CIBIYAR NAZARI DA BICNIKE-BINCIKE A KAN AFIRKA, SASHIN HARSUNAN AFIRKA VANGAREN HARSHEN HAUSA, JAMIAR ALQAHIRA, CAIRO, EGYPT.

NAZARI A KAN HARUFFOFIN HAUSA

Daga

Abdulrahaman Ado
Sashen Harsunan Nigeriya, Jamiar Umaru Musa Yaradua, Katsina, Nijeriaya. Xalibin Vangaren Harshen Hausa, Sashen Harsunan Afrika, Cibiyar Nazari Da Bincike-Bincike A Kan Afirka, Jamiar Alqahira, Egypt.

Jagoran Nazari: Dr. Samir Ezzat

Malamin Vangaren Harshen Hausa, Sashen Harsunan Afrika, Cibiyar Nazari Da Bincike-Bincike A Kan Afirka, Jamiar Alqahira, Egypt.

Aikin Jinga Da Aka Bayar A Kan Darasin Qwarewa A Cikin Harshen Hausa. Cibiyar Nazari Da Bicnike-Bincike A Kan Afirka, Sashin Harsunan Afirka Vangaren Harshen Hausa, Jamiar Alqahira, Cairo, Egypt. Fabrairu, 2012.
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1.0 Gabatarwa 1.1Maanar 1.1Maanar Harafi. Ma Kalmar harafi tilo ce, wadda a jaminta ake ce mata harufa ko haruffa ko haruffofi ko harafai ko harafofi (Jamiar Bayero,2006:195 ). Wannan kalma asalinta Balarabiya ce wadda aka aro daga harshen Larabci. A harshen Turanci, kalmar harafi an fassara ta da cewar ita ce duk wata alamar abajadi ta rubutu (any letter of alphabet) (Abraham, 1978:376).Ko kuma alamar da ake kwaikwayon muryar mutum a rubuce (Wurma, 2006:43). Wasu kuma suna ganin haruffa a matsayin wasu yan kalmomi waxanda ba su iya tsayawa su kaxai a cikin jimla, sai dai in an jingina su da wasu kalmomi( prepositions/particles) . Misali: fa, ko, ma, kam, ne, ce, kuma, kuwa da makamantansu (Galadanci,1999:94 da Bature, 1986:15) Wannan rashin tantancewa ta maanar kalmar harafi ta daxe a tsakanin masana da manazarta Hausa, wadda ta dinga kawo ka-ce-na-ce a tsakaninsu (Bature, 1986:1-14 da Hausa Section C.A.S. Zaria,1983:1-19). Hausawa na cewa abin aro ba ya ado, ko kayan aro ba su rufe qwauri (Usman,2005:34). Wannan zance haka yake, kuma ina ganin saboda aron da aka yi wa wannan kalma ta harafi, shi ya sa aka kasa tantance maanarta. To, amman ina ganin, duk da cawar muna da kalmomi namu na gida masu iya tantance maanar harafi, kamar kalmar tattashiya wadda ke qunshe da babbaqu da farfaru (watau baqaqe da
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wasulla), ya kamata idan ana son a yi amfani da abin aro, to sai a koma wajen wanda aka ara, a kwaikwayi yadda yake yin amfani da abinsa, a sake ara, a yafa, domin tafiyar ta yi kyau (Yahaya,2002:14-19 ). Wannan ba wani aibi ba ne ko gazawa, domin masana sun nuna cewar; aron harshe ko adabi ko alada daga wasu alummai shi ne ruhin rayuwa da bunqasar harshen Hausa da Hausawa (Xangambo, 984:1 da Garba,1984:43 da Zarruq, 2009:11-20). Kuma daman, masana sun bayyana cewar Bahaushe na da saurin aron abubuwa (Adamu, 2008:6). Ke nan, zamu ce ta iske mu je mu. Wannan kalma ta harafi, kalma ce ta Larabawa, wadda take da rabe-raben harshen damo. Abin nufi shi ne, harafi ya rabu zuwa gida biyu a harshen Larabci, watau harafi ko haruffan tattashiya ko hijaiyya, watau na abajadi da kuma harafi ko haruffofin ko haruffan jarru, watau masu tayar da magana (Jinju, 1992:45 da Bunza, 2002:33 da Bakr,1986:ii-x). Haruffan abajadi(alphabets) ba su iya zama da gindisu a cikin kalma, saboda haka ba su iya bayar da wata maana, sai an haxasu da yanuwan junansu, watau wasulla. Misalan baqake su ne: (b,v,c,d,x,f, d.s.) da wasulla(a.i,o,u,e). Harafin baqi ba ya bayar da maana sai an haxa shi da wasalinsa (misali: b+a=ba). Su ma haruffa jarru, (particles) ba su iya zama da gindinsu, amman suna iya bayar da maana (Bagari,186:124-125).Bincike ya nuna cewar haruffan jarru suna fitar da maanarsu da kuma irin aikin da suke yin a zama mahaxi, domin sun tayar
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da wata tawaga ta cikin jimla, musamman tawagar suna (Bagari,186:124). Misalansu sun haxa da haruffan bagire ko wuri, irin su: saman ko qasan ko a nan ko kan ko cikin ko haruffan jarru na korewa, irin su ba ko kada ko kul da makamantansu, kamar yadda za a gani a nan gaba. Saboda haka,harafi ko haruffa na nufin alamomin rubutu na adajadi (alphabets) da na jarru (/prepositions/particles) waxanda ake yin amfani da su (ko harhaxa su da wata kalma) domin tayar da kalmomi ko jimloli. Manufar wannan aiki shi ne a bayyana haruffan da ke akwai na Hausa.Saboda haka an fayyace haruffofin ta yadda mai koyo da mai yin wani nazari a kan haruffan Hausa zai iya tantance su idan ya gan su. Abin lura shi ne, yawancin marubuta littatafan Hausa, sukan kawo haruffa ne a matsayin mahaxai kawai, to amman kaxan ne suka kawo irin maanonin da kowanne rukunin harafi ke bayarwa. Wannan shi ya sa aka fayyace kowanne, ba tare da danganta shi da irin tawagar da zai tafi tare da ita ba, domin ba shi ake magana ba a wannan aiki. A wannan nazari, jagora, watau Dr. Samir Ezzat, ya buqaci xalibinsa, watau Abdulrahaman Ado, ya kawo dukkan haruffan jarri/jaruu na Hausa. To, Bismilla. Hausawa na cewa: Mu je zuwa ! Mahuakaci ya hau kura (Xanyaya,2007:39). Jarru 2.0 Haruffan Jarru Na Hausa. A Hausa, akwai haruffan Jarru da yawa, waxanda ke yin nuni ga maanoni da dama. Wasu sukan yi aiki a fannonin halayya da yawa, wasu kuwa sau xaya kawai
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suke yin aiki a wajen bayyana abubuwa daban-daban na halayya a cikin jimloli ko maganganu Hausa. Saboda haka, domin jin daxin nazari, masana sun kasa haruffan jarru zuwa halayyar da suke yin nuni da ita kamar haka: 2.1 Haruffan Jarru Na Qarfafawa Waxannan su ne ake sanya su a cikin zantukan yau da kullum domin nuna halayya ta qarfafawa ga wani abu. Misalan waxannan sun haxa da: 2.1.1 Haruffan Qarfafawa Na : ne da ce: Haruffan ne da ce ana amfani da su a Hausa domin nuna qarfafawa ga abin da yake namiji ko mace ko jami (Sani,1989:40 da Bunza,2002:158-159). Misali: a. Abdulrahaman ne (wannan na yin nuni ga namiji). b. Lamya ce (wannan na yin nuni ga mace). c. Su Samir ne (wannan na yin nuni ga jami)

2.1.2, Haruffan Qarfafawa Na Wakilan Sunaye: ni,kai, shi, Ita,mu, ku, 2.1.2 su (Galadanci,1976:86-87) Waxannan su ne haruffan qarfafawa na Wakilin Suna, ana yin amafani da su domin nuna qarfafawar cewar lallai wanda ake nufi da shi ake. Misali: a. Shi ya bugi Kande! b. Mu muka kashe Varawon !
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c. Wa ya tafi kano ? Ni! d. Ita ta fi kowa cin abinci. e. Ku kuka rufe famfon Masallaci. f. Su xin dai. 2.1.3 Haruffan Qarfafawa Na Wajabci. Misali: fa,kam,ko, ma,dai kuma,kuwa , lallai (Galadanci, 1976:94-95 da Zarruq,2001:19). Waxannan haruffofi ana yin amfani da su cikin jimlolin Hausa domin nuna qarfafawa ta wajabcin yin wani abu ko rashin wajabcin yin sa.Misali a. Ni dai ba zan je Kaduna ba b. Shi ne fa ya yanka akuyar. c. Audu kam ya tabbatar mana labarin. d. Zakiya ma ta je Misira. e. Lallai Zakiya ce ta gamu da Lamyar Misira. f. Ko dai Samir ya tafi Nijeriya ko Ado ya zauna Misira. g. Kuma wata sabuwa! In ji yan caca. 2.2 Haruffan Korewa. Haruffan Jarru na korewa a Hausa su ne ke nuna korewa ga wani aikin da aka aikata ko za a aikata ko ake aikatawa. Misalan irin su sun haxa da Ba.., , Ban, Baiba, Baba, Kada, Kar, Kul, Akul,. Misali: a.Sabe bai daina aikin ba.
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b. Kada a bari Halima ta bar mu. c.Akul Sirajo ya sha shayi nan. d.Malama Salima ba ta wasa da yara. e.Kar fa Zainab ta yi wasa Ado ya wuce ta. 2.3 Haruffan Mallaka Masana da manazarta harshen Hausa sun kasa haruffan mallaka zuwa gida biyu, watau dogayen haruffa da gajerun haruffa. 2.3. 2.3.1 Haruffan Doguwar Mallaka Waxannan wasu haruffa ne waxanda ake yin amfani da su don nuna mallakar wani abu. Ana kiransu dogaye domin haruffa ne da suka kai ga zama kalma, amman ana haxa su da wasu kalmomi domin su bayar da cikakkiyar maanar mallakar wani abu. Misalan irinsu sun haxa da: a) na mai yin nuni da cewar abin da aka mallaka namiji ne, amman tilo. Misali: -Naka dokin ya fi kyau. b) ta mai yin nuni da cewar abin da aka mallaka mace ce,amman tiluwa. Misali: -Taka hular tana da tukku. c) na mai yin nuni da cewar abin da aka mallaka sun da yawa, amman maza ne abubuwan (jami). Misali:
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Nasu ne wannan takalmin.

d) ta mai yin nuni da abin da aka mallaka yana da yawa, amman mata ne (jami/Mc) 2.3. 2.3.2 Haruffan Gajeruwar Mallaka Waxannan haruffa ne waxanda suke nuna hali na mallakar wani abu. Ana kiransu da sunan gajeru domin haruffofi ne da suke tilo, waxanda kowanne su bai wuce harafi xaya ba kawai. Haka kuma, kamar yadda haruffan dogayen mallaka ke yin nuni da irin yawa da jinsin da ya yi mallaka, haka ma haruffan gajerun mallaka ke yi. Misali: a)-n mai yin nuni da cewar abin da aka mallaka namiji ne, kuma tilo. Misali: -Wandon sa yana da kyau. b)-r mai yin nuni da cewar abin da aka mallaka mace ce, kuma tiluwa. Misali: -Rigar sa ta yage daga baya. c) -n mai yin nuni da cewar abin da aka mallaka yana da yawa, kuma suna cikin jinsin mace da namiji. Misali: -Hulunansu

2.4 Haruffan wuri ko bagire Waxannan haruffa su ne waxanda ke yin nuni da irin wuri ko bagiren da ake magana a kai.Yawanci maanarsu na fitowa fili idan aka haxa su da kalmomin da za su tayar da maanar bayanau. Misalansu sun haxa da a, bakin, kan, qasan, saman, gefen, can, daura, nesa, nan, ban/bayan,tsakiyar,cikin ,gaban, qarqashin,bayan(Bunza,2002:152-143). Misali: -Iro ya ga Binta a xaki. -Isa ya tafi bakin kogi ya sha ruwa. -Kande ta tsinci wuri a bayan xaki. -Habibu ya zarce qarqashin qasa. 2.5 Haruffan Sharaxi ko dalili (in,idan,sai, har in, kadan, don, ba don, saboda, domin,). sakamakon, kasancewar, matuqar, da dai, sai dai, ko dai, kila, ba domin,). Waxannan wasu haruffa ne waxanda ake yin amfani da su idan ana son a yi nuni da yin sharaxi. Irinsu ne ke nuna dalilin faruwar wani abu ko hujjar yin wani abu Misali, ana iya cewa: -Matuqar Samir ya yi haquri, zai ci nasara shugabancin sashen Hausa. -Ba don nisa ba, da Lamya ta tafi qasar Hausa. -Bello zai tafi hajji,idan ya sami kuxi. - Sai Misirawa sun yarda, sannan Kazaure ya Auri Balarabiya.
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-Akwai rabo, idan akwai so. -Har in Ado ya gama karatu, za ya yi rubutunsa kan aladun Misirawa da Hausawa. arewa,) 2.6 Haruffan shiyya/nahiya (ta, daga, dama, hagu, gabas, arewa,) Waxannan haruffa su ne ke nuna wata shiyya ko nahiya da ake yin magana a kai. Yawancin irin waxannan haruffa suken bayyana shigowa ko fita ko zuwa daga wannan nahiya. Misalan irin su sun hxa da: -Indo ta shigo aji ta taga. -Asalin Hausawa sun fito ne daga Misira. -Jibirila ya bi dama, ita kuwa kande ta bi hagu. da) 2.7 Haruffan haxi/mahaxai (da, tare, har da, kuma da) (Bature 1986 da Zarruq,2009:99) Zarruq,2009:99) 2009:99 Waxannan haruffa ne da ke zama kadarko ko gada mai haxa wani zance da wani. Misali: _Bala ya tafi gidatare da matarsa. -Ibrahim da Bello du yan gida xaya ne -Ado ya sha lemu hard a ayaba. -Saidu yana yin tuqin mota da hannu har da qafa. -Isa ya mare shi har da shuri da qafa.

tamka(i/ya (i/ya, 2.8 Haruffan nuna daitaito ko bayyana kamanni , watau tamka(i/ya, kamar ) Waxannan haruffa ne masu nuna daidaito a tsakanin wasu abubuwa. Wannan daidaito na iya zama na daraja ko na wata siffa,.Misali: -Girman Kura ya kai i/ya na Kare. -Misira tana da sanyi kamar qasar Eskimo. nda, 2.9 Haruffan Dangantaka wanda, wadda, waxanda, -nda,-rda Waxannan su ne irin haruffan da ake yin amfani da su don nuna dangantakar wani abu da wani. A cikinsu akwai dogaye da gajeru. Haka kuma suna nuna jinsin wanda aka danganta da yawansuMisali: -Yaro wanda ya ci jarrabawa ya sayi mota (Nj,Tl) -Bilkisu ce wadda ta haifu jiya (Mace, tiliwa) -Larabawa ne waxanda suka yaxa addinin Musulunci( jami, mc/nj) -Wannan ita ce yarinyar da ta mari saurayinta.(mc,tl) -Wannan shi ne yaron da ya ci jarrabawarsa.(nj,tl) 2.10 Haruffan Nuni A Hausa haruffan nuni iri biyu ne, watau gajeru da dogaye. Haka kuma, kowannensu yana yin nuni da abin da yake kusa da nesa.Haka kuma suna fito da jinsi na abin da ake nunawa. Misali:Wannan. Wancan, waxannan, can, nan. -Yaron can yana da qoqari(nesa) -Waxannan yaran sun faye fitina (kusa)
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-Nan ya fi can. 2.11Haruffan Nasaba 11Haruffan Haruffan nasaba wasu haruffa ne wasu nuna alaqar abin da ake magana.Waxannan haruffa sukan yi kama da na mallaka a wajen siffar zubin qira. Amman sun bambanta da haruffan mallaka a wajen maanar da suke bayarwa. Haruffan nasaba sun kasu zuwa gida biyu, akwai dogaye da kuma gajeru. Dogayen su ne waxanda suke da qirar jiki mai yawan haruffan da suka kai ya gava. Misali:na,ta,. Babur na hawa (nj,tl) Riga ta zuwa wurin aiki (mc,tl) Gidaje na haya (jam,mc/nj). Haka kuam, akwai haruffan da ake kira da sunan gajerun nasaba. Gajeru ne domin qirar gangar jikinsu ba ta wuce harafin abajadi xaya ba. Haka kuma, duk da gajartarsu, suna yin bayani nasaba akan abin da yake tilo ko jami da mace ko namiji. Misali:(-n,-r). -Kofin shayi (nj,tilo) Gidauniyar kuxi (mc,tl) Kasusuwan waazi.

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(2.12Haruffan Tsokaci (-n da r) 12Haruffan Waxannan huruffa su ne ke yin tsokaci a kan wani ko wata a cikin jimla.Kamar sauran haruffa masu bayar da maana, haruffan tsokaci suna yin tsakaci akan abu tilo ko jami, namiji komace. Misali -Takalmin ya fi daxin sawa. -Rigar tana yi wa Samira kyau. -Hulun sun yi kama da na Larabawa.

3.0Nadewa. 3.0Nadewa. A wannan aiki na jinga, an yi bayanin maanar haruffa . Maanar an kasa ta zuwa gida biyu. Akwai haruffa masu maana watau haruffan jarru da kuma haruffa mara maana, watau haruffan abajadi. A cikin aikin, an kawo bayanai na haruffa masu bayar da maana guda goma sha huxu na Hausa. Daga ckinsu akwai haruffan qarfafawa da na korewa da na mallaka da nawuri da na sharaxi da na shiyya da na haxi da na daidaito da na dangantaka da na nuni da na nasaba da kuma na tsokaci. Wannan aiki an yi shi ne da manufar tantance ire-iren haruffan Hausa ba tare da an danganta su cikin tawagar kalmomin da ake haxa su da su ba. Daga qarshe ina bayar da shawarar cewar ana iya ci gaba da yin bincike domin a sake gano wasu haruffan da ban tavo su ba a wannan bincike. Ke nan, wannan bincike zai iya zama sanadi na mafari wani binciken. Alhamdulillahi da fatan Allah ya sa ma wannan aiki albarka. Allah ya sa wahalar da na yi a kan binciken ya zama sakamado a duniya da lahira, Amin
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Manazarta Abraham, R.C. (1978), Dictionary of the Hausa Language.Hodder and Stoughton Educational, London, Great Britain. Adamu,Abdallah Uba (2008), Hausa da Hausanci a Qarni na 21-Qalubale da Madosa. Taskar Gidan Dabino. A paper Presented at a One-Day Sensitization Meeting of Hausa Motion Arts Stakeholders on Wakilcin Aladu da Addini a Finafinan Hausa, on 2nd April, 2005, at the Murtala Muhammad Library, Kano, Nigeria. Bagari,Dauda Muhammad (1986), Bayanin Hausa: Jagora Ga Mai Koyon Ilimin Bayanin Harshe.Imprimerie El Maarif Al Jadida, Rabbat- Maroc. Bakr, El-Sayed Yacoub (1986),Arabic By Radio.Book One, Part I. The Arab Republic Of Egypt Broadcasting Corporation, The Arab State Trading Centre for Education for Community Development, Sira-el-Layyan, Menoufia, A. R.E., Cairo, Egypt. Bature, Abdyllahi (1986), Rabe-Raben Nazarin Rukunan Bayanau Ta Fuskar Maana. Sashen Harsunan Nijeriya, Jamiar Bayero, Kano, Nijeriaya. Bunza, A.M. (2002),Rubutun Hausa (Yadda Yake Da Yadda Ake Yin Sa) Don Masu Koyo Da Koyarwa. Ibrash Islamic Publications Centre LTD, Lagos, Nigeria. Xangambo,Abdulqadir (1984), Rabe-Raben Adabin Hausa da Muhimmancinsa ga Rayuwar Hausawa. Maxabaar Kamfanin Triumph, Gidan Saadu Zungur, Kano, Nijeriya. Garba, Calvin Y.(1984), Nazarin Hausa A Qananan Makarantun Sakandare.Littafi Na Farko.Nelson Pitman Limited, Ilupeju, Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria. Hausa Section (1983), Part Of Speech (Ginshiqan Nahawun Hausa), Hausa Section, Department Of Languages, College Of Advanced Stidies, Zaria, Nigeria. Xanyaya, Bello Muhammad(2007), Karin Magana Hamsin Da Fuxu Masu Magana A Kan Kura, Makarantar Hausa (Makaranta Ga Mai Neman Ilimin Hausa).Ubandoma Road, Sabon Titi, Sokoto, Nijeriya. Jamiar Bayero (2006), Qamusun Hausa.Cibiyar Nazarin Harsunan Nijeriya, Jamiar Bayero, Kano, Nijeriya. Jinju, Muhammadu Hambali (1992), Rayuwar Nahawun Hausa.Northern Nigerian Publishing Company, Zaria, Nigeria. Sani, M.A.Z. (1989),Ilimin Tsarin Sauti Na Hausa (Haxe Da Aikin Aji). Triumph Publishing Company,(Nig.) Ltd, Gidan Saadu Zungur, Kano, Nijeriya. Usman, Bukar (2005), Cilakowa Da Kodokodo, Taskar Tatsuniyoyi: TT002. Gidan Dabino Publishers, Jakara, Kano, Nigeria. Wurma,Abdullahi Garba (2006), Daidaitacciyar Hausa Da Qaidojin Rubutunta.
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Olatunde Rasheed Publishing Works, Kaduna, Nigeria. Zarruq, Rabiu M. Da Wasu (2009),Sabuwar Hanyar Nazarin Hausa Don Qananan Makarantun Sakandare. Littafi Na Xaya.University Press PLC, Ibadan, Nigeria. Zarruq, Rabiu Moh. (2001), Bishiyar Liirabi A Nazarin Jumlar Hausa.Institute of Education, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.

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