retaining bowel movement Penis for males Clitoris for females

Weaning

2 -3 y/o

Anus

Toilet training

Phallic

3 6 y/o

Phallus/ genital

Boy(oedipus complex) Girl(electra complex) Social interactions with others Establishing intimate relationship

B. Latency

6 12 y/o

None

Directed to same sex, school, works, hobbies Heterosexual, mating,maturation

C. Genital Stage

12 - adult

genital

Psychoanalysis Therapy
The aim of psychoanalysis therapy is to release repressed emotions and experiences, i.e. make the unconscious conscious. eg. free association, parapraxes, resistance, projective test

How does Psychoanalysis works? In psychoanalysis (therapy) Freud would have a patient lie on a couch to relax, and he would sit behind them taking notes while they told him about their dreams and childhood memories

Written and arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004

ASSESSING THE UNCONSCIOUS

Projective Tests

Thematic Apperception Test-a test in which people view ambiguous pictures and then make up stories. Rorschach Inkblot Test-a set of 10 inkblots, seeks to identify peoples inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the inkblots.

Conclusion:
Freud's psychoanalytic theory, coming as it did at the turn of the century, provided a radically new approach to the analysis and treatment of "abnormal" adult behavior. Earlier views tended to ignore behavior and look for a physiological explanation of "abnormality". The novelty of Freud's approach was in recognizing that neurotic behavior is not random or meaningless but goal-directed. Thus, by looking for the purpose behind socalled "abnormal" behavioral patterns, the analyst was given a method for understanding behavior as meaningful and informative, without denying its physiological aspects

Carl Jung (1873 1961)

Analytic Psychology

The Collective Unconscious

Mandala - a symbol for the self - Sanskrit word meaning circle. - an image symbolizing the unity of life.
Cultural Background Buddhism&Taoism: golden flower if often placed in the center of the mandala signifying heavenly mansion Middle Ages: mandalas often included Christ with 4 evangelists

Jung Speaks on the Mandala

According to Jung, many of his patients spontaneously reported mandalas in their dreams and also painted them during therapy sessions. Jung believed he had discovered a universal phenomenon that transcended personal experience. He also believed that persons who are not actualized are in various degrees of trouble and problem depends on how lopsided his development has been.

Carl Jungs Core Characteristics

3 Levels of Consciousness:

Ego: conscious level; carries out daily activities; like Freuds Conscious Personal Unconscious: materials that were once forgotten or not vivid enough to make conscious expression; like Freuds Preconscious + Unconscious Collective Unconscious: collective experiences during revolutionary past or ancestral experiences; no counterpart in Freuds theory

Archetypes-primary structure of
collective unconscious
The self is the fully developed personality. It is attained by balancing and integrating all parts of the personality.
The shadow is the darkest and deepest side of the personality representing chaos, wildness and unknown.

Archetypes (cont..)
The anima is the female component of the male psyche. The animus id the masculine component of the female psyche.

The persona your public personality, aspects of yourself that you reveal to others. Part of the psyche by which we are known by other people.

Jung suggested that the number of existing archetypes is not static or fixed. Instead, many different archetypes may overlap or combine at any given time. The following are just a few of the various archetypes that Jung describe d:

Additional Archetypes

The father: Authority figure; stern; powerful. The mother: Nurturing; comforting. The child: Longing for innocence; rebirth; salvation. The wise old man: Guidance; knowledge; wisdom. The hero: Champion; defender; rescuer. The maiden: Innocence; desire; purity. The trickster: Deceiver; liar; trouble-maker.

Basic Personality Orientations

Introversion: psychic energy flows inward and tends to be concentrated on subjective factors and inner response

Famous introvert: Plato, Kant- decisions of mind

Extroversion: psychic energy flows outward and is directed toward people, events and things in the external world

Famous extrovert: Darwin-survival of the fittest

Mental Functions
Rational Functions:

Thinking: naming and interpreting experience. Feeling: evaluating an experience for its emotional worth to us. Sensing: experiencing the world through the senses without interpreting or evaluating it. Intuiting: relating directly to the world without physical sensation, reasoning, or interpretation.

Irrational Functions:

8 Personality Types
Type Name 1. Thinking In. Characteristics Desire for privacy Ignores practicality of life Has poor practical judgement Objective and cold Live to fixed rule Positive thinker Childish, hysersensitive Indifferent to other feelings Very little expression of emotion Respectful of authority Sociable Repressed Known for/as Feeling Philosophers & theoretical scientists Persons working in research sciences and mathematics. Art critics 2. Thinking Ex. Feeling

3. Feeling In.

Thinking

4. Feeling Ex.

Thinking

Politicians & Businessman

8 Personality Types (cont..)

Type Name 5. Sensing In. Characteristics Artistic, calm Detached from human affair Life guided by just what happen Pleasure seeking Very realistic Socially adaptive Eccentric daydreamer Guarded by inner experiences odd Very changeable Has trouble staying with one idea Sensation Repressed Intuition Known for/as Various arts, including portrait painting and classical music. Jobs with objective review, wine tasters and proofreaders mystics, surrealistic artists, & religious fanatics. Inventors & religious reformers

6. Sensing Ex.

Intuition

7. Intuiting In.

8. Intuiting Ex.

Conclusion:
Jung saw people as extremely complex beings who are a product of both conscious and unconscious personal experiences. However, people are also motivated by inherited remnants that spring from the collective experiences of their early ancestors. Because Jungian theory is a psychology of opposites, it receives a moderate rating on the issues of free will versus determinism, optimism versus pessimism, and causality versus teleology. It rates very high on unconscious influences, low on uniqueness, and low on social influences.

(1870 1937)

Individual Psychology

Reasons he broke from Freud in 1911

Adler assumed that humans are motivated primarily by social urges Perfection not pleasure was for Adler the goal of life Adler broke with Freud over the issue of sexuality

ALFRED ADLER
The Big Break-Individual Psychology

Adler was influenced by the writings of Jan Smuts, a South African philosopher Smuts felt that in order to understand people,
we have to understand them more as unified wholes than a collection of bits and pieces, and we have to understand them in the context of their environment, both physical and social.Smuts

This approach is called holism Adler categorized the idea that we see people as wholes as Individual Psychology* Individual Psychology- a school of thought stressing the influence of inferiority feelings on human behavior Adler is different from other psychologist because he prefers to talk about lifestyle*

Flyer for August, 1937 Seminar Scheduled for the Williams Institute in Berkeley, California Proposed Western Headquarters for Adler in the U.S.

Adler

Theory of Inferiority

Need for self-esteem can be thought of as one of the social needs A persons sense of self-esteem depends on feedback from others The need and anxiety it produces was emphasized by Adler* Everyone feels inferior to a certain degree which motivates a person to get better Common cause: parental neglect

Types of inferiority: 1. Physical/Organ Inferiority 2. Psychological/ Feelings of Inferiority

2 methods of coping with inferiority-> inferiority complex*, superiority complex* To deal with inferiority, people either overcompensate* by engaging in vocal behavior* , or become lazy, tentative, and helpless Overall the way people overcome inferiority provides the basis for their lifelong personality*

Theory of Psychological Types

All humans have unique lifestyles They include patterns of thinking, feeling, emotion, and behavior

The 4 types of lifestyle:* Ruling

Getting

Avoiding

Socially Useful

Theory of Childhood Development

Parenting and childhood development influences ones personality Parental overpampering: a child becomes spoiled and may fail to find love Parental neglect: a child may lack confidence in their ability to complete tasks and attract love

Sibling Rivalry

First born: often battle for their lost position.

Second born: competitive need to catch up with the first born Youngest: fail to become independent while having a high self-esteem due to pampering Only child: never dethroned but experiences shock when he cant remain the center of attention.
Alfred Adler's Older Brother Sigmund

ALFRED ADLER Sibling Rivalry- Birth Order Chart

(This table is a broad simplification of Adler's theory. )

POSITION

FAMILY SITUATION
Birth is a miracle. Parents have no previous experience. Retains 200% attention from both parents. May become rival of one parent. Can be overprotected and spoiled. Dethroned by next child. Has to learn to share. Parent expectations are usually very high. Often given responsibility and expected to set an example. He has a pacemaker. There is always someone ahead. Is "sandwiched" in. May feel squeezed out of a position of privilege and significance. Has many mothers and fathers. Older children try to educate him. Never dethroned.

CHILD'S CHARACTERISTICS

ONLY

Likes being the center of adult attention. Often has difficulty sharing with peers. Prefers adult company and uses adult language.

OLDEST

May become authoritarian or strict. Feels power is his right. Can become helpful if encouraged. May turn to the father after birth of the next child. Is more competitive, wants to overtake older child. May become a rebel or try to outdo everyone. Competition can deteriorate into rivalry. May be even-tempered, "take it or leave it" attitude. May have trouble finding a place or become a fighter of injustice. Wants to be bigger than the others. May have huge plans that never work out. Can stay the "baby." Frequently spoiled.

SECOND

MIDDLE

YOUNGEST

Theory of Teleology and Fictional Finalism

Concept that we are drawn towards our goals, our purposes and our ideals Teleology acknowledges life is hard, uncertain, but always has room for change* In relation to teleology is Fictional Finalism Hans Vaihinger, a philosopher, studied Fictions (partial truths)* Finalism refers to teleology of it* Fiction lies in the future and yet influences our behavior today Adler notes: in the center of each of our lifestyles, there sits one of these fictions

We behave as if the end of the world would be here tomorrow, as if we were sure what good and bad are all about, as if everything we see is as we see it- Adler

Adler

Conclusion:
Adler's theory may be less interesting than Freud's sexuality theory, or Jung's, mythology theory, it has probably struck the most common-sensical of the three. Maslow once said that, the older he gets, the more right Adler seems. Adler's theory has the most clear descriptions of people's complaints, his straight-forward and common-sense interpretations of their problems, his simple theoretical structure, his trust and even affection for the common person, all make his theory both comfortable and highly influential..

Karen Horney (1885-1952) Feminine Psychology

Karen Horneys objection to Freudian Theory

Horney believed that psychological differences between men and women are not due to anatomy but to culture and social expectations Her view of human beings is more optimistic Freud is more on libido and morbid

The Oedipal Conflict

was seen more in terms of the social interaction within the family, the conflicts, patterns of dominance etc It involves clinging, jealousy etc like Freud, but for different reasons: the child is negotiating his/her place in the family

Gender Envy

Karen Horney denied the importance of penis envy (girls wishing they had a penis as Freud proposed) --when it occurs, it is more a matter of social comparison. Horney introduces (perhaps somewhat tongue in cheek), the concept of womb envy -males wishing they could give birth to a child. Sees the fact that one gender might envy some feature of the other, as cultural rather than biological.

The Cause of Neurosis

According to Karen Horney neurosis is caused by disturbed human relationship specially between parent and child. When parents show rejection, indifference and hatred toward the child.

What is Basic Evil?

It is a behavior of parents that undermines a childs security Ex: unfair punishment, obvious preference for a sibling, unkept promise, isolation of child from others, humiliating the child, erratic behavior, rejection of the child

When the Child Encounters Basic Evil

The first reaction is basic hostility But, as the child needs the parent, and hostility threatens that bond, hostility is repressed. The repression of basic hostility results in basic anxiety: feeling lonely and helpless in a hostile world.

Ten Neurotic Needs

Need for affection and approval Need for a partner Need to live within narrow limits Need for power Need to exploit others Need for prestige

Ten Neurotic Needs

Need for personal admiration Need for ambition and personal achievement Need for self sufficiency and independence Need for perfection and unassailability

How can I keep you by not hurting me?

Moving toward people = Phlegmatic If I give in, I shall not be hurt Moving against people = Choleric If I have power, none will hurt me Moving away from people = Melancholy If I withdraw nothing can hurt me

If those Defensive Strategies Become a Life Style

Moving toward people leads to a COMPLIANT personality with these traits:

Need for affection and approval Need for a dominant partner

Moving against people leads to an HOSTILE personality with these traits:

Need for power, exploitation, prestige, admiration, achievement Setting narrow limits to life

Moving away from people lead to a DETACHED personality with these traits:

Need for self sufficiency, perfection

Horney's Concept of the Self

The real self: things that are true about us at any particular time, the core of your being, your potential, the need to be who you are truly The ideal self: our concept of what we would like to become, the perfect self you think you should be, so you can be loved.

Conclusion:
Karen Horney made significant contributions to humanism, self-psychology, psychoanalysis, and feminine psychology. Her refutation of Freud's theories about women generated more interest in the psychology of women. Horney also believed that people were able to act as their own therapists, emphasizing the personal role each person has in their own mental health and encouraging self-analysis and self-help.

Erik Erikson (1902 1994) Ego Psychology or Contemporary Psychoanalytic

Psychosocial (Eriksons) Stages of Personality Development

Eriksons 8 Stages involve interactions among biology, psychological abilities, and social influences. During each stage there is a life crisis, that is, a crucial period during which the individual cannot avoid a decisive turn one way or the other. Each stage provides pivotal opportunities for personality qualities or ego strengths and virtues to develop interactively.
Click HereErik Erikson
Written and arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004

Epigenetic principle: it genetically determined the unfolding of maturation; HOW we turn out is a function of social/environmental forces and experience in interaction.
Generativity versus Absorption

Trust versus Mistrust

Is my world Predictable and Supportive?

Autonomy versus Shame & Doubt

Can I do things myself or must I depend on others?

Initiative versus Guilt Am I Good or am I Bad?

Industry versus Inferiority Am I Competent or am I a worthless failure?

Identity versus Role Confusion Who am I and where am I going?

Intimacy versus Isolation Shall I share my life with another or live alone?

Integrity versus Despair Have I lived a full life and taken advantage of what life offered?

Will I produce something of real value or leave a legacy?

Infancy Babies

Toddlerhood

Early Childhood

Late Childhood

Adolescence

Young Adulthood

Middle Age

Late Adult

Eriksons theory of personality development asserts that people move through eight stages during their lives. Each stage brings a psychosocial crisis or conflict that needs to be resolved interactively. Each involves confronting a question such as. The stages are described above in terms of personality traits that are potential outcomes from handling these crises.
Created by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004

Eriksons Psychosocial Stage

Age
Infancy

Conflict
Basic trust vs. mistrust
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt Initiative vs. guilt

Healthy growth Non suspicious attitudes Lets mother go

Can decide by own Works well with other Accepts challenges Sets goal Finishes what starts Wonders how things work

Unhealthy Growth Suspicious, guarded Unwilling to let mother go

Has trouble making decision Easily influenced Puts self down Poor eye contact Overly obedient Timid, withdrawn

Early Childhood

Play Age

School Age

Industry vs. inferiority

Age

Conflict

Healthy Growth

Unhealthy growth

Adolescence

Identity vs. confusion

Plans for future Interest on opposite sex Keep commitments Maintained friendship Achievement goals Wiling to explore

Hostile to authority Doubt on sex role identity Questioned job performance Sabotage relationship Unsatisfied with self, job, life Resentful

Early Adulthood

Intimacy vs. isolation

Adulthood

Generativity vs. stagnation

Old Age

Integrity vs. Despair

Accepts aging and death Content with life

Anger or aging, fear of death Deep resentment

Erik Eriksons Psychosocial-Developmental Crises Created by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004 (Stages) of Personality Formation
Developmental Stages and Age Ranges Oral-Sensory Birth to 12-18 Months Muscular-Anal 18 Months to 3 Years of Age Locomotion 3 to 6 Years of Age Latency 6 to 12 Years of Age Adolescence 12 to 18 Years of Age Young Adult 19 to 29 Years of Age Middle Age 30 to 55 Years of Age Old Age 56 to 100 Years of Age Psychosocial

Crisis
or Conflict Trust vs Mistrust

Significant

Important

Healthful

Problematic

Relations
Mother Parents Family
Neighbor & School Children Peer Cliques Girl/Boy Friend Role Models Friends & Life Partners Household Members & Work Mates Mankind or My-kind

Events
Feeding

Virtues
Hope Faith

Traits
Sensory Distortion Withdrawal Impulsivity Compulsivity Self-Doubt Cruelty Inhibition Fear of Failure Inferiority Lack of SelfConfidence

Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt
Initiative vs Guilt Industry vs Inferiority Identity vs Role Confusion Intimacy vs Isolation Generativity vs Self-Absorption Integrity vs Despair

Toilet Training
Exploration Doing Things
School Making Things Well Consolidation of Roles Identifications

Will
Independence Purpose Courage Imagining Competence Skill, Pride Conscience

Fidelity Loyalty Love Trust Caring Altruism

Fanaticism Repudiation Promiscuity Exclusivity

Over- Extension Rejecting

Committed
Relationships Supporting Next Generation Physical Decline Death

Wisdom
Arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004

Presumption Despair

Conclusion:

Erikson is a Freudian ego-psychologist. This means that he accepts Freud's ideas as basically correct, including the more debatable ideas such as the Oedipal crisis, and accepts as well the ideas about the ego that were added by other Freudians such as Freud's daughter, Anna. However, Erikson is much more society and culture-oriented than most Freudians, and he often pushes the instincts and the unconscious practically out of the picture. Perhaps because of this, Erikson is popular among Freudians and non-Freudians alike.