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y1
P(x1, y1) x1 x2
Horizontal Change
m=0
m (slope) is negative x
EXAMPLE 1
Sketch the graph of the line that passes through the points P(1, 1) and Q(3, 3). Find and interpret the slope of the line.
Solution
Any two points determine a line; the graph of the line passing through the points P(1, 1) and Q(3, 3) is sketched here.
Vertical Change =4
Horizontal Change = 2
EXAMPLE 1
Solution continued
3 1 3 1 4 2 3 1 3 1 2
Interpretation
The slope of this line is 2; this means that the value of y increases by exactly 2 units for every increase of 1 unit in the value of x. The graph is a straight line rising by 2 units for every one unit we go to the right.
EXAMPLE 2
Equations of Lines
Point-Slope Form: To find the equation of a line, when you only have two points. The point-slope form of the equation of a line is
y y1 m( x x1 )
EXAMPLE 1
Find the pointslope form of the equation of the line passing through the point (1, 2) and with slope m = 3. Then solve for y.
y y1 m x x1 y 2 3x 3 y 3x 5
y 2 3x 1
EXAMPLE 2
Find the equation of a line that passes through the point (1,-3) with slope of 2
EXAMPLE 3
Find the pointslope form of the equation of the line l passing through the points (2, 1) and (3, 7). Then solve for y. Solution
EXAMPLE 4
Find the equation of the line through the points (-5,7) and (4,16). Solution:
16 7 9 m 1 4 (5) 9
Now use the point-slope form with m = 1 and (x1, x2) = (4,16). (We could just as well have used (-5,7)).
y 16 1( x 4) y x 4 16 x 12
EXAMPLE 5
Find the pointslope form of the equation of the line with slope m and y-intercept b. Then solve for y.
Solution
y mx b.
EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 2
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE 1
Note : The graph of a linear function can be drawn by using the same procedures as drawing a line.
EXAMPLE 2
EXAMPLE Example3 A business copier repair company charges a fixed amount plus an hourly rate for service. If a customer is billed $159 for a onehour service call and $287 for a three hour service call, find the linear function that describes the price of a service call when x is the number of hours of service
We need to find the equation for a line of the form; y=mx+b We know two points on the line: (1,159) and (3,287) So, m = (287 159)/(3 1) = 64 Use point-slope approach to find the line (y y1) = 64(x x1) y = 287 64(3) + 65x y = 95 + 64x
EXAMPLE 4
Example : Suppose consumer will demand 40 units of a Product when the price is $12 per unit and 25 units when The price is $18 each. Find the demand equation Assuming that is linear. Find the price per unit when 30 units are demanded
Solution: The Points are: ( x1 , y1 ) = (40,12) , and ( x2 , y2 ) =(25,18) Slope Formula: x represent q and y represent p
y2 - y1 18 12 2 m x2 - x1 25 40 5
Hence an equation of the line is
2 p 12 q 40 5 2q p 28 5
When q=30
2 P .30 28 12 28 16 5
2 q 28 5
70
EXAMPLE 5
EXAMPLE 6
y2 ) =(35,30)
p2 p1 30 35 1 m q2 q1 35 50 3
Hence the equation of the line is
1 1 55 p 35 q 50 q 3 3 3
EXAMPLE 7
EXAMPLE 8
Example: Suppose the cost to produce 10 units of a product is $40 and the cost of 20 units is $ 70. If cost c is linearly related to output q, find a linear equation relating c and q. Find the cost to produce 35 units. Solution:The line passing through (10,40) and (20,70) has slope
m 70 40 3 20 10
3q 10
If q=35 then c=3(35)+10=115
EXAMPLE 10
Finding an Equation
Office equipment was purchased for $20,000 and will have a scrap value of $2,000 after 10 years. If its value is depreciated linearly, find the linear equation that relates value (V) in dollars to time (t) in years: Solution: When t = 0, V = 20,000 and when t = 10, V = 2,000. Thus, we have two ordered pairs (0, 20,000) and (10, 2000). We find the slope of the line using the slope formula. The y intercept is already known The slope is (2000-20,000)/(10 0) = -1,800. when t = 0, V = 20,000, so the y intercept is b=20,000 Therefore, by slope-intercept form(y=mx+b) equation is V(t) = - 1,800t + 20,000.