Pitch Perception Physiology

PROGRAM
OF
The 129thMeetingof the Acoustical Society America of
Renaissance Washington, HotelWashington, 30 May-3 June 1995 DC DC
NOTE: All Journal articles Letters theEditorarepeerreviewed and to before publication. Program abstracts, however, notreviewed are before publication, since areprohibited timeandschedule. we by
TUESDAY MORNING, 30 MAY 1995
RENAISSANCE WEST A, 8:00 A.M. TO 12:00 NOON
SeSsionlaAO
Acoustical Oceanography: Ocean Acoustic Tomography: Observing Oceanin the 1990s the I
Walter Munk, Cochair
Scripps Institution Oceanography, of University California, Diego, Jolla,California of San La 92093

Brian D. Dushaw, Cochair
AppliedPhysics Laboratory, University Washington, of Seattle,Washington 98105

Chair's Introduction4:00
Invited Paper
8:05
laAO1.Acoustic thermometry ocean of climate (ATOC). Walter Munk(Scripps of Oceanog., H. Inst. IGPP-0225, UCSD, Jolla, La
CA 92093)
The rockyroadfollowed the 1990s in leading thepresent to status acoustic of thermometry ocean of climate (ATOC)will be
reviewed.
Contributed Papers
8:30
laAO2. A comparison of measured and predicted broadband acousticarrival patterus out to 10-Mm range during the ATOC
Acoustic Engineering Test. Brace M. Howe, Brian D. Dushaw,James
to 10 000 km distant duringtheAcoustic Engineering of theAcoustic Test Thermometry OceanClimate(ATOC) Program. of The source was suspended 7 daysduringNovember1994 nearthe depthof the sound for
channel (about m) in water axis 650 over4000m deep, order avoid in to

near-source bottom interactions. The sourcetransmitted phase-coded a
A. Mercer, Robert Odom,Robert Spindel(Appl.Phys. I. C. Lab.,Univ.of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105), Peter F. Worcester,John Colosi, BraceD. Comuelle, MatthewDzieciuch(Scripps Inst.of Oceanog., Univ. of Californiaat SanDiego, La Jolla,CA 92093), ArthurB. Baggeroer (MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139), Ted Birdsall,Kurt Metzger (Univ. of Michigan,Ann Arbor, MI 48109), Gary Bold, Sze Tan, Chris Tindle
(Univ. of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand), and Michael Guthrie (Defense Scientific Establishment, Auckland, New Zealand)
m-sequence a center with frequency 75 Hz anda digitlength 27 ms of of
[Metzgetet al., this meting].Measured receptions five bottomon

mountedSOSUS receiversat rangesfrom 300-4000 kin, on two vertical line array receiversat rangesof 90 and 3300 km, and on a Sohobuoy modifiedto have the hydrophone the soundchannelaxis at about on 10 000-kin range,arecompared with ray theoretic, adiabatic normalmode,
A low-frequency acoustic source suspended from R/P FLIP approximately340 nautical milesWSW of San Diego transmitted receivers to 90
andbroadband parabolic equation predictions. [Worksupported the by Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program through
ARPA.]
3233
J. Acoust.Soc.Am., Vol. 97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995
129thMeeting: Acoustical Societyof America
3233
loaded 11 Jan 2011 to 81.104.172.209. Redistribution subject to ASA license or copyright; see http://asadl.org/journals/doc/ASALIB-home/info/term
8:45
';
9:30
laAO3. Signal generation and proceSSing R/P ATOC forthe Flip

transmissions. Kurt Metzget and Ted Birdsall(CSPL, Univ. of Michigan, Arbor, 48109-2122) Ann MI
laAO6. Are faster than predicted arrival times seeingArctic Ocean
warming?PeterN. Mikhalevsky (Sci.Appl. Intl. Corp.,McLean,VA

22102), Alexander Gayalloy(Andreev Inst.of Acoust., Moscow, Russia),
and ArthurB. Baggeroer (MIT, Cambridge, 02139) MA
The waveforms transmitted the during November Acoustic 1994 Ther-
mometry ofOcean Climate (ATOC) project Flip R/P measu,rement used an

m-sequence phasemodulated 75-Hz carrier,two cardercyclesper digit.
Because the soume had an inherent Q of 5, the drive waveform was
Arrivaltimes M sequences of transmitted across Arcticin thespring the
of 1994during trans-Arctic the acoustic propagation (TAP)experiment [P.
N. Mikhalevsky, J.Acoust. Am.95,2851(A) Soc. (1994)] faster are than

modeledarrival timesusinghistoricalclimatology. The modaldependence of the traveltimesappears be consistent to with a warmingof the Atlantic intermediate water (AIW) in the Arctic Ocean.Calculations the effects of
modified order producetwocycle. digitoutput paper in to a per This

describes basic characteristics the soume,the procedure the of used to broadenthe sourcebandwidth, enforcement a soumepeak power the of
limit,and shows resulting the waveforms. received The waveforms possessed small amounts Doppler of "shift"caused by'the motion Flip on of its mooring. Doppler limitstheamount timeoverwhichreceptions of can be integrated. Dopplernormallymustbe treatedas time compression/
expansion. However,the if Doppler sufficiently it can treated is small be as

simple timeshift.Thispaper compares results using the of bothapproaches to account themotion Flip. [WorksupPorted theStrategic for of by Envi-
of thistypeof climate change signal, well asambient as variability the on modalarrivaltimes,will be presented. possibility theTAP results The that areconsistent newreports AIW warming theArctic[Carmack with of in et al., Geophys. Res.Lett. (in press) K. Aagaard E. C. Carmack, and and Science (23 December 266 1994)]will be discussed. [Worksupported by ONR,ARPA,andtheMinistry Science, of Russian Federation.]
ronmental Research Development and Program through ARPA.]

9:45
laAO7. Long-distancelow-frequencymodal propagation into the

9:00
LincolnSea.Rich Pawlowicz (Instlof OceanSci., P.O. Box 6000,

Sidney, V8L 4B2, Canada), BC David M. Farmer(Inst.of OceanSci.,
laAO4.Therespons acoustic e of meaSurements to anthropogenic Sidney, V8L 4B2, Canada), BC Barbara Sotirin(NCCOSC-RDTE, San
climatechange. Matthew Dzieciuch A. (Scripps Inst. of Oceanog.,
IGPP-0225,UCSD, La Jolla,CA 92093) Anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere expected resultin inis to
Diego, CA 92152-5000), and Slobran Sozard(Univ. of Victoria,

Victoria,BC, Canada)
One-Mm transmissions from the April 1994 trans-Arctic acoustic
creased ocean heating. output a coupled The of ocean-atmospher general

circulationmodel was used tO simulateto expectedclimate changesce-
propagation experiment (TAp) recordeda vertical array by line deployed

from an icecampat the edgeof the continental shelfin the Lincoln Sea are
nario. model mnwith CO2 The was no increase with and CO2 doubling.
The spatialproperties the CO2 signalare nonuniform of and show that heatingis not confined the oceansurface. to The ambient climatevariability shows differentspatialstructure is moreemphasized the sura that at
analyzed. [eceived The phase astonishingly andappears vary is stable, to

mainly with source/receiver motions. Travel times determinedfrom M-sequencetransmissions less stableand are not consistent are with the phase measurements. Modal decomposition shows thatbottomeffectsstrip out the higher-order modesas sound propagates ontothe shelf.The amplitudeof the surface4rapped modeis alsoweakerthanpredicted first by standard lossmechanisms. Someimplications this analysis the deof for sign of future Arctic low-frequency tomography experiments disare
cussed.
face. GCMoutput then asaninput anacoustic The was used to propagation model. The acoustictime seriescan then be analyzedfor climatic
trends. control isused estimate ambient processes The mn to the noise on

long-term scales. Maps of the anthropogenic signalto the ambient noise ratio of the climatesystem thenbe constructed. can Acoustic thermometry measures integralsof heat contentthroughthesemaps.A networkof sources receivers and can thenbe designed efficientlymonitoranthroto pogenic climatechange. Workis in progress compare efficiency to the of differentmeasurement systems such as satellitealtimeters,drifters,and traditional measurements that of acoustic to thermometry.
10:00-10:15
Break
10:15 9:15
laAO8. of simplified Use coupled propagationthe mode for

prediction of impulse responses of megameter trans-Arctic propagation paths. HerbertA. Freese(Sci. Applic. Int. Corporation, McLean, VA 22102) In the springof 1994, a long-range propagation experiment was con-
laAOS. Stochastic modeling global and warming extraction trend

for oceanacoustictravel times. StevenBottone(MissionRes. Corp.,
P.O. Drawer 719,Santa Barbara, 93102-0719),Henry Gray, CA L. and

WayneA. Woodward(Southern Methodist Univ., Dallas,TX 75275) A possible indication the existence globalclimatewarming a of of is negativetrendfor the travel time of an acoustic pulsealonga fixed long path,or paths, the ocean in overa periodof manyyears.Statistical meth-
ducted theArcticduring in which largetime-bandwidth product signals (M sequences) transmitted two receiver were to sites. These datawereprocessedto extract the pulse response the propagation of channelat the verticalarrays eachsiteanda horizontal at arrayat oneof thesites. These
odsfor determining whether significant termtrend present a a long is in

given set of time seriesdata of acousticpropagation times have been developed and, for illustration, appliedto somespecific travel-time time series generated ih MASiG m,dGFDL oceas by modds.Fo, themultiple
data are beingusedfor an assessment the utility of Arctic acoustic of measurements globalwarmingsignature for detection monitoring. and A criticalpartof thismeasurement theidentification theobserved is of paths with specific propagating modes. method beendeveloped A has based on
coupled normal modes which allows us to estimatepulse responses quickly. The results agreefavorably with theexperimental whenhisdata toricalenvironment areused themodelinputs. data as The modeling methodsused,comparisons the measurements implications, well as with and as the impacton soundspeedaccuracy required,will be discussed.
path case, + noise line models, where noise modeled a multivarithe is as

ate autoregressive process considered. is shownthatthe time (AR) are It
necessary detectthe presence a warming trend in a time seriesfor a to of
single pathis reduced considering series multiple by time for paths. [Work sponsored ARPA.] by
3234
J.Acoust. Am., 97, 5,Pt. May soc. Vol. No. 2, 1995
129th Meeting: Acoustical of Society America 3234
10:30
11:15
laAO9, On the feasibility modalgroupdelay-based of tomography

in the deep ocean. Michael G. Brown and John Viechnicki
(RSMAS-AMP, Univ.of Miami,4600Rickenbacker Cswy., Miami,FL

33149}
laAO12. Internal wave effects on long-range ocean acoustic tomography. A. Wolfson, L. Spiesberger M. J. (Dept. Meteorol. and ARL, Penn State Univ.,602Walker Building, University Park, 16802), PA and ED. Tappert(Univ.of Miami, Miami, FL 33149)
The modaldescription sound of propagation deepocean in environments considered. is Several recently published inversion algorithms have
assumed modalgrouptime delayscan be measured. that Sucha measure-
mentrequires thefrequency that bandwidth: be sufficiently (l) broad that successive modalarrivals resolved time, and (2) be sufficiently are in narrow that,across band, groupslownesses neighboring the the of mode numbers notoverlap. do These conflicting requirements be reconciled can only at longrange.In the deepocean, late arriving,low-order the modes are mostlikely to satisfy condition Unfortunately, (2}. recentmeasurements numerical and simulations suggest these that modes susceptible are to internal wave-induced modecoupling---especially at longrange. The following pessimistic conclusionmade: is Modalgroup delay-based inversionschemes beapplied measurementsacoustic can to of wavefields the in deep ocean for a carefully only selected choice experimental of parameters
Full-wave numerical simulations internal of wavescattering lowof frequency sound thedeep in ocean performed an efficient are with broadbandPE modelbased a new parabolic on approximation is secondthat order accurate, an internal and wavemodel based a newrepresentation on of theGM spectrum allows that efficient generation internal of wavefields thatevolve geophysical Results displayed plotsof acoustic in time. are as travel timeversus geotime various for source-receiver separations to (up 8 Mm), andvarious center frequencies bandwidths. and Quantitative ex-
amination (coherent incoherent and geotime averages) yields information about temporal the coherence stability eachmultipath. is found and of It
that the later near-axialarrivalsare unstable and unresolvable, and there-
forenotuseful tomography, ranges frequencies areconsisfor at and that tentwith thepredictions DozierandTappert Acoust. of [J. Soe.Am. 64,
533-547(1978)] whoused coupled a mode model. [Work supported by

ON'P, ARPA.] and
(range, center frequency, bandwidth) and which notbeexperimentally may

accessible. [Worksupported ONR.] by
10:45
11:30
laAO10. Ray identification theoryin ocean acoustic tomography. D. Manuary (Inst. Meereskunde, Fiir Dfisternbrooker 20, D-24143 Weg Kiel,
Germany)
Theidentification problem multipath in ocean acoustic tomography is notonlyoneof themore crucial alsooneof themore but difficult signal processing problems solve further to for inverse studies. isonlyrecently It
that a tool, based the Bayesian on decision theoryand closeto the data association problemin RADAR, has beenproposed Mauuaryand by Moura.It fundamentally prior information uses oceanvariability which transits through ray acoustic the model. alsostatistically It solves ray the identification problem witha Bayesian strategy. Despite inherent the complexity resulting of algorithms,firstsuccessful a attempt been has made on
laAO13. Horizontal multipathscausedby mesoscale structure and their effects on global tomographywith near-axial paths.ED. Tapper (Appl.MarinePhys., Univ.Miami, RSMAS,4600 Rickenbacker Cswy., Miami, FL 33149) and M. A. Wolfson(Penn State Univ., University Park,PA 16802) The optimistic and questionable assumption the lowestacoustic that normal modes adiabatic used. are is Then,for eachlow mode parabolic a
waveequation the horizontal in planeis derivedthatcontains lateralvailability of sound speed nearthe sound channel axiscaused mesoscale by structure is modeled homogeneous isotropic that by and fluctuations having a singlescalelength,L100 kin. In the geometrical acoustics limit, horizontal raysare foundto be chaotic with the growthrate (Lyapunov
a French tomographic of data(GASTOM).Some set simplifications and further experimental arenowbeinginvestigated theMediteranean use on setof data(THETIS).Withanother approach given Send, by those the are
only practical tools,but, theyare sufficiently general solvethe identito fication problem the mostdifficultconditions in givenby unresolved and unstable data. Both solutions very closeto the generalized are Kalman filtertheoryandjoint useof these algorithms dataassimilation in models
can be expected.
exponent) by ve"2131L, -5x 10 is therms given where -3 sound speed
fluctuation. Horizontal multipaths at thefocal begin range, rfv-3

Mm, and thereafter numberof horizontal the multipaths modeinper creases exponentially the rate v untildiffraction at effects limit thisray chaos. Full saturationis found to occur at the "log range,"
rsrf ln(L2/hrl)14 forthe Mm, acoustic wavelength m.Since h-30

modecoupling neglected, saturation is this rangeis a hardupperbound for
doing global ocean acoustic tomography near-axial with paths. [Work supported ONR andARPA.] by
11:00
laAOll. Frequencyinterpolationmethod for increasingspeedof long-rangebroadband parabolic equation (PE) calculation,K. D.
11:45
Heaneyand W. A. Kuperman (Marine Phys.Lab., Scripps Inst. of

Oceanog., Jolla,CA 92093-0238) La
laAO14. Travel time effectsof mesoscale structureon rays and waves global at ranges. D Tappert Xin Tang(Appl. F. and Marine Phys.,
Univ. Miami, RSMAS, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy.,Miami, FL 33149) A range-dependent tracemodelanda broadband modelareused ray PE to modelsound propagation fixedbearing at through field of mesoscale a baroclinic modesin order to studythe effectsof mesoscale structure on traveltimeat longranges. ray modelexhibits The chaos ranges at beyond a few Mm as manifested an exponentially by increasing number eigenof
rays and triplications,especiallyin the late-time near-axial arrivals. In addition, ray modelpredicts mesoscale the a traveltime bias,in the direction of later time, of the last axial arrival amounting about 100-200 to ms/Mm. At centerfrequency Hz and bandwidth Hz, the full-wave 75 50 PE modelqualitativelyconfirmsthe ray tracepredictions chaos,and of
shows that the later near-axial amvals are smeared out into a continuum of
An interpolation method increases speed broadband that the of rangedependent calculations anorder magnitude theparabolic by of using equationhasbeendeveloped. decomposing vertical By the fieldintocomplex
modalamplitudes, interpolation across frequency possible. is The method was designed be usedin Monte-Carlo studiesof the effectsof internal to waves.Signal processing algorithms beingdeveloped extractthe are to deterministic signalfrom the internal wave noise.The methodhas been benchmarked againstthe fully broadband for severaloceanenvironPE ments. The results in goodagreement are with the PE for 1000-kinpropa-
gation through internal wavesandfor 3000-kmmildly varyingocean environments. reproduction theinternal The of waveeffects the SLICE89 in
experiment reported Colosi[Colosiet at., J. Acoust. by Soc.Am. 96, 452-68 (1994)] hasalsobeenpossible. Frequency interpolation predictionsof the ATOC Acoustic Engineering Test will be presented comand paredwith preliminary results from the experiment. particular, In simulation of the statistics of the internal wave effects as measured in the
Acoustic Engineering Test is of main concern.
unresolvable multipaths characterized saturated by (Gaussian) statistics at ranges a few Mm, andalsoquantitatively of confirms mesoscale of the bias 100-200 ms/Mm of the lastaxialarrival.The steeper, earlyraylikearrivals are relativelystablein the presence mesoscale of structure and may be useful long-range for tomogmphy. [Worksupported ONR.] by 129th Meeting:AcousticalSociety of America 3235
3235
J. Acoust.Soc. Am., Vol. 97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995
TUESDAY MORNING,
30 MAY 1995
Session laBV
RENAISSANCE WEST B, 8:30 TO 11:30 A.M.
Bioresponse Vibration and to Ultrasound:Progress Vibrotaction:From Periphery to Cognition to in

Ronald T. Verrillo, Chair
Institute Sensory for Research, Syracuse University, Merrill Lane, Syracuse, New York13244-5290
Chair's Introduction---8:30
Invited Papers
8:35
laBV1. Biophysical properties a tactilemechanoreceptor: Pacinian of The corpuscle. W. Pietras S. J. Bolanowski B. and (Dept. of Bioeng. Neurosci., for Sensory and Inst. Res.,Syracuse Univ.,Syracuse, 13244) NY The Pacinian corpuscle a tactilemechanoreceptor is composed a neuralelement of surrounded a multilayered, by fluid-filled accessory capsule. Receptor potentials recorded fromisolated Pacinian corpuscles response sinusoidal in to vibrations havenonlinear, asymmetric full-wave rectified transfer functions. frequency The response U-shaped a best is with frequency 300 Hz. ThePacinian near corpuscle's accessory capsule wasstudied experimentally modeled and theoretically determine mechanical to its contribution the to observed physiological response. Measurements reactive of forcein response sinusoidal to compression showed thereactive that force is linear, and increases with frequencyand amplitude. The compressive force can be described a first-orderlinear differential by equation the formf(x,t)= kx + cdx/dt. Interlamellar of fluid velocities andlamellardisplacements were alsocomputed a rangeof for frequencies. Computational simulations the interlamellar of fluid flow in response sinusoidal to displacement the surfaceof the of capsule shows themultilayered that structure lineadzes interlamellar velocity, the fluid thereby linearizing interlamellar the compressive force.Thus boththe mechanical filteringby the accessory capsule and the electrodynamical properties the neuritecontribute of to thenonlinear, physiological response profiles seen thereceptor in potential. [Worksupported NSF,IBN-9211561.] by
9:05
laBV2. Tactile perceptionwith haptic displays.JanetM. Weisenberger (Dept. of Speech and Hear. Sci., Ohio StateUniv.,
Columbus, OH 43210) Tactilesensing objects of and surfaces typicallyaccomplished movement the handor fingers is via of relativeto the objectbeing sensed, modeknownashaptictouch.Despitethisfact, mostprevious a work on the tactileresponse complexvibratorystimulihas to employedstationary displays.Althoughpatternmovementcan be simulatedon thesedisplays,kinesthetic feedbackfrom active movement the handis absent. of The present paperdescribes series studies a of employinga hapticvibratorydisplayfor the index
fingertip canbe moved that across surface encounter scan a to and virtualstimuli, thuspreserving kinesthetic feedback. Experiments comparing hapticscanning this modeto stationary display modes showed significant a superiority hapticscanning. of However, most of this advantage attributable the ability to scanpatterns was to repeatedly from multipledirections, not to haptics se. and and per Further experiments examined whether reductions thedisplay's in fieldof view couldbe compensated haptic by scanning. Dramatic reductions the field of view showed in minimaldecreases performance in whenhapticscanning employed. was Results discussed are
in terms theroleof haptics tactile of in sensing implications thedevelopment tactile and for of displays. [Worksupported Systems by
Research Laboratories ASFOSR.] and
9:35-9:45
Break
9:45
IaBV3. Cortical plasticityand representation spatiallytemporallydistributedtactile stimuli. XiaoqinWangandMichael of M. Mrzenich (Coleman Lab. and Kek Ctr. for IntgrativcNcuroci.,Univ. of Callfomiaat San Franciaco, P.O. Box 0732, San Francisco, 94143-0732) CA
An important propertyof the cerebralcortexis its ability to reorganize itself in response changing to sensory environment
throughout Representational life. "maps" skinsurfaces theprimary of in somatosensory (SI) areremodeled many cortex after forms of inputalteration. Two questions wereaddressed our recent in plasticity experiment: Underwhatspecific conditions spatially are distributed time-varying and sensory inputs integrated, (b) segregated theirrepresentations the dynamic (a) or in by mechanisms
underlying cortical function? results The showed thetopographic of skinsurfaces SI wasdramatically that map in remodeled adult in owl monkeys trainedto discriminate tactilestimuliappliedto distaland proximalsegments their fingers alternation. two of in
Subsequent mapping area3b revealed of neural responses eitherdistalor proximal with multiple-digit receptive fields, reflecting cortical integration inputs of fromtemporally coincidentally excited surfaces. contrast, cortical skin By the representations of temporallynoncoincidentally stimulated surfaces segregated each skin were from other. These findings directly demonstrate forlearning that induced plastic changes cortical in topographic afferent maps, input integration segregation dependent stimulus and are on coincidence, andthatregularly practiced useresults a representation sensory hand in of its surfaces thebrain reflects specific in that that use.
3236
d. Acoust. Soc.Am.,Vol.97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995
129thMeeting: Acoustical Society America of
3236
10:15
IaBV4.Influences painandlearning vibrotaction. of on Stanley Bolanowski, M. Maxfield, J. Lisa Karen Hall,andIames L. C. Makous (Dept. Bioeng. Neurosci., forSensory Syracuse of and Inst. Res., Univ., Syracuse, 13244) NY
Theparallel processingtactile of information independent by channels defined as psychophysically, physiologically anatomiand
cally been has amply described literature. a unified inthe For percept occur, to however, information bythese carried separate channels must combined be centrally. Furthermore, unified the percepts affected submodality are by interactions, asthegate such theory pain of whereby tactile stimulation suppresses and pain, cognitive factors attention). (e.g., Several series experimentspresented of are showing
that painfully and hot cold stimuli substantially can diminish vibrotactile sensation, onlywhen but co-locafized thetactile with stimuli. Theeffect occurs regardless thetactile of channel activated. tough-gate oppositely thepaingate indicates This acts to and centrally located touch-pain interactions. results additional The of experiments thattraining observers anintensity-discrimination show of in task significantly the can affect ability distinguish to differences invibrotactile intensity. learning appearsbebilateral This effect to and affects intensity wellasspatio-temporal as perceptions of tactile stimuli. effect The indicates high-level that cognitive functions can influence tactile perceptions; neural the basis these for perceptions presumably are located theconical at level.
Contributed Papers
10:45
laBVS. Changes mechanoreceptor-specific in vibrotactilethresholds with ongoingoccupational exposureto hand-transmittedvibration. A..I. Btammetand I. E. Piercy(Inst. for Microstruct. Sci., Natl. Res. CouncilCanada,Ottawa,ON Canada),S. Nohara (Asahi Mutual Life Insurance Co., Fukui, Japan),and H. Nakamura (Tokushima Univ., Tokushima, Japan)
intensity duration themasking and of stimulus weresimilarfor boththe P andNPI channels indicated the nearlyidentical as by results measured at
250 and 20 Hz. The observed declines in threshold as a function of At and
signaldurationwere both attributed an increase the time interval to in
between offset themasking the of stimulus theoffset thesignal. and of
Thepurpose thispaper to explore influence occupational of is the of exposure hand-transmitted to vibration mechanoreceptor on acuity,for possible future asa screening for earlysymptoms thehand-arm use test of vibration syndrome (HAVS).Mechanoreceptor-specific vibrntactile thresholdsweredetermined using tactometer frequencies the at mediated the by
11:15
SAI receptors Hz),FAI receptors Hz),andFAII receptors Hz) (4 (32 (100 [A. J. Brainmet J. E. Piercy, and "Measuring vibrotactile perception
thresholds the fingertips power-tool at of operators," Proc.U.K. Informal Group Meeting Human on Response Vibration, to Buxton (1991)].Thresholdswereobtained from 33 seasonal operators chainsawsand brush of cutters, whohadsoworked upto 39 years. for Twenty-three theworkers of
laBV7. Nonauditory effects of waterborne sound: Subjective responses during under water hearing conservationstudies. C. C. Steevens and P. F. Smith (Naval Submarine Med. Res. Lab., Groton, CT 06249)
Divershavereported thatintense waterborne sound canbe felt as well asheard. Subjective reports nonauditory of sensations obtained were from 19 divers during recentunderwater hearingconservation studies. The diverswereinterviewed followingeachnoiseexposure trial. The waterborne exposure stimuli werewarble tones (_+5% center frequency) cenat ter frequencies varyingfrom 125 to 6000 Hz at sound-pressure levelsas highas 145dB re: 20/Pa. Exposure durations ranged from43 s-15 min per exposure. Reportsof directeffectson divers' bodies,and effectson diverequipment weresolicited. Nonauditory sensations reported were for frequencies 1000Hz andbelow, nonewasreported of but above1000Hz. The lowerthe frequency, lowerthe threshold nonauditory the for sensations.At 125 Hz, sensations were firstreporxed a level of 104 dB re: 20 at /Pa. Nonauditory sensations reported were primarilyvibrations felt at
various locations on the divers' bodies. Anatomical localization of sensa-
werejudgedclinically sufferfrom mild to moderate to symptoms of HAVS. progressive A reduction acuity in withincreasing of exposure years wasobserved, average, thisgroup, eachmechanoreceptor on in for population. reduction acuityremained A in evenaftercorrecting changes for in
threshold with age.
11:00
laBV6. The effects of the intensity and duration of a masking stimulus,At, and signalduration on vibrotactileforward masking. George Gescheider A. (Dept.of Psych., Hamilton College, Clinton, NY 13323 and Inst. for SensoryRes., SyracuseUniv., Syracuse,NY 13244-5290),Kristine Santoro (Hamilton College, Clinton, 13323), NY James Malcous, Stanley Bolanowski C. and J. (Syracuse Univ.,Syracuse,
NY 13244-5290)
Vihrotactile thresholds were found to increase as a function of the
durationand intensityof a forward maskingstimulus and to decrease a as
function thetimeinterval of between termination themasking the of stimulusandtheonset the signal(At) andsignal of duration. effects the The of
tionsvariedwith frequency, were not exclusively but relatedto gasfilled viscera. There were alsoseveral reports minor effectson divingequipof ment.No evidence nonauditory, for physiological hard was foundduring theselimitedexposures. [Worksupported U.S. Navy.] by
3237
129th Meeting:Acoustical Societyof America
3237
TUESDAY MORNING, 30 MAY 1995

Session laPA
RENAISSANCE
EAST, 8:30 TO 11:35 A.M.
PhysicalAcoustics: Scatteringand Propagation

Guillermo C. Gaunaurd, Chair
Naval SurfaceWarfareCenter, Code684, WhiteOak, SilverSpring,Maryland20903-5640

Chair's Introduction--8:30
ContributedPapers
8:35
laPAL On localversus globalparametrization short-pulse-excited of scattering and spectra:Poisson summationrevisited. LeopoldB. Felsen (Dept. of Aerospace and Mech. Eng., BostonUniv., 110 Cummington Boston, 02215) St., MA
Poissonsummation has conventionally been employedfor conversion of local scatterings to individualelements an infiniteperiodicarray due in intoglobalBraggspectra characterize collective that the phenomena to due the entire array. In a recentgeneralization, time harmonicand transient local-globalphenomena finiteperiodicand quasiperiodic in arrayshave beenrelatedvia finite Poisson summation, with the globaloutcome interpreted radiation as fromequivalent sources distributed thefinitearray over
of the clutter.Statistical measures pertaining the clutterare given conto sideration, is the effectof system as noiseaddedto the data.Results are
presented discussed. supported ONRand and [Work by AFOSR.]
9:05
laPA3.
Acoustic response of interacting gas bubbles.
Daniel
Goldman,Paul E. Barbone,and Ali Nadim (Dept. of Aerospace and Mech.Eng.,Boston Univ., 110Cummington Boston, 02215) St., MA
Following a method similar to that used to obtain the standard Rayleigh-Plesset equation, equations deriveddescribing volume are the oscillations two interacting of spherical bubbles, whosecenters asare sumedto be a large distance (relativeto the equilibrium radii of the
aperture B. Felsen L. Carin,J. Acoust. [L. and Soc.Am. 95, 638-649 (1994)]. Thisanalysis nowre-examined thecontext multiple is in of scatter
scenarios undershort-pulse time-domain excitation. Sinceshortenough pulsed incident fieldscantime-gate individual scattered field arrivals, the earlytime response the observer necessarily at is parametrized locally.As multipleinteraction develops, may reparametrize finitenumberof one any
thesecollectivelyin terms of spectraassociated with equivalentsources thataresmoothly distributed overthecorresponding multipass finitespace-
bubbles) apartin an infinitefluid.Although bubbles initiallyasthe are

sumedto be fixed, these approximateequationsalso describethe movement of the bubblecenters. First, the naturalfrequencies the two-bubble of systemare obtainedvia linearization.Then, for bubbleswith the same equilibrium radii, thenonlinear stabilityof the symmetric antisymmetand ric modes studied is bothanalytically andnumerically. response the The of
time aperture. This results globalalgorithms in basedpartly in the configuration domainand partly in the spectral domain.Theseconcepts are developed examined and rigorously asymptotically respect the and with to time evolution globalspectra of from highlyresolved earlyscatters under short-pulsetime-domainconditions.Corresponding statisticalaspects, whenthe scattering hierarchy randomly is perturbed, exploredas well. are
two-bubble system a time-periodic to pressure is alsostudied. field Finally, theequations thetwo-bubble for system generalized those are to describing
an n-bubble system,and an estimateis obtainedfor the lowest resonant frequency the n-bubblecloud. of
[Worksupported AFOSRandONR.] by
8:50
laPA2. Short pulse sound wave scattering by a fluid shell model target near a randomly distorted bottom interface: Wave oriented data processingfor target-clutter discrimination. T.T. Hsu, L. Carin (Dept.of Elec. Eng., Polytechnic Univ., Six Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, NY 11201), and L.B. Felsen (BostonUniv., Boston,MA 02215)
9:20
IaPA4. Scattering from a fluid-loaded elastic spherical shell in proximity to a rough fluid-elastic interface: Numerical results.
Judy Smith and Gamer C. Bishop (Nav. Undersea WarfareCtr. Div., Newport,RI 02841-5047) A null field T-matrix formalism developed is and usedto calculate scattering a pressure of wavefroma fluid-loaded elastic spherical shellin proximity a roughfluid-elastic to interface. The Helmholtz-Kirchhoff integral representations thevarious of scattered pressure displacement and fieldsare constructed. surface The fieldsarerequired satisfy elastic to the boundary conditions and the scattered fieldsare requiredto satisfythe
extended boundary condition.The free-field T matricesfor the elasticshell and the rough fluid-elastic interface are constructedand used in the Helmholtz-Kirchhoff and the null field equationsfor the shell-interface
A finite difference time-domain (FDTD) codehas beenusedto assemblea comprehensive baseof realizations short-pulse data for plane wave scattering a fluid shellmodeltargetsubmerged the presence by in of
a randomly distorted bottom interface. entire The problem two dimenis

sionalwith the scattered acoustic pressure observed alongan elevated track above the targetand parallel to the mean bottom boundary.Two bottom
topographies examined: a smoothly are (1) deformed interface between the water column a fluidbottom; a collection softrandomly and (2) of pitched
thin fiat strips.The database furrushed the ensemble realizations by of for the randomlyirregular bottom, in which the deterministictargetremains
unchanged, subjected wave-oriented processing yieldsspaceis to data that wave numberand time-frequency phasespacedistributions extracted via windowedtransforms refinedby locally appliedhighresolution and algorithms.The processing appliedto the targetalone,the clusteralone,and is the target-cluttercombination. Targetresonances regarded a major are as
discriminant which one needsto enhance input signalshaping by and outputfilmtingwhile simultaneously de-emphasizing cormpting the effect
system. is shown theT matrixfor thesystem simplyrelated the It that is to free-fieldT matrices the shellandthe roughfluid-elasticinterface. for A perturbative solution obtained scattering is for from arbitrary roughness, andan "exact"solution obtained scattering is for fromperiodic roughness. The "exact" solution usedto obtaina varietyof numerical is resultsthat showsome the effects the acoustic of of coupling occurs that between the roughinterfaceand the elasticspherical shell.
3238
d. Acoust.Soc. Am., Vol. 97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995
129th Meeting: Acoustical Societyof America
3238
9:35
IaPA$. The effect of turbulencedrlf! on acoust'cal scatteringinto a shadowregion. MichaelR. Stixson (last. for Microstruct. Sci., Natl.
Res. Council,Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada}
phone maybe on theopposite of the sheet. side The understanding and control thespectrum theradiated of of pressure pulse useful faciliis for
tatingthe detection specific of targetspectral features. idealized An circuit model is examinedwhere the sheetis excitedby a step voltagesource havinga real impedance givenby the resistance Let C denote sheet R. the capacitance let the stepocctlrat t=O. The radiated and pressure a thin for
The turbulence structures responsible acoustical for scattering the in atmosphere not staticand evolvein time. As a first approximation, are a uniformdrift of lbe turbulence with the prevailingwinds,consistent with Taylor'shypothesis, be anticipated. can This drift can be accommodated through extension the Green's an of function parabolic equation (GF-PE} approach. Normalimplementations theGF-PEcompute sound of the field assuming staticrealization turbulence. a of Suchcalculations be recan peated, though, successive for realizations a turbulent of atmosphere, with eachrealization corresponding an additional to shiftin space theinitial of turbulent structure. resulting The series sound of field "snapshots" shows
the evolution of the sound field as the turbulence drifts. Recent simulations
she,t becomes followed anexponential exp(-tlRC). a step by tail: The magnitude spectrumproportional is to[I+(oRC}2]-a.Increasing R reducesthe high-frequency content whichmay be advantageous certain for measurements. Applicationsinclude the impulse excitation of lowfrequency structural resonances shells water. of in Adjacent modes exhibit
a prominent beating the response. in [Worksupported theOfficeof by NavalResearch.]
usingthe GF-PE haveexamined scattering driftingturbulence an by into acoustical shadow, formedduringupwardrefracting conditions, the and time evolution the scattered of field will be presented. nature these The of
10:35
time variations isrelevant use beamforming inan totle of arrays acoustic

shadow. Someobservations aboutpredicted arrayresponses be diswill
cussed.
IaPA8. Sound diffraction by a ground with barriers or impedance
9:50
discontinuities a refracting atmosphere. Y. L. Li (Wave in Propagation Lab., Dept. of Elec. and Cornput. Eng., Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, CSRL,1308W. Main Street, 332 Urbana, 61801) IL and Michael J. White (U.S. Army Construction Eng. Res. Lab., Champaign, 61826-9005) IL
The exact solution for the total field is obtained for the sound diffrac-
laPA6. Resonantbehavior of two eclipsedshells: Quasiharmonic study. P.Pareige, Elm. Kheddioui, M. Conoir,andJ. L. Izbicki (Lab. J.
d'Acoust. Ultrason. et d'Electron., U.R.A.C.N.R.S. 1373, Univ. du Havre,
placeRobertSchuman, 610 Le Havre,France) 76

The purpose this paperis the presentation temporal, of of frequeotial, andangular experimental studies theacoustic of scattering two identical by air-filledelastic shells immersed water. in They areinsonified a quasiby
harmonic wave at normal incidence. The distance between the shells is
about I to 3 diameters one shell.The frequency of rangeinvestigated
tion dueto a time-harmonic source line abovea groundin a mediumwith linear sound-speed profile.The groundmay have barrierswith arbitrary shapes impedance or discontinuities parallelto the line source. The solution is in termsof an integralequation whichis numerically solvedby an extension themethod moments. effects scattering theregion of of The of in around barriers impedance or discontinuities studied situations are for for various values the refracting of strength the sound-speed of profile.
correspondsthewhispering to gallery waveresonances (/=2). The configuration considered the eclipsed is one:Emitterand shells on the are
sameaxis.The complex structure the backscattered of temporal signalis analyzed theoretically and justified. According thepartof thetemporal to signalconsidered, differentbackscattering spectra obtained are and analyzed.The results discussed termof acoustic are in raysinvolvinginternal andexternal acoustic waves. addition, phenomenon acoustic In a of interferenceis clearly shown.AI the resonance frequencies one shell, the of angular diagram shapes justifiedandcompared thoseprovided an are to by
analytic model. In all cases,the resultsare comparedto the well-known results provided the studyof a singleshell. by
10:05-10:20 Break
10:50
IaPA9. Application of the PE method to up-slope sound propagation. MartaGalindo Karsten Rasmussen and Bo (Aeoust. Lab., Bldg.352,Tech.Univ.of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, DK Denmark)
The wide-angle method appliedto the prediction sound PE is of propagation in a range-dependent environment. The finite-difference model treats sloping the ground a staircase by approximation. method The allows impedance slope and anglevariations be takenintoaccount. impleto The mentation sloping of interfaces one-way models in PE introduces funa darnextol problem energy of conservation. is generated the lower This at boundary condition. ground assumed bea locallyreacting The is to surface wherethe groundimpedance definedas the ratio of pressure the is to normalcomponent particle of velocityat the surface. The staircase PE method approximates normalat the slopesurface the with the vertical component the stair-step at surface. numerical A correction be incan
10:20
IaPA7, Pressure impulse response measurements for elastic scatterersin water and regulation of the sourcespectrum. Philip L. Marstonand ScottF. Morse (Dept. of Phys.,Washington StateUniv., Pullman,WA 99164-2814} A largePVDF sheet adjacent thescatterer been to has used excitethe to plane-wave pressure impulse response elastic of shells overa widespectral
cluded. Using scale a model facility B. Rasmussen, [K. J.Aeoust. Am. Soc.
96, 3617-3620 (1994)], a series measurements carried of is out.The resultsare compared with the PE calculations. magnitude the error The of
due to the interface condition is evaluated.
range [Kaduchak al., to bepublished J. Acoust. Am. (1995)]. et in Soc.

Sincethe sheet transparent the scattered is to signal,the receiver hydro-
3239
J. Acoust. Soc.Am.,Vol.97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995
3239
nloaded 11 Jan 2011 to 81.104.172.209. Redistribution subject to ASA license or copyright; see http://asadl.org/journals/doc/ASALIB-home/info/term
11:05
IaPAIO. An experimental investigationof the propagation of sound over a fiat rough surface of finite impedance. J0nesP. Chambers andJames Sabafier (Natl. Ctr. for Phys. M. Acoust., Univ.of Mississippi, University, 38677) MS
Preliminaryexperiments usingStyrofoamindicatethat similar trendsexist above the low impedancerough surfaceas did over the high impedance
rough surfaces. [Worksupported USDA.] by
11:20
Recent onrough work surfaces byMedwin al.[J.Acoust. Am. et 'Soc.

79, 657-665 (1986)]hasindicated presence acoustic the of boundary
waves thefluiddirectlyabove in roughsurfaces highacoustic with impedances. The effectof thisboundary waveis that the sound field abovethe roughsurface louder is thanit wouldhavebeenovera similarly smooth surface closeranges to multiple at due coherent scattering. opposite The is trueat longerranges sincethe scattering becomes incoherent. ranges The of coherent incoherent and scattering depend the roughness on scaleand frequency the soundsource. of The experimental work described above wasperformed oversurfaces with high acoustic impedances as wax such andsteel. The purpose thispresent of workis to findout if similar trends existin thepropagation sound of overroughsurfaces possess lower that a acoustic impedance. Sound signals bemeasured will above rough a surface andcompared the signalabovea smooth to surface the samematerial. of
laPAll. Locally reacting boundary condition over sloping boundaries for the parabolic equation. B. G. Tollison, J. S.
Robertson(Dept.of Math.Sci.,U.S. MilitaryAcademy, WestPoint,NY 10996-1786), and W.L. Siegmann(Rensselaer Polytech. Inst.,Troy,NY
12180-3590) A boundaryconditionwhich modelslocally reactingboundaries is
derived thegeneralized for parabolic equation: formulation valid This is

overnonhorizontal boundary surfaces. deri9edcondition discretized The is usingLagrange polynomials. Particular implementation schemes disare cussed nonhorizontal for boundaries. Numericalresults compare accuthe racy of this approach with othermethods that havebeenusedwith the PE.
Comparison experimental with results alsobe presented. may [Worksupported ONR andUSACECOM.] by
TUESDAY
MORNING,
30 MAY
1995
CONGRESSIONAL
Session IaSC
HALL B, 8:30 A.M. TO 12:00 NOON
Speech Communication: Speech Processing Perception/Psychophysics Session) and (Poster

W. Van Summers, Chair
WalterReedArmy Medical Center,Research Section, ArmyAudiologyand Speech Center,Washington, 20307 DC

ContributedPapers
All posters will be on displayfrom 8:30 a.m. to 12:00noon.To allow contributors opportunity seeotherposters, an to contributors of odd-numbered papers will be at theirposters from 8:30 to 10:15a.m. andcontributors even-numbered of papers will be at theirposters from 10:15 a.m. to 12:00 noon.To allow for extendedviewing time, posterswill remain on displayuntil 8:00 p.m.
IaSCI. The effects of talker variability across CV and VC environments. Lynn M. Farnsworth JohnW. Mullennix (Dept. of and Psych., WayneStateUniv.,71 W. Warren Detroit,MI 48202) St., A consonantal speeded classification wasusedto assess effects task the of talker variabilityacross CV and VC environments. addition,condiIn
laughing/pleased/happy, shout/surprising versus secret-talk/calm,and speaking versus singing werestudied. Evenat 2 months age,significant of
individual differences were observed in the extracted factor scores, al-
tions wereblocked syllable by type(CV or VC) or consisted mixedsets of

of CV and VC syllables. Talkervariabilitywas manipulated presenting by stimulispoken a singletalkeror by many talkers.The resultsshowed by thatthe magnitude the effectof talkervariabilitywasapproximately of the samewhencomparing performance across talkercontexts CV's and for VC's. In addition,the talker variabilityeffect was stronger underconditionswheresyllables wereblocked. The results providefurtherinformation aboutthe underlyingmechanisms involvedin processing pemeptualvariation in the speech silnal.
thoughthree were less variability compared thoseobtainedfrom the to elderinfants' vocalizations. Theseresults suggest theabilityto express that emotion through vocalization seems be developing to duringtheobserved months age,although of infantsevenat 2 months agecanexpress of some aspects emotionthroughvocalization. of laSC3. A longitudinal investigation of children's duration and temporal variability in speechproduction. Bruce L. Smith, Mary Kay Kennedy, Satmad and Hussaln (Dept.of Commun. andDisoral., Sci. Northwestern Univ., 2299 North Campus Dr., Evanston, 60208-3570) IL
A number of cross-sectional studies have observed that children's
speechsegments tend to decrease durationand also becomelessvariable in from youngerto older groupsof subjects. Becausecross-sectional inves-..:.,
laSC2. Adult attribution of the intent vocalizations. Yoko Shimura
(Dept. of Educ.,SaitamaUniv., 255 Shimo-Okubo, Urawa-shi, Saitama, 338 Japan) and SatoshiImaizumi (Univ. of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo,113Japan)
Adult attribution the infant vocalizations of was investigated perby ceptualrating experiments 717 voice samplesrecordedfrom seven for infantsat 2, 6, 9, 12, and 17 monthsof age. Perceptual rating was performedusingnine vocalizationand emotion-related reference wordsby 15 normal heatingadult listeners. By a principalfactor analysis,three factorsrepresenting emotionalcontrast crying/frightened/sad the of versus
tigationshave certainlimitationswhen they are usedto studychildren's development, is also importantto conductlongitudinal it analyses of speech production development. The presentstudyprovidesdatabasedon a longitudinal analysis the speech 12 children.When they were of of initially seen, the childrenrangedfrom 7-11 years of age; they were evaluated againafterapproximately 1-1/2 years. bothages, children At the were recorded theyproduced repetitions eachof several as 25 of different wordsandshort phrases, fromwhichvarious segments syllables and were measured. Resultsindicatethat, on average,segment and syllabledurationsdecreased from the initial to the follow-uprecordings approxiby mately10%,whereas temporal variability wasfoundto decrease about by
3240
3240
40%.Although relative the decrease thechildren's in temporal variability

was substantially greaterthan the decreasein their duration acrossthe
year-and-a-half period, time theirdurations wereconsiderably moreadultlike thantheir variabilityat bothtimesthey were studied. IASC4. Speech during simultaneous communication: Temporal characteristics and perceived naturalness. Robert L. Whitehead (Comm. Res. Natl. Tech. Inst. for the Deaf, 52 Lomb Memorial Dr., Rochester, NY 14623-5604), Nicholas Schiavetti (State Univ. of New York, Geneseo, NY 14454), BrendaH. Whitehead (Natl. Tech. Inst. for the Deaf, Rochester, 14623),and Dale EvenMetz (StateUniv. of NY New York, Geneseo, NY 14454)
responded the loudness eachof ninesuprathreshold to of intensity levelsof an Englishsentence. the second For task, subjects both groupswere in instructed assign numerical to a valuethatcorresponded the loudness to of eachof ninesuprathreshold intensity levelsof thesamesentence spoken in Hindi. Statisticalanalysisshowedno significant differencebetweenthe two groups in the scaling of the English and Hindi sentences. Results suggested that magnitude-estimation scalingappearsto be an effective measure loudness familiar and unfamiliarlanguages, that subof of and jects scalethe loudness a familiarlanguage sameway as they scale of the the loudness an unfamiliarlanguage. of
laSC7. Talker-based selective adaptation. GaryE. StarrandMark A. Pitt (Dept.of Psych., OhioState Univ.,1885Nell Ave.,Columbus, OH
43210-1222) Whenduringperception does auditory the system differentially process certainclasses sound of objects? example,in somemodelsof speech For perception,only phoneticstimuli are processed the highestlevels of in analysis. Prior work in this lab [M. A. Pitt, J. Acoust.Soc. Am. 95,
Simultaneous communicationa process is which combines spoken Englishwith various manual representations Englishwordsin the form of of signsand fingerspelling. presentstudyinvestigated durational The the characteristics perceived and naturalness speech of produced duringsimultaneouscommunicationwith increasingfingerspellingcomplexity.Ten normal-hearing adult females,skilled in the useof simultaneous communication,servedas speakers. Experimental words of differing fingerspelling complexity wereembedded sentences in whichwere:(a) spoken
2975(A)(1994)]found stimuli that varying musical in timbre yielded selectiveadaptation results qualitatively similarto thoseobtained with phonetic stimuli.The generality this findingwas assessed conducting of by
and(b) spoken signed, and except theexperimental for words whichwere fingerspelled. temporal Five measures speech of werecalculated: sen(a) tenceduration, experimental (b) wordduration, diphthong (c) duration preceding expe.dmental (d) pause the word, duration preceding experithe mental word;and (c) pause duration following experimental the word. Speech naturalhess rated was using nine-point a naturalhess rating scale for all stimulus samples. Results indicated significant differences durational in
measures and naturalhess ratingsbetweenthe speech-only and simultaneouscommunication conditions, and betweenlevels of fingerspelling
comparable experiments nonphonetic ona dimension originates that from

the samesourceas a phoneticpercept:talker identity.Two selectivead-
aptation experiments were conducted usinga voicecontinuum. Talkers spokethe samevowel. Endpoint adaptors and different-vowel adaptors
were presentedipsilateraland contralateralto the ear of identification.
Resultsare similarto prior findings, and suggest that theseclasses of objects processed are similarly a fairly abstract to levelof analysis. [Research supported NIH.] by laSC8. The effects of talker-specificinformation on immediate memoryspan. Helena Saldaa (Speech M. Res.Lab.,Dept.of Psych., IndianaUniv., Bloomington, 47405) IN
Recentevidencesuggests that talker-specific informationis retained
complexity. multipleregression A analysis was performed predict to speech naturalness thedurational from measures asindependent used vari-
ables. multiple was The R2 0.698. [Work supported Department byU.S. of

Education.] laSCS. Speakernormalizationfor tone. Corinne Moore (Dept.of B. Mod. Lang.and Lit., 203 Morrill Hall, CornellUniv., Ithaca,NY 14853)
Segments with identicalacoustic characteristics not be perceived may identically, because listeners normalize acoustic for variability to vocal due tract differences amongspeakers. While normalization studieshave been donefor vowelperception, present the experiment uses MandarinChinese to investigate speakernormalizationfor lexical tones.In this study,two speakers were identified whom the low tone (tone 3) of the highfor pitched speaker occurred the sameF0 regionasthe midrising in tone(tone
along withcodes words phoneroes long-term for and in memory [Palmeri

et el., JEP:LMC 19, 309-328 (1993); J. W. Mullenix andD. B. Pisoni,J. Acoust.Soc.Am. 85, 365-378 (1990)]. If this indexicalinformation is retained, wouldexpect one talker-specific information alsoeffecta listo tener'sperformance short-term on memorytasks.However,the predominant trace decay theoriesof short-termmemory do not predict this. For example,in the articulatory loop model,itemsare storedas memorytraces that fade after approximately s unless 2 revived by an articulatory control process [A.D. Baddeley and G. J. Hitch, Psych.Learn.Motiv. (1974)]. The number itemsthatcanbe reactivated of withinthedecaytimecanbe retainedindefinitely. Therefore,immediate memoryspanis definedin termsof time or durationof items.In the present investigation, memory spanexperiments were conducted whichvoice information in was held constant waschanged eachitem in thelist.Initial results or for indicate that a changein voice informationresultsin a decrease memory span. in Follow-up experiments manipulate speaking andpresentation rate level.A recoBceptualization the articulatory of loop modelis discussed which takes
2) of the low-pitched speaker. Synthetic syllables formed threecontinua used a series perception in of tests. The threecontinua variedalongeither
F0, timingof the turningpoint,or bothacoustic dimensions. Stimuliwere placed aftera natural precursor fromeachof thetwo speakers. items Test wererandomized presented a mixedblockcondition. and in Results show thatcategory boundaries shiftcontrastively the direction in predicted; that is, the samestimuliwereperceived differently the two precursor in conditions,although only for stimulivaryingalongthe F0 and bothF0 and turningpoint dimension, not for stimuli varying along the duration but dimension (turningpoint) alone.Furthertestingis currentlybeingcon-
into account encoding stimulus the of variability. [Work supported by NIH.]

laSC9. The role of experience in the development of category structures. BarbaraE. Acker and RichardE. Pastore (Dept. of Psych., SUNY Binghamton, Binghamton, 13902) NY Recent speech research music and work havefoundempirical evidence for prototypes exemplars. or Whereas function a speech the of prototype is
ducted normalization theduration on in dimension. [Worksupported bY

SigmaXi.]
laSC6. The effect of stimulus familiarity on magnitude-estimation scaling of different languages. Donald Fucci (School of Hear. & Speech Sci., Lindley Hall 219, Ohio Univ., Athens, OH 45701),
Ramesh Bettagere, Maria D. Gonzales, Mary E. Reynolds(OhioUniv., Athens, OH 45701), and LindaPetrosino(BowlingGreenStateUniv.,
BowlingGreen,OH 43403)
The purpose this studywas to examinelistener'sabilitiesto judge of
debatable, experiments musically using trained subjects found better discrimination aroundmajor chordprototypes than near lessrepresentative members the category. of While the specific functionof prototypes of is interest,the development prototypesis also importantin elucidating of perceptual processes. Developmental processes speech in and musichave
been studied by comparing infant and adult data. Utilizing musically nmve
the subjective parameter loudness familiar and unfamiliarspoken of of

languages.Two groups o[ subjectsconsisting of 20 adults each, ranging in
age from 20-32 years,participated. Group 1 consisted subjects of who were familiar with Englishand not familiar with Hindi. Group 2 consisted of subjects who werefamiliarwith Englishas well asHindi. Two separate magnitude-estimation scaling tasks wereperformed. thefirsttask,subFor jectsin bothgroups wereinstructed assign numerical to a valuethatcor-
adultsubjects musicalstimuli,the currentwork investigates and perceptual differencesattributableto training and experience,but avoidsproblems associated with infant subjects. The ability of nonmusically trainedsub-
jectsto discriminate in-tune (prototype set)andmistuned [P] (nonprototype [NP] set) major chords evaluated anAX task. was in Unlike musicians
129th Meeting:AcousticalSocietyof America 3241
3241
who showed significantly betterperformance with the P set, the naive

subjects showed differences no between P andNP sets stimuli.These the of results demonstrate needfor experience the development actithe for or
providedthe targetvoice was at least 5 dB louder.Hence, infantshave somecapacityto extractinformation from speech even in the face of
vation prototypes. of Whereas music the results notprovide direct may a parallel speech, do provide basis comparison. to they a for [Worksupported AFOSR.] by laSC10.The effects feedback auditorylooming of in tasks. A. Paige
Wuestefeld and LawrenceD. Rosenblum (Dept. of Psych.,Univ. of
California, Riverside,CA, 92521)
competing acoustic signals. [Worksupported NICHD to PWJandan by NSF Graduate Fellowship RN.] to
laSC13. The relationship between discriminability formant the of transitions certaincognitive and measures. Thomas Cartell (Barkley Ctr.,Univ.of Nebraska, Lincoln, 68583-0738),Nina Kraus, NE Terry
McGee,andSteven Zecker (Northwestern Univ.,Evanston, 60208) IL
Thisworkconcerns relationship the between measures auditory two of

(1993)] demonstrates listeners able to make somewhat that are accurate anticipatory judgments regarding time to arrivalof a looming the sound source and that performance feedback significantly improves these judgments. The present research examines effectson performance prothe of vidingfeedback listeners subsequently to and withdrawing Some it. visual research involvingthe extrapolation movement of suggests that, upon withdrawing feedback, performance revert will backto its original level. Subjects made judgments about timeto arrival an approaching the of car experimental sessions consecutive on days.Subjects were dividedinto threegroups whichreceived differingfeedback schedules. all groups, For
Previous research senblum al., Perception 1467-1482 [Ro, et 22,
processing several and measures cognitive of abilities. The discriminabilitiesof formant transitions synthesized in consonant-vowel syllables were collected from over 100 children aged7-11. Specifically, discrimthe inabilities the F 3 onsetfrequencies of were measured a set of stimuli in whichranged pemeptually from/do/from/go/. Also,thediscriminabilities of the onsettransition durations F, F 2, and F 3 were measured of in
stimuliwhichranged perceptually from /bo/ to /wo/. A PESTadaptive

tracking paradigm wasemployed makethese to measurements. averThe
based various on portionsthe of event. subject Each participated inthree

thefirstsession contained Performance no feedback. withdrawal The group received feedback during second the session, notthethird. but Onecontrol
group received feedback theremainder theexperiment. second no for of A groupcontrolgroupreceived feedback boththe second thirdsesfor and sions.When feedback was withdrawn, performance between second the andthird sessions not differ significantly. did Thus,unlikethe previous
age noticeable just difference 101Hz for theF 3 onset was frequencies and 6 ms for the F], F2, and F 3 frequency ramps. battery testsof A of cognitive abilitywereadministered the same to children. cognitive The
ability tests revealedwiderange scores thesubjects a of in tetd. A

correlational analysis these of dataindicated better that onset frequency discriminability significantly was correlated with higherscores the on
reading subtests, whereasbetter scoreson transitionduration taskswere
not significantly correlated with any of the cognitive abilitymeasures. It wasalsofound better that formant onset frequency discriminability not did
visual effects, performance revert toitsoriginal didnot back level.

laSCll. Age differences the uptake of acoustic in cuesin spoken word recognition. RobertAllen Fox and Julie McGory (Dept. of Speech Hear.Sci.,OhioStateUniv., 110Pressey Hall, 1070Carmack Rd.,
Columbus,OH 43210-1002)
predict higher transition duration;discriminability.is, better That /do/ vs

/go/ discrimination not predictbetter/bo/ vs /wo/ discrimination. did
[Worksupported NIH.] by
laSC14. On the "locusequation"and its relation with the consonant
place articulation.Samir of Chennoukh, Carrd (Sig.Dept. Rend ENST,

46 Rue Barfault,75634 Paris,France),and Bjdrn Lindblom (Univ. of
Stockholm,S-10691 Stockholm,Sweden)
This studycompares uptake acoustic-phonetic the of information dur-
inglexical access younger in (20-30years) older and (55-70years) listeners determine thesegroups equallyefficientin utilizingthe to if are coarticulatory information VC transitions. in Examined wereplacecon-
trasts between (p/tand and stops p/k) fricatives and (s/. z/3),and manner
contrasts between and stops nasals and using gating (b/m d/n) the paradigm [Warren Marslen-Wilson, and Percept. Psychophys. 262-275(1987)]. 41,
Stimuliconsisted 21 pairsof CVC words of differing onlyin terms the of final consonant (e.g.,pot versus pop),Thesewordswere heardin their naturalor cross-spliced formsin whichthe initial CV of one word was appended theconsonant to offset itsmatch. of Gated versions each of word wereconstructed thebasis this 'isplicing" on of pointsuchthatthe first
gateincluded initial CV up to 100 mse the beforeend of the vowel and thenproceeded 20-msincrements in (gates included that portions voiceof lessstopclosure providingno additional acoustic information were elimi-
Thespecification consonant of articulation thelocus of the place from equation coefficients [Sussmanal., J.Acoust. Am.90, i256-1268 et Soc. (1991)] subject discussiofi. instance, is to For Fowler [Percept. Psychophys. 597-610(1994)] 55, claims these that coefficients vary can significantly withinhornorganic consonants.order study relation In to the betweenthesecoefficients placeof articulation, 1CV2 utterances and V were
stimulated using distinctive the region model three and different instants of initiating second the vowel: before acoustic the segment theconsonant, of.
at thebeginning thatsegment, of and,in the thirdcase,afterit. The results
show thatlinearlocus equations be acceptably can fittedto those conditions,but that their coefficients vary as a functionof the second vowel
onset. was notedthatthe locusequations sensitive degree It are to of consonant-vowel coarticulation. Also, wheny intercepts were plotted against associated the slopes a givenplaceandacross simulated for the
timingconditions, highlylinearrelationships wereobserved. Thustheco-
nated). Results be discussed terms possible will in of age-related decrementsin phonetic processing. [Work supported NIA.] by
efficients such of "second-order" equations constant a given locus stay for

place despite variations temporal coarticulatory in and conditions. Hence, for natural speech, "second-order" such parameters bea more might stable
place correlatethan first-ordercoefficients.
laSC12. cocktail The partyeffect infants.Peter Jusczyk in W. and

RochelleNewman (Dept. of Psych.,SUNY at Buffalo,Buffalo,NY
14260)
Mostresearch speech. on recognition infants by occurs quietlaboin ratoryroomswith no outside distractions. the real world may not But
resemble laboratory: the Much speech directedto infantsocturnwith om
laSC15. Influenceof the numberof syllables and tooroeon reaction
time in Japanese speech production... Shinobu Masakiand Kiyoshi

Honda (ATR HumanInformation Process. Res. Labs.,2-2 Hikaridai
3eika-cho, 3oraku-gun, Kyoto, 619-02 Japan)
peting acoustic signals. learnlanguage, To infants need followtheir to

care-givers' speech evenunder lessthanideallistening conditions. Infants'
abilities follow female to a speaker's when male voice a voice talking was
simultaneously examined. pilotstudies, were In infants presented two with competing streams fluentspeech of showed evidence recognizing no of words spoken the target by voice.In the present study, infants heard a targetvoicerepeating isolated words,while the second voicespoke flu-
In order estimate processing of Japanese to the unit speech production, theinfluence thenumber syllables morae reaction of of and on time(RT) in speech production analyzed. experiment RT wasmeasured was In 1, for one- four-morn to nonwords consisting of Japanese syllables only CV [ka]
or[to]. subjects Five produced stimulus assoon possible the words as after
visualonset signalwaspresented. wasdefined theduration RT as fromthe
entlyat either three of different loudness levels. Subsequently, infants

heardpassages produced the targetvoice usingeitherthe familiar by
words,or novelwords.Infantslistened longerto the familiar wordswhen the target voice was 10 or 5 dB louder, but not when the distractorwas equallyloud. This suggests infantscould separate two voices, that the
moment onset of signal presentationtherelease word-initial to of plosive

consonant. Results showed tendency RT to increase thenumber a for as of CV syllables increases. experiment stimulus In 2, wordsconsisted CV of
syllables vowels and without syllable-initial a consonant,CV syllables or and nasal sounds withoutsyllable-final Note [N] a vowel. that, Japanese, in
129th Meeting: Acoustical Societyof America 3242
3242
a vowelandnasal sound canbe amoralikea CV syllable. these [N] For

stimuli, RT wasnotinfluenced theincrease thenumber morae. the by of of These results suggests possibility a moroconsisting a CV syllable a that of
is the smallestsegment the processing of unit in Japanese speechproduction. However,tooroe consisting a singlevowel or nasalsound of cannot performas independent processing units.
laSCI9. Differential masking of individual words within a sentence. Theodore Bell (UCLA Schoolof Medicine,Head & Neck Surgery, S. 31-24 Rehabilitation Ctr., Los Angeles, CA 90024-1794)and Richard Wright (UCLA, LosAngeles, 90024-1543) CA
laSC16. Perceptual interaction of F1 and F0. Jose R. Benki (Linguist.Dept., Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst,MA 01003) While F1 is a primary perceptual correlateof vowel height, other dimensions vowels,suchas F0, covarywith FI in naturalspeech. of This studyinvestigates perceptual the interaction F0 andFI in backvowels of usingthe Garnerparadigm. Two factors hypothesized determine are to the interaction:the magnitudeof F I-FO and the locationsof the harmonics. FI and F0 are predicted integratenegativelyfor vowels in a threshold to
Threeexperiments tested effectiveness adjusting amplitude the of the of a noisemaskerto selectively alter intelligibilityof individualwords
within sentences. Stimulus sentences containedthree key words; all were
commonly usedand phonetically unique. speech-shaped A noisewas presented 65 dB SPL for all experiments. at The initial studytested12 listeners under two conditions: the noise level remained flat, or was attenu-
region(3.0 Bark <FI-F0<3.5 Bark), whereas subthreshold (FI-F0 <3.0 Bark)andsuprathreshold vowels (FI-F0>>3.0 Bark)arepredicted to showno interaction. Previous work [Benkiet al., J. Acoust. Soc.Am.
95, 2977(A)(1994)]suggests F1 andF0 donotinteract thethreshthat in

old regionbut integrate positively the suprathreshold in region.The predicted dependence thelocations theharmonics on of follows fromworkby Hughes Diehl[J. Acoust. and Soc.Am. 95, 2978(A)(1994)]showing that F I discriminability enhanced is whena harmonic nearnominalFl. To is assess these effects, CVC stimulirangingin F1 from 300-600 Hz andF0
from 90-120 Hz were presented listenersin the Garner baselineand to correlated classification tasks.A perceptual FO/F 1 spaceis inferredusing
ated6 dB underthe middlekey word.The speech presented 54 and was at 58 dB SPL. The middle key word improvedby as much as 30% (p <0.001), whileotherkey wordswereunaffected. the nexttwo experiIn ments,the noisewas either increased decreased 3 dB at a key word. or by In one,themanipulation at thefirstkey word,andin theotherwasat was the last key word. In both experiments, speech the was presented ten to listeners 56 dB SPL. The 3-rib incrementin noise significantly at de-
creased word'sintelligibility, the3-dBdecrease the and increased inthe telligibility (p<0.01) without affecting otherkey wordsin the sentence. This technique application reducing has in variabilityin sentence intelligibility and greatlyreducing perceptual dynamicrange.Implications for "all-or-none"contextualrecognition adverseconditions discussed. in are
laSC20. Pitch perception physiology and psychophysics a basis as
a detection-theory analysis theaccuracy of data.[Worksupported NSF by

and NIH.]
laSC17. Word frequency effects on the acoustic duration of
for the designof pitch detectionalgorithms. RobertA. Houde (RIT Res. Corp., 75 HighpowerRd., Rochester, NY 14623) and James Hillenbrand (Western MichiganUniv., Kalamazoo, 49008) MI The generation high-quality of speech with a source-filter vocoder depends a very greatextenton accurate to analysis source of parameters. After decades research, of even state-of-the-art pitchdetection algorithms tendto make grosserrorsin the analysis signals of that present diffino
culty for the humanlistener. thisstudya review of a broadrangeof pitch In detection algorithms wasundertaken, with particular attention the plauto sibilityof those algorithms relation whatis currently in to knownaboutthe
morphemes. Beth L. Losiewicz (Dept. of Psych.,Colorado College, Colorado Springs, 80901) CO The acoustic duration the Englishpasttense(ED) morpheme of was measured matched for high- and low-frequency verbs(e.g., KNEADED/ NEEDED). The ED on low-frequency verbswasof longeracoustic duration than the ED on matched high-frequency words.The rhymingportion
of the matched verbs also showeda lengthening effect for the lowfrequency words; contrast previous in to reports wordfrequency that does not affectwordacoustic duration [Geffenand Luszcz, Mere. Cogn.11,
13-15;Wright Mem.Cogn. 411-419].However, effect 7, this wasstatisticallyindependent the ED lengtheffect,andthe final phonetic of segment of a low-frequency monomorphemic stemwasnot longerin acoustic verb
psychophysicspitchperception theneural of and coding speech of signals. Our principal conclusion fromthisreviewis thatthemostplausible model is a time-domain pitchperception scheme proposed morethan4 decades
agobyLicklider C. R. Licklider, [J. Experientia 128-133(1951)], 7, and

extended more recentstudies. in The implications thesefindings of for source-filter vocoders will be discussed, an implementation the and of Licklidermodelusinglevel-crossing intervalhistograms be described. will
laSC21. Contribution of different frequency regions to detection of additive noisein vowels. MuralidharR. Kudumala (Electr.Eng.,Univ. of Oklahoma,OklahomaCity, OK 73170) and Bias Espinoza-Varas (Univ. Oklahoma Health Sciences Ctr., Oklahoma City, OK 73170)
duration a homophonous than segment a matched on high-frequency verb (e.g.,the/d/in KNEAD/NEED).Further, ED morpheme of longer the is
acoustic duration thana homophonous segment a nonverb in homophone
(e.g.,RAPPED/RAPT), earlier as reported the morpheme [Walsh for Isl

and Parker,J. Phon. 11, 201-206]. This set of evidencecorroborates a frequency-dependent dual-access processing theoryof linguisticmorphology: that high-frequency complexwordsare processed holisticallyand
low-frequency complex words processed are componentially Bybee, [cf.

Morphology (1985)].
laSC18. Adaptation in speechproduction to transformed auditory
feedback. JohnF. HoudeandMichaelI. Jordan (Dept.of Brain and Cognit. Sci.,MIT, 79 Amherst Cambridge, 02139) St., MA
This studyinvestigated abilityof the speech the production system to learnto compensate changes auditory for in feedback. setup The used for thiswasa DSP system transformed immediate that the feedback subject a received whenspeaking. system analyze subject's This can a speech a into formantlike representation, possibly alterit, andthenuseit to resynthesize
An important issuein audiocodingis the detection quantization of noisemasked speech. by This investigation examined how different frequency regions contribute thedetection broadband to of noise masked by a vowel. The vowelwassynthesized addition thefirst32 harmonics by of of a 200-Hz fundamental, with amplitudes appropriate to/i/. Broadband noisewas synthesized random-phase by addition the harmonics a of of
10-Hz fundamental that fall within the vowel bandwidth. Noise detection
thresholds measured a 2IFC taskwithanadaptive were in procedure (Levitt, 1971). Detectionthresholds were obtainedfor noise with spectrum
speech which fedback thesubject nonoticeable is to with delay(16 ms).

The first of the experiments investigated whethersubjects would learnto
compensate a change vowelidentity for in when producing CVC words. It

was found that compensatory articulationswere indeed learned, and that
envelope parallel thatof thevowel,andfor thesame to noise containing -6.0-dB spectral notches eitherof the following in bands: 0.2-0.5 (a) kHz; (b) 0.2-1.0 kHz; (c) 4.2-5.0 kHz; and(d) 4.7-5.0 kHz. Thresholds
obtainedin three highly trained li.qtener.q rangedfrom -27 to -32 dB
these persisted evenwhenno auditory feedback wasprovided. The findings suggest similarities betweenspeech and other sensorimotor tasks, suchas reaching, which also showsuchadaptation. Otherexperiments characterizing degree whichthiseffectgeneralizes the to across differing
word and vowel environments will also be presented.
(expressed terms noise-to-vowel in of power ratio). Threshold differences between spectral notch conditions small. were The results werecompared to predictions the excitation of pattern modelproposed Moore and by Glasberg [Hear.Res.28, 209-225 (1987)].[Worksupported OCASTby
HR4-064.]
3243
3243
laSCZ2. Toward understanding the role of formant transitionsfor distinctions stopsfrom glides. Sally G. Revoile,PeggyB. Nelson, of andLisa Holden-Pitt (Gallaudet Univ., Ctr. for Auditoryand Speech Sci., 800 Florida Ave.,N.E., Washington, 20002) DC
Our understanding incomplete the properties vowel formant is of of transitions that contribute distinctions voicedstopand glide consoto of
laSC25. Quantitative measures of envelope cues in speech recognition. Johnny Saade (Dept.of Elec.Eng.,Univ.of California, Los
Angeles and HouseEar Inst., Los Angeles, CA 90057), Fan-Gang Zeng, John Wygonski, J. Robert Shannon, V. Sigfrid Soli (House D. Ear Inst.,LosAngeles, 90057),and AbeerAlwan (Univ.of California, CA
Los Angeles, CA) A quantitative procedure derived evaluate relative is to the contribution of envelope cuesto speech recognition. Recognition dataof 16 consonants in the/aCa/form were collectedusingsignal-correlated noisestimuli in seven normal-heating listeners. Several distance measures werecalculated directlyfrom duration and amplitude the acoustic of envelope. One am-
nants speech. in Research appears haveestablished to some theimporof

tant transition cues for discernmentof bilabial synthetic stops versus
glides.However,the stop/glide transitions studied have typicallybeen morestylized thanthose foundin natural speech. This investigation examined importance transitions listeners' the of to identification initial of stops glides spoken/CVk/syllables. and in Performance assessed was for thestops glides and with progressive deletion segments thesylof from
lables'onsets. Bilabial andvelar stops and glidesas well as alveolarstops were tested in /Cbk/, ICokl, /Ca:k/ contextsto examine differencesin transitionuse among phonemeenvironments. Twelve normal-hearing
plitude distance measure theEuclidean was distance which wascomputed fromthesquared difference thesample-by-sample of amplitudes. secThe ondmeasure theenvelope was difference index (EDI) [Fortune al., Ear et Hear.15. 93-95 (1994)]which wascomputed theabsolute from valueof
the difference the sample-by-sample of amplitudes. multidimensional A scaling analysis used convert perceptual was to the confusion matriximo
a distance matrix and to normalize the different distance measures. Corre-
youngadultsparticipated listeners. general, as In whenthe initial stop bursts were deleted, F2 transition the frequency extentwas significantly correlated with subjects' consonant identification response patterns. That is, longer frequency F2 extents yieldeda higherpercentage glidereof sponses. addition, In shorter frequency F2 extents resulted a higher in proportion "no initialconsonant" of responses. NeitherF2 transition durationnor Fl transition duration/frequency extentsignificantly correlated with the subjects' consonant identifications.
1aSC23.The role of formant synchronyin the coherence vowels. of PeterC. Gordonand Erika Manning (Dept. of Psych.,Univ. of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3270)
The coherence vowelsas auditory of objects wasstudied comparing by identification thresholds noise synthetic in for vowelsounds (differing only
lationcoefficients werecomputed between differentdistance the measures and the perceptual data.Preliminaryanalysis datafrom six stopconsoof nantsshowedthat the consonant durationalone is sufficientto explainthe
perceptual (r=0.92). Although data Euclidean distance conveyed inless

formation(r=0.75) than duration,it was a bettermeasure than the EDI (r =0.31). Evaluation these of measures thefull 16consonant will be on set
discussed.
laSC26. Onset-sensitive time-frequencymasking and its application
to speechrecognition. Kiyoaki Aikawa (ATR Human Information Process. Labs.,2-2 Hikaridai,Seika-cho, Res. Soraku-gun, Kyoto,619-02 Japan) This paper proposes onset-sensitive an time-frequency masking mechanism orderto improve in dynamic feature extraction. Application of the proposed mechanism Japanese to 23-phoneme recognition usinghiddenMarkovmodels demonstrated onset-sensitive that MASP outperforms time-invariant MASP. MaskedSpectrum (MASP) [Aikawa et al., Proc.
in thecenter frequency a single of formant) identification to thresholds for

the distinctive formant presented isolation. in The bandwidth the noise of masker was limitedso that it only interfered with perception the disof tinctive formant.Thresholds accurately for identifyingthe vowel sounds were lower thanthosefor identifying isolated the formant. This demonstrates that vowel sounds cohere in the sense that unmasked formants
ICASSP93 668-671 (1993)]is a newspectral II, representation incorporatingtime-frequency forwardmasking hasbeenreported provide and to excellentperformance when used for speaker-dependent speakerand independent speech recognition. The maskingpatternproduction mechanismwaspreviously modeled a time-invariant by time-frequency filter,but the masking level risesat the onsets offsets a speech and in sound [T. Hirahara, Acoust.Soc.Jpn. El2 (2), 57-68 (1991); E. Miyasaka, J. J.
reduce masking a formant the of embedded noise. in The advantage a of complete vowel over an isolated formantappears depend the temto on poralalignment theformants. of Whentheonset thedistinctive of formant
coincides with the offset of the other formants, then listeners can still
identify the vowel soundin modestarnourns noise.However,in this of

case thresholds are not lower for vowel identifications than for identifica-
Acoust. Soc.Jpn.39 (9), 614-623 (1983)].This phenomenon suggests

that an adaptivemaskingmechanism effectivefor balancinginstantais neousand transitional spectral features depending vowelsor consoon nants.The maskingpattern is calculatedas the weighted sum of the smoothed preceding spectra obtained time-distance-dependent by spectral smoothing lifters.The maskinglevel is controlled the slopeof the by temporal contour the instantaneous of sound energy. The masked spectrum is obtained subtracting masking by the pattern from thecurrent spectrum. Onset-offset-sensitive maskingmodelsare alsoexamined.
1aSC27. Difference limens for vowel-vowel formant transitions.
tions of isolatedformants. This indicates that temporalsynchrony plays a
basicrole in the psychoacoustic coherence vowels. of 1aSC24. Dynamic and static propertiesof imaged speechsounds. DeborahA. Gagnon (Moss Rehab. Res. Inst., 1200 W. Tabor Rd.,
Philadelphia, 19141) PA
Thetypeof information stored memory speech in for sounds tested was using a primed, speeded classification task. The relationship between primeand targetwas variedin termsof phoneme constituency, phoneme order,or both.Primeswere presented eitherauditorally visually,allowor ing for a contrast between perceptual imagedspeech and codes. Two other manipulations were made to assess whetherthe temporalnatureof the stimuli,the stimulus quality,or possibly both,play a role in deterlnining imageability: timnil eithercontelned (1) atop(dynamically uci) fri or
William A. Ainsworth (Dept. of Commun.and Neurosci., Keele Univ., Keele,Staffordshire 5BG, UnitedKingdom) ST5 Seeond-formant transitions vowel-vowelutterances not always in are
of the> came duration as those of the first formcut md they often begin and
catire(relatively statically cued) consonants; (2) stimuli and wereeither

natural synthetic. or Inhibitoryeffectswerefoundwhenan auditoryprime was presented a 100-msISI, supporting at earlierevidence a positionfor ally specific perceptual speech code(Gagnon Sawusch, and 1992).It was alsofoundthatboththemanipulation thetypeof consonant of (stop versus
end at differentinstants. othercases formantfrequencies In the sometimes first move in a different directionfrom their final targets.In order to investigate whethertheseformantmovements perceptnelly are significant,
a number of diflrenee limens for formant transitions have been measured
fricative) present thetargelandthequMityof thestimulus (natural in set versus synthetic) an effecton imageability, had supporting a temporal both nature(Surprenant, 1992) and stimulus quality account imageability. of
These results will be discussed within Grant R01 DC00219 to SUNY the context of current theories of and Mark Diamond Research
memory, imagery, and speech perception. [Work supported NIDCD by

at Buffalo
for synthesized versions the vowel pair lal-lil. It was foundthat difligrof encesin durationbetweenthe first- and second-formant transitions up to of 70 ms were not perceived. wasalsofoundthatdelaysbetween starts It the and ends of the first and secondtransitionsof up to 50 ms were not perceived. Theseresultssuggest that the differences durations in and delays between firstand second the formants foundin naturalvowel-vowel
Fundgrantto Deborah Gaghon.] A. 3244 d. Acoust.Soc. Am., Vol. 97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995
utterances unlikely be of perceptual are to significance. [Worksupported by EC Science Coutract SC1-CT92-0786.]

129th Meeting:Acoustical Societyof America 3244
laSC28. Female alaryngeal speech enhancement for improved speaker identification using linear predictive synthesis. RenettaG. Tull, JanetC. Rut/edge, and JerryJ. Mahler (Elec. Eng./Comput. Sci. Dept.,Northwestern Univ., Evanston, 60208) IL
IASC31. Perception of
voice-onset-time cued by articulatory
information. David R. Williams (Sensimetrics Corp.,26 Landsdowne St., Cambridge, 02139) MA This paperpresents results a first perceptual of assessment VOT of continua synthesized usingarticulatory ratherthan acoustic parameters. The research employedSensimetrics' HLSYN synthesis system,which embodies articulo-acoustic of speech an model production N. Stevens [K. and C. A. Bickley,J. Phon.19, 161-174 (1991)].The system permits time-varying controlof fundamental frequency, vocal-tract shape,and of glottal,oral,andnasal orificesizes; calculated aerodynamic quantities provide the basis estimating for KLSYN88 synthesizer source parameters. Six 10-member VOT continua (/ba/-/pa/,/da/-/ta/,/ga/-/ka/,/bi/-/pi/,/di/-/ til,/gi/-/ki/) wereconstructed varying glottaladduction by the trajectory sothatvoicingonset occurred 15, 30..... or 135 msafteroral release. 0, In
Linearpredictive synthesis applied femalealaryngeal was to speech as an enhancement techniqueto reducegenderambiguityduring speaker identification. Esophageal speech, form of alaryngealspeech a resulting
from the removal of the larynx due to cancer, perturbsthe theoretical acoustic modelsfor laryngealspeech. This form of pathological speech alsochanges expected the spectral characteristics affectsperception. and The femaleesophageal speaker's fundamental low frequency oftencauses herto be identified a malespeaker as overtelephone lines.The errors made
in speaker identification be reduced obtaining can by vocaltractparametersof the aperiodic, esophageal speechinput from a linear predictive
coding (LPC) modelandresynthesizing LPC prediction the coefficients

using appropriate an pitchperiodthatis bettersuited femalevoice.This for enhancement technique was implemented usingthe TMS320C30 floating pointdigitalsignalprocessor fromTexasInstruments. implementation This supports potentialof a portableprocessor enhances perceptual the that the quality of the female alaryngealvoice and improvesthe input speech signal usedby both humanlistenersand automaticspeechand speakeridentification systems. laSC29. Vocal tract simulations based on fluid dynamic analysis.
addition, peak two glottal openings 30mm were (18, 2) tested; for/a/,rate
of oral release wasalsovaried(slow,fast). Subjects ratedthe "goodness" of the CVs as exemplars the appropriate of voiceless stopon a ten-point scale. general, In subjects preferred longer VOTs for velarsthanfor labials.
For alveolars, longer VOTs were preferred before/i/than before/a/. Effects of peak glottal openingand oral releaserate on VOT preferences werenegligible. The results discussed are relativeto traditional findings for
acoustically defined VOT continua. [Worksupported NIMH.] by

laSC32. A computationallyefficient articulatory synthesizer. Jacob Reel, James Chang,and Abeer Alwan (Dept. of Elec. Eng., 66-147E Engr.IV, UCLA, 405 Hilgard Ave.,LosAngeles, 90095) CA In this study,a computationally efficientarticulatory synthesizer that
G. Richard, Liu, D. Sinder, Duncan, Lin, J. Flanagan(Rutgers M. H. Q. Univ.--CAIP Ctr., Piscataway, 08855-1390), S. Levinson (AT&T NJ Bell Labs.,MurrayHill, NJ 07974), D. Davis,andS. Simon (General Dynamics, Groton, 06340) CT
An alternateapproach speechsynthesis to basedon direct numerical
circuitsimulator SPICE is developed. synThe solution Navier-Stokes of (NS) and Reynolds-averaged-Navier-Stokes utilizesthepopularanalog thesizer uses transmission-line a analog modelof the vocaltract.An analog (RANS) equations described. is Unlike the traditional methods based on model manyadvantages digitalrepresentations: Sidebranches has over (1) linearacoustic theory,the NS and PANS formulations not limitedby are the assumptions linearity,negligibleviscouseffects,and plane-wave of propagation. The expectedresultsare high-qualitysynthesis and a new parametrization speechfor applications automaticrecognitionand of in low bit-ratecoding resulting from a parsimonious modeling articulatory of shapes dynamics. the present and In formulation,the Navier-Stokesequationsarediscretized solved and usinga finite-difference method. initial An applicationinvolvesa 2-D simulationof flow throughideal channels (straight,dilating,and constricting tubes)with rigid walls and constant boundary conditions (constant flow velocityat inlet,zeropressure outat let). As expected thesesimplegeometries, resonance for the frequencies correspond thosepredicted linearacoustics. a second to by In application, the formulation applied the geometry thethreecardinal is to of vowels. For these cases, periodic inflowboundary conditions alsoused(a trainof are (needed modeling for nasals and/I/) can be simulated easilyby additional transmission in parallel;(2) drive-dependent lines sources, any location, at could be added; and (3) the number of sectionscan be varied without changing samplingrate, as is the casewith a digital synthesizer. the A computer interface, usingMATLAB, is developed such thattheinputto the synthesizer be specified termsof the areafunction the vocaltract can in of
short pulses represent to vocal cordexcitation). Synthetic speech sounds of encouraging quality obtained thethree are for vowels. [Research supported by NSF/ARPA IRI-9314946 ARPADAST 63-93-C-0064.] and
laSC30. Removal of phase distortion from vowel-like signals.
andthetypeandlocation dependent independent of or sources (voltage or current.) simulating transfer By the function the vocaltract,transient of and steady-state responses generated. are Using Fant'svowel area functions(1960), vowelswere synthesized with their first four formantfrequencies almostidentical thosegivenby Fant.The feasibilityof impleto mentingthe analogsynthesizer usingmodemICs, suchas the gyratorbased inductancesimulator and switchedcapacitorfilter circuits, is
assessed.
laSC33.
Identification of
vowels resynthesized from
/hVd/
Kenton ShipIcy, A. alCasey Winkel, P G. Vaidya(Dept. Mech. R. and of

andMater.Eng.,Washington StateUniv., Pullman, WA 99164)
In thispaper, specific types signals considered. generate of are To these
utterances: Effectsof formant contour. James Hillenbrand (Speech Pathok Audiok, and Western Michigan Univ.,Kalamazoo, 49008) MI
The purpose thisstudywasto examine role of formant of the frequency movements vowel recognition. in Measurements fundamental of frequency
and formant contours were taken from a database of acoustic measure-
signals, beginwithx(t)=A cos[wt+qb(t)],where andw areconwe A

stants, 4fit) is a function time generated a random but of by walk.The other stepto generate final signalis to pass the x(t) through nonlinear a filter suchthat,were 4fit) to be constant outputwouldbe of simpleharmonthe
ics at w, 2w, 3w, etc. However, since x(t) is nonstationary, the output
mentsof 1668 /hVd/ utterances spokenby 45 men, 48 women,and 46
children [Hillenbrand el., J. Acoust. et Soc.Am. 97 (in press)]. totalof A

300 utterances were selected from this database, representing equal numbersof 12 vowels(i,t,e,e,a,a,v,o,u,u,^,) approximately and equal numbers of tokensproduced men, women,and children.Listeners by were
signal,say y(t), would also be nonstationary. would be shownthat It human vowelsignals seemto follow thisnonlinear pattern. is of interest It
to remove modify) phase (or the distortion to therandomness4,(t). due of Thishasbeen accomplished using different by two methods. uses One the
trans-spectral coherence technique [P.O. aidyaand M. J. Anderson, I. Acoust. Soc.Am. 89, 2370-2378 (1991)] andthe otheruses complex the FFF components a manner in similarto a rigidbodyrotation dynamics. in Thesemethods havebeenusedto produce bothdistortion-free highly and
asked identify to three versions each of utterance: theoriginal, (l) naturally produced signal, a formant-synthesized (2) version followed meathat the
sured contour of FI-F3. and (3) a formant-synthesized version with
FI-F3 fixedat theirsteady-state values. Preliminary results indicate: (l) the originalsignals identified are with substantially greater accuracy than
eitherof the synthetic versions, (2) thesynthetic and signals follow the that original formantcontours are identifiedwith greateraccuracy than the
flat-formantsignals.
modulated versions a given from human vowel signal. aNow Martin at

Marietta, Knolls Atomic Power Labs, Schenectady, NY.
3245
3245
1aSC34. Speech synthesis basedon an overlap-add sinusoidal model. MichaelW. MaconandMark A. Clements (Dept.of Elec. andComput. Eng.,Georgia Inst.of Tech., Atlanta, 30332) GA
IASC37. Toward automatic segmentation and syllabification of dysarthricspeech. Guangsbeng ZhangandH. TimothyBunnell (Univ. of Delaware,Dept. of Linguist.,and SpeechProcess. Lab, A. 1. dupont Inst., 1600Rockland Wilmington, 19899) Rd., DE
A general framework waveform for synthesis a concatenation-based in A programhasbeendeveloped which usesheuristic processing the of text-to-speech system presented. is Naturalspeech segmented subis into outputof a neuralnetworkto locatesyllableboundaries connected in wordunitsandanalyzed using iterative an analysis-by-synthesis procedure speech. neural The network attempts broad a segmental category) (8 clasoriginally presented [E. B. George M. J. T Smith, AudioEng. in and J. siftcation. is followed a program This by whichlocates syllable boundaries Sec. 40, 497-516 (1992)]. Synthesis thenperformed an efficient is by usingphonelogical constraints the pattern networkclassifications and of overlap-add resynthesis modification and method. This method eliminates overtime.On testdataconsisting 150sentences of (about1800syllables) the needfor precise, hand-corrected pulsemarking analysis pitch in {as from the TIMIT database, this programcorrectlyidentifiesbetween83% required some in other popular concatenation methods), incorporating by a and 88% of the syllableboundaries (depending the errorcriteria),inon
pitch pulse onset timeestimation function based [R. J. McAnlay T. on and
F. Quatieri,Proc.ICASSP, 1713-1715 (1986)]. The sinusoidal modelis capableof natural-sounding pmsodic modificationof both continuous speech concatenated and segments, making an idealcandidate appliit for cationin a T17S system. Furthermore, modelprovides a computathe for tionally tractible conceptually and simple decoupling various of properties of thespeech signal, making anexcellent it platform other for transformationsof the synthesized speech. 1aSC35. Generating gestural scoresfrom articulatory data using temporal decomposition.Michael J. Collins,StanleyC. Ahalt, and Ashok K. Irishnamurthy{Dept. of Elec. Eng., The Ohio StateUniv.,
Columbus,OH 43210)
cludingsyllables bounded sorterant by consonants syllables and containing syllabicconsonants. This programis now being applied to the identification of syllable boundaries speechfrom talkers with cerebralpalsy.In in
preliminary analyses 20 sentences tendysarthric of from talkers (140 syllables)only 12 boundary omissions occurred. However, sincedysarthric speech oftencontains hesitations, falsestarts, and extraneous noises, assessing boundary insertion errorsis moredifficult;about50 boundary
insertions occurred. Roughly2/3 of theserepresented instances which in the talker inserted additionalsyllabicfeatures into the speech. Further studies will examinemethods reducing numberof these"uninfor the
tended" boundaries ideatitled the algorithm. by [Worksupported the by

Nemours Foundation.]
1aSC38. Adding articulatory features to acoustic features for automaticspeechrecognition. Igor Zlokarnik (LosAlamosNatl. Lab., C1C-3,MS B256, Los A!amos,NM 87545)
Through empirical investigations, automatic the generation gestural of scores articulatory for datacorresponding consonant-vowel-consonant to (CVC) tokenswasstudied. The articulatory dataconsist the movements of of flesh points measured using x-raymicrobeam, is first"warped" an and
to resemble the vocal tract variables of constriction location and constric-
A hidden-Markov-model (HMM) based speech recognition system was

evaluated that makesuseof simultaneously recorded acoustic and articulatopj data. The articulatorymeasurements were gatheredby meansof electromagnetic articuiography describe movement smallcoils and the of fixed to the speakers' tongueand jaw during the production German of
tion degree. The multichannel warpeddataare thenanalyzed usingtemporaldecomposition. resulting The targetfunctions providecandidates for gestures, from whichthe bestcandidates chosen are statistically examby ining the magnitudes the elementsof their associated of reconstruction weights.Onsetand durational analysis the candidate of targetfunctions resultin the gestural score.Humanand Elman Recurrent Neural Network recognition testsare performed ascertain accuracy the generated to the of gestural scores. Comparisons "correct"gestural with scores alsoperare formed. The results thisworkshould of provide stepping a stone future for acoustic and aniculatory basedrecognizers employingthe samestrategy. 1aSC36. Layered language understander: A speech recognition
VCV2 sequences HooleandS. Gfoerer, Acoust. [P. J. Sec.Am. Suppl.1 87, S123(1990)].UsingIhecoordinates thecoil positions an articuof as
latoryrepresentation, acoustic and articulatory features were combined to makeup an acoustic-articulatory featurevector. The discriminant power of this combinedrepresentation was evaluatedfor two subjectson a speaker-dependent isolatedword recognition task. When the articulatory measurements were usedboth for trainingand testingthe HMMs, the articulatory representation capableof reducing errorrate of comwas the parable acoustic-based HMMs by a relativepercentage morethan60%. of In a separate experiment, articulatory the movements duringthe testing phasewere estimated usinga multilayerperceptton that performed an acoustic-to-articulatory mapping. Under these more realistic conditions, whenarticulatory measurements only availableduringthe training,the are error rate couldbe reduced a relativepercentage 18% to 25%. by of
1aSC39. Vocal tract normalization in speech recognition: Compensating for systematic speaker variability. Jordan Cohen (CCR-IDA, Princeton,NJ), Terri Karore, and Andreas G. Andteen (Johns HopkinsUniv., Baltimore,MD 21218)
system usinglayeredabduction. KevinA. Lenzo (ATR Interpreting

Telecomman. Res. Labs., Dept. 3, 2-2 Hikaridai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto, 619-02 Japan), John Josephson,Osamu Fujimura, and Christopher Bailey-Kellogg (Ohio StateUniv., Columbus, 43210) OH A speech recognition system underdevelopment whicha generalis in purposeinferenceengine for natural languageprocessing loaded with is domainknowledge anda preprecessing periphery that allowsfor the integration of prosedit information.Processing takes place in well-defined layers, in which resultsat one level of abstraction becomedata to be explained hypotheses the next, usinga layered-abduction by in inference
mechanism allowsfor integration bothtop-down that of and bottom-up

information R. Josephson S. G. Josephson, [J. and eds.,AbductireInference:Computation, Philosophy, Technology (Cambridge P., 1994)].The U. hypothesis types and their interactions are based upon the converter/ distributor modelof phonetic implementatiou O. Fujimura,"Syllable [ Timing Computation the C/D Model," Proceedings the Third Interin of
The performance speech of recognition systems oftenimproved is by

accountingexplicitly for sourcesof variability in the data In he RWITC't-I-
BOARD corpus, studied duringthe 1994 CA1Pworkshop [Frontiers in Speech Processing Workshop CAIP (August1994)],an attempt II, was
madeto compensate the systematic for variabilitydue to differentvocal tractlengths variousspeakers. method of The founda maximumprobability parameter each speakerwhich mappedan acousticmodel to the for meanof the models takenfrom a homogeneous speaker population. The underlying acoustic modelwasthat of a straight tube,and the parameter
national Conference Spoken on Language Processing (1994)]. Eachhypothesis annotated is with a numerical magnitude is usedin computing that a "prosodic contour"for the overallutterance, which aids in the generation of expectations, implications, knowledge whichhypotheses and of can account whatdata.Preprecessing for events explained thefeatures, are by which,in turn,are explained hypotheses the demisyllabic by at layer,the syllabic layer,and,finally,by the word-level hypotheses.
estimation accomplished warping spectrum eachspeaker was by the of linearly overa 20%range (actually accomplished digitally by resampling the data),andfinding maximum posterJori the a probability the data of giventhewarp.The technique produces statistically significant improvementsin accuracy a speech on transcription usingeachof four diftask
3246
3246
femntspeech recognition systems. The bestparametrizations later were foundto correlate well with vocaltractestimates computed manually from
spectragrams.
voicesource thevocaltract.Preliminary and results adaptive of mimicking
using TRACTTALKare presented discussed. and [Work supported by ARPAContract #DAST63-93-C-0064.]
IASC40. Use of TRACTTALK for adaptive voice mimic. Qiguang
Lin, GaelRichard, Jingyun Zou,DanSinder, James and Flanagan(CAIP Ctn, Rutgers Univ., Piscataway, 08855-1390) NJ
Variousspeech-processing technologies necessitate parametrization of the speech waveform. Cepstmm coefficients (including their derivatives and variants)are to date commonly usedin speech and speaker recognition. This paperseeksmore compact parametric description speech of
laSC41. Effects of syllable duration on syllable-final stop-glide perception humansand monkeys. JoanM. Sinnott (Comparative by HearingLab, Psych.Dept., Univ. So. Alabama,Mobile, AL 36688), Melissa Borneman, PaulA. Dagenais (Univ. So.Alabama, A. and Mobile,
AL 36688) Humansand monkeyswere compared their perception phoneme in of boundary shiftsalongtwo synthetic syllable-finalstop-glide/bob/-boU/
information based theadaptive on voice mimic [Flanagan al., J.Acoust. et Soc. Am.68, 780-791(1980)]. Themimic system utilizes articulatoryan
based speech synthesizer generate to synthetic speech, whichis adapted to arbitraryspeech input.The perceptually weightedspectral difference betweenthe input and synthesized speech next minimizedby optimizing is the underlying articulatory parameters until the difference drivenbelow is a predetermined level. The resultant representation, adaptedmomentby moment,providesefficient parametrization the signal informationby of whichthe problems speech of synthesis, speech recognition, low bitand
continua differing inoverall syllable duration vs320 Humans (150 ms).

were first testedwith a written identification procedure and showeda boundary shift to longertransition durations with increased syllableduration,aspreviously reported theliterature syllable-initial in for stop-glide
/bo-wo/ data.Humans ahd'monkeys werethentested with a lowuncertaintydiscrimination procedurebut showed liale evidenceof a sensory-level discontinuity underlying identifiedboundaries: the Instead sensitivity appeared follow Weber'slaw. Finally,bothhumanand monto keyswere testedwith a go/no-goidentification procedure specifically designedfor monkeys. Both species clearly showedthe shift effect, but quantitative differences emerged between species weregenerally the that consistent with comparative psychoacoustic measures temporaldisof
ratespeech coding coalesced a compact are into framework. thispaper, In

an articulatoryspeechsynthesizer, TRACITALK, is first described. TRACTTALK simulates vocal tract basedon principles linear the of acoustics incorporates and features whichincludeinteraction between the
crimination. [Worksupported NIDCD.] by
TUESDAY
AFTERNOON,
30 MAY
1995
RENAISSANCE
WEST A, 1:00 TO 5:35 P.M.
SessionlpAO
Acoustical Oceanography: OceanAcoustic Tomography: Observingthe Oceanin the 1990slI

Bruce M. Howe, Cochair
AppliedPhysics Laboratory,University Washington, of 1013 N.E. 40th Street,Seattle,Washington 98105
B.Edward McDonald, Cochair

Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, 20375 DC
Chair's
Introduction--l:00
Invited Paper
1:15
lpAO1. What acoustictomographycan tell us about the state of the ocean:Theoreticalconsiderations.RobertN. Miller
(College Oceanic Atmos. of and Sci.,Oregon State Univ.,Corvallis, 97330) OR

Acoustic tomographic consist line integrals sound data of of speed along paths. community littleexperience line ray The has with
integral andmost themethods mapping data, of for oceanic properties fordataassimilation combining and (i.e., observed with data results fromdynamical models) been have designed tested point and with measurements in mind. thiswork,thetools estimation In of theory were used investigate potential reconstructing series oceanic to the for time of pressure density and fields assimilationline by of integral intoa simple data ocean model. Under ideal conditions, noise-free andocean with data dynamics given exactly a simple by combination linearwaves, of time series integral of quantities alongthe edges diagonals a square and of arrayare sufficient to
determine series amplitudes large time of ofa collection ofwaves, ofwhose most wavelengths are much shorter the than length the of
edge thearray. of Simulation experiments performed investigate consequences were to the of imperfect, possibly nonlinear dynamical
oceanmodelsand noisydata.
3247
3247
ContributedPapers
2:10
lpAO2, Testing a regional ocean model using acoustic travel time

observations. Brace D. Comuelle, Peter E Worcester, David B.
lpAO4. A 4-D view of convectionby assimilation of acoustic and
Chester (Scripps of Oeeanogr., Inst. Univ.of California SanDiego,La at

Jolla, CA 92093), Brian D. Dushaw,and Brace M. Howe (Univ. of
classical measurements. Galliard,Y. Desaubies(Lab.de Phys.des F. Oc6ans, IFREMER,BP 70, 29280Plouzan6, France), U. Send, andE Schott (IFM, 2300Kiel, Germany)
Acoustic tomogmphy beenappliedto observation winterconhas of veerion the Gulf of Lion duringthe THETIS-I experiment in conducted duringthe 1991-92 winterby a European group(I]FM Kiel. IFREMER Brest, IACM Heraklion). global and A analysis all types temperature of of measurements collected duringTHETIS 1 will be presented. Data issued fromtemperature sensors, thermistor chains, CTD havebeenmerged and with the tomographic measurements orderto recoverthe time evolution in of the full 3-D temperature field. The methodrelies on inversion and
Washington, Seattle, 98105-6698) WA TheAcoustic Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment (AMODE) measured

time series reciprocal of acoustic traveltime and temperature with a 700km-diam array of six mooringssouthof Bermudaduring 1991-1992. Time-independent inversions give a seriesof snapshots the barotropic of and barocliniceddy field. Observations taken at different times can be combined, using dynamical a ocean model, generate to improved estimates of the evolving eddy field, provided that the model is accurate.The AMODE observations have been used to test a nonlinear. quasigeostrophie, limited-area ocean modelby attempting fit a long-term to dataset, andby initializingthe modelwith a 'training'dataset thenpredicting and forward timefor comparison datanotused theinitialization. in to in Using an rms error measure misfitbetween observations the predicted of the and data, the model prediction has 40% less error than persistence over 12 days, and about20% lesserror than persistence over 24 days.The extent
to which the data misfit is sensitiveto external model parameters,sochas the radius of deformationor viscosity,allows the parameters be optito
Kalman filtering methods. canbe considered a newsteptoward It as

"observation systems." Monitoring the wholeareaduringthe "preconof ditioning" phase shows influence surface the of cooling the vertical on stratification. effectis inhomogeneous the situation This and evolves with
time, influenced horizontaladvection. by The relative importance surof face forcingand advection responsible the intermittent is for natureof convection whichhappens with differentintensity from year to year.After convection, behaviorof the mixed water chimneyand the evolutionof the the verticalprofiletowardthe initial stateis documented.
2:25
mized to give maximumpredictability, also givesa measure how and of
wellthemodel been has tested thedataset. by [Worksupported ONR.] by

1:55
lpAOS. Evolution of the large-scale emperature field in the
Greenland during Sea 1988-89 fromtomographic measurements.

Werner L. Morawitz, M. Peter Worcester, F. Bruce Cornuelle(Scripps D. Inst.of Oceanogr., Univ.of California SanDiego,La Jolla,CA 92093), at PhilipJ. Sutton (New Zealand Oceanogr. Inst.,Kilbirnie,Wellington, New Zealand), James Lynch (Woods F. Hole Oceanogr. Inst.,Wooers Hole,MA 02543),and Richard Pawlowicz(Inst.of Ocean Sci.,Sidney.
BC. Canada)
lpAO3.. Assimilating tomographic travel time data using an open

ocean circulation model. Chris G. Waiter, Bruce M. Howe, JamesA.
Mercer (Appl.Phys. Lab.,Univ.of Washington, Seattle, 98105),and WA Robert Miller (Oregon N. StateUniv.)
Observing predicting ocean's and the meso-scale circulation presents a formidabletask for oceanographers. Ocean acoustic tomography uses
travel times between acoustic sources and receivers to measure the ocean's
low wave-number sound speed (temperature) current and fields.Experimentsare being performedwith simulatedoceandata to determinethe relative effectiveness tomographic pointmeasurementsconstrainof and in ing a numerical circulation model.The primarytool is data assimilation, i.e., .anoptimized combination modeloutputandobservations. of Relative
weightsof observation modeloutputare basedon a priori estimates and of
the model and observation error covariance. Results from identical twin
Moored thermistor, hydrographic. and tomographic measurements havebeen combined using least-squares inverse methods study evoto the lutionof the 40 km andlargerthree-dimensional temperature field in the Greenland during Sea winter1988-89. In February, sub-surface the ternperature maximum around at 200-m depthdisappears a largearea. over
Upper waterswarm aroundthis time, while intermediate waterscool, con-
sistent withvertical mixing. chimney A structure reaching depths excess in of 1000m is observed thesouthwest thegyrecenter to of during March.
The chimneyhas a spatialscaleof about50 kin. a fime scaleof about l0
simulations usingtomographic point measure. and meatsare presented. In the twin experiment, assimilation two schemes examined, in which are one the estimated modelerror covariance fixed (optimalinterpolation) is and
anotherin which a Monte Carlo [G. Evensen, Geophys. 1. Res. 99, l0 143-10 162 0994)] method usedto estimate modelerroreovais the
riancedynamically. Errorstatistics theenergyandflux fieldsare usedto of quantifythe performance eachobservation updating for and scheme. The number measurements of required achievea targeterrorlevel is estito
days,and breaksup in about3-6 days.A one-dimensional verticalheat balance adequately describes changes totalheatcontent the chimney in in regionfrom autumn1988 until the time of chimneybreak-up. simple A one-dimensional mixed layer model is successful reproducing to in fall winter bulk temperature salinitychanges, well as the observed and as evolution themixedlayer. of The estimated annual deepwaterproduction
ratein theGreenland for 1988-89isabout l Sverdrups, Sea 0. comparable

to thedecreased production ratessince1983derived fromtracermeasure-
mated eachmethod. for [Worksupported ONR andby the Strategic by Environmental Research Development and Program through ARPA.]
ments. [Worksupported NSFandONR.] by

Break
2:40-2:55
Invited Paper
2:55
lpAO6. Basin-scale tomography in the western Mediterranean.
Uwe Send (Inst. f/Jr Meereskundean der Univ. Kiel,
Dfisterubrooker 20, 24105Kiel, Germany) Wes
Aninternational acoustic tomography experiment been had deployed thewestern in Mediterranean January october from to 1994. Seven transceivers spanned region the between France, Algeria, Balestic the Islands, Sardinia/Corsica. basin and The (maximum range 600 km)was"illuminated" a single by HLF-5source, remaining the sources a shorter had range could but communicate their with neighbors. Extensive hydrographic measurements analysis historical accompanied observations, and of data the includinglarge-scale a
J. Acoust.Soc. Am., Vol. 97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995 129th Meeting:Acoustical Societyof America
3248
survey during deploymentrecovery a 2-weekly section the and and XBT along main transmission Some went path. paths along/through complicated topography, in additionshipboard and a acoustic survey carried tostudy propagation shallow was out the into water. All instruments remained operational theentire for period, 6 ofthe7 had100% and return received Thereceptions a high of data. show
S/Nratiowithwell-resolved arrivals agree withacoustic that well propagation predictions. seasonal The variation thetravel of times appears bea good to measure thecycle thelarge-scale content. 3-D basin-averaged of of heat The temperature is estimated have to anaccuracy 3%-4% of theseasonal of amplitude.system this, A like installed shore-cabled with instruments, bea valuable should tool
for monitoring interannual climate-scale and watermass variability.
Contributed Papers
3:20
lpAO7. Characteristics signals recorded near shore in the of Mediterranean duringtheTHETIS 2 experiment.Y. Desaubies (Lab.
travel time/RD therange-dependent in channel differs fromthetravel time tp,through range-averaged the channel. raytheoretical In regime, warm a bias (rRD</RA) been has found mesoscale ingeneral. this for eddy In paper,
numerical simulation of modal travel time showsthat there is a "cold" bias
de Phys. Ocdans, des IFREMER, 70, 29280 BP Plouzan& France), T.

Terre (LPO/IFREMER), B. Faure (CEPHAG, Grenoble), and F.
Gaillard (LPO/IFREMER)
Most of the westernMediterranean coastis characterized a narrow by
(IRD>IRA) caused mesoscale in mode by eddy theory regime. [Work supported ONR,ARPA, NOAA.] by and
shelfandsteep rise.Thusit should fairlyeasyto install be sources and/or receivers cabled shore permanent to for acoustic monitoring the basin. of The studyof the feasibilityof this optionwas one of the goalsof the THETIS 2 project. Results a ship-borne of acoustic survey over the continental will be presented. rise Signals wererecorded 26 stations, at openingup in range, withan 8-channel vertical array. Several thereceptions of implementedsynthetic a aperture arrayconcept. Whereavailable, rethe sultswill be compared thoseobtained French to at Navy, fixed hydrophones locations, particular, longtimeseries a single in a at shallow water hydrophone. [Worksupported EC/MASTandIFREMER.] by
4:05
lpAO10. Ocean structure inversion by horizontal refraction tomography.A. G. Voronovich E. C. Shang (CIRES,Univ.of and
Colorado/NOAA/Environ. Technol.Lab., 325 Broadway,Boulder,CO 80303)
3:35
lpAO8. Large-scale circulation and variability in the northwest Atlantic as determined by long-range reciprocal acoustic
transmissions. David B. Chester, Peter F. Worcester, Bruce D.
Cornuelle(Scripps of Oceanogr., Inst. Univ.of California SanDiego, at

La Jolla, CA 92093), and Brian D. Dushaw (Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105)
Numerical simulations thehorizontal for refraction tomography (HRT) proposed previously G. Voronovich E. C. Shang, Acoust. [A. and J. Soc. Am. 95, 2851(A) 0994)] wereconducted. HRT is based measurements on of horizontal refraction angles (HRA) related different to acoustic modes. HRAaremeasured thehelp twodistant with of ocean interferometers (each one consists a pair of long moderesolving of verticalarraysseparated about km apart). signal produced tonal 10 The is by towed acoustic source. Bothmodeleddyandreal oceanic eddyof 100kmx100 km scale measured Canary in Basin wereused simulations. 3-D tomography for The
inversion proceededtwostages: retrieving values propagation in (1) the of

constants theknots a horizontal in of rectangular greed (linear2-D problem)and(2) reconstruction sound-speed of the profile (SSP)in each knot (l-D nonlinear problem). to 81 values propagation Up of constants for
each mode were retrieved in both cases.Then SSP were calculated in each
Reciprocal acoustic transmissions analyzed determine genare to the eral circulation the regionbetween of Bermuda and Puerto Rico. Six tomographic transceivers moored were fromMarch1991to March1992in the regioncentered 25N, 66W duringthe Acoustic at Mid-OceanDy-
namics Experiment (AMODE).Large-scale range averages (over300 to

700 km sections) temperature velocityand large-scale of and arealaver-
knotwiththehelpof a special invariant-imbedding procedure. based With error-free simulated HRA data,SSPswereexactlyreconstructed. efThe fectof errors tomography on inversion requirementstheaccuracy and to of
phase measurements also were estimated. supportedONR.] [Work by
ages relative of vorticity have been estimated through inversion tombgof raphic travel timedata. Thebarbtropic firstbaroclinic and mode well are resolved theacoustic by sampling, poorer with resolution the second of
barbclinic mode.The 300-daymeancirculation the regionindicates of a
band of westward flow of a few cm/s in the surface and thermocline
4:20
waters. activeand resolvable An mesoscale eddy field is present, with variability typically dominated motions by withspatial scales 100-200 of
km, andwitha general westward of mesoscale features. drift eddy The 5-260, Honolulu,HI 96816) and B. Sotirin (NCCOSC-NRaD, San tombgraphic observations beencombined a quasi-geostrophic have with Diego,CA 92152)
numerical oceanmodelto furtherinvestigate eddy kinematics the rein
lpAOll. Ocean tomography via matched-field processing.A. Tolstoy (integrated Performance Decisions, 4224 Waialae Ave., Ste.
gion. Themodel used is both evaluate evolution thebarbtropic to the of

and baroclinic flow field, and to illustrate utility of tombgraphic the data
forconstraining a quasi-geostrophic [Work model. supportedONR.] by
3:50
lpAO9.Acoustic traveltimebiases caused mesoscale by eddy. E.C.

$hang.Y. Y. Wang.and A. G. Voronovich (CIRES. Univ. of Colorado/
NOAA/Environ. Technol. Lab., Boulder, CO 80303) Smaller scale fluctuations can be smooth-outby taking a long range
The tombgraphic determination 4-D ocean of sound speeds depends upon nature thesystem the of design, analysis the technique, upon and the resources for generating measuring acoustic used and the fields sampling theocean region interest. of Matched-field tomography recently has been proposed a high-resolution potentially as method Capable synoptically of imaging ocean regions large 1000by 1000km withrmsaccuracies as as less than m/s[A. Tolstoy, Comput. 1 J. Acoust. 1-10 (1994)]. 2(1), However,all results datefor the determination deepoceansound-speed to of
profileshave been simulated. major drawbackto the actual implemenA
tation thetechnique been requirement several (1000m) of has the for long vertical arrays these and arrays havebeen neither affordable readily nor
available. New technology on the vergeof producing is relatively inexpensive, air-deployable, lightweight versions these of arrays suggesting
propagation under linearized assumption. thenonlinearity theequaBut of tions relating ocean perturbationsacoustic to traveltimes leads a biasif to theproblem linearized is about range-independent a reference state. The
thattheMFPmethod soon testable. may be [Worksupported ONR.] by
3249
d.Acoust. Am.,Vol.97, No.5, Pt.2, May1995 Soc.
129th Meeting: Acoustical Society America of
3249
4:35
5:05
lpAO12. Investigationof the layered bottom structure influence on propagation of high-frequencyacousticsignals. MargaritaS. Fokina andBorisV. Kerzhakov (Inst.of Appl. Phys.,Russian Acad.of Sci.,46,
lpAO14. Determination of the inhomogeneity position by the time
UlyanovSt., 603600NizhnyNovgorod, Russia)

Peculiarities frequency-angle of dependences Fresnel'sreflection of
structure of a scatteredsignal. Vladimir N. Fokin and MargaritaS. Fokina (Inst. of Appl. Phys.,Russian Acad. of Sci., 46, UlyanovSt., 603600,Nizhny Novgorod, Russia) The method based the fact thatthe meanvelocityof sound is on pulse propagation alongtheray trajectory depends the angleof theray exit. on
coefficients V(fd, O) (f=frequency, d=layerthickness, 0=grazing angle)

froma system elastic of layers theelastic on substrate investigated. are The method calculating phase themodule thereflection of the and of coefficient from the layeredelasticabsorbing substrate numerically is realized.The
The efficiencytilemethodanalyzed of is numericallythesignal for receptionat a horizontal anda single array hydrophone. shown the It is that
signalof illumination may be suppressed the scattered and signalmay be separated time gating.It is also shownthatthe depthof the deposition by of a space-localized inhomogeneity be estimated the widthof the may by scattered signalautocorrelation function. The distance the inhomogeneto ity may be defined the crosscorrelation by functionof the scattered signal at various arrayreceivers. influence the depthof the submergence The of
of a scatterer and the distance between a source and a receiver on the
resonant behavior thereflection of coefficientdifferent at grazing angles

for a given bottommodel is investigated. The influence the set of of parameters bottomlayersand the substrate the frequency-angle of on dependence the reflectioncoefficient of and the behaviorresonance the of reflection coefficient considered. effects thelayerstructure the is The of of elasticabsorbing bottom the space-frequency on dependences acoustic of fieldsin oceanic waveguides the frequency in range20-1000 Hz is studied. The relationship betweenthe type of sediments that formsbottom layersand frequency ranges, wherethe leastlosses to propagation due are
scattered signal structure analyzed. is [Worksupported RFFI project by N 94-05-1725-a.]

5:20
observed, optimum i.e., propagation frequencies, ascertained. is [Work supported RFFI project 94-05-1725-a.] by N
lpAO15. Definition of geoaconstic characteristics of an elastic ayered bottom using the spatial dependence an acousticfield. of Margarita Fokina, S. VladimirN. Fokin,andBoris Kerzhakov(Inst.of V. Appl. Phys.,RussianAcad. of Sci., 46, Ulyanov St., 603600, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia)
4:50
The effect the f layer structure elastic ofthe absorbing onthe bottom
space-frequency dependences of acoustic fields shallow deep in and seas in
lpAO13. Numerical investigation of ray path stability in the Mediterranean under the condition of nonstationary signal receiving. VladimirN. Fokinand Margarita Fokina (Inst.of Appl. S. Phys.,Russian Acad. of Sci. 46, Ulyanov St., 603600, Nizhny Novgorod,
Russia)
thefreqoenc; 20-500Hz isstudied. comparison experirange The of the

mentalJosses to soundpropagation the deep-water due in part of the
Ariantic Ocean at three frequencies and the resultsof numericalcalculations by ray programshas shownthat the experimental and calculated losses may agreesatisfactory only if the layer bottomstructure taken is
Using the concrete c(z) data(c=soundspeed, z=depth) obtained in the Mediterranean duringthe THETIS-2 experiment boardthe ACADEon MXCiAN SERG AVmOV research vessel,the possibility ray path identiof ficationusingnonstationary receivingare numerically investigated. Sufficient c(g) data were obtained for numerical simulation of the sound
propagation alongdifferent acoustic routes. Sensitivity different of rays paths errors to caused theerroneous by determination depth distance of and is analyzed.The possibility usingthe data obtainedfrom the research of vesselfor oceanacoustic tomography discussed. is
into account. The numerical studyin the frames the approximation of of adiabatic modeshasshownthat an absorbing layer of the geological bottomstructure theBarents influences of Sea significantly characteristics the of sound fieldsandenriches field modespectrum. is shown the It thatthe degree this effectdepends the seasonal of on fluctuations the sound of velocity profilestructure. relation The between typeof sediments the that form bottomlayersand frequency ranges, wherethe leastlosses due to propagation observed, optimum are i.e., propagation frequencies, asceris
tained. [Worksupported RFFIproject 94-05-1725-a.] by N
3250
129thMeeting: Acoustical Society Amedca of
3250
TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 30 MAY 1995
RENAISSANCE
EAST, 12:30 TO 5:00 P.M.
SessionlpEA
EngineeringAcoustics and PhysicalAcoustics: Optical Vibration and PressureSensorsand Acoustic

Measurements and Instrumentation David A. Brown, Cochair
Departmentof Physics,U.S. Naval Postgraduate School,Monterey,CA 93943
Stephen Butler,Cochair C.
Analysisand Technology, Inc., 258 Bank Street,New London,Connecticut 06320 Contributed Papers
12:30
IpEAI. Design of a miniature fiber optic acousticsensorfor an
tion measurement. presentation This outlines someof theserequirements for high signalvisibilityand describes severalinteresting targetsurfaces
acoustic viscometer. Jos6D. Guevara (Dept.of Mech.Eng.,The

CooperUnion, 51 Astor Pl., New York, NY 10003) and Daniel R. Raichel (The CooperUnionandthe Graduate of the City Univ. of Ctr.
New York)
An acoustic fiberopticsensor was designed the miniature for version of an acoustic viscometer under development The Cooper at UnionAcoustic Research Center. The sensor consists a singlemodefiberopticcable of embedded the centerof a 50-mmx50-mmx5 mm compliant in polymer
layer. It was notedthat the geometricalversatilityof the sensor could be minimized further,allowingfor shorter lengths sensitized of fiber without
undertest,including stainless steel,paints, polymer, andretroreflecting preparations. presented these Data for surfaces include signal strength (visibility), repeatability, stability, and effectsof surface roughenlag a and waterenvironment. Results interpreted termsof simplephysical are in modelswherepossible betterunderstand to potentialspecialized target fabrication improving for futurevibrometer measurement system performance.
sacrificing acoustical sensitivity. Mach-Zender A intefferometric system is employed detectthe phaseshift of the modulated to opticalsignalin the sensitized fiber.A fiat frequency response the 200 Hz to 20 kHz was in predicted. lengthof the fiberdetermines minimumvalueof deThe the tectablepressure. additionto immersionin water the sensorhas the In potential also withstand to immersion mildly acidicand alkalinesoluin
tions.
1:15
lpEA4. Detection of strain-inducedwavelengthshifts in an optical fiber Bragg grating using an over-coupledcoupler. Q. Zhang, D. A.
Brown (Phys.Dept.,Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, 93943 CA and Brown Univ., Providence, 02912}, H. Kung, I. Townsend, RI L. Reinhart,and T. F. Morse (BrownUniv., Providence, 02912) RI
A highly over-coupled fusedbiconicaltaperedfiber couplerhas been used to interrogatethe strain-induced wavelengthshifts from an optical fiber Bragggrating.Both the 95% reflectivefiber gratings and the overcoupledcouplerswere fabricatedin our laboratory. The couplerhas a
12:45
lpEA2. A fiber optic dual-beam laser Doppler vibrometer for measurementof electrostrictive and piezoactive responseof thin films. F. Guillol, J. Jarzynski (GeorgiaInst. of Technol. Atlanta,GA
30332),and E. Balizer (NSWC,SilverSpring, MD 20903) A two-beam laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) isdescribed, designed to measure d33 the electromechanical coupling coefficient electrostrictive for andpiezoactive films.Opticalfibercouplers used splitthe light thin are to
into multiplebeamsand opticalfibersare usedto simultaneously illuminatethesamespoton bothsides the film. The LDV measures normal of the displacement each side and the changein thickness the film is on of determined fromthealgebraic sumof the two LDV signals. is foundthat It large bending motionof the film can lead to a significant error in the measured coefficient. d3 This is illustrated with datafor PVF2 filmsand sources this errorare identified. of The application the LDV system of to measure largeelectrostrictive the effectin polyurethane filmsis discussed.
spectral periodof approximately nm at the opticalinterrogation 4 wavelengthof 1550 rim. The outputs processed are usinga software-based demodulator programmed Labview.Results staticand dynamicinin of
duced strains sensor and prototypes bepresented. will [Worksupported in partby NPSandNSF.]
1:30
IpEAS. Simple intensity type fiber optic vibration sensors and sensorsystems. EdwardF. Cartme (Dept.of Phys.,JohnCarrollUniv., Cleveland, OH 44118) and Vilnis E. Kubulins (Edjewise Sensor Products, Inc., Cleveland,OH 44122)
[Worksupported theOfficeof NavalResearch.] by

1:00
Research continuing the development simpleintensity is on of type fiberopticvibration sensors suitable usein hostile for environments, such
as automotive aircraftenginecavities. and The transruction elementconsists a single a pairof opticalfibersmounted a cantilever of or on reed.The intensityof the opticaloutputsignalis directly proportional the reed to displacement therefore, acceleration frequencies belowthe and, to at well reedfundamental. Using readily availablematerialsan opcratlng temperature rangeof --40 to +225 C hasbeenachieved. addition,by emIn
IpEA3. Target visibility measurements: Three-dimensional laser
vibrometer. JosephVignola, Otis G. Zehl (SFA, Laudover,MD

20785), and Brian H. Houston (Naval Res. Lab., Washington,DC
20375-5000) A three-dimensionallaser vibmmeter has been constructed,tested, and
ploying simple multiplexing techniques, groups these small of sensors may

be addressed a singleopticalsource with and/ordetector. basicdesign The of the sensors the results extensive and of laboratory tests presented are in
used simuhaneous for measurements threecomponents induced of of tran-
sient motion target of surfaces. target Such surfaces to satisfy wider need a range optical of scatter requirements those one-dimensional than for mo-
detail. [Worksupported partby NASA.] in 129thMeeting: Acouslical Societyof America 3251
3251
J. Acoust. Soc.Am., Vol. 97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995
1:45
2:30
lpEA6. Fiber-optic microphone based on combination of Fabry-Perot interferometry and intensity modulation. Chonghua Zhou, StephenV. Letchef (Dept. of Phys., Univ. of Rhode Island,
IpEA9, Use of a background noise correction. Michael A. Staiano
(Staiano Eng.,Inc., 1923Stanley Ave.,Rockville, MD 20851) A correction scheme beenproposed has whichconsists repetitive of
measurements thesource-signal-with-background hackground of and noise
Kingston, 02881), and Aran Shukla (Univ. of Rhode Island, RI Kingston, 02881) RI
A fiber-optic microphone basedon a combination Fabry-Perot inof tefferometry intensity and modulation described. combination is The technique eliminatesfringe countingambiguityand providesa wide range measurement opticalphasechangewithout any complicated of electromechanicaldevices.The experimental data are comparedwith the resultof a theoretical analysis. microphone a flat frequency The has response from 20 Hz to 10 kHz with a high sensitivity 1.6 tad/Pa.The dynamicrangeis of morethan65 dB. The frequency response sensitivity be modulated and can by changingthe size and surfacetensionof the membrane. The micro-
alonethanthe computation a signalestimate prediction of and interval.

The procedure assumes that both the sourceof interestand background noiseare: uncorrelated. normallydistributed, randomprocesses which are stationaryover the durationof the measurements. useful results,the For numbersof measurement must be selectedto provide for a calculated confidence intervalwhichacceptably contains prediction the errors.These requirements are stronglyinfluencedby the variability of the measured parameters. relativelylow background For noisesituations, technique the is useful primarily for quantifyingexpectedmeasurement confidence bounds. Application theprocedure a fieldmeasurement of to situation with meansource bandsound levelsranging approximately from 2 to 15 dBA re: meanbackground bandsound levelsgavea 99.5%-confidence upperboundmarginof 0.3-1.3 dB with 17-19 measurements band. per
phone be easilyimplemented can be madevery small.[Work can and supported NSF.] by
2:45-3:00
Break
IpEA7.
Field tests of a high-temperature fiber optic lever
3:00
microphone,AllanJ. Zuckerwar(MS 236, NASA Langley Res.Ctr., Hampton, 23681)and FrankW. Cuomo (F. W. Cuomo VA Consulting
Services, East Providence, RI 02914)
The operating principle a high-temperature opticlevermicroof fiber phone (FOLM), ratedat 538 C (1000F)continuous service, based is on intensitymodulation light reflectedfrom a vibratingmembrane. of The fxequency response the microphone, of calibrated the laboratory amin at bienttemperature 538 C by theelectrostatic and actuator method, typiis cally 60-70 kHz. Applications high-temperature testing to field include the thermal acousticfatigue apparatus Langley ResearchCenter, an adat vanced shorttakeoffand verticallanding modelat Lewis Research Center, theMach22 helium tunnel Langley at (ambient temperature only},interior mixer-ejector surfaces GE Aircraft Engines, at Cincinnati, and a high temperature acoustic impedance at Lanoley. mostof these tube In applications the FOLM madepossible high-temperature, high-frequency acoustic data to be takenfor the firsttime.Typicaltestresults will be discussed.
lpEA10. Precisionof referencesound source hemianechoic sound power calibration using a fixed microphonearray: Relation to ISO 6926 revision. Angelo J. Campanella (CampanellaAssoc. & ACCULAB, 3201 Ridgewood Columbus, 43026) Dr., OH
Reference sound source calibration by the bemianechoic ISO 3745 methodalloweda coursearray of l0 measurement microphone positions on a hemisphere. Draft revisionof ISO 6296 provides a difficult mefor ridtonalarcconstant verticalvelocitymicrophone scan. improved An array of multiple fixed microphone positions proposed an alternate the is as to meridionalscanmethod.Bias of the improvedarray was simulated with Mathcad4.0. Agreement waspredicted be within0.2 dB up to 4 kHz for to 10 pointsand up to 8 kHz for 20 points.Experimental resultsfor three microphone position arrayswerecompared reverberation to roomresults over the limitedfrequency rangeof 125 to 8000 Hz. The standard devia-
tionof thedifference 0.84 to 0.89dB (0.81dB predicted) theold was for ISO 3745 array.For an arrayhaving10 fixedheightdifference positions from0.15R to 0.95R, the standard deviation was0.62 dB (0.61 dB predicted).For 20 fixedheights from 0.025R through 0.975R the standard deviation was foundto be 0.63 (0.18 predicted). Calculated results and
experimental test results, compared with reverberation room results,will be presented.
2:15
lpEA8. An innovative probe microphone design for use in high-frequencysound field measurements. Seen M. Connelly and
Linda P. Franzoni (North Carolina State Univ., Ctr. for Soundand Vib., Dept. of Mech. and Aerosp. Eng., P.O. Box 7910, Raleigh, NC 27695-7910)
There is a need for nonintrusive measurement devices. When the wave-
3:15
lpEAll. Underwaterlinear horn array simulator. Stephen Butler C. andW. JackHughes (Appl. Res.Lab., PennStateUniv., P.O. Box 30, StateCollege,PA 16804)
Sonartransducers a radiatingface smallerthanone half wavewith lengthtendto havea low radiation impedance andconsequently load a
narrowtransmitting bandwidth.Thus, when the transducer testedalone, is
lengthof the soundwave is physicallythe samescaleas that of the microphone,its soundpressure cannotbe measured accurately. Acousticians have worked aroundthis difficulty by using smallermicrophones and, when necessary, usingprobetubeswith even smallerdiameters attached to smallmicrophones. This needfor very smalldiameterdevicesis especially criticalat highfrequency. useof probetubes The introduces another level of complexityto acousticmeasurements. resonant The dynamicsof the tubeitselfmustbe takeninto account. tubesupports The standing waves
themeasured results yielda poorrepresentationitsintended of arrayperformance. The objectiveof this research was to developa fluid meansto "pc" load a singlesonartransducer elementby imposing condition a
thatcause microphone the frequency response be very irregular. to Typically,dampingmaterial,suchas foam or steelwool is introduced into the probetubeto attenuate standing waves.However, evenwhendamping is successfully applied, response the remains irregular andthe damping material results a significant in reduction signal-to-noise of ratio. The new
similar itsintended in an array. newmethod to use A whichaccomplishes thisandattains "pc" loading utilizes linearendfired a waveguide, which forces singletransducer behave if it were in an arrayunder"pc" a to as
loadingconditions. This is accomplished an "underwater by linear horn
array simulator" which composed a rigid-walled is of cylindrical with tube slots equal of areaequally spaced along length thetube. the of Acoustical
circuittheoryshows 85% 0c loading that overan octave bandwidth would be achieved. Measurements a physical on modelconfirmthe prediction.
Measured mechanicalQ's of the sonartransducer without the horn is 7.5,
conceptis designed eliminatestanding to waveswithoutintroducing

dampingin the signal path betweenthe microphone and the end of the tube. Therefore,the signal-to-noise ratio will not suffer significantdegradation, and behaviorwill be consistent from probeto probe.
and with hornis 5, showing thatthe loadingeffectsof the hornhavebeen
achieved. [Worksupported ONR andNUWC, New London, by CT.]
3252
J. Acoust. Am.,Vol.97, No.5, Pt.2, May1995 Soc.
3252
IpEAI2. Abstract withdrawn.
mathematically identical andproduce similarexperimental results. Comparison theimpedance andfree-field of tube measurements suggest the that latterapproach produces morereliableresults. However,due to practical limitations the source/receiver of geometry free-fieldmeasurements low at frequencies morecomplicated thatthe planewaveassumption not are in is
valid.
4:15
IpEA16. Panel responseto jet noise under near sonic conditions. Charles Fenno,It. (NASA LangleyRes.Ctr., Hampton, 23681), C. VA Alvin Bayliss (Northwestern Univ., Evanston, 60208}, and Lucio IL Maestrello(NASA Langley Res.Ctr.,Hampton, 23681} VA The problem the response an arrayof flexibleaircraft-type of of panels excitedby noisefrom a jet undernearsonicconditions from a converging nozzle is numerically studied. The problemis computed solvingthe by Eulerequations theunsteady in thejet, fully coupled equations for field to describing panel motion.Computations the far-field sound,panel the of response, panelradiation presented. effectof nozzlegeometry and are The on the radiated sound andjet instabilities studied. addition,the relais In
3:30
IpEAI3. Measurement of acoustic properties of materials at low frequencies a water-filled tube. Debra M. Kenneyand Peter H. in
Rogers (Georgia Insl.of Techno!., School Mech.Eng.,Atlanta, of GA

30332)
Two of the traditional methods measuring complex for the reflection coefficient a material, standing-wave method thepulse of the tube and tube
method, eachhaveshortcomings whenthe measurements to be madein are a water-filledtube at low frequencies. acoustic An impedance tube has beendesigned overcome to these shortcomings. design The uses transient a
tionship between panel location, relative thejet exit,andpanel to response is determined. computation The simulates development largeamthe of
plitude,slowlypropagating instability wavesin the jet whichact as additionalsources sound. of Thusthe computation allowsfor directcomputation of the natural sources jet noise,as well as the propagation the of of
resulting noise.The results jet demonstrate largedisturbances the vicinin ity of the converging nozzlewhichact as additional sources sound. of The panelresponse concenlrated progressively is in lower frequencies disas tancefrom the jet exit increases.
4:30
incident signal opposed a cw signal order minimize problem as to in to the of vibrations thetubewall. it alsouses dualsensor in a system Gutek[D. ingandK. Karcher, Trans. ASME:I. Vib.Acoust. Stress Reliability Design
106,393-396 (1984}]to separate incident the signal fromthe reflected

signal without thembeingtemporally separated. Activeimpedance control at theendof thetubeopposite fromthesamples reduces reflection the from thatend.The tubehasbeendesigned thatambient so pressure temand perature be controlled can duringmeasurements simulate oceanento an vironment. analytic The design the tubeandpreliminary of experimental lpEAIY. Acoustic detection of jet aircraft. Brian G. Ferguson (Defence andTechnol. Sci. Organisation, Box44, Pyrmont, P.O. Australia
2009)
results be presented. will [Worksupported ONR andNSF.] by

3:45
lpEAI4. Wind turbulence spectra for heights from 2 to 32 m measured during the JAPE experiment. Scott D. Hansen and
Kenneth Gilbert (Appl. Res. Lab. and the Graduate E. Program in

Acoust., PennStateUniv., P.O. Box 30, StateCollege,PA 16804)
During the JointAcousticPropagation Experimentconducted the at White Sands Missile Rangein the summer 1991,wind speed of measurementswere madeon two 32-m-hightowers.The vectorwind speedwas sampled continuously 10 Hz for periods upto 2 h. The powerspectra at of
A passive broadband acoustic technique described detects is that the transitof a subsonic aircraft.The outputs jet from a pair of spattally separated microphones cross-correlatedthreeoverlapping are in frequency bands. The time lag thatcorresponds the maximumvalue of the crossto correlogram extracted eachof the threebandsevery second. is for Coincidence detection thistimelaginformation of results thedetection the in of jet transitwith a negligible falsealarmrate.The detection rangeis extended applying technique thebeamformed by the to outputs froma pairof microphone arrays. results applying technique realdatafrom The of the to 25 jet transits presented. are
4:45
for wind speed fluctuations (turbulence spectra} havebeencomputed at heights 2, 4, 8, 16,and32 m. For a givensample of length, spectra the are
nearlythe sameat all heights. all heights, At however, thereis significant sensitivity thelength thesampling to of period. The meteorological reasons for thesensitivity discussed. addition, are In selected acoustic propagation calculationsarc presented demonstrate influenceof the different to the
lpEAI8. Measurementof the distortion level of a loudspeakerusing an adaptive filter algorithm in a reverberation and noisy environment. Chun-Duck Kim (Dept. of Elec. Eng., Natl. Fisheries Univ. of Pusan,Pusan,Korea}, and Suk-Kun Jee (KunsanNatl. Univ.,
Kunsan, Korea), and Abe Masato (Tohoku Univ.,Sendai, Japan)

This paperdescribes methodto measure distortionlevel of a a the
spectra acoustic on propagation. supported theArmyResearch [Work by

Laboratory.]
4:00
loudspeaker an amplifier and using LMS (least-mean a square) adaptive filter.The acoustic apparatus checks distortion the level andthe residual
noise usinga bandpass filterhavinga sharp cut-offfrequency characteristic anda sinusoidal oscillator. abovebandpass The filter,however, expenis siveand hasa long response characteristic. is impossible checkeach It to
harmonic distortion. Also, to cheek the harmonic distortion of a loud-
IpEA15. Application of cardtold beamforming in both impedance tube and free-field measurements ground impedance. David C. of Swanson EdwardManiet (Appl. Res.Lab., PennStateUniv., P.O. and
Box30, State College, 16804) PA

Measurements thespecific of acoustic impedance ground of covered by
institutional grass were performed using both a cardoid beamforming
speaker a roomwith ambient in noise, experiment the roomneeds be an to anechoic chamber. theotherhand,theproposed On method offersan easy
way to measurethe specifiedharmonic distortion level with a snmll amountof hardware.Moreover, this method is not affectedby ambient noise which has no correlationwith Ihe test .qgnal.The measurement can be carriedout in a noisy environment. The systemconsists a 32-bit of DSP96002,2ch of 16-bitanalogto digitalconverter, a 5th Chebyshev and filterwith a 50 kHz sampling frequency. effectiveness the proposed The of methodconfirmedby experiments usinga loudspeaker carriedout in a
room with ambient noise.
method theestablished and transfer function method Y. Chung D. [J. and

A. Blaser, Acoust.Soc.Am. 68, 907-921 (1980)]. The cardioidmethod I. steers beampattern separate incidentand reflectedwaves.Both a to the methods were appliedto impedance tube and free-field measurements. With propercalibration, cardioidand transfer the functionmethods are
3253
J. Acousl. Soc. Am., VoL 97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995
129th Meeting:AcousticalSocietyof America
3253
TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 30 MAY 1995
MEETING ROOM 2, 1:00 TO 4:45 P.M.
Session lpNS
Noise: Active Noise Control and Duct Acoustics
Susan K. Numrich, Chair
Naval Research Laboratory,Code5580, Washington, 20375-5000 DC

ContributedPapers
1:00 1:30
lpNSI. Active control of broadband random noise using energy densitycontrol. YoungC. ParkandScottD. Sommerfeldt(Appl. Res.
Lab. and GraduateProgram in Acoust., Penn State Univ., P.O. Box 30,
IpNS3. Active control of sound transmission through a thin metal
plate. Xianqi Bao,Vasuudara Varadan, Vijay K. Varadan (Dept. V. and of Eng. Set. andMech., PennStateUniv., University Park,PA 16802) The performance active soundisolation usinga piezoelectric of by sensor an actuator a thinplateis investigated and on experimentally. the In experiment, aluminum the platecoversan opening an acoustic of enclosure, where a sound source is located. The outside acoustic field is mea-
StateCollege, 16804) PA
Previous work on active noise control in enclosures has indicated that
onecanoftenachieve improved globalattenuation deterministic of signals by minimizingthe acoustic energydensity,ratherthan the squared pressure. The purpose thisworkis to present of numerical results compare that the globalattenuation broadband of noiseachieved minimizingenergy by densitywith the attenuation achieved minimizingsquared by pressure a in one-dimensional enclosure. theoretical A approach based the frequency on domainenablesone to establish basicphysicallimitationsof active the noisecontrolsystems. However,this approach cannotnecessarily apbe plied when controllinga broadband randomnoise,since it often yields
optimal control solutionsthat are noncausalin the time domain, even
suredby an 11-elementmicrophone array, which scanson a surfaceof a
hemisphere. isolation The performance the originalplateis poorat it of resonance frequencies. sound The transmission from insideto outside of the enclosure activelycontrolled a one-sensor is by one-actuator control system whichminimizes outputof the on-platesensor. the Globalreductionsof 15-20 dB are achieved the first threeresonance at frequencies.
1:45
though sucha frequency domainapproach entirelysatisfactory deis for terministic signals. Analyses reported here are undertaken the time doin main in a mannerthat yieldsthe form of the causally constrained optimal controller. Numerical results presented predictthe performance are to of theactivenoise control system designed control broadband to a noise, and
to indicatethe improvedglobal attenuation broadband of noisethatcan be achieved minimizingenergydensity, by ratherthan squared pressure.
IpNS4. Near-field acousticholographyfor enclosures with unknown Green's functions. Kelly Q. Kay (Virginia Polytech.lust. & State Univ. Virginia Consortium Eng. and Sci. Universities, of 2713-D
Megruder Blvd., Hampton, 23666), Chris R. Fuller (x,rrginia VA

Polytech. Inst. and StateUniv., Blacksburg, 24061), and Karen H. VA Lyle (U.S.ArmyVehicle Structures Directorate, NASALangley Res. Ctr., Hampton, 23681) VA A methodfor predicting acoustic the field in acoustically complex cavitiesis developed baseduponcurrentnear-field acoustic holography (NAH) techniques. Current NAH methods makeuseof analytical Green's functions generate to predictions globalacoustic of fields.For thisreason, NAH is easilyapplied generate to predictions free fields, in andin cavities with simplegeometries uniformboundary and impedances. acoustiFor cally complexcavities,however,the absence a known analytical of
Green's function, renderscurrent NAH methodseither not soivable, or in
1:15
lpNS2. Multichannel block adaptive filters for real-time, nonparametric identification of time-varying plants. William C. Nowlin,Gary S. Guthart, Gregory Toth (Appl.Control Signal and K. & Process. Group,SRI International, Menlo Park,CA 94025)
Many real-world applications activenoisecontrol characterized of are by transfer functions that vary significantly unpredictably. conand The troller's transfer function models mustadaptto these variations. Presented here is a classof adaptivefilters that accomplish quasiperiodic system identification updates feedforward for controlby usingblocksof inputoutputhistories. The algorithms form a one-dimensional family linking
normalized LMS adaptivefiltersand optimalWiener filters,andare termed "block projection"algorithms. The system identification proceeds nonin-
caseswhereapproximate Green'sfunctions used,not accurate. are The method requires priorknowledge the acoustically no of complex cavity's Green'sfunction. well, no approximations As aboutthe boundary conditions are required.Instead,the methodtakesadvantage the discrete of natureof NAH predictions, conjunction in with an initial measurement of a cavitiesacoustic pressure field, to generate cavity specific a discrete Green'sfunction. Computational experimental and results will be pre-
sented along witha detailed explanation themethod. of [Worksupported by NASA Langley Research Center.]
vasively, producing nonparametric (FIR) impulse responses. multiThe

channel generalization application thesealgorithms system and of to identification,as presented here, is novel. Considerations described are that arisefrom the algorithms' implementation the contextof systemidenin
tification; particular, proper in the weighting input output of and datapairs

is discussed. The resulting multichannelcontrol algorithms have been implemented successfully quielingof a compact for dislributed source in
IpNSS. Principal component analysisapplied to the activecontrol of turbofan inlet no'se. Ran Cabell (VirginiaPolytech. Inst. and State Univ.-Virginia Consortiumof Eng. and Set. Universities,2713-D Magruder Blvd., Hampton, VA 23666) and Chris Fuller (Virginia Polytech. Inst. and StateUniv., Blacksburg, 24061) VA
An analytical study of the active control of fan noise in a turbofan enginewith wall-mounted acoustic sources described. is The transferfunc-
an anechoic environment, for local quietingof a diffusefield in a and reverberant room.In bothcases, errormicrophones couldbe movedabout, providing "mobilequietzone,"andperformance obtained banda was for widthsexceeding decade. a
tionsbetween acoustic the sources microphones and outside ductare the decomposed principal into components (PCs). The active control problem
3254
J. Acoust. Am., 97,No.5, Pt.2, May1995 Soc. Vol.
129th Meeting: Acoustical Society Amedca of
3254
is then solved using a subsetof the principal components. The subset consists PCsthatare statistically of significant accurately for modeling the primary radiated noise. The resulting elimination certain of PCsis a math-
ematically efficient way to optimally reduce number channels the of of control. certain In cases canbe shown thePCsdescribe radiating it that the modes the co,ntrol of system. This provides substantial insight intothe mechanisms control, canbe used thecontroller derivespecific of and in to modes the exclusion all othermodes. to of [Worksupported NASA by Langley Research Center.]
2:15
information regarding source the characteristics. Comparisons made are between noisefrom a singleaircraftbothinsideandoutside hushhouse. a Sourcelocationcalculations indicatethat low-frequency noiseoriginates froma region nearthetrailing edgeof thejet exhaust deflector. Coherence between selected near-field far-fieldsensors foundto be sufficiently and is
highto,warrant experimental investigationtheactive of reduction noise of

from a full scalehushhouse, usingfeedforward controltechniques, followingon fromthesmallscale hush house experiments described J.P. by
Smith al. [J.Acoust. Am.96,3332(A)(1994)]. et Soc. [Work sponsored by

the U.S. Air Force.]
lpNS6. Optimal designof enclosures active noise control and for isolation. Vasundara Varadan,JaehwanKim, and Vijay K. Varadan V. (Res.Ctr. for the Eng. of Electron. andAcoust.Mater.,Dept. of Eng. Sci.
& Mech.,PennState Univ.,University Park,PA 16802)

An optimal design technique used findtheoptimal is to conditions for
3:15
several parameters enclosurereduce noise of an to ihe radiated an from

internal source. Designvariables the optimization in procedure the size are
and thickness of the enclosure, size and thickness of actuators, the location
lpNS9. Active control of acousticintensity in a duct. Karl M. Reichard, DavidC. Swanson, Scott Hirsch (Appl.Res.Lab.,Penn and M. StateUniv.,P.O.Box 30, State College, 16804) PA A frequency-domain implementation thefiltered-x of algorithm used is to activelycontrolacoustic intensityin a duct. The frequency-domain filtemd-xalgorithmusesFFT's of the necessary signalsto computethe transferfunctionof the optimalcontrolfilter.A versionof the algorithm hasbeenadapted useacoustic to intensity, computed from thecross spectrum from two pressure microphones, the errorsignal.The results as of experiments conducted a duct are presented in which demonstrate the effects measurement andcontrol of error source configuration controller on performance.
of actuators, the appliedvoltageon the actuators. objective and The function in optimaldesignis the total radiatedsoundpower at far field. The practical limitsof the design variables takenasconstraints. acousare The
tic field acts as a distributed load on the walls of the enclosure. A 3-D finite
element model is used to model the walls and the PZT actuators. With an
appliedvoltageon the actuators and with acoustic pressure loading,the velocity distribution theoutside thewallscanbe foundby solving on of the finiteelement equations. Theseare usedin the Helmholtzintegral representation compute radiated to the sound fieldto theexterior theencloof sure.The design performed a singlefrequency is at whichmay represent
the dominant frequency the noisespectrum. comparing initial in By the design the optimaldesign and results, noisereduction 12-18 dB has a of
been achieved. 3:30 2:30
lpNS7. Attenuationof broadbandnoisein a reverberantroom using a multichannelactive noisecontrol system. Gary S. Guthart,William C. Nowlin,andGregory Toth (Appl.Control Signal K. & Process. Group,
SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025) Active noisecontrol(ANC) is often discussed the contextof reducin
IpNS10. Insertionlossstudies a baffle-simple of expansion chamber system. P. Xiao andM. G. Prasad (NoiseandVibration Control Lab., Dept. of Mech. Eng., Stevens Inst. of Technol., CastlePoint on the
Hudson,Hoboken,NJ 07030)
ingnoise vehicles. acoustic in The reverberation typicalvehicle of cabins makes application ANC to quieting the of interiornoisea stiff challenge. While someANC approaches advantage the modalstructure take of of reverberant enclosures provide to reduction throughout enclosure, the these approaches become infeasible manyfrequency for bands practical of interestbecause increasing of modaldensitywith increasing frequency. For high-bandwidth, diffuse fields, noisereductionis achievedlocally by
Insertion loss(IL) is the difference sound of pressure levelsmeasured at a reference pointwithoutandwith a mufflerin a ductsystem. Thus,IL describes acoustical the performance the wholesystem of whichincludes source, muffler, tail pipe.IL studies a simple and of expansion chamber has
been reported theliterature. in However, themarenotmany studies IL of complicated geometries a muffler in froma system design point view. of
This study reports bothexperimental analytical and workon theinfluence of a baffleon IL of a simpleexpansion chamber. hole diameter The and location thebaffler theparameters thisstudy. Altecelectroaof are of An coustic driver is usedas a source experimental for work conducted an in anechoic chamber. analytical The work is carried usingthe boundary out
specifying quietzonewithinthe enclosure. a Experimental results for broadband, local quieting a diffusefield usinga multichannel in ANC
system presented. mverberant are The enclosure an ordinary is room,measuring approximately mx2.4 mX2.4 m andcontaining seated 1.4 a operator with six microphones defining quietzonenearthe operator's the ears. Thecontrol system uses single a reference signal twoerrorchannels and to drivefourcontrol speakers. average 20-dBreduction sound An of in prossurelevelis foundat thequiet-zone microphones the frequency for range 50 to 1000Hz. Theseresults demonstrate viabilityof real-time, the multichannel ANC for locally attenuating randomnoise in diffuse acoustic
fields.
element method. results The indicate significant a influence to the (due

interaction sourceand load) on the insertionloss. of
3:45
2:45-3:00 3:00
Break
lpNSll. Reflection higher-order of modesat the end of rectangular ducts. RalphT. Muehleisen DavidC. Swanson(Appl.Res.Lab., and
PennStateUniv., University Park,PA 16802) Reflection coefficients higher-order for modes impinging the ends on of finiterectangular ducts werepredicted measured. results and The show coupling between propagating evanescent and modes. Expressions the for
reflectioncoefficientsin terms of modal coefficientsand modal imped-
lpNS8. Experimental investigation low-frequency of noisefrom jet

enginetest cells. RobertG. Gibson (Wyle Labs.,2001 Jefferson Davis
Hwy., Ste.701,Arlington, 22202) VA Low-fmquency noise emission fromfacilities designed theground for runup testing jet engines bea source annoyance communities of can of to nearmilitary bases. air Noisemeasurements, arrays microphones using of
and accelerometers a numberof U.S. Air Force hush houses,provide at
anceshavebeendeveloped. Radiation patterns were predicted from the knowledge the coupling of coefficients. was foundthat higher-order It modes radiate mostof theirenergy towards sides off the andlessstraight aheadthanthe planewave mode.
3255
3255
4:00
1pNS12. Acousticalstudies of a duct system using a power flow model. Woo-sung Kim (HDD Design Eng.,Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 416, Maetan-3Dong, Paldal-Gu, Suwon City, Kyungki-Do, Korea) and M.G. Prasad (Stevens Inst.of Technol., Hoboken, 07030) NJ Any ductsystem from an acoustical pointof view can be modeled as a souree-load system. power The flowanalysis a source-load in system is
theBragg condition resulting a strong in stopband interaction. problem The is attacked using perturbation the method multiple of scales, leading the to derivation thecoupled-mode of equations. performance theductas The of a waveattenuator presented terms'of reflection is in the coefficient the or transmission factor. oss Due to thenature thedispersioh of curves the of
cylindricalduct, many modescould sharethe same stopband. Hence, a multi-modeacoustic filter could be designed over a certainfrequency band.This theoretical studymightprovidea basisfor design concepts of
acoustic silencers.
important a system's for acoustical design. present The workdescribes the development a power of flowmodel utilizing source loadimpedthe and ances parameters. as Also, the source described termsof its power is in rather thanthepressure thevolume or velocity. study The includes both analytical experimental and work.The analytical workdeals with thedevelopment expressions powerflowin thesystem. experimental of for The
workis carried usinganAltec electroacoustic out driverasthe source and various ducts theloads. as The system performance evaluated is using the powerflow modelfor variousloads.The studyhas yieldedgoodresults validating powerflow modelfor ductsystems. the
4:15
4:30
1pNS14. Studies of source-load interaction in a duct system using
acoustic noisesynthesis.Anilkumar BhateandM. G. Prasad (Noise

and Vib. Control Lab., Dept. of Mech. Eng., StevensInst. of Technol., Castle Point on the Hudson,Hoboken,NJ 07030)
Acoustic noisesynthesis (ANS) for ductsystems firstdeveloped was by the authors (M. G. Prasad and T. V. Ananthapadmanabha, INTERNOISE 89 Proceedings) based the principles speech on of synthesis using
a source-filter model.The ANS allows the designer a duct systemto of simulate perceptual the qualityof theacoustical output the system. of The ANS is based thetransfer on function whichis evaluated usingtheknown
lpNSI3. A multi-mode acoustic filter based on Bragg resonance. Muhammad Hawwa, Chris R. Fuller, and RicardoA. Burdisso (Vib. A.
andAcoust. Labs., Dept.of Mech.Eng.,VirginiaPolytech. Inst.andState Univ.,Blacksburg, 24061-0238) VA A unified method proposed suppress acoustic is to duct waves. According to thismethod, circularcylindrical a ductis designed havea geoto metric periodicity itswallin order actasa wavefilter. at to Thefilteraction of the periodic rigid wall is based the modecoupling on occurring under
geometry theductsystem. present of The workdescribes application the of ANS to studythe interaction between source and load on the perceptual qualityof a duct system acoustic butput. electroacoustic An driver as a
sourceand ductsof variouslengthsare usedas loads.Good resultsare obtained whichvalidate application acoustic the of noisesynthesis dein signof ductsystems with emphasis the perceptual on qualityand subjective evaluation.
TUESDAY AFTERNOON,
30 MAY
1995
RENAISSANCE
WEST B, 1:00 TO 5:00 P.M.
SessionlpPA
PhysicalAcoustics and Noise: SonicBoom

David T. Blackstock, Cochair
AppliedResearch Laboratories and MechanicalEngineering Department,University Texasat Austin,P.O. Box 8029, of

Austin, Texas 78713-8029 Allan D. Pierce, Cochair
Department Aerospace Mechanical of and Engineering, Boston University, Cummington 110 Street,Boston,
Massachusetts 02215
Invited Papers
1:00
IpPAI. Current strategies sonic-boom in research. Christine Darden (NASA LangleyRes.Ctr., Hampton, 23665) M. VA
DuringNASA's high-speed research program, renewed a emphasis beenplacedon understanding reducing sonicboom has and the generated an airplane by duringflight at speeds fasterthanthe speed sound. of When the current program was initiatedin 1990,a
three-pronged approach instituted: human was (1) acceptabilities studies; atmospheric (2} propagation studies; (3) airplane and design
andoperation studies. Original goals were usespecial to design operation and techniquesreduce sonic to the bomto levels which
wouldbe acceptable eitherunrestricted for overland flightor overland flightthrough low-populated corridors. Recent human response studies haveindicated thatsonicbooms muchmoredisturbing are thancontinuous noisesources suchasengines around airports; thus any commercial overlandsupersonic flight is highlyunlikelywithin the nearfuture.Theseconclusions haveresulted a redirection in of thesonic-boom program. Thistalk will discuss current efforts sonic-boom at softening (smalldesign changes), continuing efforts to understand impact theatmosphere therisetime of the sonicboomsignature, strategies understand the of on and to whatimpact,if
any, the sonicboom has on marine life.
3256
J. Acoust.Soc. Am., VoL 97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995
129th Meeting:Acoustical Societyof Amedca
3256
1:20
lpPA2. Studies sonic of booms seismic with networks. Bradford Sturtevant, Joseph Cates E. (Graduate Aeronaut. California Labs.,
Inst. of Technol., Caltech301-46, Pasadena, 91125), and Hiroo Kanamori(CaliforniaInst. of Technol.. CA Pasadena, 91125) CA
Seismographssufficiently are sensitive detect to ground motions induced atmospheric by pressure waves, seismic so networks have thepotential monitor to sonic booms large over areas theUnited of States. areespecially suited theanalysis long-range They well for of sonic-boom propagation. Ground motion displacement provide or data accurate arrival times useful and estimates wave of amplitude
andwaveform. instrumentationmostsensitive the disturbance The is to produced the u'rival sonic by of booms the measuring at
station, serving sonic-boom recorders, seismographs alsodetected thus as event but have seismic waves remotely generated by anomalous coupling sonic of boom soil.Direct indirect into and sonic booms fromaircraft operations routinely are detected the by SouernCalifornia Seismic Network which consists 250seismic of stations covering 000sqkm.Indirect 50 booms fromspace shuttle
landings been has observed at ranges hundreds of of kilometers theflight from path. from network Data the identified "mystery
booms" heard 1992-93to be long-range in indirect sonic booms fromoffshore operations. Sonic booms generated space by shuttle
teentry Mach and meteoritic at 20 by entries the into atmosphere been have detected seismic by networksthe in Northwest Canada. and
1:40
IpPA3. The prediction sonic-boom of distortion usinga scattering centerbased calculation.Richard Respet HenryE. and
Bass (Dept. Phys. Astron., Ctr.forPhys. of and Natl. Acoust., Univ. Mississippi, of University, 38677) MS
A numerical scattering technique beendeveloped calculate effectof turbulence sound has to the on propagation. technique This resolves atmosphere discrete the into "turbules," calculates scattered fromeach the field turbule using Bornapproximation, the then
sums thecontributions form the scattered all to waveform. The effectof single"turbules" different of scales be discussed. will This
technique been has applied model atmosphere thepropagationsonic to the and oi booms through planetary the boundary during layer theJAPE-2'tests atWhite Sands. Good agreement achieved. limitations planned was The and improvements bedescribed. will [Work supporteelNASALangley by Research Center.]
2:00
lpPA4.Effects atmospheric of stratification sonic-boom on propagation. Robin Cleveland O. (Appl. Labs., Box8029, Res. P.O.
Austin,TX 78713-8029)
Sonic-boom propagationaffected stratification, is by geometrical spreading, nonlinear distortion, absorption dispersion, and and turbulence. Stressedthis in paper stratification, is inparticular indirect its effect distortion absorption. stratification on and The of the density sound and speed to refraction impedance leads and variation, which a major in determining amplitude the play role the of waveform theground. on Stratification, associated and spreading, also can control amount nonlinear the of distortion a sonic boom
suffers. extreme In cases amount nonlinea the of distortion finite--aphenomenon is known waveform as freezing. Analysis shows that for aircraft the lower20 km of the atmosphere in waveform freezing doesnotoccur. Through theirdependence temperature, on
pressure, humidity, and absorption dispersionalso and are stratified. time A new domain algorithm, ona Burgers-type based equation, was developed toanalyze effect thestratification the of of absorption [J.Acoust. Am.96,3275 (1994)]. code used Soc. (A) The is to predict sonic-boom waveformstheground.isdemonstratedsonic-boom areaffected justbylocal on It that shocks not absorption but
also absorption path thepast kmor so.[Work by along for 5 supportedNASA.] by
2:20
'"
lpPAS. USAFflighttestinvestigationfocused booms.Micah of sonic Downing (USAF Armstrong 2610Seventh Lab., St., Wright-Patterson OH45433) AFB, and Noel Zamot (USAF TPS, Edwards CA93524) AFB,
In April1994, USAF the Armstrong Laboratory incooperation USAF Pilot with Test School conducted a measurement of study controlled booms focus generatedsupersonic by maneuvers.objectivethisstudy tocollect and The of was focus post-focus and booms toassess ability aircrewscontrol placement focal the of to the ofthe region during maneuvers. basic Forty-nine were flights performed
andincluded linear level acceleration, turn, level accelerating andclimbout/pushover dives, maneuvers. booms Sonic were collected
byupto25boom event analyzer recorders (BEARs) placed a 13000-ft in linear array. BEAR The units spaced to2000 were 500 ft apart thedenser with spacingtheexpected region. spacing chosen evaluate thickness at focal This was to the of both focal the and post-focal regions. the flights,focus Of 49 a boom successfully within array times was placed the 35 which demonstrated theability toplace controlled booms. ability theaircrew beemployedavoid focus This of can to collateral damage noise to sensitive receptors. Along capturing U waves, with focus complex signatures recordeddistances from foci. N-U were at away the Turbulent conditions
hada defoeusing effect,resulting smaller in maximum overpressures.
2:40
lpPA6. theoretical computational of focused booms. The and basis sonic KennethPlotkin J. (Wyle Labs., Jefferson 2001 Davis
Hwy.,Suite 701,Arlington, 22202) VA
Forthe 20years past sonic-boom signatures infocus "superboom" have computed a method ona scaling regions been using based
lawbyGuiraud Mech. 215-267 [J. 4, (1965)] a numeric and solution Gill[Ph.D. by thesis, Cornell University (1974)]. method The recognizes the that smooth caustic treated Guiraud Gillisbyfarthemost case by and common focusing situation, that and smooth caustics caused aircraft by accelerationsturns byatmospheric and and gradients topologically Gill's are similar. numeric fora result shock thus treated a canonical and may be as result, scaled arbitrary to situations Guiraud's by similitude. process been The has 3257 J. Acoust. Am., 97, No.5, Pt.2, May1995 Soc. Vol. 129th Meeting: Acoustical Society America of 3257
incorporated anexisting into sonic-boom program. Whena focus detected, program thesolution (a) computing and is the fits by ray caustic curvatures required thetheory, determining matching by (b) a position consistent Gill's boundary with conditions, (c) and applying scaled solution each the Gill to shock. computational The requirementsthisprocess reviewed, of are together empirical with
support the results. for
3:00
lpPA7.Effects sonic of booms animals: on Pasthistory futuredirections. E. Bowles(Hubbs-Sea and Ann World Res. Inst., 2595South Shores SanDiego, 92109) Rd., CA
Models developed describe mitigate to and damage human to hearing aftersonic-boom exposure be applied a widerange can to of species. humans If and laboratory animals poor models a species concern, if intense are for of or focused sonicbooms are anticipated, experimental assessments be needed. will Although attenuation across interfaces (air-waterandair-soil) will protect manyaquatic fossorial and species, attenuation notprotect may individuals theinterface boundary near if phenomena evanescent like energy found be important. are to Panicreactions a likelierhazard animals, leastin air.Damage panics predicted are for at in is best
byspecies-typical avoidance behaviors panic (e.g., flight), sound exposure (after level appropriate weighting), previous and experience
withimpulsive man-made noise. Dose-effect models havenotbeen developed because controlled experimental studies booms with at levels to 150dB (peakfiat SPL)havefailedto elicitpanics. up However, widespread concern continues because there circumare stantial accounts catastrophic of damages, notably "SootyTernIncident." the Controlled studies habituation of using initiallynaive animals r/ceded develop are to dose-effect models damaging for responses. Effects impulse-induced on (1) gametogenesis, of frights
conception, earlyembryonic and development, parental (3) activity, (4) habitat should investigatedwell. (2) care, and use be as
3:20-3:30 Break
ContributedPapers
3:30 4:00
IpPAS. Sonicboomfrom the Titan IV spacelaunchvehiclelaunched from Vandenberg Air Force Base. Jon K. Francinefind Brent S.
lpPA10. Seasonalacousticpropagation effect. Wayne R. Lundberg
(3312Braddock Kettering, 45420) St., OH

Seasonal variations wind and temperature in gradients known to are influence propagation aircraft noiseand sonicbooms.This paper the of
Stewart (HUbbs-Sea Res. 2595 World Inst., lngraham San St., Diego, CA
92109)
The sonic boomgenerated a Titan IV space by launchvehiclelaunched on 7 November 1991 wasrecorded two locations San Miguel Island, at on California.A Bmel & Kjaer microphone carder systemrecorded overthe
examines lredictive techniques incurrent forpotential use refinement and

application seasonal to environmental impact statements. The effectsof seasonally averaged refractive atmospheres studied were usingsonic-boom propagation modelswhichincluderefractiveeffects.The atmospheric environment was chosen to be that near Edwards Air Force Base where sonic
pressure near a haul-outsite for about40 000 pinnipeds (sealsand sea lions); boomeventanalysis a recorder (BEAR) wasplaced under prethe dictedfocal region.The boomreached pinniped 4 rain and 38 s the site
after launch. It was neither an N nor a U wave at either site; rather, it had
several distinct positive peaks, which indicates thefocalregion that was

upmnge therecording of sites. The firstandfourthpositive peaks were853 ms apart.At the pinnipedsite, most of the boom'senergywas at low frequencies (ca<500 Hz), as indicated the 46-dB difference by between
the 124-dBunweighted soundexposure level (SEL) and the 78 dB

A-weightedSEL. The peakoverpressure recorded nearthe pinnipeds was
64.1 Pa (!.34 psf; 130dB peakSPL).The BEAR system recorded peak a overpressure90.5 Pa (1.89psf; 133dB peakSPL).Empirical of tests of
predictive modelsfor focal regions descriptions the frequency and of characteristics focused of booms still needed evaluate potential are to the risks
to wildlife from these booms.
booms knownto affectthepublic.Sonic-boom are carpet predictions a for representative flightof an F-I 11 at Mach 1.3 and I 0 000 ft abovemeansea level weredocumented. effectof such The atmospheres predicted on noise exposure contours to a real-world due mix of supersonic flightswascalculated using appropriate adjustments theCORBOOM model.Two disto tinct atmospheric averaging techniques were appliedfor seasonal anand nual comparisons. resultingsingle-event sonic-boom The and exposure predictions werecompared eachotherandto predictions to obtained using theU.S. Standard Atmosphere theAnnualReference Day and Atmosphere for Edwards AFB. The resultsshowthe potential benefitof conducting seasonal acoustic predictions forecasting effectswhichlow-altitude in the aircraftflight operations haveon the public.
4:15
3:45
lpPA9. Sonic-boom noise penetrationinto the ocean: 1995 update. VictorW. Sparrow' (Grad.Prog. Acoust., Penn State Univ.,157Hammond Bldg.,University Park,PA 16802)
Thla talk is an uplat to a pr;vioualy given pnzasntation Acoust. [J.
lpPAll. Application of model experiment data to test sonic-boom propagationmodels. Bart Lipkens (MacroSonix, 1054 Technology
Park Dr., Glen Allen, VA 23060)
Model experiments successful simulating propagation are in the of

some booms tttrougttthe atmospheric turbulent boundary layer. In the
Sec.Am. 94, 1850-1851(A) (1993)] in whicha first-pass modelfor the

penetration sonicboomnoiseinto the oceanwas described. of Sincethat presentation given,a number refinements the theoryhavebeen was of to identified, primaryof which is the effect of aircraftMach numberon the the durationof the sonicboom.The generaltrend for airemft flying at a
fixed altitude is that the evanescent acoustic wave underwater due to a
modelexperiment spark-producedwaves N propagate across turbulent the flow field of a plane jet. The N waves are measured a wide band by
condenser microphonetheturbulence and is measured by,hot-wire anemometry. The results from the modelexperiment, pressure waveforms
and turbulence characteristics, are used to test various sonic-boom models
for propagation through turbulence. Both waveformdistortion models and
sonic boom penetrates deeply increased more for aircraft speeds Acoust. [J.
Soc. Am. 97, 159-162(1995)].Other refinements currently under devel-
opment appropriate models sound decay funcinclude initial for level a}'a
tion of depthand for focusingand defocusing the penetrating of sonic boom noise by "frozen" sinusoidal and trocboidalocean surfacewaves.
[Work supported NASAResearch NAG-I-1638.] by Grant

3258 J. Acoust.Soc. Am., Vol. 97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995
risetimeprediction models tested. are OnlyPierce's model [A.D. Pierce, J.Acoust. Am. 49, 906-924 (1971)]based thewavefront Sec. on folding mechanism a caustic at yieldsa fairlyaccurate prediction therisetime for of the meanwaveformafter propagation through turbulence. the Results fromothermodels notconfirmed themodelexperiment are by data.[Work supported NASALangley.'[ by
3258
4:30
4:45
IpPAI2. On simulation sonic-boom of propagation with realistic modeling the atmospheric of turbulence. Allan D. Pierce(Dept.of Aerosp. Mech. and Eng.,Boston Univ.,I l0 Cummington Boston, St., MA
02215)
lpPA13. Comparison computer of codes propagation sonic for of

boomsthroughthe atmosphere.James Chambers, P. HenryE. Bass, RichardRasper (Natl. Ctr. for Phys.Acoust.,Univ. of Mississippi, University, 38677), RobinO. Cleveland, MS Mark F. Hamilton, and DavidT Blackstock (Univ.of Texas, Austin, 78713-8029) TX NASA initiated exercise compare an to sonic-boom propagation codes. Threedifferent codes developed ourtwo universities compared at are here:
The propagation sonicboomsis from high abovethe groundto of ground level,andoverthe paththedominant acoustic length scales the in signatures withinwhatis knownas the inertialsubrange, which fall for there a considerable of basic is body theoretical knowledge. model Any of boom-turbulence interaction requires valuefor an outerscalehas that a veryweaktheoretical basis. However, range turbulence the of scales within theinertial subrange huge different is and scales havedifferent effects. The present paper argues the turbulence be splitin a well-defined that can and logicalmanner, with theresulting scale whichthesplitoccurs at serving as an outerscalewith respect the turbulence affects risetimesof to that the sonicbooms. Althoughmolecular relaxation accounts a substantial for fractionof the rise times,the bulk of the thickening duringdaytimeoverflightsis associated with turbulence. theoryfor suchthickening A that simultaneously bothnonlinear took steepening turbulence account and into hadbeenproposed theearly1970s Plotkin in by andGeorge, hadbeen but criticized itsdependence thechoice anouter for on of scale. proposed The
SHOCKN(Mississippi), THOR (Texas), ZEPHYRUS(Texas; and developedby L. D. Robinson). Eachcodeincludes nonlinear steepening, ab-
sorption dispersion and (relaxational thermoviscous), and geometric

spreading, atmospheric and stratification. threecodes All calculate steepeningin the timedomain. The maindifference in the calculation is of absorption dispersion. and SHOCKNandZEPHYRUSusethefrequency
domain; the FFT is used to transferback and forth between the time and
frequency domains. ZEPHYRUSemploys weakshock theory reduce to the number FFT operations. of THOR'scalculations done thetime of All are in domain. Codeaccuracy effectiveness judgedby comparing and is ground
levelpredicted waveforms (input waveforms specified NASA).The are by

codes capable dealingwith arbitrary are of atmospheric data.Results are presented for uniform isothermal here and atmospheres, andwithout with the effectsof molecular relaxation. Early comparisons revealed discrepancies,whichled to improvement codes. of Current comparisons exshow cellent agreement. Ground waveforms show surprising sensitivity input to stratification data.Somecomparisons coderunning of time havebeen made. The FFT operations apparently makeSHOCKNandZEPHYRUS
partitioning removes objection combines salient this and the ideas Plotof kin andGeorge withothers proposed theauthor by during same the epoch
for the effectsof inertial-subrange-sca]e turbulence risc times. on
mn more slowly than THOR.[Worksupported NASA.] by
TUESDAY A[rFERNOON, 30 MAY 1995
AUDITORIUM,
1:30 TO 4:30 P.M.
SessionlpSC
Speech Communication: Psychophysics of Speech Perception: What CriticalDataare Needed Improve to

Low-Bit-Rate Codingand Automatic Recognition
Oded Ghitza, Chair
Acoustics Research Department, AT&TBellLaboratories, Mountain 600 Avenue, Murray Hill, NewJersey 07974
Invited Papers
1:30
lpSC1.Psychophysics of speech perception: critical What dataareneeded improve bit-rate-coding automatic to low and recognition? Ghitza(Acoust. Dept., Oded Res. AT&T Labs., Mountain Murray NJ07974) Bell 600 Ave., Hill,
The purpose special ofthis session call attention hearing isto the ofthe science community need new tothe for knowledge onhow speech segments of durations50-150 long of ms (e.g., phonemes, diphones),being are represented auditory in the system. this In
session, need such the for knowledge beaddressed context twospecific will in the of speech-technology applications--low bit-rate coding automatic and recognition (ASR)--which onprocessing information segment-length Schemes low rely speech ofa duration. for bit-rate coding onsignal rely manipulationsspread durationsseveral of ms, schemes speech that over of tens and for recognition rely onphonemic/articulatory information extends similar intervals. that over time Current research efforts focused thepsychoare on
physicsstationary of acoustic forexample, inputs, aspectsmasking, perception,sound of pitch and segregation. Research also efforts exist the on cognitive aspectsspeech of perception, forexample, access.contrast, lexical In researchthe on psychophysical of aspects speech dynamics,manifested acoustic as in the properties durationstens ms, isin itsinfancy. over of of still
1:35
lpSC2. Psychophysics and ofspeech speech-like stimuli. Tammo Houtgast Human (TNO Factors Inst., Res. Kampweg 5,3769
De Soesterberg, Netherlands} The
Thestarting istierepresentation point of speech thespectro-tcmporal From representation, in domain. thi a number intcmatlng of
physical characteristics derived thedynamic can be on propertiesspeech. include temporal spectral of These the and envelopes, correlation patterns, synchrony. perceptual and The relevancethese of characteristics illustrated reviewingnumber willbe by a of psychophysical experiments data from including speech-like orspecific sounds laboratory-made stimuli. dynamic Within context the of lowbit-rate coding automatic and recognition,ultimate of this the goal comparison between speech characteristics and psychophysicstohelp is identify cues thespeech the in signal which perceptually are significant.
3259
3259
2:00
lp$C3. Speech perception, memory,and cognition: Implications automatic for speech recognition systems.Patricia uhl (Dept. Speech Hear. of and Sci.,Univ.of Washington, WJ-10,Seatfie, 98195) WA
Recent experiments suggest people that formperceptual representationsspeech a result experience a specific for as of with language. These representationsargued taketheformof perceptual stored memory specify are to maps in that distances between speech stimuli. Thispointwill be illustrated datafromcross-language with experiments American Japanese on and adults using the segments h'/and/1/.Theresults show theunderlying that perceptual encompassing/r/and/l/varies in American space greatly and Japanese listeners--their perceptual aredramatically maps different. Cross-cultural developmental studies show language-specific that speech representationspresent are earlyin life anddifferin infants reared different in linguistic environments. Further worksuggests thattheperceptual resulting speech maps from experience onlyinfluence not auditory speech perception, influence but auditory-visual speech perception adults speech in and production infants. in Implications automatic for speech recognition systems bediscussed. will
2:25
lpSC4. Automatic speech recognition usingsignalprocessing based auditoryphysiology perception.Richard on and Stern
(Dept. Elec.andCornput. of Eng.,School Comput. andBiomed. of $ei., Eng.Program, Carnegie Mellontlniv.,Pittsburgh, PA

15213-3890)
Signal processing automatic for speech recognition traditionally inspired has been more models speech by of production by than models auditory of perception. Whilesome aspects human of auditory processing been have implicit traditional in signal analysis for speech recognition, is growing there interest thedevelopment more in of computationally demanding signal processing strategies that aredirectly motivated knowledge auditory by of physiology perception. useof physiologically and The motivated signal processing hasbeen shown improve accuracy some to the of automatic speech recognition systems, particularly difficult in acoustical environments. This talk will reviewanddiscuss role that knowledge humanhearing playedin the design speech the of has of recognition systems. common The features auditory of models haveemerged that from various laboratories well as theirdifferences be as will discussed. recognition The accuracy obtained using auditory models becompared theaccuracy will with obtained using conventional
signal analysis techniques, wellastheaccuracy as obtained using other approachesrobust to recognition arenotphysiologically that based. Finally, attempt be made identify an will to aspects monaural binaural of and auditory processing appear bemost that to helpful forrobust recognition. [Worksupported ARPA.] by
2:50-3:05 Break
3:05
IPSC5, Achieving highqualityspeech low bit rates:Fundamental at issues psychophysics. in Bishnu Atal (Speech Dept., Res. AT&T Bell Labs., Rm. 2D-535,MurrayHill, NJ 07974) Excellent progress been has made recent in years synthesizing quality in high natural sounding speech bit rates low as8 kb/s. at as Rapidlyincreasing demand speech for transmission digitalradiochannels over requires thebit rates decreased further--to that be even 4 kb/sor lower.But, one is not ableto achieve highqualityspeech theselow bit rates.Why?Low bit ratespeech at coders exploit auditory masking mask quantizing to the noise thecoded in signal. current The models auditory of masking validonlyforrelatively are stationary segments, asvowels, thespeech such in signal. Muchof thedistortions heard low bit ratecoders introduced we in are during transitional segments, resulting fromlackof psychophysical onperception such data of distortions. human A listener ableto detect is suchdistortions the codedversionwithoutcomparing codedversionwith the original.Why is it so?How doesour hearing in the systemknow that the codedsignalis distorted? Suchquestions mustbe answered before progress be made in achieving can high qualityspeech low bit rates. at
3:30
lpSC6. On the perceptual distance between speech segments.Oded Ghitza M. MohanSondi (Acoust. Dept., and Res. AT&T Bell Labs.,Rm. 2D-536, MurrayHi!l, NJ 07974)
For manytasks speech in signal processing is of interest develop objective it to an measure correlates with theperceptual that well
distance between speech segments. (Speech segments means pieces a speech of signal, duration of 50-150 ms.)Such distance a metric
wouldbe usefulfor speech coders low bit ratesbecause at perturbations introduced suchcoders by typicallylastfor several tensof milliseconds. woulda!o be uful for automatic It apphreeonltlonin adverse conditions. glnc humanbingal:rform well in spite of gross distortions thesignal of (e.g.,dueto reverberation, environments, it isjustifiable assume mimicking noisy etc.) to that human behaviorwill improverecognition performance. this talk, attempts definingsucha metricwill be described. problemis In at The
approached theframework theDiagnostic in of Rhyme Test[DRT]. Theerrors made subjects by weremeasured when judiciously chosen time-frequency "tiles" wereinterchanged between wordsin eachpairof theDRT test[Ghitza,J. Aeonst. the Soc.Am. 94, 2507-2515 (1993)]. Nextthesame isperformed anarray automatic task with of speech recognizers [Ghitza Sondhi, and Comp. Speech
Lang. 7(2), 101-120 (1993)], using parametrized a distance metric. Finally, parametersthedistance the of metric optimized as are so
to minimize difference the between errorpatterns thehuman the of listeners those theautomatic and of speech recognizers.
3:55-4:30
PANEL
DISCUSSION
3260
3260
TUESDAY EVENING, 30 MAY 1995

Session leID
AUDITORIUM,
7:00 TO 9:00 P.M.
Interdisciplinary: Tutorial on Flow-Induced Sound

Kenneth J. Plotkin, Chair
WyleLaboratories,2001 Jefferson Davis Highway,Suite 701, Arlington, Virginia22202

Invited Paper
7:05
leID1. Flow-induced sound. Alan Powell (Dept.of Mech.Eng., Univ.of Houston, Houston, 77204-4792) TX After a brief historical account introducing somelasting concepts, originsand main features aerodynamically the of generated sound described termsof the melding somepertinent are in of elements fluiddynamics of acoustics. of and Theseare, for example, flow separation, instability, vortices theonehand,coupled flow and on with the hydrodynamic flowsof acoustic monopoles, dipoles, andquadrupoles theother. on With emphasis thevortextheory aerodynamic on of sound, various theoretical approaches generally are described physical in termsandare illustrated a varietyof sound-generating Thesemay be classified freeflowswith no by flows. as
solid surfaces present (spinning vortices, turbulent noise, jet supersonic screech), jet flows overrigidsurfaces (boundary noise, layer
whistling telephone wires.edgetones,pipe tones,vocal fricatives, and whistling, organpipes),interaction with steadilymoving surfaces (helicopter blade slap,fanblade interaction, not including rotational but the noise fansandpropellers), withexcited of flow surfaces (interior aircraft boundary layernoise, aeolian tones, reedandlip-driven musical instruments, vocalchord vibration, snoring and raspberries). Someof theseinvolved resonance all, while others no at haveflow resonance, acoustic resonance mechanical or
vibration or resonance.
WEDNESDAY
MORNING,
31 MAY
1995
MEETING
Session 2aAA
ROOM 16, 8:30 A.M. TO 12:00 NOON
Architectural Acoustics and Noise: The Americans with Disabilities Act and Acoustical Criteria
for the Disabled
David Lubman, Cochair
David Lubman and Associates, 14301 Middletown Lane, Westminster, California 92683
John Erdreich, Cochair
Ostergaard Acoustical Associates, Executive 100 Drive, West Orange, NewJersey 07052
Chair's IntroductionS:30
lnvded Papers
8:35
2aAA1.Meetingthe challenges the Americans of with Disabilities Act: Providing access people for with communication
digabilitig_ Io Williamg (Profeggional Praetieeg Dept..AmericanSpeech-Language-Hearin Association. 10801 RockvillePike.
Rockville, MD 20852)
TheAmerican Disabilities (ADA) issignificant onlyaslandmark rights with Act not civil legislation, also but becauseisa turning it
point public in policy regarding importancecommunicationcommunication In thepast, the of and access. accessibility has policy focused physical/mobility on concerns largely and ignored needs related sensory/cognitive to impairments. than34 million More Americansall ages--approximately every people--have of oneof ten hearing, speech, and/or cognitive language impairments that
3261
3261
affect their ability work, to learn school, participateeveryday in and in activities. regulations ADA address communication in access employment, community programs businesses, and transportation,telecommunications. forcommunication and and Strategies access employment accommodations the vary with individual/disability type activity/business.individuals strategies and the of Most need that optimize auditory visual and information exchange, including improvements in environmental conditions asreduced (such ambient noise levels). approachesrethinking needed New and are regarding assessing (1) communication (dis)ability needs, the and (2) concept of accessibility, (3} theroleof professionals, and including interdisciplinary collaborative efforts, ADA implementation. in
9:00
2aAA2. Room acoustics needs people of withhearing impairment.Anna Nabelek IgorV. Nahelek(Univ. Tennessee, K. and of
Knoxville, TN 37996-0740)
Speech perceptionpeople hearing of with impairmentnegatively is affected a greater to degree background and by noise reverberation thespeech than perception people normal of with hearing. a consequence, which As rooms have adequate acoustics for normal-hearing might toonoisy tooreverherant hearing-impaired Causes perceptual people be or for users. of difficulties hearingof impaired listeners data and comparing ofnoise reverberation effects and onspeech perception ofnormal-hearing and hearing-impaired listeners bepresented. number people hearing grows age. major will The of with loss with Two causes noise are exposure aging and processes. withhearing can People loss obtain improvement in speech communication hearing butpoor with aids room acoustics can limithearing benefits cause and hearing rejection. aid Advantages of acoustical modifications, preferential sitting, use ampliand of
fication smallrooms in will be discussed. Listening systems suchas induction loops, FM, and infrared will be considered as alternatives additions acoustical or to modificationslarge of rooms. listening The systems be utilized hearing users by can by aid and people whodo notusehearing aids,eventhose with normal hearing.
2aAA3.The effects roomacoustics normal-hearing of on children: Implications intervention.CarlC. Crandell (Dept.of for Commun. ProcessesDisorders, & Univ.of Florida, Daner 461 Hall,Gainseville, 32611) FL and Joseph Smaldino(Univ.of Northern
Iowa, CedarFalls,IA 50614)
It iswellrecognized theacoustical that environmenta classroomanimportant in is variable thepsyche in educational achievement of hearing-impaired children. date, To however, there remains paucity information a of concerning importance classroom the of acoustics populationschildren normal-hearing for of with sensitivity. present The discussion examine: commonly will (1) reported
levelsof classroom noiseand reverberation; the potential (2) effects classroom of acoustics the speech on recognition several of
populationspediatric of listeners (young children, children language/articulation with disorders, non-native English children, children withminimal hearing developmentally loss, disordered children, children central with auditory processing disorder); intervention (3) strategies, assound amplification such field systems,benefit to normal-hearing children theclassroom in setting; (4}implications and of appropriate classroom acoustics theAmerican Disabilities (ADA). to with Act
9:50
2aAA4. Proposed guidelines quietareas restaurants hearing-impaired for in for individuals. Moulder(Empire Ron Acoustical Systems, Park 89 Ave. Mansfield, 44902) W, OH and David Lubman Lubman Assoc., (D. and Westminster, 92683) CA
Thepredominant problem thehearing-impaired of individual speech is communication.noisy reverberant In and restaurants where speech communication is difficult impossible, individuals to these cannot enjoy experience dining Thisfactwasconveyed the of out. to theUS government during hearings theAmericans Disabilities A program funded thefederal for with Act. was by government to develop recommendations improving acoustical for the qualityof restaurants thathearing-impaired so individuals couldenjoythe experience diningout.A three-phase of program consisting a literature of search, evaluation the acoustical the of environment in
selected restaurants, the development proposed and of recommendations improvespeech to communication hearing-impaired by individuals restaurants carried by Battelle. advisory in was out An panelof professional lay individuals established review and was to the work of this program. The proposed recommendations developed focused reducing on reverberation timesand noiselevelsin restaurants. Severalrecommendations presented achieving are for thesegoals.
10:15-10:25
Break
ContributedPapers
10:25
the aged. For a group of 30 residenls,scope of participation m acnvlttes
2aAAS. Evaluation of accessibilityneeds in a home for the aged. M.
KathleenPiehera-Fuller (Schoolof Audiel. and SpeechSci., Univ. of

British Columbia, 5804 Fairview Ave., Vancouver, V6T IZ3, Canada) BC
Audiologicalrehabilitation has traditionallyfocusedon the hard-ofhearing individual. contrast, needs groups In the of who performspecific activities specific in locations mustbe evaluated planning in facility-based accessibility programs. Suchevaluations necessary are whenplanners designprograms wheresolutions may he achieved a combination stratby of egiesincludingmodification the environment, of provision personal of or
institutionalassistfive technology, communication or training.The present studydemonstrates how accessibility needswere evaluatedin a home for
and qualityof communication duringactivitieswere measured four times overtwo years, twicebefore andtwiceafterprogram implementation. a In pilot study,groups residents staff identifiedsituations the home of and at wherethey felt that hearingwas important. The evaluation communiof cationfunctionwas keyed to thesesituations. The patterns scopeand of
qualityof communication usedto formulate accessibility were an plane. Baselineand outcome data regarding extentto which the program the accomplished accessibility be presented. example,the program will For
rendered meetings and chapel services accessibleto most residents whereas situations suchas diningin the dininghall remained inaccessible.
[Worksupported NHRDP.] by
3262
3262
10:40
increases capability auditory the for communication (1) lowering by: in-
2aAA6, Developmentof acousticalcriteria in a schoolfor children with healing disabilities. John Erdreich and R. Kring Herbert (Ostergaard Acoust. Assoc.,100 ExecutiveDr., W. Orange,NJ 07052)
Classrooms the teachingand rehabilitation hearing-impaired for of
terfering r'everberant levels noise generatedpeople trains, (2) by and and

increasing clarity speech people audio the of from and systems providing
railway information.
children posespecial problems acoustical in design. Both Elliot [L. L. Elliot,'J. Acoust. Soc.Am. 66, 12-21; 651-653 (1979)] and Mills [J. Acoust. Soc.Am. 58, 767-779 (1975)]haveshown thelevels noise that of
whichinterfere with speech perception children in withouthearing impairmentare lowerthanthosewhichinterfere with intelligibilityin adults.It is logicalto conclude, therefore, that the designof roomsin schools the for hearinig impaired should include criteria morestringent those other than for
11:10
2aAA8. Influence of impulse noise on speech transmission index.
MiomirMijiE (Faculty Elec.Eng.,P.O.Box 816, l1000 Belgrade, of Yugoslavia) Miodrag and Popovi6(INTELSAT, Washington, 20008) DC
This paperanalyzes influence impulse the of noiseimpairments a in telecommunication channel thespeech on transmission (STI) value, index
which was measured usingRASTI method.So far STI hasnot been applied in telecommunications a speech as transmission quality measure. Impulse noise components wereformedasIEEE standard impulse streams.
classrooms. approach adopted establishing forthe This was in c{iteria

Summit Speech School whichconducts distinct two programs speech of training hearing for impaired children: Onefor children from birthto age
three the and other, ages to5.Several were for 2 factors identified for
particularattentionincludingcontrol of activity noise without excessive soundabsorption controlof flutterecho.Among the criteriarecomand
mended were minimum sound isolation between classrooms and other
Impulse amplitude relative thelevel reference noise level to of (RASTI)

signalas well as the durationbetweensuccessive impulseeventswere variedin a channel. Consequently, valuewasdetermined a function STI as of thesetwo parameters. the samechannel In PB-WordScoreevaluation was alsoperformed. a result,the correlation As betweenPB-WordScore
spaces STC-48andmaximum of background sound levelsof RC-25. Criteriafor otherspaces their basiswill be presented. and
10:55
and value a telephone STI for channel impulse impairments with noise
present was established this paper. in
2aAA7. Acoustical design of the New York railway stations with improved accessibility for hearing and visually impaired persons. Robert Nichols (Nichols Design Assoc., Inc., P.O. Box 11251,
Washington, 20008)and GeraldHenning (Miller Henning DC Assoc.,

Inc., McLean, VA 22101)
11:25-11:30
Break
An acoustical designof the New York railway stations proposed is to improvethe acoustical accessibility persons for with hearingand visual
impairments. acoustical The design includes methods materials and for

reducing reverberation timesin the stations. Reducing reverberation times
11:30-12:00 PANEL DISCUSSION
WEDNESDAY MORNING, 31 MAY 1995
GRAND BALLROOM CENT,RAL,8:00A.M. TO 12:45P.M.

Session 2aAO
AcousticalOceanography:Ocean AcousticTomography: Observing the Ocean in the 1990s III

Yves Desaubies, Chair
Laboratoire Physique Oceans, de des IFREMER, BP 70, 29280 Plouzane, France

ContributedPapers
8:05 2aAO1. The internal tide of the western North Atlantic observed
internaltide will be given. Beamforming internaltide M 2 and K 1 the
harmonic constants determined each the15acoustic suggests on of paths

twoorigins significant of internal generation theBlakeEscarpment tide are
using long-range reciprocal acoustic transmissions. Brian D. Dushaw (A.P.L.,Univ. of Washington, 1013 NE 40th St., Seattle, WA 98105-6698), Peter E Worcester,Brace D. Comuelle (Univ. of California,La Jolla,CA 92093-0213),and BruceM. Howe (Univ. of
andthecontinental north Puerto sheif of Rico. Thenontidal, highfrequency variability cpd)is dueto internal-wave (> sound-speed and
currentvariability.
8:20
Washington, Seattle, 98105-6698) WA

Time series of ray travel times were obtained at 350-, 410-, and 670-kmranges the western in NorthAtlanticduringthe 199l-2 Acoustic
2aAO2. Tomographicinversion of fish parameters in shallow water.
Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment (AMODE). Transmissions rewere corded approximately days for 300 between transceivers pentagosix in'a
nal array.Sound-speed variabilityis separated from currentvariabilityby calculatingthe sum of reciprocaltravel times. Both phase-locked and narrow-band internal-tide sound-speed variability,causedby the internaltide isotach displacement, observed the sumtraveltimes.The deare by
Orest Diachok. (SACL,ANT Undersea Ctr., Spezia, Res. La Italy)

Simulationsof WestoWsmeasurements the temporal variability of of
anomalously large atteauation due to fish, suggest possibilityof tothe
mographic inversion pelagic parameters large q.f. fish over spatial dimensions(nominally km radius)in shallow 50 water.Thesemeasurements
scription theacoustic asa high-directivity of array antenna theincid?nt for
re'al resonances area function fishbladder anddepth. which of size Computations sugges([hat latter beinferred modal the may from attenua129thMeeting: Acoustical Society America of 3263
3263
d. Acoust. Sec.Am.,Vol.97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995
tionmeasurements [Diachok, European Conference Underwater on Acoustics(1994)],hypothetically permitting unambiguous estimation bladder of size.In thehorizontal dimension pelagic concentrate "clusters" fish into of schools scales, at whicharedriven the "patchiness" plankton, by of which in turnishypothetically controlled atmospheric bottom by and conditions, andby oceanic mesoscale phenomena as eddies, such fronts,and upwelling events. fixed, A large-scale tomegraphic consisting several array of widelyspaced transmitters receivers, and designed invertocean to parameters low frequencies fishparameters a broad at and over range higher of frequencies, together quasisynoptic with measurementsplankton of parameters(probably from ships), wouldpermitinvestigation fishadaptaof tion(s) thetemporally to evolving mesoscale environment. Criteria the for design such bioacoustic of a observatory, itsadvantages disadvanand and tages compared shipborne to methods fixedlong-range and active monitoring,will be discussed.
signals duringtheirpropagation the Fram Straitcrosssection in with vari-
ableupper layermean temperature considered thebase theray were on of theoryapproximation. results computer The of simulation the process of
are presented.
9:20
2aAO6,A full field approach acoustic to tomography oceanic of

currents. Oleg A. Godin (NOAA/AtlanticOceanogr. Meteorel. and Lab., 4301 Rickenbacker Cswy.,Miami, FL 3.3149)and Dmitry Yu.
Mikhin (P. P. ShitsheyOceanogr. Inst. of the Russian Acad. Sci., Moscow
117851,Russia) Traditionally is nonreciprocity traveltimesalongidentified it in pairs of spatially close eigenrays serves input that as data a current's for velocity inversion. shallowwatermanyof the raysare bottom-interacting In and
cannotbe resolved identified. or Hencethe traditional approach resultsin
8:35
2aAO3. Scatteringof acoustictomegraphicsignalsin shallowwater by internal waves. JamesF. Lynch (WoodsHole Oceanogr. Inst., WoodsHole, MA 02543), Guoliang'Jin (AcademiaSinlea, People's Republic China), PeterTraykovski (MIT/WHOI JointProgram of in
a verypoor nonexistent or resolution thevertical in plane S. Ko et al., [D. J. Geephys. Res.94, 6197-6211(1989)].To avoidthese problems is it suggested one matchnonreciprocity acoustic that of continuous waves measured a setof points, at e.g.,at a vertical array..&nalytic studies indicatethatnonreciprocity thephase a cw signal sensitive theflow of of is to
velocitybutdoesnotdepend, firstorder,on fluctuations sound to in speed
or on uncertainties in transceiver location and, therefore, can he used as
Oceanography Oceanographic and Engineering, Woods Hole,MA 02543), Ching-sang Chin, and James Miller .(NavalPostgraduate H. School,
Monterey, 93943) CA
This talk examines how internal waves in shallow water cause travel
time fluctuations acoustic in tomegraphic Wansmissions. and mode Ray
input dataforcurrents inversion. Respective matehed-phase nonreciprocity tomography (MPNT) is simulated numerically, including effects acousof tic SNR, systematic randomenvironmental and ntismatches, numberof transceivers thearray, in uncertainty theirpositions, andcompared in etc. to otherpossible inversion schemes. is concluded MPNT couldbe a It that
theory expressions developed calculations compared travel are and are to

time fluctuation datatakenfrom the 1992 Barents SeaPolar Frontexperi-
practical for monitoring tool ocean dynamics shallow in water. [Work supported NR(3andRBRF.] by
9:35
ment. Whilethere basic is agreement, is stillmuch there roomfor improvementof thebasic theory andexperiments. Directions further of research in boththeory experiment discussed. and are [Worksupported ONR.] by
8:50
2aAO7. 1994 moving ship tomography experiment in the western Mediterranean. Dmitry Yu. Mikhin, Dmitry L. Aleynik, Sergey V. Burenkov, Yury A. Chepurin, Viktor G. Selivanov, Sergey Ya. Molehaney (P. P. ShirshovOceanogr.Inst. of the Russian Acad. Sci.,
a 1000-km Pacific acoustic
2aAO4.
Internal-fide
inversions
Uom
Moscow 117851, Russia), and OlegA. Godin (NOAA/Atlantic a)

Oceanographic Meteorological and Lab., Miami, FL 33149) A tomegraphic network seven of moored transceivers deployed was in the western Mediterranean basinin early 1994by IfM (Kiel, Germany), IFREMER (Brest,France),andWHOI (Woods Hole, USA) in the framework of the THETIS-2 project.Signals emittedby the transceivers were alsoutilizedin the 8-weekmovingshiptomography experiment, MOST. Acoustic measurements made were with a single hydrophone aneightand element verticalarraydeployed from a driftingvessel and werecomplemented CTD casts. by The setof observation pointswaschosen provide to detuiledCTD and acoustic data along existingpropagation pathsof the
propagationexperimentin the Pacific. CharlesBracherand Stanley
M. Flatte (Phys. Dept.,Univ.of California, Santa Cruz,CA 95064)

The Slice89experiment sentsound pulses through Pacificover a the 1000-km path.Differentidentified wavefronts showed clearM2 internal-
tidalsignals their in arrival-time series. have We examined internal-tide

models composed thefirstthree of vertical modes orderto fit theSlice89 in
data. The horizontal directions of the three modes were allowed' to be
different.The horizontal structure the modelsvariedfrom planewaves of to wavesthat are localizedalongthe directionof acoustic propagation. It hasbeen foundthat the best-fitinternal-tide modelwithin the parametri-
zation, theresulting is reasonable. and fit These results along withthose of

otherexperiments the samegeographical in areahave beencompared.
THETIS-2 network comparison traditional moving for of and shiptomographyunderwell-controlled environmental conditions well as to create as numerous additional propagation pathsto improveresolution the horiin
zontal plane. precise By compensatingDoppler due vessel the shift to drift

9:05
2aAO5. Numerical simulation of the sensitivity for the temperature

remote acoustics control in Fram Strait environmental conditions.
the data processing technique usedmade it possible resolveeigertray to arrivalsup to 400-600 km rangefor differentsources. Preliminary results of theMOST dataprocessing, analysis, interpretation be presented and will
atthemeeting. supported and [Work byISF INTAS.] leave P.P. a)On from
Shitshey Oceanography Institute, Moscow.
9:50
CO 80303), Ola M. Johannessen (NansenEnvironmental and Remote SensingCtr., Bergen N5037, Norway), Igor B. Esipov, Oleg B. Ovchinaikov,Yury I. Tujilkin, and Viktor V. Zosimov (N. Andreyev
Acoust. Inst., Moscow 117036, Russia)
KonstantinNaugolnykh A. (Environmental Lab., Tech. NOAA, Boulder,
An important role of the generalproblemof globalclimatechanges is

the heat inflow from the Atlantic Ocean to the Arctic basin control. The
2aAOS. Acoustic footprints of an interthermocline eddy: Field experimentand numerical simulations. Dmitry Yu. Mikhin, Dmitry L. Alcynik, SergeyV. Burenkov, Yury A. Chepurin,Vikor G. Selivanov,
effective tool to perform is the acoustic it methods application. Some

aspects this problemconnected of with the averagewater temperature
measurements in some cross section of the Fram Strait are considered. It is
Sergey Molchanov (P. P. Shirshov Ya. Oceanogr. of the Russian Inst.
Acad. Moscow Sci., 117851, Russia), Oleg Godin (NOAA/ and A. a

AtlanticOceanogr. Meteorol.Lab., Miami, FL 33149) and A movingshiptomography experiment (MOST) wascarried in the out western Mediterranean basinin 1994.Six moored transceivers deployed in the areaby IfM (Kiel, Germany),IFREMER (Brest,France),and WHOI
supposed thetemperature that change takes placein theupper 200-mlayer of the oceanwhich is typical for the winter Fram Strait environmental conditions. Variations the amplitude thearrivaltime of the acoustic of and
3264
3264
(Woods Hole,USA),in the framework theTHETIS-2project, of were

utilized as wide-baud sound sources for the MOST. An interthermocline
10:50
eddywithcoldcorewasfound during MOST.Detailed the CTD surveys

wereperformed alongseveral sections theeddy.In thehorizontal, was of it close anellipse to withaxes 25 and40 nm.Thesound-speed of difference atgiven depth inside outside eddywasupto 2 mJs. and the Withintheeddy core the sound-speed gradientwas an orderof magnitude lessthan in surrounding waters. Acoustic signals from the transceivers wererecorded at 16 points withinandaround eddyin orderto studyfeasibility the of reconstruction mesoscale of inhomogeneitiesthistypeby acoustic of to-
2aAOll. Decadal variability in acousticthermometers interpreted with oceanmodels. John Spiesberger, Keller (Dept.of Meteoro/. Mark andtheAppl.Res.Lab.,512 WalkerBldg.,PennStateUniv.,University Park,PA 16802), Mark Johnson (Univ. Alaska--Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-1080), HarleyHurlhurt (NavalRes. Lab., Stennis Space Center,Bay St. Louis,MS 39522), and James O'Brien (FloridaState
Univ., Tallahassee, 32306) FL Travel timesof acoustic signalswere measured betweenthe bottommounted Kaneohe source near Oahu and seven SOSUS stations at 3000-
mography means. technique coherent A of signal processing made used it

possible resolve to multiple eigenray arrivals fromfourtransceivers each at pointof observations. Results mathematical of modeling the acoustic of effects theeddyandtheircomparison theexperimental will be of with data
reported. [Worksupported ISF andINTAS.]a)OnleavefromP. P. by

Shirshov Oceanography Institute,Moscow.
10:05-10:20 Break
4000-km distance during1983-1989.TheNavalResearch Laboratory hydrodynamic eddyresolving modelyieldschanges traveltime whose in standard deviations consistent thedata.The modelpredicts are with that between1981-1993, Rossby wavesmodifytraveltimesby one second. Mesoscale eddies modifytraveltimeslittle compared Rossby to waves.
The largestRossby waves are descendants El Nino. Travel times of changes sensitive are indicators predictable of featuresin the Naval Re-
search Laboratory model. [Worksupported theStrategic by Environmental

10:20
Research Development and Program, managed theAdvanced by Research Projects Agency.]
2aAO9. On acoustictomographyof internal waves. JohnA. Colosi
(Scripps of Oceanogr., Inst. IGPP-0225, UCSD,La Jolla, 92093}and CA

Stanley Flatte (Univ.of California, M. SantaCruz,CA 95064) With the plannedacoustic instrumentation severalof the worlds of ocean basins, possibility the exists measuring strength theinterfor the of nalwavefieldasa function depth, of time,andgeographical position. The variability internal-wave of energies spectra these and over parameters will provide information thesources sinks internal on and of waves. theearly In eighties Flatteformulated analytic, an ray-based framework internalfor wave tomography. Analysis the SLICE89 experiment of combined with supercomputer numerical simulations have recentlyshownthat internal waves haveevenstronger effects signals on transmitted 1000km than over were expected from the early ray-based theoryplus the Garrett-Munk
11:05
2aAO12. Surface suspended acoustic receiver for acoustic tomography. S. Spiesberger, Ackerman, Bruce John Carter and Einfalt (Dept. Meteorol. theAppl.Res. of and Lab.,512Walker Bldg., Penn State
Univ., UniversityPark,PA 16802)
A surface suspended acoustic receiver (SSAR)is shown capable of

processing transmitting and acoustic tomography through data ARGOSto laboratories near-real in time.Ray theoryis shown adequate validating for
thedatafromtheSSAR.[Worksupported theStrategic by Environmental

Research Development and Program, managed theAdvanced by Research Projects Agency.]
(GM) spectrum. wasfound It thattheray-based theory adequate is for identifiable wavefronts turn at depths that below 100 m; energythat
reaches veryshallow depths energy and thatstays nearthe sound-channel axis do not behaveso simply.The numericalsimulations establishan
internal-wave strength below 100 m of 0.5_0.25 the reference GM level,
11:20
andpointto knownlimitations the GM spectrum the upperocean. of in Simulations 3000 km havequantified rangedependence internalto the of waveeffects, extensions ray-based and of theoryattempt explainthese to
effects.
2aAO13.
ATOC-FACT
arrival-time
differences.
David
Palmer
(NOAA/Atlantic Oceanopt. and Meteorol. Lab., 4301 Rickenbacker Cswy.,Miami, FL 33173), Leon Krige (Inst. for Maritime Technol.,
10:35
Simon's Town, 7995 SouthAfrica), Geoff Brundrit (Univ. of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700 SouthAfrica), and Kurt Metzger (Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor,MI 48109-2122)
on shallow water acoustic
2aAO10.
Internal
wave
effects
The acoustic thermometry ocean of climate-feasibility ascension Cape
tomography.Xin TangandF. D. Tappert (Appl.MarinePhys., Univ.

Miami, RSMAS, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy.,Miami, FL 33149)
Full-wavenumerical simulations internalwave scattering sound of of in shallowwaterare performed with an efficientbroadband modelthat PE alsoincludes scattering bathymetric by variations. Bathymetric scattering by itselfgivesanexponentially largenumber unresolvable of multipaths as predicted ray chaostheory.When internalwavesthat evolvedynamiby cally in geophysical time are included,the unresolvable multipaths are found to be temporallyunstable with coherence times less than a few minutes ranges at greaterthana few tensof waterdepthsin shallowwater, exceptpossibly rare pathsthat are shielded for from internalwavessuchas within strongsurfaceducts. Since traditionaltravel-time ocean acoustic tomography requires many stable,resolvable and identifiable paths,conditions thatarenotsatisfied shallow in waterat longer ranges, some other inversion method will haveto be developed remotesensing shallow for of
Town (ATOC-FACT) propagation experiment place took during November

andDecember 1992.Explosive of charges weredetonated theoceanic near sound-channel at five locations the South axis in Atlanticoff CapeTown.
Theresulting signals wererecorded bottom-mounted on hydrophones at

Ascension, Navy horizontal arrays Bermuda, off bottom-mounted hydrophones Kaneohe off and Wake and from a hydrophone array deployed from a research ship off Southern Tasmania. The primary goal of the experiment was to determinethe extent that the acoustic path between
Ascension and CapeTown is blockedby Bonaparte's Seamount and other
bathymetric features. Secondary goalswere to determine horizontal the

arrival structure Bermudaand the temporalarrival structure Ascenat at sion,Hawaii, and off Tasmania. After giving an overviewof the experiment, we use recordeddata to discussthe questionof how precisely arrival-time differences explosive of signals be measured. can Detonations separated both temporallyand spatiallyare considered. is hopedthis It work will contribute an understanding the role explosive to of signals can play in the designof a globalATOC network.
water environments. [Worksupported ONR.] by
3265
J, Acoust,Soc, Am,, Vol. 97, No, 5, Pt12, May 1995
3265
Invited Paper
11:35
2aAO14. Observing ocean the1990s: the in Where westand do now?Carl Wunsch (Dept. Earth, of AtmosphericPlanetary and
Sciences, Room54-1524,MIT, Cambridge, 02139) MA
Thirteen ago, paper almost same asthis years a with the name present session publishedMunk Wunsch. inwhich was by and Was
oceanographers were likely to be observingthe ocean 10 years later was speculated upon.The specialfocus was climate-scale problems with acoustic tomography satellitealtimetryas the naturalcomplementary and observational technologies. the time, the At tomographic wasonly about4 yearsold, andnow thatit is half-waythrough 1990s,it is interesting perhaps idea the and usefulto look backto understand extentto whichthevisionof theroleof tomography oceanography cometo pass. number problems the in has A of will be considered, from the technical the sociological attemptto make yet anotherforecast where tomography oceanto and of in ographymight be in another10 years.
12:00-12:45
PANEL DISCUSSION
WEDNESDAY
MORNING,
31 MAY
1995
Session 2aEA
MEETING ROOM3, 8:00TO 11:45 A.M.
Engineering Acoustics Noise: and Active Control Noise Vibration of and I

Sung H. Ko, Cochair :
Naval Undersea Warfare Center, London New Detachment, London, New Connecticut 06320
Elizabet McLaughlin, h. Cochair

Naval Undersea WarfareCenter, New London Detachment, New London,Connecticut 06320
Invited Papers
8:05
2aEA1. control and Active of noise vibration: and Overview current applications. Fuller andAcoust. ChrisR. (Vib. Lab.,Dept.
of Mech. Eng.,VirginiaPolytech. Inst. andStateUniv., Blacksburg, 24061) VA
In thisintroductory presentation the.principles components and of active control systems be briefly will overviewed. Current
research topics areas application be discussed and of will including noise, duct machinery isolation, wavecontrol beams, in interior noise aircraft, structurally in and radiated sound. useof adaptive The materials active in noise vibration and control also touched will be upon. presentation finish The will witha discussion thepresent on limitations active of control future and promising directions.
8:35
2aEA2. controll paradigms Active New for structural and acoustics dynamics. J.Tucker ofNaval 800 Albert (Office Res., N.
Quincy St., Arlington,VA 22311-5660)
Originally concept active the of control conveyed simple the notion creating of "antinoise""antivibration;;' ideas or these implied
that simple antiphase could propagated motions be tocancel unwanted However, advances noise. recent insignal processing, coupled with gigatop signal digital processor new tounderstand s,augur ways and control complex dynamic systems. these shifting Among are
wavenumbers radiating nonradiating from to components modifying and structural impedancescreate to large dynamic masses, stiffnesses, damping. and/or Hence electronically one modifies dynamics complex the of systems achieve to acoustic radiation reduction,tohave physically or a lightweight structure emulate dynamicsa heavier, the of stiffer structure. fundamental This scientific
understanding newopportunities development newtechnology control offers for of for algorithms, sensors, actuators. a result, and As
activecontrolis emerging viableaddition the engineering as to toolkitfor noiseandvibration reduction.
3266
3266
9:00
2sEA3. Silencers: impact active The of control. L. 1. Eriksson (DIGISONIX, 8401Murphy Middleton, 53562) Inc., Dr., WI
Over the pastdecade, powerful newadaptive techniques havebeendeveloped theactivecontrol sound vibration. for of and One
of theareas hasreceived most that the attention theapplication active is of control enhance performance silencers on to the of used ducts pipes. or Activesilencing often is combined passive with silencing create newformof hybrid to a silencer. These silencers can be used intake discharge as or silencers heating, for ventilating, air conditioning and (HVAC)fans,industrial fans,rotary blowers, compressors, internal combustion engines, turbines, gas pumps, related and equipment. paper review useof active This will the control for these applications particular with emphasis thedifferent on reasons generating interest active the in control each for application.
Amongthepotential advantages activecontrol silencers improved frequency of for are low performance, reduced flow restriction, and
decreased andcost. degree which size The to these potential advantages berealized specific can in applications varyconsiderably can aswellastheultimate impact theimprovement theenduser. of for These issues bediscussed a number actual will using of examples andimplications thefutureuseof active for control will be suggested.
9:25
2aEA4.Activecontrol aircraftcabinnoise. Gopal Mathur (McDonnell of P. Douglas Aerospace, Hughes 1510 Way,Mail Code
71-35, Long Beach,CA 90810-1870)
Aircraft cabin noise control thepast reliefheavily improving in has on sidewall attenuation passive by "add-on" treatments. The
conventional passive methods, asadding such mass, damping, acoustic or absorption, notonly etc., imposestiffweight a penalty, they
arealso ineffective improving low-frequency in the sound transmission of anaircraft loss fuselage sidewall. Active control sound of inside aircraft cabins been focus research recent has the of in years has and shown considerable promise. Laboratory in-flight and tests
ofprototype control active systems tonal for noise reduction secondary using speakers demonstrated have the feasibility active of noise control (ANC)in aircraft cabins. recent active In years structural acoustic control (ASAC) also has been applied aircraft to fuselage structurescontrolling to mid-frequency in lowstructural sound radiation. theASACtechnique, In control forces applied are directly
tothevibrating structure actuators aspiezoelectric by (such transducers) instead using of loudspeakers tominimize radiated the sound field.TheASACapproach also is important thedesign "smart in of structures," which incorporate sensors actuators the both and in structure noise vibration for and control. paper This presents results investigations of (conductedMcDonnell at Douglas) application of of both ANC andASACtechniquesa full scale to aircraft fuselage. Significant sound pressure reductions achieved were throughout thecabin multiple for tonal frequenciesexcitation. performancetheASACmethod compared thatof theANC system of The of is with using speakers. flighttestresults a prototype The with ANC system anMD-80 aircraft alsobe presented. in will
9:50
2aEA5.Feedback-stabilized artificialbedrock: practical A implementation a passive/active of vibration isolation system.A. M. Beard, W. Schubert D. (Barry Controls, Guest Brighton, 02135), 40 St., MA and A.H. yonFlotow (Hood Technol. Corp., Hood
River, OR 97031)
Active control thepresence resonant in of structural dynamics challenging such is since dynamics both are uncertain easy and to destabilize. is particularly whenbroadband This true control required. is Activevibration isolation plagued such is by difficulties. In spiteof muchdevelopment work,few systems in service these are and remainvery sensitive structural to resonances. eachsuch For system, control the logicis fine-tuned during installation. Whenthesystem's environment changes (sometimes slightly), only unstable behavior common. is Thispresentation describes basic options passive/active in vibration isolation highlights and mechanical architectures which makerobust activecontrolpossible. Simpletheoretical arguments supported are with experimental evidence. The presentation concludes a detailed with description a recently of developed system whichis based upon such one mechanical architecture; BarryControls' STAC1S-2000. system This uses seismic motion sensors (geophones) piezo-ceramic and stack actuators to createfeedback-stabilized "artificialbedrock." Vibration-sensitive payloads mounted thesestiff, quiet points.The system are to delivers isolation the performance a well-damped of 0.3-Hzpassive mount thestiffness inertial and (to space) a 25-Hz mount. of The
systemis robustto the dynamicsof both the vibration sourceand the receiver.
10:15-10:30
Break
ContributedPapers
10:30
2aEA6. Smart foam design and applicationsin active structural acousticcontrol. Cassandra Gentry, Cathy Guigou, and Chris R. A. Fuller (Vib. andAcoust. Lab., Dept.of Mech.Eng.,VirginiaPolytech. Inst.andStateUniv., Blacksburg, 24061-0238) VA
Acoustic foams possessinherent high-frequency sound absorbing ca-
formulating passive/active a noisesuppression devicethatcanefficiently operate overa broadrangeof frequencies. thisresearch, experimenIn the tal deviceis comprised a layerof piezoelectric of material embedded a in partiallyreticulated polyeurethane foam.Depending the specific on application,the distributed actuator altersthe surface impedance the passive of
absorbersuch that an incident acousticwave is totally reflectedor absorbed.lrror sensorconfigurations include mierophones piezoelectric or sensors integrated directly into the noise suppression device creatinga compact passive/active system. Experimental resultsare presented pisfor ton radiationcontrol.An analyticalmodelof smartfoam is described and simulations presented illustratethe potentialof the device and the are to interaction betweenthe passiveand active components.
pabilities radiation for andreflection controlof structures. Comparatively, active noise control systems generallydo not perform well at high frequencies due to the increasing complexityof the physicalmodel and the necessary speed high digitalsignalprocessing. "smartfoam" concept The anddesign originates from the combination these of two controlstrategies
3267
3267
10:45
11:15
2aEA7. Adaptive control of sound reflection. SamsonBeyene and RicardoBurdisso (Vib. andAcoust. Lab., Dept. of Mech. Eng.,Virginia Tech.,203 Randolph Hall, Blacksburg, 24060) VA The presence an air cavity behinda layer of absorptive of material createsan impedance-release boundaryconditionat the interfacebetween the material and the air cavity. This boundaryconditionresultsin high absorption coefficients overrelativelynarrowfrequency bands. Thesehigh absorption valuesdependon the depthof the air cavity which in turn is a functionof frequency. Therefore,the impedance-release boundarycondition occursonly at a few discrete frequencies. The activecontrolsystem usesan adaptivefeed-forward filtered-xLMS controlalgorithmto maintain the impedance-release boundaryconditionover a broad frequency range.This is doneby separating incident the andreflected vectorintensity within the air cavity usingtwo microphones a wave deconvolution and
2aEA9. Implementation of fast transversal filters for active structural acousticcontrol. Marcus J. Bronzel and Christopher R.
Fuller (Vib. and Acoust. Lab., Virginia Tech., Blacksburg, VA

24061-0238) The design an optimalfeedforward of controller activenoisecontrol in applications controlling sound for the radiation from a vibrating structure canbe seenas a system identification problem. Most control implementationsusea stochastic gradientsearch algorithmto adaptively identifythe impulse response theoptimalcontrol of filter.The convergence properties of the widelyusedfiltered-x LMS algorithm depend the signalproperon tiesof thefiltered reference signals. Sensing reference the signals fromthe vibratingstructure inevitable mostreal applications will effecis in and tivelyresult structural in filmring theunknown of noise source. filtered The reference signals from a structural sensor generally exhibita largeeigenvaluespread resulting poorconvergence in properties theadaptive of controller. A new extended-filtered-x approachhas been developedwhich makesthe implementation fast RLS type algorithms of possible. These algorithms based an orthogonal are on projection the predictor of errorinto the subspace the filteredreference of signals and therefore converge independentfrom the underlyingsignalstatistics. Experiments active confor trol of noisefrom a vibratingplate have been conducted which demonstratethe superiorcontrol performance fast transversal of filters.
circuit.A speaker insidethe cavityis usedas an actuator minimizethe to reflectedintensityvector.The resultis optimumabsorption over a broad frequency range,including low frequencies. Very goodagreement found is
betweennumericalsimulationand experimental results.The experimental
results showhigh absorption coefficient (0.8-1.0) over a wide frequency

band (100-2000 Hz).
11:00
2aEA8. Optimum design for feedforward active structural acoustic
control of complexstructures. H6ctor M. Rodriguez, RicardoA.

Burdisso, and Chris R. Fuller (Vib. andAcoust.Lab., Dept. of Mech. Eng., Virginia Polytech. Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061-0238)
An efficient design formulation for feedforwardactive structural acoustic controlsystems complexstructures disturbances prefor and is sented. The approach consists a multileveloptimization in procedure. The upperlevel part is carriedout in the modal domainwherethe optimum modalcontrolforcesand modalerrorsensor components whichminimize the total radiatedpower are obtained. Theseoptimummodelparameters are then usedin the lower level optimization obtainthe physicalcharto acteristics the transducers be implemented. of to This separation between the modal domainand the physicaldomainduringthe designprocess allowsthe designer investigate to different controlsystem configurations in the upperlevel part with minimumcomputational effort. The formulation is capable handle design multiple-inputs, to the of multiple-outputs control systems and multiple frequencyexcitations. The proposed approachis demonstrated thecaseof a simplysupported for plateexcitedby a periodic point force. The first eight modesare includedin the analysis.Several differentcontrolsystem configurations investigated. resultsshow are The that the optimum configurations yield reductionsin the total radiated power of up to 26 DB, depending the numberof control channels in and
11:30
2aEA10. Normalizedstochastic gradient method for nonstationary environment. K. Lee and JungG. Shin (Dept. of Elec. Eng. and
Cornput. Sci., Stevens Inst. of Technol., Castle Point on the Hudson, Hoboken,NJ 07030)
The normalized least-mean-squares (NLMS) method beenadopted has for a widerange adaptive of filterapplications to its simple due structure and low complexityof computation. However, under certaincircum stances, convergence may not be satisfactory. performance the rate The mayevenbe poorerunder certain nonstationary situations. new normalA izedstochastic gradient (NSG)method suggested overcome drawis to the backs theNLMS method. mainfeatures theNSG method (1) of The of are thetimevarying convergence parameter (2) theonset and detection. While in theNLMS method convergence the parameter fixed,it is a function is of
time in the NSG method. It is selected to minimize the conditional variance
the amount allowedcontrol of effort.[Work supported the Officeof by Naval Research.]
of the filter coefficients the next stepgivena setof the previous at coefficients. The time-varying sequence the convergence of parameter makes theNSGmethod converge ThenewNSGmethod thecapability fast. has of the onsetdetection. detects statistical It the changes the desired of input and by resetting adaptive the procedure keepstracking changed it the signal. The simulations showthatthenew NSG method outperforms the NLMS methodunderboth stationary and nonstationary environments.
[Worksupported Deewoo by Motor Company, Seoul, Korea.]
3268
3268

Session 2aMU
MEETING ROOM 2, 8:25 TO 11:50 A.M.
Musical Acoustics: The Bowed String

RogerJ. Hanson,Chair Physics Department, University NorthernIowa, Cedar Falls. Iowa 50614 of
Invited Papers
8:30
2aMU1. Musicaloscillator simulations: From curioMty-driven science commercial to product. Robert Schumacher T. (Dept.of Phys.,Carnegie Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, 15213) PA
The firstcomputer simulations bowedstringoscillations of weredoneby McintyreandWoodhouse 1977.Generalizations in to windinstruments followedwithinfive years. The firstcommercial product using principles these the of simulations appeared 1994. in Thistalk will givea briefhistory these of developments, will thenconcentrate recent and on workoncomputer simulation bowed of stringmotion,muchof which is presented detail by otherpapers this and an associated in in session. relativesuccess bowed the of
stringsimulations compared simulations wind instrument to of oscillations requires someexplanation, which will be provided. The talk will conclude with a summary the recent of workby theauthor with James Woodhouse usingfastcomputation exploretheenormous to parameter space the stringinstrumentalists' of world.
9:00
2aMU2. Evaluation transients of through observations simulat'ons bowedstrings. XavierBoutilion (Lab.d'Aoust. and of Musicale, C.N.R.S.-Universit 6, Case161,4 place Paris Jussieu, 75252Paris edex France) C. 05,
Despite theirwell-established importance theperception sound theircrucial on of and rolein music, transients far less are studied than steady-state regimes musical in instruments. How longa transient lastsis certainly majorquestion, a amongothers: pitch Is variationnoticeable? How differentare transients from note to note, from one instrument another? orderto investigate to In these questions, directandreciprocal observations be presented well asvarious will as partialsimulations: numerical fully simulations, tests with a computer-controlled bowingmachine, simulations based transfer on functions. This varietyof approaches aimedat sorting is out what couldbe attributed the player,the bow, the stringand the body of the instrument. question adequate to The of signal processing representation beaddressed therelationship or will and between transient the length thequality theinstrument and of will
be outlined. [Worksupported partby theFrench in Ministry Cullure.] of

9:30
2aMU3. Someaspects bowresonances--Conditions speclralinfluence the bowedstring. KnutGuettler (Norwegian of for on State Acad.of Music,PostBox 5190,Majorstua, 0302 Oslo,Norway)
Theresonant seems some bow to extent capable modifying power of the spectrum thebowed of string, even during steady-state a Helmholtz motion, whereonlyoneslipping interval occurs during fundamental a period. Longitudinal resonances thebowhair, in strongly coupled thetransverse to vibrations thestick, being of are excited thechanges thefrictional by of force which occur during each individual period. general, in these velocity fluctuations--superimposed steady onthe bowing velocity--show small amplitudes compared those the stringunderthe bow.In certain to of frequency regions however, dependent the bow/bridge on distance, impedances, theirenergy etc., content sometimes enough cause is great to noticeable modification thestring of velocity. Such spectral changes would anyratebesmall, maystillbear at but some acoustic significance. present The analysis based measurements is on on
a violin bowed acomputer-controlled machine, supported by bowing and bycomputer simulations. [Thanks extendedDr.Anders are to
Askenfelt sharing experiencemeasuring and TheSwedish for his in bows, to Royal Institute Technology theuse their of for of bowing machine other and laboratory faeilities.]
I0:00
2aMU4. Effects bow-haircompliance bowed-string of on motion. Roland Pitteroff Sames and Woodhouse (Cambridge Univ., Eng.Dept.,Trumpington Cambridge, St., U.K.)
Bow-haircompliance likelyto havea strong is effecton bow-string interaction. firstlineof evidence The comes fromanalyzing
experimental presentederemet eremet, Physics theVolin results by [L. The of (MIT,Cambridge, 1985)] thereflection MA, of and
transmission eavlor or transverse waveson a stringincident a bow at rest.The second oi' evidence on line comesfrom simulations
of thebowed string taking account finitewidthof thebow.Thenature the "differential into the of slipping" which mayarise to due
thekinemarital incompatibility of uniform velocity bow across width thebowand string the of the velocity standard in bowed-string motion (Helmholtz motion) strongly is dependent bow-hair on compliance. Simulations demonstrate suitable also that tilting the of bow reduce extent which can the to "differential slipping" detrimentaltheestablishment desired is to of the string motion. Preliminary results anexperimental of investigationfinite of bow-width effects bediscussed. will
3269 J. Acoust. Soc.Am., VoL97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995 129thMeeting: Acoustical Society America of 3269
10:30-10:35
Break
Contributed Papers
10:35
2aMU5. Mode frequency and damping changesdue to chemical treatmentsof the violin bridge. MacheleBailey and GeorgeBissinger
(Phys. Dept., EastCarolina Univ.,Greenville, 27858) NC

Hammer-impact modalanalysis usinga microphone a no-loadvias bration transducer was performedon violin bridge blanks chemically treatedtwo differentways to extractfree-free vibrational modefrequencies,dampings and shapes comparison for with untreated bridges. Data
excitationon six Formalization (FA), six Resorcin/formaldehyde (RE) bridges,and eight untreated (UN) maple violin bridgeblanks.All the bridgesexhibitedthree well-defined modesand six OP modes.Few IP significant changes were observed betweenthe frequencyand damping
parameters the IP and OP mode shapes, of althoughthe RE treatedbridge exhibited possibly a uniquedoubletat -9 kHz. Sinceno modefrequency variations>1.5% were found, even thoughthe RE treatmentincreased bridge masses 9.1%, it was concluded that the combinedmass/stiffness changes the wood were relatedto the acoustic of effectsobserved with
weretaken bothin-plane andout-of-plane vibrations a for (IP) (OP) over

0-20 kHz range.Average effectsof thesechemical treatments mode on frequency and dampingwere determined from IP and OP single-point
these bridges YanoandK. Minato,J.Acoust. [H. Soc. Am. 92, 1222-1227 (1992)].
Invited Papers
10:50
2aMU6. Anomalous low-pitched tones from a bowedviolinstring. Roger Hanson (Phys. J. Dept.,Univ.of Northern Iowa,Cedar Falls,IA 50614), Frederick Halgedahl(Univ.of Northern W. Iowa,Cedar Falls,IA 50614),and KnutGuettler (Norwegian State Acad.of Music,P.B.5190,Majorstua, 0302 Oslo,Norway)
With a bow force greaterthanthe Schelleng maximumand carefulcontrol,it will be demonstrated it is possible produce that to sounds a violin of definite pitch rangingfrom approximatelya musical third to a twelfth or more below the normal pitch. The on loweredpitch is in agreement with the fundamental frequency the observed of harmonic series. The fundamental itself is very weak
if thesounds produced theopen string. are on G Marl Kimura utilized effect performances York has the in [New Times, April 1994, 21 p. B3, andStrings, Sept./Oct. 1994,60-66]. These anomalous frequencies low (ALF) occur whenthebowforceis great enough to
prevent Helmholtz the kink fromtriggering normal the release thestring of from thebowhair.As a resultof pronounced bow-nut and bow-bridge reflections thereis at thebow a very complex stringwaveform, someportion whichregularly of triggers slipping the of the string.ALF can alsobe produced a bowedstringmounted a steelbeam,wherethe motionis detected on on optically.Computer simulation usedto showhow a string is canbe forcedto vibrateat frequencies lowerthanthe natural fundamental frequency the of string.
11:20
2aMU7. "Subharmonics:" extended An technique theviolin. Marl Kimura (Dept. MusicandPerforming Professions, for of Arts
School Education, of New York Univ., 35 West4th Street,Suite777, New York,NY 10012)
It hasbeenfoundthatunusual waysof drawing bowon theviolincouldproduce the pitches areaslow asoneoctave that below thefundamentals. technique developed The was froma bowing exercise meant improve to sound production scratching by harder on thestring. Aftermuch practicing, theaudible all transient noises wereeliminated including fundamentals, thatonlythose the so lower notes could heard. be Thenthesounds polished steady, were into clear, loud"subharmonic" and pitches, suitable musical for purposes.
It was not until April 1994, that these"subharmonics" were publiclyintroduced a musicalelementat Kimura'sNew York debut as recitalin the thirdmovement ALT for soloviolinby Kimura,whichwill be performed of duringthispresentation. ALT, "subharIn monics" wereincorporated the music,requiring into precise controlof the bow in orderto freelyswitch between new technique the andtheusual bowing. The musical effectwasnoted a "revolutionary as bowing technique... astonishing effect"[E. Rothstein, New The
York Iimes(21April 1994)]. wasalso It found seconds thirds that and below fundamentals beproduced a similar the can in manner
[R. Neuwirth, Strings, Sept./Oct. (No. 44, 1994)].
3270
3270
WEDNESDAY
MORNING,
31 MAY
1995
GRAND BALLROOM SOUTH, 7:45 TO 11:45 A.M.

Session 2aPP
Psychological Physiological and Acoustics: AuditoryPerception Physiology and (Poster Session)

Donna L. Neff, Chair
BoysTownNational Research Hospital,555 North 30th Street,Omaha,Nebraska68131

ContributedPapers
All posters be on display will from7:45 to 1! :45 a.m.To allowcontributors opportunity seeotherposters, an to contributors of
odd-numbered papers beat theirposters will from7:45to 9:45 a.m.andcontributors even-numbered of papers be at theirposters will
from 9:45 to 11:45 a.m.
2aPPI. The effect of extraneousstimuli on samplediscriminationfor
hasbeento present signalto oneear andidentical the muskets bothears to
frequency. DonnaL. Neff andChristina Kessler (BoysTownNatl. I. Res.Hosp., 555 N. 30thSt., Omaha, 68131) NE
Four listeners completed21FC sample-discrimination tasks for frequency (SDF), in whichtheyjudgedwhichof two tones tonepairswas or drawn from the higherof two frequency distributions. The distributions wereseparated meanfrequency 200 Hz (100-Hz s.d.}.The main in by
conditions examined SDF at 2100/2300 Hz, in isolation or with random-
withthemasker leading time(8 ms)in theearcontralateral thesignal. in to [Worksupported NIIt.] by
frequency (Gaussian tones distributed, Hz s.d.), 100 fixed-frequency tones, or noise bands (600-Hzwide)added bothsides theSDF region, a on of or
singlerandom-frequency addedon the highor low side.Stimuliwere tone equated totalpower.Frequency in position theextraneous of stimulirelative to the SDF regionwasvaried.Flankingrandom-frequency tonesproducedthe largest decrements performance, in with mostlisteners showing little recovery even at maximumdistance from the SDF region.A single random-frequency belowtheSDF region tone degraded performance more thanone presented above.Flankingfixed-frequency tonesalso produced large performance decrements wererelatively that independent distance. of Noisebands produced little interference unless theyoverlapped SDF the
2aPP3. The influence of pattern-based frequency expectationson resolving power for componentsof multitone sequences. Gary R. Kidd (Dept.of Speech and Hear.Sci., IndianaLlniv.,Bloomington, IN 47405) The effect of deviatiotfsfrom frequencyexpectations resolving on power for components tonal sequences studiedwith a method of was
similar to that used earlier to determinethe effect of temporal deviations
[G. R. Kidd,I. Acoust. Am.95,2966(A)(1994)].In a same-different Soc.

task, listenerswere asked to comparethe last two of four twelve-tone
region. ThusSDF can be affected distant by extraneous tonalstimuli,
patterns presented eachtrial.The firsttwo patterns on wereidentical and servedto establish expectations from which the third and fourthpatterns coulddeviate.In the thirdpattern, frequency a single"target"tone the of waslowered either3 or 7 semitones, left unchanged. frequency by or The change be detected added the targetcomponent the fourth to was to in pattern half the trials.Thresholds this frequency on for increment were estimated eachdeviation for condition defined the target-tone (as by fre-
particularly sharing those similar patterns variation. of [Work supported by

NIDCD.]
quency used thethirdpattern). as withdeviations temporal in Just from expectations, deviations frequency from expectations produced threshold
increments increased that with the size of the deviation. Thesefindings suggest thesuperior that discriminability typically observed familiar with patterns dueto theappropriate is targeting attention frequency in of in and
2aPP2. Informational masking in the identification of simple auditory patterns. GeraldKidd, Jr., TanyaL. Rohtla,and Christine R. Mason (Dept.of Commun. Disorders, Boston Univ.,635 Commonwealth
Ave., Boston,MA 02215)
timeduring pattern presentation. supported NIDCD.] [Work by
Listeners identified auditory six patterns comprised eightsequential of
tonebursts [cf. Kidd et al., J. Acoust. Soc.Am. 95, 2916(A) (1994)].

Several factors affecting performance wereexamined including centerfrequency, level andthe sizeof the frequency steps formingthe patterns. In masked conditions, multitone a maskerwas playedsynchronously with eachpattern element. The components the multitone of musketwerechosenrandomly everyburstwithin a presentation on interval.Musketcomponems wereexcluded from a region 20% of the pattern of centerfrequency minimize"energetic to masking." The results quiet indicated in thatidentification performance nearlyperfect pattern was for frequency stepsas small as I% and at levelsas low as 20 dB SL. Considerable "informational masking" wasproduced the random by multitone musket bursts. The maskedidentification-level functions were shallow,risingon
2aPP4. Modelingthe perceived urgencyof multilonesignals. Ellen C. Haas (Human Research and Engineering Directorate, U.S. Army Research Lab.,Bldg.520, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005)and
Judy Edworthy(Univ.of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom)

In some environments, there is a seriousmismatchbetweenthe per-
ceived(psychoacoustic) urgency a warning of and its situational urgency (the urgency associated with the situation conditionthat the signal or represents). Several parameters whichwere believed affectthe perto ceived urgency multitone of auditory warning signals wereinvestigated in
a factoriai experiment. Theseparameters were fundamental frequency

(200, 500, and800 Hz), time belwecn signals 300, and500 ms), and (0,
signal level(5, 25, and40 dB Lin SPLabove ambient the noise levelof a
sound-treated chamber). The stimuliwere27 auditorysignals, eachsignal
average about perdB.Several 2% signal masker and presentation schemes

were examinedthat were intendedto reduce the observedmasking.To
date,the mosteffective means improving for signalpattern identification
consisting a trainof fourrepetitions. of Free-modulus magnitude estimation quantified relationship the between auditory signal parameters and changes perceived in urgency. effectof the threevariables perThe on
3271
3271
ceivedurgency will be discussed. results this experiment The of will be usedin thedevelopment a mathematical of modelin whichtherelationship
2aPP8. Pitch perceptionbasedon a temporal energy rate model.

Henning Reetz (AllgemeineSprachwissenschaften, Univ. of Konstanz,
between signal parameters perceived and Urgency bedefined. can

2aPPS. IWAIF model predictionsof a profile analysistask. Mark A. Ericson, Lawrence Feth (Dept. of Speech L. and Hear. Sci., Ohio State Univ.,Columbus, 43210),and Ashok Krishnamurthy OH K. (OhioState Univ., Columbus,OH 43210)
A profile analysistask was chosento test the predictionsof a multichannel1WAIF model.A 2Q, 2AFC threeup-onedown, adaptivestaircase
Postfach 5560(D186),D-78 464 Konstanz, Germany)

Theories aboutthemechanisms human's of pitchperception eitherare basedon the temporalfiring rate of the haircellsin the basilarmembrane or on the placeof thesecells in the membrane a sortof spectral in representation. The insensitivity the phaseof individualcomponents a to of complex signaland the ability to perceivepitch for binauralpresented harmonics givenexperimental has evidence place-based for pitchperception models. This paperexplains theses findings with an alternative temporal rate model.The proposed explanation basedon a mode]of the is nnerear that computes energyof an acoustic the sgnalin the time domain,leading a temporal to nergydistribution thesignal. of Thistemporal energy distribution converted a simpledecision is by logicto a pitchvalue. The modelwill be theoretically discussed, reanalyses reported of experimental findings presented, experimental are new evidence theproposed for modelwill be gven,and a computer programto determine pitch of a the speech signalbasedon the model'sprinciples will be evaluated.
2aPP9. Effects of interaction of low- and high-frequency tone complexeson periodicity pitch perception. Sridhar Krishnamurtiand Iohn W. Hawks (Schoolof Speech Pathol.andAudiol., KentStateUniv., Kent, OH 44242)
procedure incorporated a 20-dB rovingsignal was with level to determine the detection threshold a 1-kHz targettonein eachprofile.The musket of
profiles included adjacent the21possible 11 of components ranging from

200 to 5012 Hz. The components the profilewere spaced of logarithmically at frequencyratiosof 1:1.18 so that no two components into any fell
one critical band. fixed The frequency tone placed either target was at the
second lowest,middle,or second highest component each11 component in
profile. IWAIF model The predictions compared Channel are with theory
predictions [Durlachet el., J. Acoust.Soc.Am. 80, 63-72 (1986)] for listener performancin the profileanalysis e task.[Work supported by AFOSR.]
2aPP6. Identification of the incremented component in profile
stimufi. Hedwig Gockel and Hans Colonius (GraduateCollege "Psychoacoustics," 5, Dept. of Cogn. Psychol., FB Carl-von-Ossietzky Univ. of Oldenburg, D-26111Oldenburg, Germany)
Theability identify frequencytheincremented to the of component in

a multitone complex assessed twoconditions using same was in both the 11-tone complexes (fixedfrequency, equilogspaced, random phases). All
components had equal amplitude,except one of the inner 9, which was incremented. overalllevel wasrandomlyvariedon eachpresentation. The
The effects interaction low-frequency complexes highof of tone and frequency tonecomplexes the thresholds discrimination on of (DLs) for a changein periodicity pitch in one of the two frequency regionswere studied. Stimuliweredigitallyconstructed summing wavesspaced by sine at 100- or 200-Hz intervals. The amplitudeof components one of the of
interactingcomplexeswas fixed while the periodicitypitch of the other complexwasobtained decrementing by amplitude components l-riB of in
In condition the tonecomplex, A with the increment position randomized was followedby a sinusold eitherat the increment frequency at thatof or anadjacent component (below above). condition thesame or In B complex with flat power spectrum was additionallypresented each trial. The on sequence flat andincremented of profilestimuliwasrandomized overthe first two presentation intervals, followedby the sinusold: bothcondiIn
steps. DLs wereobtained (1) low-frequency for complexes only,(2) highfrequency complexes only,(3) low-frequency complexes thepresence in of high-frequency complexes, (4) high-frequency and complexes thepresin
ence of low-frequency complexes. Preliminaryresultsindicateelevated DLs for high-frequency complexes condition andelevated in 2 DLs (significant interference effects in conditions 3 and 4. Interference effects
tions subjects to indicate had whether frequency theincremented the 0f
weregreater condition relative condition Implications terms for 4 to 3. in of temporal fine structure envelope and cuesare discussed.
componentsame different that the was or from of sinusold. Thresholds for

thesetwo conditions were estimated the useof an adaptiveprocedure by and comparedto the thresholds the same subjects discriminating of in
2aPP10. Difference limens rovedglides. John Madden (Dept. for P. of

Commun.Disorders, Univ. of' North Dakota,UniversityStation,Grand
Forks. ND 58202-8040'}
between flat andan incremented the profile(with signal uncertainty). Results indicate identification that ability atleast good discrimination. is as as [Worksupported DFG.] by
2aPP7. Discrimination of static versus dynamic, and log versus harmonicprofiles. Charles Watson WardR. Drennan (Dept.of S: and Speech Hear.Sci., IndianaUniv., Bloomington, 47405) and IN
"Profile" stimuliconsisting multiple simultaneous of fixed-frequency
The studydetermined glidedifference limens(GDLs) for up-glides in

several conditions and estimated how well a level-detection model of the
auditory periphery couldaccount the data.Signaldurations for were 50. 100, and200 ms. andthe average stimulus center frequencies were I and 4 kHz. To avoid the confounding effect of between-stimuli staticpitch cues, the center frequencies the standardand target stimuli were of "roved"aboutthecenter frequencies [Neill andFeth.I. Acoust. Soc.Am.
Suppl. 87, S23(1990].Thestandard 1 signals increased frequency in by

0, 200, and 400 Hz. The subject's task was to distinguish betweenthe standard and a targetsignalwith a greaterincrease frequency a in in 2-alternative, forced-choice task. The increase the targetsignalwas in
varied adaptivelyuntil discrimination thresholdwas obtained. The results
sinusoidal components morerepresentativenaturally are. of occurring

sounds thanthe spectrally simplerwaveforms moreoftenusedin psychoa-
coustic experiments. However, mostnaturally occurring sounds charare

acterizedbY dynamic rather than static spectra,and by harmonically spaced ratherthanthe log-spaced components usedin mostprofileexperiments.In preparingto studya variety of dynamicprofiles,the discdin-
inability static frequency-glide of and profiles determined, was using both

log- and harmonically spacedcomponents. Discriminationswere basedon
for the 0-Hz standard were consistent with previousfindingsthat the change Hz at threshold constant in is across duration a glide-detection in task. The results the200 and400 Hz standards for extend finding a this m
glide-discrimination task.The modelingresultssuggestthat the auditory
the detection an intensity of increment addedto the mid-frequency component 11-component, of 400-ms profiles. Eachprofile hada starting fre-
system tracksglidingsignals _monitoring change level of the by the in output theauditory of filters. [Worksupported NIDCD.] by 2aPPll. Pitch-levelfunctionsfor pure tones in the presenceof partial masking. EdwardM. Bums (JG-15, Univ. of Washington,
Seattle, WA 98185)
quency range 200to2000Hz. Dynamic of profiles increased frequency in

continuously overtheir400-msdurations. Eachsubject wasmn underfour
stimulus conditions (static-log, static-harmonic, dynamic-log, dynamicharmonic) generally a minimum 2000 trialsper condition, an for of in
adaptive-tracking procedure. differences Mean between asymptotic thresholds the for stimulus conditions small were compared todifferences among
the subjects, Harmonicyieldedsomewhat lower thresholds thanthe log-
Thepurpose thisexperiment to determine thepitchchanges of was if

of puretoneswith changes level are dependent the spread exciin on of tationwith increasing level.Pitch-level functions wereobtained quiet, in andin thepresence band-reject of masking noise, frequencies for ranging
spaced components, verymodest while differences,any,werefound if

between static dynamic and profiles. [Worksupported grants by fromNIH/
NIDCD and AFOSR.]
from250to 8000Hz. Boththespectrum of themasking level noise the and widthof thetheband-reject region surrounding puretones the werepare-
3272
3272
metricallyvaried.In addition,estimates the amountof partialmasking of for eachcondition were obtained from loudness matches. Preliminary resuts sugest that,for levelsabove60 dB SPL, the pitchshiftsassociated with partialmasking usuallyreduce eliminatepitchchanges or with level.
for the othermaskers. This indicates that the weightappliedto the signal channel is high when the masker level is low and vice versa for the correlated masker, is approximately but constant single-band unfor and correlated mutlibandmaskers. This findingprovidesdirectevidencethat
[Worksupported NIDCD and the VirginiaMerrill Bloedel by Hearing Research Center.]

2aPPI2. Frequency discrimination in noise by untrained listeners. Lynne A. Werner (Dept. Speech & Hear. Sci., IG-15, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195) The frequencydiscrimination performance adults,with no prior of experience listeners psychoacoustic as in experiments, was examinedfor tones 10130 4000 Hz presented a background broadband of and in of noise. The toneswere presented a signal-to-noise at ratio expected produce to
80% correct detection. The level of the stimuli was either 45 or 60 dB SPL.
CMR is mediated "listening thevalleys." by in [Worksupported NIHby

NIDCD R01DC00187.]
2aPP15. Temporal resolutionand CMR can depend upon frequency. Sid P.Bacon Jungmee and Lee (Psychoacoust. Dept.of Speech Lab., and Hear.Sci.,ArizonaStateUniv.,Tempe, 85287-1908) AZ
An estimateof temporalresolutioncan be obtainedby subtracting the
The subjects were testedin a procedure similar to one used in infant
psychoacoustics [Olshoet el., Devel. Psychol. 627-640 (1987)]. 23,

Threshold valuesof Af were found to be moresimilarto thoseof welltrained listeners at 4000 Hz than at 1000 Hz. The effects of stimulus level
signalthreshold obtained the presence a modulated in of masker from that obtainedin the presenceof an unmodulated masker (yielding the modulated-unmodulated difference,or MUD). An estimateof comodulationmasking release (CMR) canbe obtained measuring MUD with by the both a broadband and critical-band masker.The presentstudyobtained MUD andCMR for signal frequencies from 250 to 4000 Hz. The masker wasunmodulated sinusoidally or amplitude modulated ratesfrom 2 to at
16 Hz. For all rates and both masker bandwidths,the MUD increased
weresimilar those to reported Dye andHafter[J.Acoust. by Soc. Am. 67, 1748-53 (1980)] for well-trained listeners: Threshold increased Af with
increasing level at 4000 Hz, but not at 1000 Hz. This resultsuggests that the effectsof level on frequency discrimination noiseare robust in enough to be replicatedin subjectswith little listeningexperience.Further, the effectsof level on humaninfants'frequencydiscrimination noise may in provide important information aboutwhy theirfrequency discrimination in
monotonically with signal frequency;it was larger for the broadband masker,indicating across-channel an CMR. The CMR increased from a
fewdBat 250Hz to 14dBat4000Hz. Thefrequency effect(forMUD and CMR) wasconsiderably reduced whenthe modulation depth(m) of the
maskerwas decreased from 1.0 to 0.9, and was essentially eliminatedat a depthof 0.5. The resultsof a forward-masking experimentusingthe unmodulated maskerat both masker bandwidths suggest that the frequency effect is due to differences the recoveryof forward masking,and that in
quietis moreadultlike highfrequencies. at [Worksupported NIDCD by DC00396.]

2aPP13. On the perceptual asymmetry in frequency modulation discrimination. Tao Zhang, Lawrence L. Feth, and Ashok K. Krishnamurthy (Dept.of Speech Hear.Sci.& Elec.Eng.,OhioState and Univ., Columbus, 43210) OH Severalresearchers haveobserved perceptual asymmetry frequency in
suppression influence can CMR (and MUD) at very large modulation
depths. [Worksupported NIDCD.] by

2aPP16, Modeling modulationperception:Modulation low-passfilter or modulation filter bank? T. Dau, B. Kollmeier (Graduate College 'Psychoacoustics', 8, Postbox2503, University of Oldenburg,2611l FB Oldenburg,Germany), and A. Kohlrausch (IPO, Eindhoven,The Netherlands) In current models modulation of perception, stimuliarefirstfiltered the and nonlinearly transformed (mostlyhalf-waverectified).In order to modelthe low-pass characteristic measured of modulation transferfunctions,the next stagein the models a first-order is low-pass filter with a typical cutoff frequency 50 to 60 Hz. From physiological of studiesin mammals is knownthat many neurons e.g., the inferiorcolliculus, it in, showa bandpass characteristic their sensitivity amplitude in to modulation. Resultsfrom psychophysical studiesof modulationmaskingalso suggest some kind of bandpass analysis modulation of frequencies. Results of two experiments modulation on detection that allow discrimination betweenmodels incorporating low-pass a filter andthoseusinga modulation filterbankare presented. the first experiment,modulationdetection In
thresholds were measured for noise carriers of bandwidths between 3 and
modulation discrimination experiments. Porteret el. (1991) foundthat whenlistening a formanttransition to followedby a frequency plateau,
listeners detected onset the frequency muchbetterfor the fallingtransition thanfor the risingtransition. Demanyand McAnally (1994) discovered that the frequency differencelimen measured frequency at maximaof a 5-Hz cosinefrequency modulation significantly is smallerthhn at frequency minima.Hell et el. (1992) alsoobserved asymmetry the FM in response chickauditory in cortex. They proposed thiseffectwasdue that
to the asymmetrical lateralinhibitionin the unit. Preliminaryresultsin this lab indicatedthat this perceptualasymmetryalso exists when listeners were askedto discriminate betweena sinusoidal plus linear ramp fre-
quencymodulation (SLRFM) and a linear ramp frequency modulation (LRFM) (Zhanget el., 1994). In this presentation, perceptual asymmetry is systematically studied bothrisingandfallingLRFMs.The effectof for startingphaseof a SLRFM signal is also examined.The experimental
resultsare discussed terms of existingmodulationmodelsand physiin
ological explanations. [Worksupported AFOSR.] by

2aPP14. Stimulus-driven, time-varying weights for comodulation
masking release. 'Sren Buus(Commun. Digital and Signal Processing

Center, Dept.of Elec.andComput. Eng.,409 DA, Northeastern Univ.,360 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115-5096), Lei li Zhang,and Mary
Florentine (Northeastern Univ., Boston,MA 02115)
6000 Hz. In the second experiment, modulation detection a sinusoidal for carrier was measured the presenceof interferingmodulationcompoin nentswith a bandpass characteristic the modulation in spectrum. The results from these experiments couldnotbe simulated a modelincluding by a modulation low-pass filter,but weresuccessfully simulated a model by usinga modulation filterbank. 2aPP17. Gating effectsin CMR. J.W. Hall, III, J. H. Grose,and D. R. Hatch (Div. Otolaryngol./Head Neck Surgery, & Univ. NorthCarolina
This studytests hypothesi the that CMR is mediated "listeningin by
at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7070)

CMR is sometimes smallerfor gated than continuous maskers. Our currentwork on CMR for multiple,comodulated narrownoisebandsindicates that the gatingeffectis minimized whenthe number comoduof latedbandsis large.The present studyextends this work to the CMR paradigmwhere pure tone signalthresholds obtainedas functionof are
modulated and unmodulated noise bandwidth. Results indicate that in un-
thevalleys" Buus, Acoust. [S. J. Soc.Am. 78, 1958-1965(1985)].Detectabilitywas measured signalsconsisting 6 consecutive for of 25-ms, 1-kHz tonebursts presented a 50-Hz wide maskeror in maskers in consisting seven50-Hz wide noises, of one criticalbandapart,with either correlated uncorrelated or envelopes. Each burstvariedrandomlyaround maskedthreshold according Gaussian to distributions with 3- or 6-dB
standarddeviations. For each listener and condition, the responsesfrom
5000trialsweresorted construct to conditional psychometric functions for d' as a functionof burstenergyfor l0 ranges short-term of level of the on-frequency masker bandduringtheburst. The slopes these of functions
for three normal listenersdecrease markedly with increasingshort-term maskerlevel for the correlated multibandmasker,but are largelyconstant
modulated noise,gered andcontinuous thresholds not differ,regardless do of noisebandwidth. modulated In noise,thresholds often higherfor are gatednoise thancontinuous noisewhennoisebandwidth narrow, not is but when the noise bandwidthis considerably wider than the auditoryfilter
bandwidth. These results may suggestthat gating effects on CMR are
3273
3273
generallywhen small comodulation is informatio across available alarge

numberof auditorychannels. Results will be discussed termsof comin
2aPP21. Concurrent amplitude modulation detection with two
carriers. Stanley and Sheff illiamA. Yost(Parmly Heating Inst.,

LoyolaUniv., 6525 N. Sheridan Rd., Chicago, 60626) IL The ability to detectamplitude modulation (AM) of two concurrent tonal carrierswas measured a 4 AFC task; each carrierwas indepenin dentlymodulated duringoneof two observation intervals. Carrierfrequencies were 700 and 2350 I-[z and AM rates were 4, 16, and 200 Hz. In the
peting cues auditory for grouping. [Research supported AFOSR.] by

2aPPIS. Multiband detectionof energy fiuctuat'ons. J.H. Oroseand J. W. Hall, III (Div. Otolaryngol./Head Neck Surgery, & Univ. North
Carolina Chapel at Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7070)

The filtering properties theear permitthe auditory of periphery output to be viewed as a bank of parallelquasi-independent channels. The purposeof thisstudy wasto examine how information contained among the independent channels combined. is Fourrelated experiments underwere takenin whichthe detection an energychange of within a channel was measured a functionof the numberof channels as carryingthat change.
concurrent detection task,the modulation depths were either 1.0or setfor
a detection 0.7or2.0with d' of modulation one ofjust carrier. Results

showed performance large derrementstheconcurrent in detection procedurethatweregreater thantypicallyobtained othertwo-channel in listening tasks.Partitioning the'4X4 response of matrix indicated interaction betweencarrier channelswith performance generallybetter when both toneswere simultaneously modulated and for mostsubjects the greater at
modulationdepthswhen both responses were correct.Cross-channel estimates of correlation derived from the bivariate normal distribution were
Each experiment examined detection a different the of signal type: The (1)
detection multitone of signals masked narrowbands noise; the by of (2) detection intensity of increments (intensity discrimination) multiple for
noisebands; the detectionof intensitydecrements the samestimuli (3) for
as(2); and(4) thedetection temporal of gaps multiple in noisebands. Eight normal-hearing listeners participated performance measured a and was for 1-, 2-, 4-, and 8-channel stimulus. centerfrequencies the 8 chanThe for
nels were 356, 494, 663, 870, 1125, 1442, 1838, and 2338 Hz. For each
highlydependent the subject's on response strategy. Whenbothtones were modulated the samerate,results consistent at are with pastwork indicating difficultyassociating modulation with its appropriate carrier.Overall resuits indicatelimited ability to independently process two concurrent
signaltype,performance improved with increasing number channels of carrying signal. the The comparative patterns improvement be disof will cussed termsof multiband in detection models. [Work supported the by NIDCD R01-DC01507.]
2aPPI9. Synthesis of common-envelope signal pairs. Iayanth
sources modulation of information. [Worksupported NIH.] by

2aPP22, Identification of fiat-spectrum vowels on the basis of amplitude modulation. Brian C. J. Moore and Joseph Alcntara I. (Dept.of Exp. Psychol., Univ. of Cambridge, DowningSt., Cambridge CB2 3EB, England)
Ananthamman, AshokK. Krishnamurthy, Lawrence Feth (Depts. and L. of Elec.Eng. & Speech Hear.Sci., 2015 Nell Ave., Ohio StateUniv., and
Columbus, OH 43210)
These experiments investigate amplitude whether modulation of"formants" allowsvowelsounds be identified. pexiodie to The complex sounds had a fundamental frequency 100 Hz and a level of 85 dB SPL. Harof monies were addedeitherin cosine randomphase. or Harmonics with frequencies below3000 Hz wereequalin meanamplitude. Threepairsof
successive harmonics, located at the first, second, and third formant fre-
A largeclassof sounds be described termsof rapid pressure can in fluctuations knownasthe "fine structure" relatively and sloweramplitude changes calledthe "envelope." Signals havingthe sameenvelope and occupying same the range frequencies, differing theirfinestrucof but in ture, are importantto the study of fine structure perception. Voclcker's
[Proc. l]EEE 340-353,735-755 (1966)]complementary 54, two-tone

complexpair is oneof the simplest signals this class,andhasbeenused in in a number pitchrelatedexperiments. an extension theseideas,a of As of computational algorithmis described generate common-envelope to a pair occupying samerangeof frequencies any bandlimited the of signal.Several properties common-envelope of signals presented methods are and of combiningthesesignalsto createother common-envelope signalsare
quencyvaluesof six possible vowels,were sinasoidally amplitude modulated.For a 10-Hz modulation rate,vowel identification cosine-phase of stimuliimproved with increasing modulation index,m, t3p m=0.4 after to which it reachedan asymptoteof about 80%. For the random-phase stimuli,performance was essentially chancefor all modulation at depths, despitethe fact that the amplitudes the "formant" harmonics of were greaterthan thoseof "background" harmonics certainpointsof the at modulation cycle.For a 2-Hz modulation rate,performance improved for
given. few examples multicomponent A of common-envelope signals are

spectrally reversed linear-spaced complexes, spectral ramps,and multiple Voelckertwo-tonepairs.Applications thesesignalsto psychoacoustic of
experiments discussed. are [Worksupported AFOSR.] by
2aPP20. Roughness the critical and bandwidth low frequency. at

Jian-YuLin and William Morris Hartmann (Dept. of Phys.,Michigan StateUniv.,EastLansing, 48824) MI
A plausible modelrepresents sensation roughness the product the of as of threefactors,a speedfactorthat increases with increasing modulation
the random-phase stimuli,but remained belowthat for the cosine-phase stimuli.Modulating "formants" different the at ratesor modulator phases madeperformance worse random-phase for stimulibut hadlittle effectfor cosine-phase stimuli.The results interpreted termsof the ouchlearare in filteredwaveforms in termsof perceptual and grouping mechanisms.
2aPP23. Effects of amplitude envelopeexpansionand compression on nonsense sentence recognition. Richard L. Freyman, Debra Speicber, G. PatrickNerbonne (Dept.of Corntuna. and Disorders, Univ. of Massachusetts,Arnold House,Amherst,MA 01003) 6
When spectralinformationin speech obscured, is listeners presumably
rate, temporal a modulation transfer function (TMTF),and spectral a window thatis determined auditory by filterwidths. highsignalfrequency, At where criticalbands broad, TMTF is thecontrolling are the factor. low ,A.t signalfrequency auditoryfiltersdominate. the Therefore, roughness experiments serveto measure criticalbandwidth low frequency. can the at To
fall back on secondary cuessuchas thosecontained within the gross

waveform envelope.This study examined the extent to which listeners' ability to usesuchcuesis resistant distortions the envelope. to of Signal correlated noisesamples, createdindividuallyto follow the amplitude envelopesof 200 nonsense sentences, were used as maskersof those sentences, with signal-to-noise ratiosof -4, -2, 0, and +2 dB. The resulting
implement idea, this listeners adjusted themodulation f)rAM both rate

signalsandthe beatrate of beatingsinepairsin orderto achievemaximum roughness. The center frequencyvaried from 2000 to 70 l-Iz, and SPLs
were 60 and 80 dB. The data could be fitted with a model in which
roughness summed is over all auditoryfilters.The datarequirethe critical bandwidthparameter continueto decrease to with decreasing frequency below500 Hz sothat it becomes considerably narrower thancriticalbands
fromthebarkscale. [Worksupported theNIDCD.] by
waveforms preserved originalwideband the envelopes, spectral but informarionwas degraded a degreedetermined the S-N ratio. The seato by tences were presented monaurally normalhearing to subjects 70 dB at SPL. Recognition key words these of in sentences compared that was to obtained waveforms hadbeenprocessed two different for that with levels
3274
J. Acoust. Soc.Am., Vol.97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995
3274
of amplitude expansion two levelsof compression. results and The indicatedthatamplitude expansion severely reduced recognition scores, while
compression littleeffect. had [Work supported NIH #DC01533.] by

28PP24. Defining features of steady-statetimbres. Michael D. Hall (Dept.of Speech andHear.Sci. Wl-10, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195) and RichardE. Pastore (Dept. of Psychol., StateUniv. of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, 13902-6000) NY
While several dimensions contribute to voice and instrument timbre,
noise-replaced speech shorter was thanwhenno replacement made. was The apparent duration gap-replaced of speech alsomeasured this was in experiment. degree underestimation far greater thelatter The of was for
case.Thesefindings suggest that a shrinkage duration of occurs the in process resyntbesizing "auditory of an object"wherethe process asis sumed be at a differentstage to thanthatutilizingspeech-specific schema.
2aPP27. The effects of incremental change in temporal envelope correlation on auditory fusion. John R. Carter, Patrick W. Rappold
perceptual interactions between dimensions havenot beenadequately assessed. a result, the information used in timbre identification is unclear. As
(Dept.of Speech Pathol. Audiol., and Univ.of South Alabama, Mobile,AL 36688),and MadhuffS. Muelkar (Univ.of South Alabama, Mobile,AL
36688) The effectsof incremental changein degreeof temporalenvelope
Three experiments sought definesteady-state to timbraifeatures. First, Gamerclassification reflected perceptual the integrality spectral of slope andformant structure source filterproperty, (a and respectively); classificationspeed alongeitherdimension depended uponvariabilityalongthe other dimension. Featuredetection then was evaluatedwithin arraysof distractor pitches with homogeneous timbre. Whentargets had/{ffvowel formants with shallowspectral slopes, search time increased a log funcas tion of array size consistent with parallelprocessing. Parallelsearchwas not obtained targets for with /i/ formantsand steepslopes,suggesting a
feature coded as the presenceor absenceof /a/ formantswith shallow slopes. final search A experiment usingheterogeneous distractor timbres showed that this featurewas separable from pitch.Searchtimesfor con-
correlation theauditory on fusion narrow-band (NBN) pairs of noise was examined placing by fusionin competition sequential with streaming for
one component a NBN pain Sevenlevelsof envelope of correlation were
represented 1.0,0.75,0.50,0.25,0.00, -0.25, -0.35) by three of (r= sets NBN pairs,for a total of 21 NBN pairs.A NBN pair consisted a of
target-band spectrally centered 2000 Hz, and a flanker-band at centered at 1500 Hz. A NBN pair was playedalternately with the target-band alone
junctions pitchandtimbrelinearlyincreased of with arraysize,implying serialprocessing. Thusattention wasneeded conjoinattributes perto to ceivetonalobjects. Implications discussed the nature attention are for of
andtheperception properties of relevant communication. supto [Work

ported AFOSR.] by
2aPP25. Individual differences in speech and nonspeechprocessing
(captor-band) an initialinterstimulus-interval of 500 ms.The ISI at (ISI) decreased automatically 5- or 2-msincrements a subject in until exitedthe program whenjudgingthe perceptual prominence sequential of streaming as greater thanthatof fusion. The ISI at exit wasused inferstrength to of fusionfor the NBN pain ShorterISis suggested stronger fusion;longer ISis suggested weakerfusion.Results showed trendfor ISI to increase a with a decrease the degree envelope in of correlation, whichsuggested a gradual decline fusion in strength envelope as correlation incremented was downward from perfectcorrelation.
28PP28. Attention and grouping in vowel perception. R. W. Hukin and C. J. Darwin (Lab. of Exp. Psychol.,Univ. of Sussex,Falmer,
among normal-hearingsubjects, Aimee M. Surprenant (Dept. of

Psychol.Sci., PurdueUniv., 1364 Psychol.Sci. Bldg., West Lafayette,IN
4790%1364)and CharlesS. Watson (IndianaUniv., Bloomington, IN 47405) While a large portionof the varianceamonglisteners auditory in speech processing associated the audibilityof components the is with of speech waveform, is not possible predictindividual it to differences in speech perception strictly fromtheaudiogram. Psychoacoustic measures of spectral-temporal acuitywith nonspeech stimulialsohave beenshownto correlate only weakly(or not at all) with speech processing. a replicaIn tion andextension an earlierstudy(Watson el., J. Acoust. of et Soc.Am. Suppl. I 71, S73) 100 normal-bearing collegestudents were testedon speech perception tasks(nonsense syllables, words,sentences a noise in background) on 6 spectral-temporal and discrimination tasksusingsimple andcomplex nonspeech sounds. Factoranalysis showed thatthe abilities thatexplainperformance the nonspeech on tasksare quite distinct from those thataccount performance the four speech for on tasks. Performance wassignificantly correlated among speech tasks, and among nonspeech tasks. Either,(a) auditory spectral-temporal acuityfor nonspeech sounds is
Brighton BNI 9QG, UK)

The effective contributionof a 500-Hz componentof a steady-state
vowelwasmeasured the position the vowel boundary a/U-/e/ by of on continuum varying onlyin firstformant (FI) frequency. Shifts thevowel in boundary were calibrated against thoseproduced level changes the by in 500-Hz component. Whenthe 500-Hz component givenan ITD of was 666 /xs and the remaining components ITD of -666 /zs, therewas a an smallbut significant reduction the 500-Hz component's in contribution to phonetic quality.When the vowel was embedded a sequence six in of 500-Hz tones, eachhavingthe sameITD as the 500-Hz component the of
vowel, therewas a significant reduction contribution its compared when to
all components the sameITD. When the sequence had conditions were presented the same in experimental blockasthe previous ITD conditions, thenthe latterconditions showan effectof grouping common did by ITD. Theseresults showthat listeners groupsounds the basisof ITD can on information, their abilityto do so is greatlyenhanced the position but if
and frequency been have previously [Work cued. supportedUK MRC.] by

2aPP29. A comparisonof two proceduresfor studying auditory image formation. Richard Roberts, A. PatrickW. Rappold, MichaelP. Cannito (Dept.of Speech Patrol.andAudiol.,Univ. of SouthAlabama, Mobile,AL 36688),and MadhuffS. Muelkar (Univ.of South Alabama,
Mobile, AL 36688)
orthogonal speech to processing abilities, (b) we haveyet to identify OR

theappropriate or types nonspeech task of stimuli thatexercise abilities the
required speech for recognition. [Worksupported grants fromNIH and

AFOSRto Indiana University.]
2aPP26. Shrinking illusion of speechduration caused by noise/gap replacement. Minoru Tsuzaki and Hiroaki Kato (ATR Human Information Processing Labs.,2-2 Hikaridai,Seika-cho, Res. Soraku-gun, Kyoto,619-02 Japan)
To investigate process perceptual the of resynthesis an "auditory of object,"theapparent duration a noise-replaced of speech signalwasmeasured. Subjects adjusted duration synthesized the of speech subjectively to matchthat of the targetspeech. When a portionof the targetspeech was replaced a noise by burst, duration perceived be shorter the was to than whennoreplacement made.Besides effect,theapparent was this duration of speech segments foundto be affected theirdeviation was by from the internal template. greater physical The the duration thetarget of deviated fromthe "naturally" spoken token,thegreater degree underestimathe of tion became. Interestingly, thesetwo effectswere independent each of other. This independence replicated the second was in experiment which tested widerrange durational of deviations. Again,theapparent duration of
The resultsfrom an off-line procedure (scaling)were compared to those from an on-lineprocedure ("rate adjustment") effectiveness for in examining fusion the strength partials of withintwo,three-tone complexes. In bothprocedures fusion strength inferred thecase which tone was by in a presented isolation in (captor tone),andalternately with a complex, was
ableto capture member a (target tone)of thecomplex a sequential into stream. the rateadjustment In procedure interstimulus-interval the (ISI)
between captorand targetwas decreased until the listener judgedthe
prominence streaming be greater of to thanthatof fusion. thescaling In

procedure ISI washeldconstant. a visualanalogscale, the On havingits endpoints labeled "fast"and"slow,"subjects judged prominence the of therateat whichtheyheard pitchof thecaptor the tone.Stimulus factors weretonerelationship (octave/inoctave) toneposition and (low, middle, high).More of the total variation wasexplained the rate adjustment by procedure, the coefficients variation eachtoneposition but of for were
3275
3275
smallerfor the scaling procedure. Neitherprocedure showed effectof an
tonerelationship (octave/inoctave), bothprocedures and showed same the

effectof toneposition.
2aPP30. The effects of narrow-band noise maskers on overshoot.
havinga possible cognitiveorigin. Data will be compared thoseof to related literature. [Worksupported BryngBringelson by Foundation.] 2aPP33. Referential coding and the "severe departure" from Weber's law. Christopher Flack (Dept. of Exp. Psychol., J. Univ. of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK)
The Weberfractionfor intensitydiscrimination a 30-ms, 6.5-kHz for sinusoidal pedestal greater medium is at pedestal levelsthata low or high pedestal levels,particularly whenthe pedestal satedwith notched is noise [R. P. Carlyonand B.C. L Moore, J. Acoust.Soc.Am. 76, 1369-1376 (1984)]. In thepresent experiments, Weberfractions weremeasured a for 30-ms,6-kHz pedestal, a rangeof levelsbetween40 and 70 dB SPL. at Measurements were madein quietandin thepresence 110-msnotched ofa noisewith an onset ms beforethe onset the pedestal. bandstop 40 of The portionof the noisewas l-kI-Iz wide, centered 6 kHz, andthe noisehad on a fixedspectrum levelof 20 dB. In contrast theearlierresults, pedestal to at
levels of around 50 dB SPL the notched noise caused a reduction in the
PeterMarvit and VirginiaM. Richards (Dept. of Psycbol., Univ. of Pennsylvania, Walnut Philadelphia, 19104) 3815 St., PA
The elevation detection of thresholds a short for signaladded after just the onsetof a masker versus when it is addedlater duringthe maskerhas
beencalled "overshoot."Previouswork with broadband maskers suggests
masker frequency component near, notat, thesignal but frequency produce overshoot. The relativecontribution differentfrequency of regionsto the overshoot effectwasinvestigated with narrow-band here noise maskers of
different frequencies. maskers octave with center The 350-ms were wide
centerfrequencies ranging from 1400to 8500 Hz. The 10-mssignalwas
2500-Hz tone added 4 or 325 ms after the onset of the masker. Masker
spectmm levelswere 35 dB SPL. The threesubjects generally showed little or noovershoot whenthemasker spectrally overlapped signal, the but 1 showed maximum a overshoot 8-12 dB for masker of bands centered to I octaveaboveand belowthe signalfrequency; increased signal-masker frequency difference diminished did not abolish overshoot but the effect. Detection thresholds weremaximalwhenthe masker bandspectrally overlappedthe signaland fell as signal-masker frequency separation grew.A similarpatternof results was obtained usinglow-pass, high-pass, bandpass,and notchednoise maskers boundingon a 750-Hz-wide region
Weberfraction. is suggested the noisemightimproveperformance It that by providing proximal a reference coding intensity the pedestal. for the of
[Worksupported TheRoyalSociety.] by 2aPPM. Short-term tempo. integration at high-frequencies: ral

Evidence for the influence of peripheral nonlinearity? Andrew J. Oxenham and Brian C. L Moore (Dept. of Exp. Psychol.,Univ. of
around 2500-Hzsignal the frequency. [Worksupported NIH.] by

2aPP31. Forward-maskedintensitydiscrimination:Duration effects. RobertS. Schlaueh Nicole Lanthier (Dept.of Commun. and Disorders, 115 ShevlinHall, Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455) Forward-maskedintensity discriminationshows elevated justnoticeable differences (jnd's),for mid-level standards,finding a argued to beconsistent sensory with adaptation ZengandC. W. Turner, Acoust. IF. J. Soc.Am. 92, 782-787 (1992)].Accordingly, sizeof jnd'sshould the increasewith increases maskerduration.We testedthis notion by meain suringforward-masked jnd's as a functionof level for 1000-Hz tonesin four listenerswith norraM hearing.Jnd's were measured for 10-ms stan-
Cambridge, Downing Cambridge 3EB,UK) St., CB2

Temporal integration theauditory in system be modeled a comcan by pressire nonlinearity followedby a temporal integrator. a fixed inteFor grator,the more compressire nonlinearity, greaterthe effective the the integration. Compressire nonlinearity the basilarmembrane marked on is at mediumlevels,but is redoecd low and highlevels.To assess at whether thisinfluences temporal integration, thresholds a 6.5-kHz sinusold of were
measuredin the presenceof a long-durationbroadband-noise maskeras functionof signalduration,using tM'eedifferent noise spectram levels,
dards quietandin thepresence 1000-Hzmasker in ofa witheithera 10-ms

or a 250-ms duration. The masker level was fixed at 90 dB SPL and the
interval between masker offset and standard onset was 100 ms. Forced-
choiceprocedures were employed. The results showsignificantly less masking thelonger for duration masker ms)than theshort (10 (250 for one ms).These results contrary theresults are to reported forward-masked for detection. Listening bandsrevealed measuring by jnd's as a functionof
masker frequency suggest off-frequency that listening may be responsible
-10, 20, and 50 dB (re: 20 /zPa). Signallevel dB was plottedagainst log(time) eachlevel.For signal for durations between and200 ms,there 20 wasno significant difference theslopes thethreefunctions. in of However, between1 and 10 ms the slopeof the function the mid-levelmasker for wassteeper a factorof between1.5 and2. This is consistent by with the greater mid-levelcompression the basilar on membrane, oneassumes ff a fixedshort-term temporal integrator. Performance other in psychoacoustic tasks, including differences between normal-hearing hearing-impaired and
listeners, alsodiscussedterms peripheral is ia of processing. [Worksupported theMRC, EPSRC,andMeridian by Audio(UK).]

2aPP35. Temporal integration of loudness as a function of level.
for thisfinding [Worksupported theBryng by Bryngelson Fund.]

2aPP32. Mechanisms underlying nonmonotonic Weber functions in forward-masked intensity discrimination. Bart R. Clement and
Mary Florentine(Commun. Lab.,Dept.of Speech-Language Res. Pathol.

and Audiol., 133FR, Northeastern Univ., Boston, MA 02115), Sdren
RobertS. Schlauch (Dept. of Commun. Disorders, Univ. of Minnesota, 164 Pillsbury S.E., Minneapolis, Dr. MN 55455)
Nomnonotonic growth in thresholdfor intensitydiscrimination has beennotedfor puretonespreceded intense by sinusoidal maskers; thresholds are highestfor 40-60 dB SPL standards, producing what has often been described a "midlevel hump." Both physiologie as and cognitive factorshave ben suggested mechanisms as underlyingthis phenomenon. Three subjects receivedfour conditions designedto examinethis iue. A 2IFC paradigmassessed intensitydiscrimination 1000-Hz, 100-mssiof nusoids.A no-maskercondition provided a baseline.Three forwardmasked conditions were implemented: ipsilateral An conditionthat typically producesa mid-level hump; a contralateralconditionin which the humpis typicallyabsent greatlyreduced; or and a binauralcondition pre-
Buus (Northeastern 1Jniv.,Boston,MA 02115), and Torben Poulsen (Tech.Univ. of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark) This studycompared temporalintegration loudness 1-kHz tones of for andbroadband noises. Absolute thresholds levelsrequired produce and to equalloudness weremeasured 5-, 30-, and200-msstimuliusing for adapfive, two-interval, two-alternative foreed-choice procedures. Levelsranged
from 5 to 80 dB SL for noises and from 5 to 90 dB SL for tones. Results
for 6 listeners with normalhearing showthat the amount temporal of integration, definedas the level difference between equallyloud 5- and 200-msstimuli,variesnonmonotonically level.The average with amount
of temporalintegrationvaries from about 10-12 dB near threshold,to a peak of 18-19 dB when the 5-ms tone is about56 dB and the 5-ms noise
senting these two maskers simultaneously (contralateral stimulation was 13 dB greaterthan ipsilateralstimulation; listeners perceived only the contralateral masker). wasargued if thiscondition It that producedhump a despitea pereeptually absentipsilateralmasker,a sensory explanation
would be suggested. Conversely, data mirroringthe no-masker conor tralateralresultswould he consistent with a cognitivehypothesis. Results suggest strong a sensory component, with only a smallportionof theeffect
is about76 dB SPL; at higherlevels,the amount temporal of integration

decreases to 10 dB for tones and 13 dB for noises with levels around 100
dB SPL.Theseresults indicate modified that powerfunctions cannot account for the growthof loudness tonesat all durations. for They also indicate thegrowth loudness that of may,at least part,be consistent in with thenonlinear input/output function thebasilar of membrane. [Worksupported NIH-NIDCD R01DC02241.] by 129th Meeting:Acoustical Societyof Amedca 3276
3276
2aPP36. Modeling loudness growth and loudness summation in hearing-impairedlisteners. S. Launer,V. Hohmann, and B. Kollmeier (AG Mcd. Phys.,FBS,Univ.Oldenburg, Postbox 2503, 26111Oldenburg, Germany)
2aPP39. The effects of criterion variability on relative operating characteristics. William S. Brown (Brookhaven Natl. Lab., Bldg. 130,
Upton, NY 11973-5000) and DavidS. Emmerich(State Univ.of New

York at StonyBrook,StonyBrook,NY 11974)
The goalof thisstudy to modeltheeffectof sensorineural is hearing impairment loudness on perception stationary for stimuli variable of bandwidth.Loudness growthfunctions wereobtained employing categorical a scaling technique with 10 categories. Loudness scalingwas performed
with 9 normal-hearing 14 sensorineural and hearing-impaired subjects employingbandfiltered noises with bandwidths between 1-6 criticalbands. For normal-bearing listeners, categorical scalingrevealedsimilardifferences across stimulus conditions with loudness as balancing. loudness The functions the bearing-impaired of listeners showboth,a steeper increase (recruitment)and reducedloudness summation.Both aspectswere successfully modeled Zwicker's loudness by modelwith threeextensions to takeaccount hearing of impairment. Raisedaudiometric threshold modis eled by a frequency-dependent attenuation after calculation excitation of
The form of the relativeoperating characteristic (ROC) describing auditorydetection typicallydiffersfrom that expected based the ason sumption theobserver's that responses reflect underlying distributions that arenormal of equal and variance [e.g.,Green Swcts, and Signal Detection Theory and Psychophysics]. Specifically, is foundthatbinormal it ROCs
oftenhaveslopes thanone,andarenotstrictly less linear [Watson al., et

J. Acoust.Soc. Am. 36, 283-288 (1964)]. It has been suggested that nonlinear binormal ROCs may be the resultof extreme criteriabeingmore
variable thanthose morecentrally positioned [Emmerich Binder, and J. Acoust. Soc.Am. Suppl.I 65, S59 (1979)].The formsof ratingROCs
obtained an experiment in designed revealtheeffects such to of variability were consistent with the proposition criteriaassociated that with "no" responses morevariable are thanthoseassociated with "yes" responses.
patterns. Increasing exponent calculating specific the in the loudness yields recruitment. Reduced frequency selectivity accounted by thenormal is for dependence filter bandwidth level in the excitation of on patterns. The
extended modeldescribes well the measured individualloudness growth functions hearing-impaired of subjects stimuliof differingbandwidth. for
2aPP37. Efficiency of selective listening by normal-hearing and
Criterion operating characteristics [Wickelgren, Math.Psychol. 102J. 5, 122],which reflect relative the locations variances theboundaries and of of
confidence categories, favored same the interpretation. is concluded It that thevariability criteria of defining categories rated of confidence sizable is and not necessarily constant across criteria,andthat suchvariability significantly influences formsof empirical the ROCsdetermined usingconfidenceratingsin auditorysignaldetection.
hearing-impairedlisteners. Karen A. Doherty (Commun.Sci. and Disorders, Syracuse Univ., 805 S. Crouse Ave., NY 13244)and Robert
A. Lutfi (Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison,WI 53705)
2aPP40. Application of confidenceintervals and joint confidence regions to the estimation of psychometricfunctions. Monica L. HawleyandH. Steven Colburn (Dept.of Biomed. Eng.,Boston Univ.,44 Cummington Boston, St., MA 02215)
A COSSanalysis procedure G. J. Berg,J. Acoust. lB. Soc.Am. 88,

149-158 (1990)] was used to estimatethe efficiencywith which 15 normal-hearing 15 hearing-impaired and listeners detected level increa mentin a target toneembedded a multitone in complex. complex The was comprised 6 octfrequencies 250-8000 Hz andthetarget of from tonewas selected eitherthe250-, 1000-,or 4000-Hz tone.The hearing-impaired as
A mathematical description a psychometric of function with two free parameters fit to fixed-increment by a nonlinear is data gradient search technique incorporatesweighted that a leastsquares algorithm. statisThe tical confidence the parameter in estimates considered comparing is by
resultsfrom standard confidence intervalanalysiswith thosefrom joint
listeners moderate, had sloping, high-frequency sensorineural hearing impairments. efficiency Two measures used account thelisteners' were to for
less ideal than performance task; onthe weighting efficiency (wt), which
measures how well the listener attends or weighsthe target,and noise to
confidence region analysis. Confidence intervals estimate variability the of eachparameter alone,ignoringthe interaction between parameters, the whereas joint confidence the regiongivestheconfidence thejoint estiin mationof bothparameters together. our study, In bothanalyses wereap-
efficiency 07no), which accounts all other for factors unrelated weights. to Weighting efficiencies weresignificantly higher hearing-impaired for listeners thannormal-hearing listeners the4000-Hz target, for whichwasin
pliedto fixed-increment froma variety tests data of (interaural and time intensity discrimination NoS binaural and detection) subjects and for
two-interval forcedchoiceexperiments. Results showthat the parameter estimates affected are primarily the datacollected by nearthe midpoint whichis notsurprising since parameters themodelaretheslope the in and translation themidpoint. at However, joint confidence the region analysis shows the statistical that confidence theparameter of estimates greatly are affected datacollected levels giveperformance chance by at that near and
the region hearing Nosignificant differences of loss. r/, between normalhearing hearing-impaired and listeners wereobserved the othertwo for target tones. Eventhough hearing-impaired listeners sometimes weighted information moreefficiently than normal-hearing listeners their overall performance the task was significantly on pooreras was reflectedby
smallervaluesof r/noir.
near perfect. [Work supported NIDCD(Grant by DC00100).]

2aPP41. Temporal symmetry in auditory perception and the auditory system. Toshio Irino (NTY Basic ResearchLab., 3-1, Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa, 243-01,Japan) and Roy
2aPP38. On measuring psychometric functions. Huanping Dai (Psychoacoust. Dept.of Psychol., Lab., Univ. of Florida,Gainesville, FL
32611)
D. Patterson (MRCApplied Psychology Cambridge 2EF,UK) Unit, CB2 Whena repeating damped exponential used modulate sinusold is to a or noise,the carriercomponent the perception suppressed. of is When these "damped" sounds reversed time,producing are in "ramped" sounds, thecarrier restored. D. Patterson. Acoust. is [R. J. Soc.Am. 96, 1419-1428 (1994);M. A. Akeroyd andR. D. Patterson, Acoust. J. Soc.Am. 95, 2941(A)(1994)]. report We matching experiments designed measure to the pemeptual asymmetry between damped ramped and sounds directly. Listeners compared relative the strengths thetransient continuous of and components pairs damped ramped in of and sounds, thedamped life and half wasvaried producematch therelative to a in strengths thetransient of and continuous components thetwo sounds. sinusoidal noise of For and carders, the half life of the dampedsoundhas to be, respectively, and 2.5 5
Psychometric functions simulated of observers obtained were using the conventional constant-stimulus method an adaptive and up-downmethod
through post-hoc a analysis the track.The formof the psychometric of
functions assumedbePc= (d'/2 m), where isthecumulative was to Gaussian probability function. detectability isrelated thesignal The d', to level byd' =axk,where and are twoparameters estimated. x a k the tobe
Among factors the considered thesimulation step in were sizeandnumber of trials.For smallnumber trials(n<120),andparticularly of whenthe step sizewasalsosmall, slope the values estimated (k) using adaptive the method weresystematically greater thanthetrueslopes. Such biases were
smaller with the constant-stimulus method. When the number of trials was
reasonably large(n>300), the constant-stimulus methodshowed clear no
advantage over the adaptive method. The only a priori information required theadaptive in method thestarting is stimulus level,whereas the constant-stimulus method requires pilot measurements orderto setall in thestimulus levels properly. Thustheadaptive method reasonably is effi-
timesthat of the corresponding rampedsound produce match.A to the "delta-gamma" theory intensity of enhancement around acoustic transients
cient measuring for psychometric functions. [Worksupported NIH.] by
[T. IrinoandR. D. Patterson,Acoust. Am. 95, 2943(A)(1994)]is J. Soc. usedto explainthe perceptual asymmetry. theoryis alsousedto The compare asymmetry the produced different by auditory models.
3277
3277
2aPP42. Temporally directed attending in the discriminationof tempo: Further support for an entrainment model. J. Dcvin McAuley (Dept.of Cornput. Sci., Cognitive Science Program, Indiana Univ.,Bloomington, 47405)and GaryR. Kidd (Dept.of Speech IN and Hear.Sci.,Indiana Univ.,Bloomington, 47405) IN
The effectof deviations fromtemporal expectations tempo on discriminationwasinvestigated usingfour-tone isochronous sequences. each On
trial, a standard sequence followedby a comparison was sequence was that slightlyfasteror slowerthan the standard. Listeners judged which sequence faster. was Temporal deviations consisted advancing delaying of or theonset thecomparison of pattern relation an onset in to predicted an by
2aPP45. Binaural detectionwith reproducible narrow-bandmaskers. Scott Isabelle H. Steven K. and Colburn (Dept.of Biomed. Eng.,Boston Univ., 44 Cummington Boston,MA 02215) St.,
Responses five subjects of for the binaural detectionof a 500-Hz, 300-ms,interaurally out-of-phase tonemasked statistically by independent samples narrow-band, of interaurally identical noisearereported. setof A 30 noisesampleswere taken from a noiseprocess with a power spectrum thatis 115Hz wide, centered 500 Hz. The rmsnoisepressure 75 dB at was SPL. For each subject,the responses show good self-consistency a and
strong dependence individual on noise samples. example (For intrasubject

correlation coefficients subsets the resultswere typically0.85 and for of
extension theperiodicity the standard an "expected" of of (i.e., onset,

based an entrainment on model's predictions). interonset-interval The in thestandard sequence always ms,andtheonset thecomparison was 400 of sequence manipulated relation an "expected" was in to interval 800 ms of
betweenthe onsetof the last toneof the standard sequence Ihe onset and of the comparison sequence. Discrimination thresholds were determined for conditions whichthe comparison in pattern onsetwasearly,late, or at the expected temporallocation. Thresholds "early" conditions for were foundto be significantly higher thanfor the "expected" condition, this but was not the casefor "late" conditions. These data will be comparedwith
alwayshigherthan0.72). However, thereare significant differences betweensubjects thepattern responses in of across setof masker the samples. (Intersubject correlation coefficients lowerthan0.7). Subjects' were performantevaluesfor individualnoisesamples compared the predicare to lions of psychophysical modelsfor binauraldetection. Sample-level predictions of models for which the decision variable is dominated by the
thequantitative predictions anentrainment of model [McAuley Kidd, and

J. Acoust.Soc. Am. 95, 3257 (1994)]. [-Worksupported NIMH and by
2aPP43. The effect of different componentmeans and variances on the discriminationof temporal patterns. Toktam Sadralodabai and
energyin the particularnoisesamplehave no significant correlation with the patterns responses of across noisesamples any subject.In contrast, for modelsthat are basedon variability of the interauraldifferences have predictions are statistically that significantly correlated with mostsubjects'
responses (although correlation no coefficients were larger than 0.7). [Worksupported NIDCD {GrantDC00100).] by
2aPP46. Infinite-Impulse-Response filter models of the head-related
RobertD. Sorkin (Dept.of Psychol., Univ. of Florida,Gainesville, FL

32611)
transferfunction. AbhijitKulkarni H. Steven and Colburn (Dept.of Biomed. Eng.,Boston Univ.,44 Cummington Boston, 02215) St., MA
Directional-transfer-functions (DTFs) derived from head-related transfer functions (HRTFs)measured from humansubjects an anechoic in environment weremodeled usinganto-regressive andauto-regressive (AR) moving-average (ARMA) medeling techniques. HRTFs,whichwere The provided Dr. Fred Wightman by (Wightman and Kistler, 1989),weredecomposed a directional-transfer-function anda mean-function into (DTF) (computed the meanof all measured as HRTFs for that subject). Model reconstructions the HRTFs was doneunderthe assumption HRTFs of that are minimum-phase functions. AR estimator The whichis derivedfrom the theoryof linear prediction, corresponds an all-pole modelof the DTF. to The ARIMA modelextends all-pole modelto a pole-zeromodeland is the derivedby posing weighted-least-squares a formulation the modifiedof least-squares problem proposed Kalman(1958).The validityof each by
model was assessed psychophysically usinga 41, 2AFC paradigm.Using a 80-mswhite noisestimulus and testing differentposition eachIrial, a on for a 25-poleall-polemodelanda 6-pole6-zeropole-zeromodel,subjects performed close to chance for most of the 13 representative positions
Listeners were presented with two successive 9-tonesequences. The task was to discriminate betweenthe temporalpatternsdefinedby the intertone timesin eachsequence (toneduration=25 ms, tonefrequency = 10130 The listener to indicate Hz). had whether two patterns the the had sameor different (partiallycorrelated) temporal envelopes. technique A
suggested Lutfi JR.Lutfi,J. Acoust. by Soc.Am. 97, 13390995)], was

usedto determine importance eachtemporalposition the listenthe of on er's decision. the first experiment, of the intertone In one timeswas as-
signed different a (eitherhigher lower)meanduration or thantheothers. Thisintertone occurred time either anearlytemporal at position (2nd)or at a lateposition (6th).Results indicated twopositions, firsttemporal that the
positionand the positionwith the differentmean,had more influence on the listener's decision thanotherpositions. the second In experiment, the first 4 intertonetimes were assigned different variancethan the last a occurring intertone 4 times.Initial resultssuggest that listeners give higher
weights thetemporal to positions thelowervariance. with [Worksupported hy ^FSOR.]

2aPP44. Detection and recognition of familiar sounds in noise. Mark A. Stellmack and Robert A. Lutfi (Watsman Ctr., Univ. of Wisconsin--Madison, Madison, 53706) WI
tested. [Worksupported NIDCD (Grant by DC00100).]

2aPP47. Efficient finite-impulse-response filter models of the head-related transfer function. Abhijit Kulkami and H. Steven
Colbum (Dept.of Biomed. Eng., Boston Univ., 44 Cummington St.,

Boston,MA 02215)
Three experiments compared listeners' detection and recognition in

broadband noise of five familiar and five unfamiliar sounds with identical
long-term spectra. familiar sounds The were ice in a glass, zipper,crashing wood blocks,creakingdoor, and gas stationbell. The unfamiliarsounds were thesesamefive sounds playedbackwards. Thresholds were obtained using a single-interval, yes-no procedure. the first two experiments, In detection thresholds were measured each soundby playing the same for soundwithin eachblockof trials (fixed signal),andby playingone of the ten sounds with equalprobabtlity eachsignaltrial (randomsignal).In on the third experiment, both detection and recognition thresholds were obtainedfor threeof the familiar sounds playedforwardand backward. On eachtrial, listeners wereaskedfirstto makea yes/nodetection judgment and thento identifywhichsignalwasplayedregardless their firstjudgof ment. In all threeexperiments, therewere no significam differeneo. betweenthresholds obtainedfor the sounds playedforwardandthresholds for corresponding sounds playedbackwards. There was a small (1 dB) but statistically significant differencebetweenthresholds fixed and random for signals.These resultssuggest that naturallyoccurring,familiar sounds have no specialstatusamong auditorystimuli in simple detectionand
Thehead-related transfer function (HRTF)is empirically measured as a finite-impulse-response filtere.g.,Wightman Kistler,1989. (FIR) and In
this studywe explorereduced-order approximations measured of HRTFs for use in virtual acoustical displays. The HRTFs testedwere measured from humansubjects and providedby Dr. Fred Wightman.In all model reconstructions is assumedthat HRTFs can be approximatedas it
minimum phase functions. Theoretical results are derived which allow for
Iwo model-order reduction strategies with optimalcriteria.First, we demonstrate that the partial energycontained the first n tapsof a minimumin phase FIR filteris optimalin theParseval sense. Secondly, demonstrate we thattheHRTF expressed itscepstral by coefficients (Oppenheim Schaand fer, 1979) constitutes Fourierseries.A partialsum from this Fourier a
ries then provides the best mean-square approximation the logto

magnitude functionof the HRTF. The validityof the reconstructed HRTFs wasassessed psychophysically usinga 41-2AFC procedure. Usinga 80-ms
recognition tasks [Research supported NIDCD.] by
whitenoise stimulus testing newposition eachtrial,for a 64-tap and a on HRTF reconstruction bothmethods, by subjects performed close chance to for mostof the 13 representative positions tested. [Worksupported by NIDCD (GrantDC00100).]
3278
3278
2aPP48.
Effects of reverberation
cues on distance
identification
in
virtualaudiodisplays. Douglas Brungart(AL/CFBE,2800Q Street, S. WPAFB, 45433-7901) Oil and WilliamD'Angelo (AL/CFBA,WPAFB,
OH 45433-7901)
importance information of retention maintaining in pursuit taskswhen target information removed. importance theauditory is The of system in processing spatial information pursuit for movement tasks will be discussed. [Worksupported NSE] by
2aPP52. Evaluation of three-dimensional (3D) auditory beacons for navigationof remote-controlled vehicles. TuyenV. Tran, TomaszR. Letowski, and Kim S. Abouchacra (US Army Res. Lab.,
Although reverberation known playan important in theperis to role ception distance, is notpossible isolate effects earlyandlate of it to the of
reflections a real environment. virtual audiodisplay, in A however, be can usedto examinethe effectsof early and late reflections distance on identification.In this experiment, virtual audio displaysimulates a distant
sound sourcesunder 4 conditions:Without reflections,with an early re-
AMSRL-HR-SD, Bldg.520,Aberdeen Proving Ground, 21005-5425) MD

A series experiments conducted evaluate auditory of was to 3D bea-
flection (floorreflection) only,with late reflections (reverberation) only, andwith bothearlyandlatereflections. eachtrial,thesubjects In identify
the distanceof the simulatedsoundsourcefrom one of 5 possibledistances: 4, 8, 16, and 32 ft. Numbered 2, targets placedat the locations are of the simulatedsoundsources, allowing the subjects visualizethe to distances involved.White noise and speechare used as stimuli in the experiment, and their amplitudes randomized are over 24 dB tb prevent
cons be used drivers remote-controlled to by' of vehicles. auditory The

beacons weregenerated an external from sound source, conditioned using
the Convolvotron and then presented TM throughSennheiser HD-580 ear-
phones. addition, pink noise In a masker presented was through overan headloudspeaker a levelof 80 dBA measured at under earphones. the Ten
listeners nrrmal with hearing asked (1)judge were to sound quality nine of
auditory beacons, (2) movea beacon, and from a predetermined starting location a position to directly frontof thelistener the3D display. in in The beacons differed regarding of sound well asrateandmode type as (continuous versus noncontinuous singleversus and oscillating sound source) presentation. Results theexperiments of indicate listeners that preferred (1) continuous versus interrupted presentation the beacons, nonspeech of (2)
identification on intensity based alone. results be'analyzed The will to

measure percentage correct the of responses eachdistance the inat and
formation transfer in each of the 4 conditions.
2aPP49. Measurement of localization ability using virtual audio cues
and visualtargetacquisition.WilliamR. D'Angelo (AL/CFBA,2610 Seventh St., WPAFB, OH 45433-2901), RichardL. McKinley (AL/
CFBA, WPAFB, OH 45433), David R. Pertort (CaliforniaStateUniv.,
versus speech beacons, (3)a rate 1.1 and of repetiti,o, second 0.7 nsper over
or 2.5 repetitions second. per Mode of presentation not affect the did overalllocalization accuracy thenumber frontversus or of backconfusions made thelisteners. by Results theexperiments assist theselection of will in of beacons auditory for displays usedfor operation remote-controlled of
vehicles.
LosAngeles, CA), and Larry Hettinger (Logicon Technical Services,

Inc., WPAFB, OH 45433)
Visualtarget detection usedto demonstrate abilityof subjects was the to localizewith a virtualaudiodisplay. The testing facility consisted of audio presented headphones andwithoutlocalization over with cuesanda
projection b?ring visual screen the scene. each the In trial visual target
appeared onepixel at a random as location thescreen. target of The grew in sizeuntilfoundby the subject. sound cameon at threshold The cue level andbecame progressively louder untilthetarget wasfound. The audio cue waspinknoise whilethevisualtargets consisted aircrafticons. of Subject
reactiontime was measured from targetonsetto targetdetection. indiAs
2aPP53. A cognitive perspective on audio delay tolerance in telecommunications. LarryMarturano(Northwestern Univ.,Evanston, IL 00208)
A set of tests are described in which the effects of echo-free audio
cated the by preliminary the data, localized conditiop audio faithfully providedthe locationof the targetresulting reaction in timessignificantly
better than with the nonlocalized audio cue.
delay on PCM-encoded speech are evaluated. In these tests, a conversation-type subjective speech assessment technique used, is whichis
augmented several with objective measures conversational of performance.

At the same time, a measureof mental workload is studiedto assess the
cognitive effects audiodelayon the human of end user. The workload
2aPP50. Aurally aided visualsearchunder static and moving

conditions. Debra Ferguson DavidR. Perrott(Dept. Psychol., L. and of
California StateUniv., 5151 University Dr., LosAngeles, 90032) CA
Auditorylocalization staticand dynamictargets the presence of in or absence an (broadband of noise)auditorycue was examined a twoin alternative, forced-choice paradigm. location thetarget The of variedrelative to the subject's initial fixationpoint.The rightand left hemispheres were testedat 45, 90, and 135 deg azimuthon the zero degreeelevation plane. Also tested werezeroand 180 deg locations. range target The of velocities 0, 10, 20, or 40 degpersecond, was with direction traveland of velocity randomized each in trial.Eachmaineffectwassignificant well as as two-way interactions between conditionXlocation and condition xvelocity. These results suggest utilization spatially the of correlated auditorycues under static moving and conditions, particularly theposterior in
measure is usedis a secondary involvingshortterm,or working, that task
memory. describing experiments, In these relevant background information is provided audio on delay, which illustrates difficulties measuring the in
useracceptability audiodelay.Information humanmemory of on models
and experimental are .key findings reviewed, motivate choice which the of
workload measure usedin thisstudy. The testmethodology results and are thenreviewedin detail.Usertolerance audiodelayis foundto decrease of
withincreasing audio delay, accordance other in with researchers findings. In addition, added cognitive loadis demonstrated thepresence long in of delays decreased via working memory performance.
2aPP54. The relationship between tone frequency and perceived elevationunder headphone listeningconditions. Alan D. Musicant (Dept. Psychol., of MiddleTennessee Univ.,BoxX063,Murfreesboro, St.
TN 37132)
fieldandat higher velocities. [Worksupported NSF.] by

2aPP51. The role of auditory cues in assisting pursuit motor
functions. Renato G. Villacorte, David R. Perrott, and Debra L.
The relationship between puretonefrequency perceived head an d in

elevation wasinvestigated. Stimuliwerepuretones ranging from 1000to 1200Hz in 1000Hz steps. Insertearphones utilizedfor presentation. were Subjects wereinstructed indicate, two separate to on diagrams, image the location thestimulus of afterpresentation a brieftone.Dimensions of were left-right,front-back elevation. stimuli and All werepresented diotically,
Ferguson (Psychoacoust. CaliforniaStateUniv., Los Angeles, Lab., CA

90032)
Eight experienced subjects were usedin a two-alternative, forcedchoice visualsearch paradigm orderto investigate auditory in the system's contribution maintaining in pursuit eye movements afterthe cue that indicated target's the location, velocity, direction travelwasremoved. and of Subjects were instructed usethe targetmotioninformation to provided by thecueto anticipate location thetarget the of onset afterthedelayfollowing the cue'soffset.Predictably, conditions that includedvisualtarget information produced fasterRT's thana cue consisting only auditory of
information.Performance also declinedwhen the velocityof the targetor the durationof the delay was increased. These resultsmay suggest the
thatis withequalintensity thetwo ears. to Tones werepresented apat proximately phons 70 witha variation +-3dB.Perceived head of in location was found to vary systematically the elevationdimension. in Tones
withlowerfrequencies perceived lowerin elevation tones were as than of higher frequency to about kHz. Stimuli up 9 withfrequencies 10 kHz of andhigher wereperceived lowerin elevation as relative theperceived to
elevationof the 8- and 9-kHz stimuli. Resultsof this experimentwere
compared results to fromfreefieldexperiments foundto be in general and
3279
d. Acoust. Am.,Vol.97, No.5, Pt. 2, May1995 Soc.
3279
agreement those with reported Butler[Conference Binaural by on and

Spatial Hearing, 1993].Results thisexperiment compared reof are with
sultsobtained the moretypicaliateralization in paradigms.
2aPP$5. Perception of multiple echoes. Daniel D. McCall, Brian L. Costantino, RachelK. Clifton (Dept.of Psychol., Univ.of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA01003), and Richard Freyman (Univ.of Massachusetts, L. Arrdterst, MA 01003)
,?,aPP58, Interference interaural difference intensity with time and

discrimination: Empirical and modeling study of efteels of component level, spacing, and perceptual grouping. William S. Woods (Univ. Oldenburg, FB8/MediziniscbePhysik, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany)
The discrimination of the ITD of a 600-Hz tone was measured in the
SinceEbataet al. [J. Aeoust. Soc.Am. 44, 537-541 (1968)],little

experimental theoretical or workhasbeendoneon theperception mulof tiple echoes.In the currentexperiment, listenersseatedin an anechoic chamber were presented with 4-ms noisebursts a lead-lag-lag in configuration.The lead burstwas presented from a loudspeaker 45 left of at midlineand one lag burst(lag A) was presented midline.Listeners at discriminated location a second burst(lag B) presented the of lag froma loudspeaker either 35 or 55 right of midline. Keepingthe delay beat twcenleadandlag B constant, rangeof delays a between leadandlag A was presented determine to whether changing delayof lag A had an the effectupontheperception lag B. Presentation lagA interfered of of with the perception lag B over a wide rangeof lag A delays,suchthat of subjects' discrimination the locationof lag B was poorerwhencomof paredto the discrimination lag B whenlag A was absent. of The data suggest the introduction an earlierechoserves suppress that of to direc-
presence othertones, of with levels 75 and45 dB SPL/tone, of spacings of 200 and400 Hz, andin thepresence noisebands. of Noiseband levels were suchthat excitation patterns with tonalandnoiseinterferers were equalin a regionaround target. the Tonalinterferers werepresented with simultaneous onsetsand offsets, 250-ms onset asynchrony, continuously. or Noisebands were presented continuously. the lowestpresentation At level with the widestspacing continuous and tonalinterferers, jnds showed no increase over the target-alone i.e., no interference. jnd, Decreased spacing or increased level caused increased jnds (i.e., interference). Lesserexperienced subjects showed moreinterference the asynchronous-onset in condition thanin thecontinuous-tone condition. Measurements intensity of jnds in a subset conditions of .yieldedsimilarresults. Theseresultsare consistent interference with caused spread excitation pulsing by of and of interferers being as significant interference as expected from auditory grouping. filter-based A cross-correlation model for ITD processing is
tional information a subsequent [Worksupported NIH grant from echo. by

DC01625.]
2aPP56. Localization suppression and echo suppression aspects of
shown be consistent past present jnd results. to with and ITD [Worksupported NIDCD (Grant by DC00100).]
2aPP59. Binaural profile analysis: On the comparisonof interaural time differenceand interaural correlation acrossfrequency. William S. Woods (Univ. Oldenburg,FBS/MediziniscbePhysik, D-26111
the precedence effect. XuefengYangandD. WesleyGrantham (Bill

WilkcrsonCtr. and Div. of Hear. and SpeechSci., VanderbiltUniv. School of Medicine, 1114 19thAve. South,Nashville,TN 37212)
Oldenburg, Germany), AndrewR. Braghera, and H. StevenColburn

(BostonUniv., Boston,MA 02215)
The precedence effect is a phenomenon may occurwhen a sound that
Experimentsreported thatwe.,aimed determining are on at if a

"profile-analysis" process performed the binauraldomain,specifiis in callywith interaural timediiference (ITD) nd interaural correlation (IC). Sensitivity variations these to in parameters across frequency investiwas gatedby rovingthe parameters across intervals requesting and subjects to choose intervalcontaining incrementally the an different parameter value in a targetband.The size of the increment needed identifythe target to
interval was measured for several bandwidths of the total stimulus. In the
fromonedirection lead)is followed (the withina few milliseconds the by sameor a similarsound from another direction (the lag, or the echo).
Typicallythe lag sound not heardas a separate is eventand the lag sound cannot localized. be Traditionally thesetwo aspects precedence of (echo
suppression localization and suppression) been have assumed represent to

the operation a singlemechanism. of The hypothesis proposed this is in studythat localization suppression echosuppression at leastparand are tially independent phenomena. series experiments conducted A of was to testthis hypothesis well as to investigate acoustic as the parameters that affectthe magnitude localization of suppression echosuppression. and In thefirstexperiment subjects showed significantly a greater degree echo of suppression of localization than suppression whenpresented with an extendedtrain of lead-lag noise burst pairs. In other experiments was it shown thatthe magnitude localization of suppression affected is primarily
by thedegree spectral of overlap leadandlag sounds, to a lesser of and extentby the relative"localization strength" the two sounds L. of [P. Divenyi, Acoust. Am.91, 1078-1084(1992)].[Worksupported J. Soe. by
NIDCD.]
2aPP$7. The effect of background noise on the precedence effect.
ITD experiments, complexes trne wereusedand the targetwas a toneat 500 Hz. For harmonic complexes (100-Hzspacing), addition referthe of encetones (outto 4 kHz) does aid detection thetarget not of interval but usually degrades performance. logarithmic For complexes (spacing factor 1.3) performance improvedat the widest(4 kHz) bandwidth. the IC In experiment, spectrally continuous noisewas used,with a 115-Hz wide targetbandat 500 Hz. Addingfringe bands increased thresholds significantlyfor a narrowstimulus bandwidth (354 Hz), andperformance returnedto that measured the targetalonefor wide bandwidths. for These results discussed terms possible are in of binaural contributions auditory to grouping. [Worksupported NIDCD (GrantDC00100).] by
2aPP60. Interaural phase locking as a function of interaural level. G. O. R. Green, A. Rees (Dept. of Physiol.Sci., The Medical School,
Yuan-ChuanChiang and Richard L. Freyman (Dept. of Commun.
Newcastle-upon-Tyne 4HH, UK), and G. B. Henning (Oxford NE2

Univ., Oxford OXl 3UD, UK)
Disorders,Arnold 6 House, Univ.of Massachusetts, Amherst, 01003) MA

The currentexperiment examined influence noiseon the precethe of denceeffect, focusingon the importance noisesourcelocation.Listenof
Sinusoidal phasemodulation a sinusoidal in carrierwas monaurally

presentedto observers'left ears in standardtwo-interval forced-choice
ersseated an anechoic in chamber judgedwhether imageproduced the by a lead-lag of 4-msnoise pair bursts (2-msdelay)wasto theleft or rightof
midline.The lag loudspeaker fixed at 45 to the left or right, while the was lead loudspeaker was positioned a variablenumberof degrees the at to
opposite side.The angleof the lead loudspeaker producing 50% judgementsfavoring the lead was used to estimateits perceptual weighting relativeto the lag.This weighting, whichwasquantified usingthe c metric developed Shinn-Cunninghamal. [J..Acoust. by et Soc.Am. 93, 29232932(1993)],strongly favored leadwhen sounds the the werepresented in quiet.The valueof c wasreduced markedly whenbackground broadband noisewasintroduced from0 or 180 angles, supporting previous findings of a weakened precedence effect in noise.When the background noise source was off-midline,or lead-lagpairsof noisesources were used,the
experiments: ca.t-tier phasemodulated one of two randomly The was in chosen observation intervals theobservers and wererequired indicated to theintervalhavingphase modulation. the dichotic In condition, puretone a withthesame frequency Hz) andlevel(70 dB SPL)asthecarrier (500 was presented the right ear in bothobservation to intervals; the monaural in condition, puretone was attenuated 71 dB. The 1.5-s stimuliwere the by
gated simultaneously with 20~msGaussianrise/fall times. At low modulationrates,the depthof phasemodulation corresponding 75% correct to responses the dichoticconditionwas an orderof magnitude in smallerthan
in thecorresponding monaural condition consistent theresults G. with of G. R. Green,J. S. Heifer, andD. A. Ross[J. PhysioL (London) 260,
49P-50P (1976)]. dichotic The advantagescarcely is affected twoorby

dersof magnitude reduction the levelof the puretonein therightear. in The results related the precision phase are to of locking the auditory in system. [Worksupported theRoyalSociety.] by
effects noise c werecomplex asymmetric. of on and [Worksupported by

NIH #DC01625.]
3280
d. Acoust. Soc.Am., Vol.97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995
3280
2aPP61. Across-frequency interaural pattern discrimination. Jennifer Lentz (Dept.of Bioeng., J. Univ. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19103) and Virginia M. Richards (Univ. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19103) PA The ability of observers detectchanges interaural to in intensity differenceacrossfrequencies was testedusing multitonecomplexes. The
2aPP64. Masking and aging: II. Human behavioraland auditory brain-stemresponse thresholds. JudyR. Dubno,JohnH. Mills, Jayne B. Ahlstrom, andLois J Matthews (Dept.of Otolarygol. Commun. and
Sci., Medical Univ. of SouthCarolina, 171 AshleyAve., Charleston, SC
29425-2242)
tonalcomponents ranged frequency in from200 to 5000Hz, with amplitudes randomly drawnfrom a Gaussian distribution havinga meanof 60 dB SPLanda givenvariance. thestandard For stimulus, variance zero, was providing equal-amplitude tones. signal The stimulus a nonzero had variance.Because independently drawnsignal stimuliwerepresented the to left and right ears,interaural level differences variedrandomly across frequency. Percent correct signal detections measured a function were as of thevariance thesignalstimulus. encourage of To discrimination based on the pattern interaural of leveldifferences across frequency ratherthanthe change from diotic(standard) dichotic to (standard+signal), overall the levels thestimuli of presented eachearwereindependently to chosen from a 7-dB range.Because standard standard+signal and powerspectra differed, monaural cuesto the presence the signalwere available.Thus of psychometric functions were separately obtained usingthe samesignal stimulus bothears.Results at indicatethat the detectability changes of in interaural level differences across frequency nearlythe sameas the is
Masked thresholds measured psychophysically equivalentfor are youngand agedhumansubjects with equalquietthresholds. However, highermasked thresholds derivedfrom auditorybrain-stem responses (ABR) areobserved agedthanfor young for gerbils, independent quiet of thresholds. purpose thisexeriment to characterize The of was further agerelated changes masking comparing in by masked thresholds measured electrophysiologicallypsychophysicallyyoung agedhumans and for and withnormal hearing. Signals wereGaussian 1.8-ms tonepipsat 1.0,2.0, and 4.0 kHz; the maskerwas a 1.0 kHz, low-pass-filtered noise.Using identical signals, ABR andbehavioral thresholds measured quiet were in
and in maskerswith overall levels of 74, 82, and 90 dB SPL. Thresholds
detectability changes power of in spectra diofic for presentations. [Work funded NIH.] by
2aPP62. Distortion product otoacoustic emissions created through the interaction of a spontaneousotoacoustic emission and an externally generated tone. Linda W. Norfix and TheodoreJ. Glattke
measured psychophysically equivalent youngandagedsubjects are for in bothon- andoff-frequency masking conditions, consistent with previous findings. However, quietandmasked ABR thresholds higher aged are for than for young subjects, and maskingfunctionsare shallower. Thus, whereas ABR thresholds agedhumans higherthantheirbehavioral of are thresholds, are consistent elevated they with ABR thresholds observed in aged gerbils. Moredirect comparisons thecharacteristicshuman of of and
gerbil ABRsarecontained a companion in poster. [Worksupported by

NIDCD.]
2aPP65. Masking and aging: lII. Human and gerbil neural input/outputfunctions. JohnH. Mills, Lois J. Matthews, Richard A. Schmiedt,Flint A. Boettcher, Judy R. Dubno, and Jayne B. Ahlstrom
(Dept. Speech Hear.Sci.,Univ.of Arizona, of & Tucson; 85721) AZ An SOAE(f2) and XT (f0 wereused create f--f2 DPOAEs. one to 2
Externaltoneswereappliedto the ear canalat SOAE/f ratiosbetween 1.08and 1.22 XT/SOAE intensity differences variedfrom0 to approximately50 dB SPL. DPOAE amplitude SOAE suppression and characteristicswerevariableacross subjects. However, followingtrends the were noted: At largerfrequency (1) ratios, DPOAE generation SOAE supand
(Dept. of Otolaryngol. Commun. and Sci., MedicalUniv. of South Carolina, Ashley 171 Ave.,Charleston, 29425-2242) SC To account highermasked for ABR thresholds, input-output (I/O)
functions theABR wereexamined. bothaginghumans gerbils, of For and
amplitudes theABRwere of smaller slopes ABRI/O functions and of were less steep thanthose young of subjects. Smaller amplitudes could indicate
abnormal function the brainstem an alteredinputto the brainstem of or
pression associated greater SPLs; DPOAEgrowth were with XT (2) functionswere characterized slopes<1 dB/dB, a maximum,rolloverand by
disappearance thenoise into floor;(3) maximum DPOAEs wereobserved at frequencies approximately below SOAEs; DPOAEmaxi oct the (4)
mumswere associated with a significant amountof SOAE suppression. The results consistent are with DPOAEscreated usingtwo low-leveltones
from the periphery. Analysis I/O functions the compound of of action potential (CAP) of the auditory nerveof aginggerbilsalsoshowed a decrease slope. in Decreases theslope theCAPcanbeattributed a in of to
lossof 10%-30% of spiralganglion cells,to a reduction synchronous in neuralactivityof the remaining nervefibers,and to a reduction the of endocochlear potential. Thus, hypothesisthattheunusual our is amounts of
[BrownandGaskill,in Mechanics Biophysics Hearing(Springerand of Verlag, Berlin,1990)] canbeinterpreted considering and by suppression in a nonlinear cochlear model[Zwicker,J. Acoust.Soc.Am. 80, 163-176 (1986).] [Work supported NIH-NIDCD grant I P60 DC-01409and by Univ.of AZ Graduate Student Development Fund.] 2aPP63.Maskingand aging:I. Gerbil auditorybrain-stem response
thresholds. Flint A. Boettcher,John H. Mills, and Barbara N. Schmiedt
masking observed theABR of bothaging in humans gerbils be and can accounted by age-related for alterations theauditory in periphery. is also It ourhypothesis behavioral that measurements of normal quiet masked and thresholds aging in humans notnecessarily do reflect intact an auditory
periphery. [Work supported NIDCD.] by

2aPP66. Neural encodingof level in the auditory nerve and
anteroventral cochlear nucleus: A study of neural models and
(Dept. of Otolaryngol. Commun. and Sci., MedicalUniv. of South Carolina, Ashley 171 Ave.,Charleston, 29425-2242) SC
Masked thresholdsestimated from auditory brain-stem responses
physiological responses. M.A. Burock L. H. Carney (Dept. and of Biomed. Eng., Cummington Boston 44 St., Univ., Boston, 02215) MA
Models for level discrimination basedon neuralcountsrequire"pool-
(ABR)of aging gerbils 20-30 dBhigher themasked are than thresholds of young gerbils when quietthresholds equal. thispresentation, will are In we discuss onyoung month) data (6 gerbils normal with hearing aged and (36 month) gerbils witha range hearing of levels. ABR thresholds meawere
sured 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 kHz in quietandin the presence a low-pass at of filtered noise kHz upperbound) levelsof 50, 60, and70 dB SPL. (1 at Young subjects lineargrowth masking signals had of of withinthepassbandof thenoise. higher At frequencies, minimalmasking obonly was served. contrast, In aged subjects showed muchhigher masked thresholds
at 2 and 4 kHz compared young subjcct.This occurredfor both aged to
ing" of auditory-nerve (AN) fiberresponses explainhuman to performance. Neitherthe mechanism siteof this "pooling"is known.This nor
study concerns transformationAN responses the anteroventral the of in

cochlear nucleus (AVCN). An AN modelwith statistics consistent with
physiological [mean-to-variance (a)2] provided data ratio inputs to

coincidence-detecting models AVCN cells.The a of coincidencefor detecting models lower cell is thanthea of AN fibers. Responsesmost of
gerbil AVCNneurons (frozen) to wideband hadoe than2, connoise less

sistent with a coincidence-detection mechanism. lowera impliesthese The
cells would not be as effective a AN fibers for encoding level in term of
subjects minimal with age-related threshold elevation those and withlarge hearing losses. accordance previous In with studies, masked ABR thresholdsin aging gerbils much are higher thanthose young in gerbils. This
rate. optimally To "pool"these responses would require either summation of a greater number elements, steeper of or rate-level curves compen(to
satefor lower a) and thusmoreelements spana wide dynamicrange. to
phenomenonexamined human is in subjects behavioral ABR with and
Neuralcoincidence detection contribute processing may to spectral infor-
techniques companion inthe presentations. supportedNIDCD.] [Work by
mation(monaurally) localization and information (binaurally). This
3281
d.Acoust. Am.,Vol.97, No.5, Pt.2, May1995 Sec.
3281
mechanism doesnot provide advantage, perhaps an and introduces disa advantage, processing for intensity information the form of discharge in
2aPP69. Rate of rise sensitivity. medial geniculateneurons in the of squirrel monkey. John F. Olsen (Lab. Neurophysio!., NIMH, NIH,
rate.[Worksupported NIH, Whitaker by Foundation.]
Bldg. 110,P.O.Box 608, Poolesville, 20837) MD

In this studyneuralsensitivity rate of rise wasmeasured. reto The sponses 32 medialgeniculate of neurons linearincrements a broadto of band noisefrom a definedbaselinelevel were recordedextracellularly. Steprise time (3-96 ms), stepamplitude (6-24 dB}, andbaseline level (0-73 dB SPL) werevariedindependently. typicalresponse the step A to consisted a transientburst of 1-8 spikes.Response of probabilityincreased a function the step's as of rate of rise (amplitude/rise time), such thatincreases risetime couldbe tradedfor proportional in increases step in amplitudeto obtain a criterionresponse. Increases baselinelevel dein creased the slopeof the probabilityversusrate of me functionand increased threshold of rise.Response the rate probability independent was of
2aPP67. Responses ofcochlear nucleus in thechinchillabest units to

frequencytonesamplitudemodulatedby low-frequency, two-tone complexes. W.P. Shofner, Sheft, S. Guzman (Parmly S. and Hear.Inst., LoyolaUniv.Chicago, 6525N. Sheridan Chicago, 60626) Rd., IL A tonethatis amplitude modulated two tones by (froot, freon2) and contains spectral no energy theenvelope at beatfrequency (fmod2--fmodl)
for either the stimulus waveform or the half-wave rectified waveform.
Preliminary data showed that Fourieranalysis post-stimulus hisof time tograms chinchilla of CN unitsrecorded response BF tonesthat were in to amplitude modulated two tonesOrmoaJ, by fm2<64 I-[z) yieldsspectral
peaks noa-fmoa addition thepeaks fmoa freon2 atf, in to at and [Shofner

and Sheft,J. Acoust. Soc.Am. 93, 2410(A) (1993)].The magnitudes of these spectral peaks measures synchrony eachfrequency are of at component.For all units,synchrony f,,od andfreon2 greater at is thanthe synchronyat fmo-fmoa. For a givenunit, synchrony fmoJandfrr at remainsrelativelyconstant a functionof overalllevel, whereas as synchrony fmoa_-fmod2 at decreases thelevelincreases. as Synchrony fmoa at andfm is largest chopper in units,intermediate primarylike in units,and
smallestin onsetunits.This hierarchydiffers from that described the in literature CN unitsin response BF tonesmodulated bestmodufor to at lation frequencies. No hierarchyappearsto exist for synchronyat
peaklevel (=baseline level+step amplitude). results The showthatthe

response a common of typeof roedial geniculate neuron determined is by the rate at whichstimulus amplitude increases from a definedbackground level,indicating possible for theseneurons theperceptual a role in segregationof auditory events [A. S. Bregman, A. Ahad,and I. Kim, I. P. Acoust. Soc.Am. 96, 2694-2703 (1994)]. 2aPP70. Neural processes auditory scene analysisobservedby of magnetencephalography. lmaizumi, Mori, S. Kiritani (Res.Inst. S. K. of Logopedics Phoniatrics, and Faculty Medicine, of Univ.of Tokyo,7-3-I Hongo,Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113 Japan},and M. Yumoto (Univ. of
fmoa2-fmoa. [Worksupported a PPGfromNIDCD.] by

2aPP68. A comparisonof the efficiency and accuracy of medial superiorolive cell simulations.TrevorM. Shackleton(Dept.of Exp.
Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo,113Japan)

Auditory-evoked magneticfield elicited by three soundstimuli consisting a spoken of word, a click, and theiroverlapping version,wasmeasuredusingBTi 37ch SQUID MEG systemfrom the contralateralhemisphereof the stimulatedears of seven normal heating subjects.Three stimuli were presentedin a random order with a random interstimulus intervalbetween1 and2 s at the mostcomfortable hearing level.Two tasks were imposed:One is to countthe click, and the other is to count the spokenword. Significant differences the response in were observed betweenthe tasks.For both the tasks,a neuralactivityin the left and right temporal auditory cortices observed all thestimuli.Whencounting was for
Psychol., Univ.of Sussex, Brighton, Sussex E. BNI 9QG, UK) Binaural processing interaural of time differences (ITDs) is widely
believedto be performed a cross-correlation by mechanism. Cells have been found in the roedial-superior olive (MSO) and inferior colliculus whichrespond moststronglywhenpresented with stimuli with a characteristicITD (EE cells).Thesecellsare believedto form the basisfor such
a mechanism.In this study we comparethe performanceof cells basedon
simplecross-correlation, coincidence detector cells basedon a novel deterministic method, and coincidencedetectorsbasedon Monte-Carlo simu-
lation. The deterministicmodel is based upon the requirementthat the
probability a givennumber inputs of of fromthe auditory nerves either of
earmust exceed threshold a amount within' finite a time (coincidence the click, a wide spread activitywas elicitedby the overlapping click window) before moo'Icier the cell'can W examine firing and fire. the rate
vector strength a functionof ITD, overall level, and interaurallevel as
difference OLD) andconapare results our with thedatafromcellsin the

MSO. We find thata simplecrosscorrelation is inadequate describe cell to
the data. However, the deterministiccell and Monte-Carlo simulation,both
suggesting possible contribution a frontalneuralactivityin the right of hemisphere. results The suggest pluralneural that mechanisms conmay
cem the auditorysceneanalysis which the overlapping by soundobjects
with a coincidence windowwidth of 0.2 ms, describe data very well. the
are distinctively perceived. temporal-lobe The activitymay reflectautomaticmemorytraceconstruction, the frontal-lobe and activitymay conceru attentional selection a memorytrace. of
[Worksupported The Wellcome by Trust,UK.]
3282
J. Acoust. Soc.Am., VoL97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995
3282
MEETING ROOMS 12, 13, 14, 8:30 TO 11:30 A.M.

Session 2aSA
StructuralAcoustics Vibration:Scattering and

HansonHunrig,Chair
NavalSurface Warfare Center, IndianHeadDivision, White Oak,Silver 3ring,Maryland 20903-5640

ContributedPapers
8:30 9:00
2aSAI. Phase-spaee processing scattering of from a submerged elasticlayer. Raymond Nagera,Leopold Felsen, J. B. and Brian1. Collins {Dept.of Aerospace Mech. Eng.. Boston and Univ., I I0
Cummington Boston, St., MA 02215)
2aSA3. The exact sonar crosssectionof an elasticsphericalshell near the seasurface. H. Huang (NavalSurface Warfare Center, Indian HeadDiv., SilverSpring, 20903-5640) MD and G.C. Gaunaurd(Naval
Surface Warfare Ctr., Cardcrock Div., WhiteOak, SilverSpring, MD

20903-5640)
In scattering aninsonified from submerged elastic layer, whose surface
isperturbed periodic quasiperiodic with or variations, resulting the Bragg

modes expected couple theleakymodes canbe radiated are to to that by theunperturbed smooth layer. these distinct coupled If two but phenomenologies be separalely can identified extracted and fromacoustic scatter-
The acoustic scattering a submerged hy spherical elastic shellneara
freesurface insonificd plane and by waves arbitrary at angles incidence of

is analyzed an exactfashion the classical in by separation variables of method. satisfy boundary To the conditions the freeseasurface, well at as
ingdataby "wave-oriented" processing, maygaindiscriminants one for imaging properties theelastic the of layerandof its surface topology. A simple dimensional two model--afinitearray filamentary of scatterers on
the insonified of a fluidlayer--hasbeeninvestigated face previously IT. Hsu, L. B. Felsen,and L. Carin, to appearin IEEE Trans.Antennas
asonthesurfaces theelastic of shell, mathematical the problem formuis latedusing method images. scattered fields expanded the of The wave are
in termsof spherical wavefunctions usingtheaddition theorems. final The results come out in termsof Wigher 3-j symbols Clebsch-Gordan or
coefficients. similar theproblem scattering multiple Quite to of by spheres,

the computation the scattered of pressure field involves solution an the of
Propag.].has It been shown windowed-transform that processing of data

obrved along trackparallel the layerextracts a to space-wave-number phase space distributionswhich leakymode Bragg in the and mode footprinls clearly are separated; features poorly these are resolved theunin processed Thepresent data. paper explores these phenomenologies the and corresponding phase-space processing whenthefluidlayeris replaced by
an elastic layerwith its far richervarietyof layer-guided modes. Paramet-
ricstudies howthespace-wave-number show distributions affected are by theprocessing window size,thephysical parameters thelayer, the of and
sizeandspacing the filament of array.
i[[-couditioned complex matrix system, sizethatdepends thenumber of on of termsin the modalseries required convergence. in turn,defor This, pends thevalue thefrequency ontheproximity thesteel on of and of shell to the free surface. The matrixequation solved the Gauss-Seidel is by method. Many backscattered echoes fromtheshellarecomputed, its and formfunction displayed various is for depths in broad and frequency intervals. plotsshow The thatthelarge-amplitude, low-frequency resonance features thesonar in cross-sections upward theshellapproaches shift as the
free surface. This can be attributed to the decrease of added mass for the
shellvibration. [Workpartially supported theIndependent by Research

Program theCDNSWC.] of
8:45
9:15
2aSA2. Variable phasecouplingcoefficient leaky wavesfrom for

resonancescattering theory and physical aspectsof background contributions. Philip L. Marston (Dept. of Phys.,Washington State
Univ., Pullman,WA 99164-2814)
2aSA4. A theory for predicting the scatteredsignals from elastic spheroidalshells near smooth absorbinginterfaces. M. F. Werby {Naval Res. Lab., StennisSpace Center, MS 39529) and N.A. Sidorovskaia(Univ. of New Orleans, New Orleans, 70148) LA
A new formulation that allows one to describe backscattered echoes
Approximations examined the coupling are for coefficient for the Gt launching detachment leakywaves and of having application situations to wherethin shelltheoryis not applicable. approach based a The is on comparison ray and resonance of scattering theory(RST) formulations whichincludes effects thephase Gt of higher-order on of Dehye approximations Hankelfunctions derivatives L. Marston, of and [P. WaveMotion
from elasticshellsnearabsorbing planeinterfaces presented. foris This mulation always is consistent evenat low frequencies largedistances and from the interfaces and allows the rapid reproduction backscattered of echoes over frequency ranges practical of interest. This novelformulation is developed is shown be consistent thatreflecting and to with interfaces. The methodhas beenimplemented numericalresultsfor bothpulse and
(accepted publication)]. comparison for The includesfrequency a dependenttransition (between andrigid limits)for the RST background soft
factorin theproduct expansion theS function. transition formuof The is
and continuous signals carried [Work wave are out. sponsoredNRLand by

theOfficeof NavalResearch.]
lated astonot such affect Thehigh IGtl. frequency ofGt forlimiling phase
background previously cases examined L. Marston K. L. Williams, [P. and J. Acoust. Soc.Am. Suppl.I 83, S94 {1988)]S94 (1988)] is recovered. A variable phase termdepending the background on transition function correspondsto a term given by the convolulion formulation of variable cur9:30
2aSA5, Animations of pulse signals scattering from submerged
resonating structures,M. E Werby (NavalRes.Lab.,Stennis Space

Center, MS 39529) and N.A. Sidorovskaia(Univ.of New Orleans, New Orleans,LA 70148)
vature scattering L. Marston, Acoust. [P. I. Soc.Am. 97, 34-41 (1995)]

when applied to thin circular cylindrical shells. Other correlations with
shelltheory evident. are Diffractireandinertialaspects thebackground of contribution alsoexamined. are [Worksupported theOfficeof Naval by Research.[
A formulation allows that oneto describe scattering objects a from in waveguide beendeveloped. method based coupling has The is on the
free-fieldT-matrix to a waveguide usingthe normalmodecodeSWAMP
3283
3283
andtheT-matrix codes developed NRL. Thisformulation at allows the for rapidreproduction solutions allowsoneto replicate of and pulsescattering from resonating objects a waveguide. in Animations signals of scattering from resonating objects presented. results shownto enhance is The are insightinto the physics suchscattering of processes.
intothe medium. The needto account it hasclassically for prompted the

development a new mathematical of interpretation scattering, of called "unsteady aerodynamics," that flow and flowless so diffraction communitieshavetended work in mutualisolation. sideobjective thispaper to A of is to speakto both groupsby presenting completelyformal complexa contour representation thefundamental kernelfor theflowcase. of lift That spectralformulationdisplaysthe role of vorticity explicitly throughan additionalsingularitythat shiftsaway to complexinfinity as the flow is turnedoff. The remainingspecU-um the Fourier transformof the hyperis singulardiffractionkernel of ordinaryacoustics.
9:45
2aSA6. Elastic scatteringof a spherical acousticwave by an infinite fluid-filled cylindricalshell. StirlingS. Dodd and CharlesM. Loeffier (Advanced SonarGroup,Appl. Res.Lab., Univ. of Texasat Austin,P.O. Box 8029, Austin,TX 78713-8029)
10:45
A method describing of spherical acoustic wavesin cylindrical coordinates applied the problem pointsource is to of scattering an elastic by
2aSA9. Generalized holography for imaging elastic structures.
infinite fluid-filled cylindrical shell. L6onet el. developed scattering the

matrixfor plane-wave scattering an infinitehollowcylindrical by shell [L6onet el., $. Acoust. Soc.Am. 91, 1388-1397(1992)]. By usinga method expressing spherical of a wavein cylindrical coordinates a form in similar thatof a plane to wavein cylindrical coordinates andM. Ueda, ILl J. Acoust.Soc.Am. 87, 1871-1879 (1990)], the resultof Leon et al. is manipulated an exactsolution the spherical into for wave,fluid-filled scattering problem.The exact solutionis in an integralform that is treated numerically. is appliedto distributed It sourceandreceiverarraysby treating themas setsof point sources pointreceivers and and thenintegrating over their spatialextent.
10:00-10:15 Break
Robert Porter, P. Daniel Rouseff (Appl.Phys. Lab.,Univ.of Washington, Seattle, 98105),and DavidBennink (Appl.Measurement WA Systems,
Bremerton, WA)
Generalized holography a technique determining properties is for the of acoustical sources scatterers P. Porter,Progress Optics27, or JR. in 1989].In its mostgeneral form, the radiating scattered or field and its
normal derivativeare measured a recordingsurfaceof arbitraryshape. on The resulting measurements be forwardpropagated the far field to can into calculatethe radiationpattern.The field can also be backpropagated towardthe originalsource location generate image.For the special to an case of a closedrecording surface surrounding source, imageis indethe the pendent the shape the hologram. of of Moreover, imagewill be indethe
pendent evanescent of (subsonic) componentsthefieldevenwhen of the

measurements madein the nearfield. This is an important are considerationfor locating sources radiation an object.In thistalk, generalized of on holography appliedto simpleelasticstructures determine modes is to the of vibration. Numerical results will be presented spherical for shellsexcited by localizedsurface pressure by an incidentpressure or wave.
10:15
2aSA7. Scattering from a fluid-loaded cylindrical shell with axially periodic circumferential constraints using analytical numerical
matching. Rickard Loftman C. andDonaldB. Bliss (Mech.Eng. and

Mater. Sci., Duke Univ., Box 90300, Durham, NC 27708)
11:00
Acoustic scattering from an infinitelylong,thin elastic cylindricalshell with axiallyperiodic circumferential constraints leadsto the excitation of flexural,longitudinal, and shearwaveson the shell. Of interestis the
interaction of these structural waves with the discontinuousconstraints,
and the effect of this interaction on the resultant scattered sound field. This
2aSA10.Acoustical scattering a penetrable by wedge. Anthony J. M. Davis (Dept.of Math.,Univ.of Alabama, Tuacaloosa, 35487-0350) AL
Consider the two-dimensional scattering a time-harmonic of sound wavegenerated a line source incident by and upona penetrable wedge.
The wave speeds the interiorand exteriorof the wedgeare distinctand in the radiation condition only outgoing of wavesat infinity is appliedin all directions. the boundary the wedgethere is a pair of transmission At of conditions which ensurecontinuityof the acousticpressure and normal velocity.By usingsuitablymodifiedGreen'sfunctions and considering
three-dimensional, fully coupled,structuralacousticproblem is solved with the aid of a new method called analytical/numerical matching (ANM). The method combines high-resolution local analytical solutions and low-resolution global numericalsolutions more efficientlymodel to structuraldiscontinuities. ANM local solutionshave been developedto efficientlycapture rapid variationin system the response across disthe
continuous constraint. The local solutions are combined with a smooth
global solution,modeledby modal methods,to form an accurate,uniformly valid composite solution. The ANM composite solutionis more accurate converges and morerapidlythanthe traditional modalapproach. An important observation that this scattering is problemexhibitsconsiderablesensitivity modeling to accuracy convergence structural and of response the region thediscontinuities. in of Errorsin these regions havean overalleffect on the structure and the associated scattered field. [Work supported ONR.] by
separately symmetric antisymmetric of thepressure with the and parts field respect the centerplaneof the wedge,a pair of disjointintegral to equations of the first kind can be obtained the two partsof the normal for velocity just onefaceof the wedge. on Transformation equations the to of second kind is thenachieved usinga technique solvingintegral by for
equations Henkel with function kernels Porter, [D. IMA, ]. Appl.Math.33,

211-228 (1983)].The newkernels hounded defined the interval are but on
(0,). A numerical solution describe farfield must the which, thewedge at

boundary, exhibitsomemixtureof the two wave speeds. will
11:15
10:30
2aSA8. Diffraction analyseswith and without flow: A unifying spectralapproach. R. Martinez (Cambridge Acoust. Assoc., Inc., 200
BostonAve., Ste. 2500, Medford, MA 02155)
2aSAll, Acousticand flexural wave scatteringfrom a three member junction. Douglas Rebinsky Andrew Norris (Dept.of Mech. A. and N. andAerospace Eng.,Rutgers Univ.,Piscataway, 08855-0909) NJ
A threemember junction formed a pairof semi-infinite is by plates in

This paperdiscusses samplediffractionproblemsfrom the fields of structural acoustics a still mediumandof aeroacoustics high subsonic in at Mach numbers.Respectively and specifically: Diffraction by a tandem arrangement thin circular platesof finite radiusand inertia,and scatterof ing of high-frequency rotor/statornoise by the nacelle of a modern seroengine. The presence a freestream of endowsthe elementaldiffraction loadsin the second classof problems with the capacity injectvorticity to
contact with fluid on one side and a mechanical structure on the other. The
latteris described an impedance by matrix theplates modeled and ave by the classical theoryof flexure. The scattering problem obliqueincifor dence solved is using impedance the malxix theplate for junction without theattachment. is accomplished theWiener-Hopftechnique This using to solvethedualintegral equations the unknown for pressure the plates. on Explicitformulae obtained thepressure are for transform, correspondand
3284
3284
ing explicit and relativelysimpleexpressions given for the various are

diffraction coefficients associated with the fluid/structure interaction. Nu-
merical results theredistribution energy fo of fromflexural flexural to plus acoustic a thickness at discontinuity bediscussed detailwith respect will in
to frequency angleof incidence and including effectof various the critical angles. is verifiedthatthe general It solution reduces thatfor a pair of to plates with clamped welded and junction conditions limitingcases as when theframeimpedance zeroandinfinite. is [Worksupported ONR.] by
WEDNESDAY
MORNING,
31 MAY 1995
GRAND BALLROOM
Session 2aSC
SOUTH, 7:45 TO 11:45 P.M.
Speech Communication: Bi-modalSpeech Perception (PosterSession)

Stephen Zahorian,Chair A. Electricaland Computer Engineering Department, OM DominionUniversity, Norfolk, Virginia23529 Contributed Papers
All posters will be on displayfrom 7:45 to I 1:45a.m. To allow contributors oppoflunity seeotherposters, an to contributors of odd-numbered papers will be at theirposters from 7:45 to 9:45 a.m. andcontributors even-numbered of papers will be at theirposters
from 9:45 to I 1:45 a.m.
2aSC1. Effectsof modalily on subjective estimates frequencyand of recency spokenand printed words. DanielE. Gaygenand PaulA. of Luce (Language Perception Lab.. Dept. of Psychology, Universityat
Buffalo, Buffalo. NY 14260)
showed that F0 supplementation significantly enhanced visualpercepthe tionof bothsegments wordandphrase and boundaries, interacted and with
context. [Work supportedby NIH

#5PO5DC00178.]
Program Project Grant
Previous research (Pisoniand Garber,1990;Gatbetand Pisoni,i 991) hasdemonstrated subjective that familiarity judgments wordsare not for differentially affected the modaltry by (visualor auditory) whichthe in wordsare presented, suggesting that subjects base their judgmentson fairlyabstract, modality-independent representationsmemory. in However, in a recent largescale study lapanese in (Amano aL, in press), et markedly modality effects familiarityratings on wereobserved. current The research furtherexamines possible modalitydifferences subjective in ratingsand their implications word recognition. for Speciallyselecledwords were presented subjects frequency recency to for and judgments. particular, In subjects were askedhow frequently recently} (or they READ, WROTE, HEARD, or SAID a givenspoken printed or word.Theseratings werethen used predict to accuracy processing and timesin auditory visuallexical and decision and namingtasks.Our resultssuggest modaltrydependence for somelexicalrepresentations, primarilyfor wordsthatoccurfairly rarelyin thelanguage. [Worksupported NIDCD.] by 2aSC2. Speechreading with and without auditory F0 supplementation: Effects of lexical and sententialcontext, Robin S. Weldstein ArthurBoothroyd (Ctr. for Res.in Speech Hear.Sci., and and Graduate SchoolandUniv. Center,City Universityof New York, 33 W. 42
St., New York. NY 10036)
2aSC3. Age-related differences in performance measures for a cross-modal auditory Stroop task. John W. Hawks, Anthony I. Caruso,and Wojtek W. Chodzko-Zajko (Schoolof SpeechPathel.and Audiel., Kent StateUniv., Kent, OH 44242)
Physiologic taskperformance and measures compared young are for andelderlysubjects a simplespeeded on task,an auditory Stroop taskand a cross-modal auditoryvisual Strooptask usingverbalresponses. reThe sultssuggested all threetasks perceived physiologically that are as stressful by bothsubject groups thatoldersubjects and weremorephysiologi-
cally reactiveto visualstimulithan younger subjects. Differences in

reactiontimessuggested longeroverallprocessing a time for older subjects, as well as greaterinterference processing in incongment stimuli. However,analysis response of errorsindicated significantly betteraccuracy on difficult tasksfor the older subjects. The implications these of findings will be discussed termsof taskstrategic in differences reand
source conservation.
This studyexamined effectsof lexicaland sentential the context on speechreading andwithout with supplementationan auditory by indicator of voicefundamental frequency (F0) in 12 adultswith normalhearing.
Lexical contexteffectswere assessed measuring by phoneticsegment and syllablerecognition CVC wordsand nonwords. in Senlential contexteffeelswereassessed measuring by wordrecognition normal in sentences, in syntactically correct semantically but anomalous sentences. in isolaand tion (i.e.. nocontext).For the lexicalcontexts, improved performance was seenby both speechreading F0 and speechreading plus alone in CVC wordsrelativeto CVC nonwords. supplementation F0 contributed imto
2aSC4. The role of visual information in speaker normalization of fricatives. ElizabethA. Strand (Dept.of Linguist., OhioState lJniv.,222
OxleyHall, 1712 NellAve.,Columbus, 43210-1298) OH

This study examines roleof visualinformation speaker the in normalizationof fricatives comparing by listeners' responses auditory to stimuli onlywithresponsesaudiovisual to {McGurk-type) stimuli determine to the effect that visual cues have in speaker normalization. Voicesjudgedby listeners auditorily as ambiguous unambiguous respect gender and with to wereusedto construct four continua tokens of from/sad/ "sod" to "shod"; the continuawere synchronized with videosof visually unambiguoua male analfemale faeeggayin the gamewordg.The audiovigual s
stimuli,as well as the auditorysignals only. were thenpresented listento ers for identification either "sod" or "shod."Preliminaryresults as suggest
proved consonant recognition, presumably to theprovision cues due of to

voicingpresence absence. the sentence or For contexts. supplementaF0 tionresulted bestrecognition wordsin normalsentences. in of while rec-
ognition wordsin anomalous of sentences comparable that for was to

wordsin isolation. contrast, By resultsby speechreading alone revealed similarrecognition wordsin normalsentences wordsin isolation. of and and poorerrecognition words in anomalous of sentences. The study
thatvisuallydisambiguating information affects perception auditothe of rily ambiguous voices. This paperwill present results additional the of tests a larger on poolof listeners. [Worksupported NIH.] by
3285
3285
2aSC5. Effects of listener expectation on eye movement behavior
2aSC7. The McGurk effect in infants.
Jennifer A. Johnson,Lawrence
during audiovisualperception. lnge-MarieEigsti (ATR Human

Information Processing Labs,2-2 Hikaridai,Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto
D. Rosenblum (Dept. of Psychol., Univ. of California,Riverside.

Riverside, CA 92521), and Mark A. Schmuckler (Univ. of Toronto,
619-02,Japan), Eric Vatikiotis-Bateson, Yano,and Kevin G. Sumio

Munhall (Queens Univ.,Canada) In previous work [Vatikiotis-Batesonal., Proc.ICSLP-942, 527et 530 (1994)],listener movements examined eye were during audiovisual
perception. Clear effectsof maskingnoiselevel were observed the in stability location thelistener's and of gaze.At higher noise levels, listeners fixated primarily themouth very little on theeyes. on and Listeners were implicitlydirected focus phonetic to on detailin the stimuli,by means of questions usedto determine intelligibility the stimulus; of however, attention to phonetic detail is only part of what goeson duringaudiovisual communication. the currentstudy, In differentpatterns eye movement of were elicitedfrom 10 Englishlisteners biasingthe listener'sfocusof by attention. Two listenerbiases were tested---one towardphoneticdiscriminations, previously as studied, and the othertowardpracticinformation, e.g., havingto do with perceived characteristics the speaker. visual of If cuesduringaudiovisual pemeption only partlyphonetic, are then differences the listener's in interpretation theexperimental of goalsmayevince different patterns eyemovement. example, perceived of the of For the goal experiment affecttherelativeproportion gazefixations theeyes may of on
and the mouth.
Scarborough Campus, Toronto, Canada)

In the McGurk effect, auditoryspeech syllablesare influenced siby
multaneous presentation discrcpant of visiblespeech syllables [McGurk andMcDonald, Nature264, 746-748 (1976)].The effectis knownto be strongerfor native English than native Japanese-speaking subjects [Sekiyama Tokhura, Acoust. and J. Soc.Am. 90 (1991)]. It is unknown
whetherthe strengthof the effect is something lost or gainedthrough developmental exposure a given language. explorethis issue,two to To experiments tested theMeGarkeffectin 5-month-old for English-exposed infants. Infantswerefirstgaze-habituated an audiovisual/va/. to They were thenpresented threedifferentaudiovisual combinations: audio/va/-visual /va/; audio/ba/-visual/va/(perceived adultsas/va/); andaudioIda/by visual/va/ (perceived adultsas Ida/). The infantshabituated the by to tokenswith audio/ha/and/va/componentsat the samerate, but habituated moreslowlyto the tokenwith audioIda/. Furthertests with a neutralstatic face and changingauditorysyllables revealedthat thesehabituation differences were not due to the auditorysimilarityof/ba/to/va/relative to Ida/. This suggests the infantswere visuallyinfluenced the same that in way as English-speaking adults.
2aSC6. The effect of face and lip inversion on audiovisual speech
integration. Deborah Yakel, Lawrence Rosenblum (Dept. of A. D. Psychol., Univ. of California, Riverside, Riverside, 92521), Kerry CA R Green (Univ. of Arizona), Chantel L. Bosley,and RebeccaA. Vasquez (Univ.of California, Riverside, Riverside, 92521) CA
Seeing speaking caninfluence a face observers' auditory perception of
2aSC8. Auditory localizationand audiovisualspeechperception. J. A. Jones K. G. Manhall (Dept.of Psychol., and Queen's Univ.,Kingston, ON KYL 3N6, Canada)
The influence the spatialposition the acousfcsignalin audioviof of sual speech perception was investigated a seriesof experiments in using the McGurk effect. Subjects viewed video disk recordings facesproof ducingvisualVCV nonsense syllables while simultaneous acoustic VCV stimuli were presented from one of 7 different speakers locations. The speakers werepositioned a semicircular in arrayin frontof the subject. in separate studies subjects wererequired namethe intervocalic to consonant, indicatethe locationof the soundsource usinga computerized pentiometer system, perform or bothtasks. Preliminary results suggest thesubjects' that abilityto localizethe position the auditory of stimulus was influenced by the presence a visualstimulus. of Specifically, subjects tendedto localize thesound closerto the position themonitorshowing visualstimulus. of the Howeverthe strength the McGurk effect was not influenced the of by spatial position the sound of source. Subjects perceived visual/g/and the the auditory/b/combination as/d/equally oftenat all sound locations. The independence the ventriloquist of effectand audiovisual integration the in
syllables [McGurkandMcDonald, Nature 264, 746-748 (1976)].This

effectdecreases thespeaker's is inverted when face ]e.g.,Green, Acoust. J. Soc. Am. 95, 3014(1994)].Facerecognition alsoinhibited is withinverted faces]e.g.,Rock,Sci.Am. 230, 78-85 (1974)] suggestingsimilaruna derlying process. further To explore link between the faceandaudiovisual speech perception, speech a experiment designed replicate was to another
faceperception effect.In this effect,an inverted face and an inverted face containing upright areperceived looking lips as normal, anupright but face
with inverted lips looksgrotesque [Thompson, Perception 438-484 9,
(1980)]. audiovisual An speech experiment four tested presntation conditions:Upright face-upright mouth,uprightface-inverted mouth,inverted face-inverted mouth,invertedface-upright mouth.Variousdiscrepent audiovisualsyllables were testedin eachcondition. Visual influences occurredin all but the uprightface-inverted mouthcondition someof the for syllablecombinations thereby mimickingthe face perception effect.However, other syllablecombinations revealedvisual influences all four in conditions. Resultsare interpreted termsof articulatory in dynamics and the verticalsymmetry the visualstimuli. of
perception the MeGark effectwill be discussed termsof spatial of in constraints the cross-modal on perception speech. of
3286
J. Acoust. Soc.Am.,Vol.97, No.5, Pt. 2, May1995
3286
WEDNESDAY
MORNING,
31 MAY 1995
MEETING ROOMS 10, 11, 8:25 A.M. TO 12:00 NOON

Session 2aSP
SignalProcessing Acoustics: in Wavelet Analysis Techniques Applications and I

RandyL. Smith,Chair
Applied Research Laboratories, University Texas Austin, of at P.O.Box8029,Austin, Texas 78713-8029

Invited Papers
8:30
2aSP1.Overviewof wavelets applications.Joseph Lakey (Dept.of Mathematics, and D. Texas A&M Univ.,College Station, TX
77843-3368)
Construction orthogonal biorthogonal of and wavelets wellasredundant as wavelet frames bereviewed. computational will Fast wavelet-based algorithms beoutlines their will and performance becompared Fourier-based will with algorithms. Various applications of wavelet analysis speech in compression speech and recognition, well as broader as applications acoustic in signal processing
including alenoising transient and analysis, be discussed. will
9:00
2aSP2.Waveletpackets a toolfor soundprocessing as Ronald Coifman (Dept.of Mathematics, Univ., 10 Hillhouse Yale Ave.,
New Haven, CT 06520)
Wavelet packet analysis sound of corresponds optimized to an musical transcription in which sound organized different the is in
structures (orchestration), of whichis described a "musical each by score." Thisrepresentation superpositionwavelet is a of packets (notes) different of duration, pitch,location time,andamplitude. algorithms in Fast permit real-time transcriptions a minimal with number notes. thistalk we will givea precise of In definition these of statements well as applications audiocompression, as to
denoising, recognition, modeling. and
ContributedPapers
9:30
2aSP3.Composite wavelettransformand frames. WadeTrappe and Joseph Lakey (Appl.Res. Labs,Univ. of Texas,P.O. Box 8029, D. Austin,TX 78713-8029and Dept. of Math., Univ. of Texas,P.O. Box
8029, Austin, TX 78712 and Texas A&M Univ., College Station,TX 77843)
prevent incorrect an diagnosis, methods blood new for flowvelocimetry are needed. This paperpresents technique bloodflow velocimetry a for using wavelet transforms, it compares technique theconvenand this to tional narrow-band Doppler methods applied. often Ultrasonic signals with highfractional bandwidths and/or large time-bandwidth products proare
cessed with wavelettransforms. applying By wavelettransforms, many narrow-band assumptions typically invoked whenmeasuring bloodflow mayberemoved. Withthewavelet method presented, instead measuring of
Motivatedby the humanauditorysystem, new signaltransform a is presented whichmodels way humans the hear.Cochlear processing acts like a constant bandwidth bankof filtersin the low frequency range is but of proportional bandwidth higherfrequencies. new transform, at This which callthecomposite we wavelet transform, better tomodel is able this process standard than signal processing techniques astheshort-time such Fourier transform (STFT) andthecontinuous wavelet transform (CWT). The composite wavelet transform factprovides signal in a analysis tool thatis ableto examine signals with competing signal structures whereas
theSTFT andtheCWT do not.In orderto insure stable signal recovery, the
theDoppler associated thereflection a signal, time-scaling shift with of the of thesignal obtained is along withtheround travel trip time.Thistime scaling more accurately reflects effects motion thesignals the of on than doesa Doppler shiftsince Doppler a shiftis an approximation time to
scaling. continuous The wavelet transformthen is used obtain axial to the

velocityof scatterers.
10:00
theo of frames examined. overview thetheory frames be is An of of will givenandwavelet andGaborframes will be discussed. Recent workon frames thecomposite for wavelet transform also presented. will be Finally, some applications frames, of especially speech to signal processing be will
considered.
2aSP5. Signal and echo arrival-time estimationusing wavelets. PhillipL. Ainsleigh (NavalRes. Lab., Underwater Sound Reference
Detachment,Orlando, FL 32856-8337)
A wavelet-based methodis introduced estimating arrival times for the

9:45
2aSP4. One-dimensional blood flow measurement methods: Narrow.band versus wideband/wavelet transform techniques, Lore
G. Weiss (Appl.Res. Lab.,Penn State Univ.,State College, 16804) PA

The goalof bloodflowvelocimetry to obtain accurate is an measure-
of signals echoes and observed noisymultipath in environments. This problem arises when trying model signal to any containing overlapping segments direct reflected of and components. method The presented is more general cepstrum-based than techniques it is notlimited since to echoes arescaled that replicas thedirect of signal. statistic lhc The of
wavelet coefficients derived pyramid-algorithm are for wavelet decompo-
ment thevelocity thblood it flows of of as throughblood a vessel. the If

measurement technique underestimates bloodflowvelocity, the thenthe measurement appear may normal anocclusion go undetected. and may To
sitions, these employed a statistical and are in detection algorithm for obtaining arrival-time the estimates. method beused estimate The will to signal echoarrivaltimesin dataobserved and during underwater transducer calibration esperiments conducted smallpressurized in tanks.
3287
3287
10:15
11:lS
2aSP6. A wavelet method for estimating frequency-dependent
2aSP9. Time-frequencyanalysistechniques exploitingthe harmonic
dampingin structures. Gary R. Wilson (Appl. Res.Labs.,Univ. of

Texas,P.O. Box 8029, Austin,TX 78713-8029)
Estimation of damping ,rom the measurement the vibrationsor of acoustic radiationof structures providessome insightinto energystorage anddissipation mechanisms the structure. in Because dampingis typically
!ationships outside of sound source emissions, the purpose for of

detection and classification, John C. Mosstug and MohammadA.
Karim (Dept.of Elec.Eng.,Univ.of Dayton, 300 College Park,Dayton,

OH 45469)
proportional frequency, method estimating to a of damping scales that with frequency suggested. wavelet is A approach beentakento exploitthe has naturalscalingproperties waveletsto estimatefrequency-dependent of
damping. wavelet A transform, damped the complex exponential (DCE) transform, beendesigned has specifically measuring for damping D. JR.
PdebeandG. R. Wilson,IEEE ICASSP3, 205-208 (1994)]. This transformhasbeenapplied stimulate to impulse response frequencies deterto mine its accuracyand sensitivityto mismatchbetween the assumed damping/frequency usedby the wavelettransform ratio and the actual damping/frequency of the impulse ratio response. hasalsobeenapplied It to the measured impulseresponse a fluid loadedthin elasticshell. of Results these of measurements reasonable show agreement theoretical with predictions damping. of
10:30-10:45
10:45
Acousticsensors be usedto passively can detect,track, and identify non-line-of-sight sound sources. sound The sources discussed thispaper in contain strong harmonic components rangefrombeing"pseudo" and stfiriousry transient nature. to in This research projectinvestigates useof the varioustime-frequency analysistechniques the pmpte of selecting for features be extractedfrom the acoustic to signatures motorizedsound of sources. Acousticdata were filtered and digitized usinga commercially available analog-digital convertor.The short time Fourier transform
(STFT) wasused theinitialidentifier, as followed narrow-band by peak

detection algorithms usedto select peaks abovea userdefined SNR. When sufficient "nonsmeared" peaks exist,these peaksareusedto generate set a of harmonically relatedfeatures whichare inputto a bayesian quadratic classifier. When the signalbecame more "nonstationary" the useof and the STFT resultedin excessive"smearing,"wavelet and Wigner-Ville
analysis technique employed. were Results presented are high!ighting the

Break
trade-offs thesetime-frequency of analysis techniques. Additional results are presented discussing harmonic the relationship algorithm employed to
normalize frequency the shifts(due to rotor/engine RPM fluctuations)

whichexist in this type of signature data.
2aSP7. Use of wavelet template analysis for condition monitoring of

rotational machine elements. David C. Swanson, Karl M. Reichard,
and Michael B. Van Dyke (Appl. Res.Lab., PennStateUniv., P.O. Box 30, StateCollege,PA 16804) Rotationalelementsof machinery, suchas bearingsand gears,have been shownto exhibit specificvibrationsignalspectral patterns over various stages failure,associated of with certaindefectfrequencies characteristic of the elements and their components. hasbeendemonstrated It that duringadvancing stages wear, spectral of peaksat defectfrequencies are accompanied increasing by numbers sidebands otherdefectfrequenof of cies. In this paper,the use of wavelet templateanalysisto characterize vibrationsignals defective of rotational elements presented a method is as
11:30
2aSPI0. Improved soundlocalizationemployingmodifiedwavefront reconstruction. StevenD. Trautmann (Center for Cornput.Res. in Music andAcoust., P.O.Box 9675, Stanford, 94309) CA Audio wavefrontreconstruction similar to visual holography is in whichopticalwavefronts reconstructed reproducing are by phases and amplitudes createthe impression an objectbeingpresent to of whenit is not there.In audiothereare far fewerspeakers thannecessary exactly to reproduce wavefront a this way. In orderto construct closetpossible the approximation a desired to wavefront, information about the-listening environment such thenumber, as placement qualities theloudspeakers and of andthenature localreverberation be used. perceived of can The quality of thisapproximation be improved using can by psychoacoustical properties of sound localization, astreating such amplitude morevitalthanphase, as ear,andheadfiltering, precedence effects masking. and Thusdespite limited numbers loudspeakers, of improvements be madein sound can localizationfor quadraphonic stereo and systems, especially low frequencies. at This is doneby usingsignalprocessing techniques including partialinversefilteringof the acoustical environment eaueelout unwanted to room
foridentifying quantifying and element wear' premise this The of approach

is thatthe dynamics a worncomponent characterized an increasof are by ing degreeof variationaroundits rotationalfrequency the component as degrades its pointsof contactwith othercomponents, at resulting a in vibrationsignalanalogous a frequency-modulated to signal.
11:00
2aSPS. Detection
and characterization
of blade-vortex
interaction
noise with wavelet analysis. Wyatt O. Davis (Dept. of Mech. and Mater. Eng., WashingtonState Univ., Pullman, WA 99164-2920), CharlesPezeshki (Washington StateUniv., Pullman,WA 99164-2920),
and Marianne Mosber 94035-1000) (NASA Ames Res. Ctr., Moffett Field, CA
reverberation, a criterion and applied a raultidimenional to system in

orderto minimizethe maximum difference relativeto the desired perception anywherea listenermight be located.
A discrete implementation the wavelettransform of (WT) was usedto
analyze blade-vortex interaction (BVI) noise acoustic in helicopter noise signals. BVI detection A algorithm wasdeveloped whichtakesadvantage
of the prominence BVI noisein certainsubbands. of Isolated-BVIsignals
wereconstructed detecting by impulsive BVI events extracting and them

from the subbands. Four metrics were testcA cultability BVI cstimafor as tots.Two of these, rmslevelsof the isolated-BVI the signals a metric and computed fromtheA-weighted frequency spectra the isolated-BVI of signals,wereseento characterize noiseseverity, werecomputationBVI but ally expensive. The othertwo metricswerecomputed from the amplitudes of the BVI eventsin the subbands. The first, basedon the exponential behaviorof the amplitudes acrosssubbands, failed to characterize BVI noise severityfor certain signalsand was highly sensitiveto noise.The second, computed from the amplitudes BVI eventsin a singlesubband, of wasaneffectiveBVI estimator wasrelativelyinsensitive noise. and to This estimator especially is convenient because is easily usedas a decision it threshold thedetection in algorithm, thereby makingpossible simultaneous
BVI detection and characterization.
11:45
2afiPll, Audio compression basedon sine-crussing representations of signals. MichaelL. HiltonandPrasanjit Panda (Dept.of Cornput. Sci., The Univ. of SouthCarolina,Columbia,SC 29208)
The sampling theorem Bar-David Bar-David, of [J. Info. Control 24,
36-44 (1974)] provides implicit an representation of bandlimited signals

usingtheir crossings with a sine function. This sinefunctionis chosen in a way that guarantees uniquerepresentation the signal.On a finite a of signal, leads a multiplicative this to representation involving Rieszproda
uctwhose roots formtherepresentationtheoriginal of signalThese roots canbe encoded provide to high-quality, lossless near audiocompression. The sinecrossing representation alsobe combined can with the wavelet ramsform provide to further compression. [Worksupported ONR.] by
3288
3288
CONGRESSIONAL
Session 2aUW
HALL B, 8:30 A.M. TO 12:00 NOON
UnderwaterAcoustics: SignalProcessing (PosterSession)

Jeffrey L. Krolik, Chair Departmentof Electrical Engineering, Duke University, Box 90291, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0291
Contributed Papers
All posters be on display will from8:30 a.m.to 12:00noon. allowcontributors opportunity seeotherposters, To an to contributors of odd-numbered papers be at theirposters will from8:30to 10:15a.m.andcontributors even-numbered of papers be at theirposters will
from 10:!5 a.m. to 12:00 noon. '
2aUWl. Unambiguous noiseand reverberationmeasurements from a dual llne horizontal array. Bruce Newhall (Johns K. Hopkins Univ., Appl. Phys.Lab., Laurel,MD 20723), WalterS. Aliensworth (AppL Hydro-Acoustics Res., Inc., Rockville, MD 20850), and Iman W. Schurman(Johns Hopkins Univ.,Laurel,MD 20723)
Singlehorizontalline arraysare often utilized to resolvethe azimuthal
2aUW3.Appearance elasticwavecontributions high solution of in acoustic images. Gregory Kaduchak, ChadM. Wassmuth, Charles afd M. Loeffler (Appl.Res. Labs., Univ.of Texas, P.O.Box8029,Austin, TX
787 3-8029) i
Studies involving planewavescattering finite cylindrical by shells at oblique incidence display monostatie contributions surface echo from elastic waves. Thesewavesfollow helicalpaths alongthe shell'ssurface and are guidedback in the source directionafter reflectionfrom the cylinder truncation [X.-L. Ban, J. Acoust.Soc.Am. 94, 1461-1465 (1993)]. The present research examines sucheffects viewedin the time record a high of resolution sonar system. target The consists a finitecylindrical of shellwith
a radius to thickness ratio of 5%. The shell is immersed in water and is
character the low-frequency of noisedominated long-range by shipping sources. However,sucharraysare subjectto an azimuthalambiguityon conjugate bearings. Coherent beamforming an arraycomposed two of of parallelhorizontal lineswasrecently employed eliminate to thisleft/right ambiguity usinga minimumvariance adaptive algorithm with single-point main response constraints underan assumed horizontally isotropic noise
field. The ability of this array and beamformer resolvethe directional to
characteristics of the acoustic noise field was demonstrated in the Atlantic
andthe Mediterranean. Median!eft/right rejection 20 dB or morewas of observed overa widefrequency azimuthal and band. The measured beam noise exhibits temporal spatial and variability that couldnot havebeen quantified a single-line with system. Mediannoise gainimprovements of up to 7 dB abovethat of a single line were measured. Distant lowfrequency reverberation ambiguity resolution alsomeasured was usingthe reverberation signals from underwater sound (SUS)explosive charges deployed in the Atlantic. Reverberation left/right rejectionof 20 dB was achieved despite imperfect, nonparallel line tow conditions.
2aUW2. Reverberation characterization and suppression in the
subject bothexteriorandinteriorfluidloading. is ensonified to It with short tone bursts of narrow beam width over a range of incidence angles 90>&>50, whereq5is measured relativeto the cylinderaxis.The backscattered echosignature exhibits prominent artifacts a result scatteras of
ing processes involving so anda0 Lambwaves the interacting the with cylinder truncation. echocontributions extremely The are sensitive the to
angleof incidence and interiorfluid loadingwhich may assistin target
classification schemes.
ZaU3V4. An approach to matched field processingin correlated
multipathenvironments.RobertZeskind (The MITRE Corp.,7525

Colshire Dr., McLean, VA 22102-3481) and Mark Owen
presenceof channel spreading. Geoffrey S. Edelson (Lockheed

Sanders, Inc., MAN6-2000, P.O. Box 868, Nashua,NH 03061-0868) and Ivars P. Kitsteins (SACLANT UnderseaResearchCentre, Viale San
(PRESEARCH, Inc., Fairfax, VA 22031}
Matched fieldprocessing (MFP) is based some on typeof comparison

of actualreceived signalacross elements an arrayto predicted the of array
Bartolomeo, 1-19138 Spezia, 400, La Italy)

In activesonar. reverberation taxget the plus timeseries be modeled can as the joint convolution the signalwith the channeland scatterer of impulseresponses. Especially shallowwater,the channel in response cannot be adequately modeled propagation discrete as over paths. propose We a
element response based complicated on propagation models postulated for

source locations. is well knownIhat thesetechniques very sensitive It are to modelmismatch. Investigators haveproposed modified MFP techniques of varyingcomplexityto be more robustto mismatch. simplifiedapA proachto MFP in a correlated multipath environment to estimate is the
maximum likelihood type approach estimating arrivaltimesof for the signals whichhavepropagated a continuum paths,i.e., temporally via of spread channels. channel The spreading included themodel using is in by a discrete prolate spheroidal sequence (DPSS)to represent channel the impulse response givenduration, unknown of but shape. Thusthe unknownpararneter the arrivaltimesand the _eeale are factors the DPSS of
parameters thepatharrivals thearray of at based anassumed on wavefront modelfor eachpath.The parameters be estimated arrivalangles, to axe relativereceived level for eachpath,and the correlation coefficient betweenpair of paths. spherical For wavefronts, distance the traveled along eachpathis alsoestimated. is assumed there onlya few domiIt that are
nantpathsand their numberis known.The parameter estimation problem
expansion. parameters estimated The are usingan iterative methodology

which decomposes originaldata into its constituent the components and then estimates parameters the individualcomponents the of througha sequence one-dimensional of searches. Experimental data and computer simulation examples indicatethat the methodperformswell.
is posed a well-known as optimization problem. The solution the optito mizationproblem only actsas a detector, provides set of not but the
estimatedparameters be usedin a raytracepropagalion to model to back propagate the multipathto localize the detectedtarget.An exampleis presented illustratethe method. to
3289
3289
2aUW5. Multiple-frequency robust adaptive matched-field procesnlng (MFP) in shallow water. Yung Lee (Science P. Applications
International, 1710 Inc., Goodridge MS TI-3-5, McLean, A} Dr., ,V

Application robust of adaptive algorithms multiple-frequency to MFP
in shallow water has been studied and the minimum-detectuble-level
(MDL) hasbeen examinedvia simulations. The multiple-frequency MFP
search. efficientforwardmodelwill be described an experimental An for configuration involvinga source and a verticalarray separated up to by severaltensof wavelengths range.The operators the self-starter in of and thesplit-step Pad6 solution combined a single are into operator acts that on a delta functionto give the field on the array.Oa a parallel-processing computer, approach this provides replicafield in the computation the time
it takes to solve a single tridiagonalsystemin a conventionalparabolic
outputis obtained incoherently by averaging MFP outputs the disthe of cretenarrow-band-components. Performance threedifferentaveraging of
techniques (arithmetic-mean, geometric-mean, harmonic-mean) and have

been compared.The arithmetic-mean averagesthe amplitudes,the geometric-mean averages dBs, and the harmonic-mean the averages the reciprocals the amplitudes. of Thesealgorithms havebeenappliedto shallow water data from the HudsonCanyonexperimentand have demonstrated excellent source localization surface noise. results. simulations show a 10- to
equationalgorithm. This efficiencygain is not achievedby sacrificing accuracy. approach The typicallyinvolves solution aboutten tridithe of agonalsystems. Finite-difference basedseparation variables of solutions typicallyrequire solution hundreds thousands similartridiagothe of or of nal systems. The efficiencyof the rapid forward model will be demonstrated the matched-field for inversion problem estimating paramof the
eters of the ocean bottom.
20-dB improvementin the MDL againstthe simulatednear or distant

2aUW6. Fisher information for fluctuating intensity and the
2aUW9. Localizing a source buried in noise in an uncertain

environment. Laurie T Fialkowski andMichael D. Collins (Naval Res. Lab., Washington, 20375) DC
efficiency logarithmicmeasures. Nicholas Makris (NavalRes. of C. Lab.,Washington, 20375) DC

The optimalresolution a setof parameters be estimated of to from a set of measurements fluctuating of intensity canIx: determined computing by the respective Fisherinformation matrix.This matrixis dependent upon the conditional distribution of the fluctuating intensity measurements, giventhe parameters be estimated. is assumed fluctuating to It that inten-
sity is measured fromcircular complex Gaussian random (CCGR) fields.

Such fields are commonly measuredin acoustics, optics, and radar. For example, CCGR fieldstypicallyarisein scattering from fluctuating targets and surfaces,random sources,and ocean-acoustic propagationscintilla-
A source an uncertain in environment may be localizedusinglocalization, which involvesa parameter spacethat includes both source and environmental parameters. source A buriedin noisemay be localized using noise-canceling techniques, whichinvolvematching bothsignal noise, and or eigen-processing techniques, which are capableof extractingsignals from noisydata.Thesetechniques havebeencombined solvelocalizato tion problems involvinga source buriedin noisein an uncertain environment.Noise-canceling techniques requires knowledge the noise. of Sinceit may not be practicalto model the noiseas part of the parametersearch,it
is assumed that the noise covariance matrix is obtained from data taken
tion.Distributions intensity, for log-intensity, acoustic (analogous and flow to opticalflow) arederived a function the measurement-system as of averaging timeandthetemporal coherence thefluctuating under of ficld the CCGR fieldassumption. (Thisadvances previous workin ocean-acoustic propagation scintillation waslimitedto instantaneous that measurements.) It is shownthat the Fisherinformation a measurement for of'fluctuating intensity expressed terms parameter is in of variations overthe-expectation
value of a logarithmicmeasure intensity. of This gives a mathematical justification the engineering for intuitionthat fluctuating intensityshould be measured logarithmicunits to efficientlyconveyinformation.A genin eralizedFisherinformation matrix is derivedfor the estimation paramof etersfrom intensity images. 2aUW7. Parameter estimation bounds for acousticintensity images. NicholasC. Makris (Naval Res. Lab., Washington, 20375) DC
whenthesource not present is (mismatch associated temporal with environmental variabilityis includedin the simulations). Eigen-processing techniques lesseffectivethannoise-canceling are techniques suppressat ing noiseand requiresource motionwhenmultiplesources present. axe However, theyhavethe advantage notrequiting priori knowledge of a of
the noise.
2aUW10.
Fast
inversion
of
the
ill-conditioned
shallow
water
propagation operator for pulsedsignals. JacobRoginsky (Acoust. Div., Naval Res. Lab., OverlookAve., S.W., Washington, DC) and G. W. Stewart (Univ.of Maryland, College Park,MD)
Time series deconvolution underwater in acoustics a difficultprobis lem dueto the practically singular nature the propagation of operator. The situation evenmorecomplicated thepresence a multipath is in of environment.In particular, whenthe time windowis shorter thanthe propagation time, the process requires solution a largetriangular the of Toeplitzsystem that is quite ill conditioned. Satisfactory results be obtained truncan by
A generalized Cramer-Raolowerboundis derivedfor the estimation of parameters from intensity images. is assumed the intensity It that assigned eachpixelvaluein animageis measured to froma circular complex Gaussian random (CCGR) field.Suchfieldsare commonly measured in
acoustics,optics, and radar. However, intensity images obtained from acoustic measurements generally havelower SNR thanin opticsor microwave radar,makingparameter estimation more difficult.This is because acoustic coherence time scalesare generallymuch larger than thosein opticsor microwave radarrelativeto the respective stationary time scales.
cating singular,value the decomposition (SVD), but only at the costof ignoring Toeplitz the structure. object thisworkwasto investigate The of thealternative using of Ticbonov-Phillips mgularization lessen efto the fects theill conditioning. algorithm LarsEldrn[SIAM J. Sci.Stat. of An of Cornput. 229-236 (1984)]thattakes 5, advantage theTceplitz of structure
canbe adapted thispurpose. results' as goodas those to The are obtained
from SVD, the isO(n inthe the but cost 2) matrix as size opposed 3) toO(n
for theSVD. For theproblems considered thisamounts a speedup here, to
of two ordersof magnitude.
Therefore,it is especially important determine practicality the to the of parameter estimate determining optimalresolution by the attainable. Variousanalytic bounds derived are including those estimation scattering for of strength, transmission loss,the orientation a Lamberttan of surfaceby stereoscopic analysis. locationand recognition an object,the the of !utiouof blurredfeatures a set of images, in and the motionor acoustic flow (analogous opticalflow) of an objectover a series blurred to of images.The applications presented for underwater are imagingsystems, but the formulation generally is applicable arbilrarybeamformed to imag-
2aUWll.
Matched-field replica model optimization and bottom
property inversion using multitone signills. shallow in water. PaulA. Baxley (Oceanand Atmospheric Sciences Div., Acoust.Branch, NCCOSCRDTE Div. Code 541, 53560 Hull St., San Diego,CA
92152-5001) ,and Newell O. Booth (NCCOSCRDTE Div., SanDiego,
CA92152-001)
Matched-field replicamodelsbasedon an inaccurate knowledge of
geoacousticparameterssuch as bottom attenuation,shear,and interfacial
ingofCCGR fields. work directly This is applicablepattern to recogniiion.

2aUWS.A rapid forward modelfor natched-field inversion. R.
Cederherg and Michael D. Collins (Naval Res. Lab., Washington, DC
20375)
sound-speed discontinuities, predictan incorrect can numberof propagating modesfor a shallow-water channel. The resulting degradation the in
The forwardmodelis an important component a matched-field of inversion algorithm. The forwardmodelmustbe efficientbecause is often it necessary compute largenumber replicafields to a of duringtheparameter
matched-field ambiguity surface he substantially can reduced optimizby ing over the modal-sum-limit usedin the replicamodel.The useof this technique multitone for (70. 95, 145, and 195 Hz) source-tow redata cordednearSanDiego duringthe first shallowwaterevaluation excell periment (SWeIIEX-I) significantly increased matched-field correlation
3290
3290
levelsfor all narrow-band tones(and their average), with the maximum peak. morefrequently coinciding correct the source location thanthatob-
2aUWI5.
Broadband
matched-field
source
localization
with
horizontalline array in shallowwater. W. S. Hodgkiss, J. Murray, J.
served witha previous nonoptimized model [Schey Ryan, Acoast. and J. Soc. Am.95, 2981A(1994}]. predicted The number propagating of modes wasalso reduced substantially. inversion bottom An for properties (attenuation,interfacial sound-speed discontinuities, shear} no provided sediment auenualion estimates whichagreewell with Hamilton'smodelsand were an orderof magnitude greater thanthatusedin the nonoptimized model,
which accounts for the reduction in the number of modes. A simulated
K. H. Kim,andG. L. D'Spain (Marine Physical Lab.,Scripps of Inst.

Oceanogr., Jolla,CA 92093-0701) La SWellEx-3 (shallow waterevaluation experiment wascarried cell #3}
outin July 1994westof PointLomain approximately m water. MPL 200 A 64-element verticalarraywasdeployed from the R/P FLIP and the NRaD SWSS(shallow watersensor string) horizontal arraywascodeployed line 500 m to the east.The focusof thispaperis on broadband (70-370 Hz) matched-field sourcelocalization with the SWSS horizontal line array.
modeldecomposition usingthe new attenuation verifiesthe numberof modes predicted the modal-sum-limit by optimization. 2aUWI2. Broadbandmatched-field processing low level signalsin of shallowwater. NewellBoothandPhil Schey (Ocean Atmos. and Set. Div., NCCOSCRDTE Div. Code541, SanDiego,CA 92152-5001) Matched-field processing analysis presented multitone is for signals from the shallowwaterevaluation cell experiment/13 (SWeI1Ex-3) which was carriedout in July 1994 west of Point Loma in 200 m water of complex bathymetry. The multitonetest signal was transmitted from an acoustic sourcetowed at variousdepthsover tracksdesigned test to
Examples processing of results froma CPAevent near endfire using 300 a

m subaperture the HLA will be presented. orderto betterunderstand of In
theseresults, comparison be madewith the results a will from similar processing thedatacollected theVLA overthesame of by period time. of In addition, simulations theSWeI1Ex-3 of environment be presented will showing effecton the matched-field the ambiguity surface increasing of
theHLA aperture. [Worksupported ONR,Code321.] by

2aUWI6. Minimum variance matched-field source localization with
SACLANT Mediterraneanseatrial data. JeffreyL. Krolik (Dept.of Elec. Eng., Duke Univ., Box 90291, Durham,NC 27708)
matched-field processing replicageneration over complexpropagation

paths.The multitonesignal consisted 5 sets of 10 tones,each set of spanned50-200 Hz and was transmittedat various levels with 22-dB
The minimum variance (MV) adaptive beamformer beenwidely has

proposed matched-field for processing because provides meansof it a suppressing ambiguous beampattern "sidelobes." thispaper, perforIn the mance threerobust of MV methods evaluated is using vertical arraydata from the Mediterranean collected the NATO SACLANT Centre Sea by
dynamic range.Usingnoiselevel estimates obtained frequencies at betweenthe tones, inputsignal+ noise-to-noise the ratio is estimated. Bar-
tlett and minimumvariance distortionless response (MVDR) adaptive matched-field processing results presented are fromthisdatasetovervariouspaths inputsignal noise for to ratios spanning 12 to -l0 dB. +
2aUWI3. Effects of ship trim and dynamic attitude on the relative noise level measured by a hull-mounted multibeam bathymetric
sonar. C. deMoustier(Marine Physical Lab.,Scripps of Oceanogr., Inst.

La Jolla,CA 92093-0205)
Acoustic data recorded in various sea conditions with the hull-mounted
north Elba[D. E Gingras P.Gerstoft, Aeoust. Am.96, 3234 of and J. Soc. (1994)]. The threeMV methods considered (I) the reduced are MV method (RMV) [C. L. Byrneet el., J. Acoust. Soc.Am. 87, 2493-2502 (1990)],(2) theMV method withneighborhood location constraints (MVNLC) [H. Schmidt al., J. Acoust. et Soc.Am. 88, 1851-62 (1990)],and (3) theMV method environmental with perturbation constraints (MV-EPC} [J. Krolik, J. Acoust. Soc.Am. 92, 1408-19 (1992)]. Real dataresults
indicate thateachapproach differentmerits. has Projecting dataonto the the reduced space defined the modaleigenfunctions in the RMV is by as necessary avoidinstabilities to caused highlycorrelated by noise.Using neighboring locationconstraints in the MV-NLC reduces need to as the finely samplethe ambiguitysurface. And usingconstraints derivedfrom the second-order statistics the signalwavefront of averaged over an ensemble perturbed of environmental parameters in theMV-EPC increases as robustness environmental to mismatch. [Worksupported ONR.] by
2aUW17. Mirages in shallow water matched-fieldprocessing. G.L. D'Spain,J. I. Murray,W. S. Hodgkiss (Marine Physical Lab., Scripps Inst. of Oeeanogr., San Diego, CA 92152-6400), and N. O. Booth (NCCOSCRTDE Div., SanDiego,CA 92152-5001)
multibeamswath bathymetrysystem SeaBeam2000 aboard R. . MELVILLE have been analyzedto quantify the relationship betweenthe ship'sattitude therelativenoise and levelsobservable thedata.The data in
consist concurrent of time series echomagnitude directionof arrival of and for each transmission cycle, and of the three attitudecomponents roll, pitch, and heave.Althoughhighernoiselevels are usuallyassociated with pitch,in thesedataheavehasthe greatest impacton noiselevel, presumably because bubblesyphoning of from the areated surface layer.In addition, a slightchangein the trim of the ship from horizontalto bow up
results an average in relativenoiseincrease about 12 dB. [Research of supported ONR.] by
2aUWI4, Gradient-based receiver structuresfor deteclingsound directions.TerryL. Henderson TerryJ. Brudner(Appl.Research and
Labs.,The Univ. of Texas,Austin, TX 78713-8029)
The use of a pressure gradient microphone detecting source for the directionof an incidentplanewave is well known.Furthermore, reany ceivingaperture that appliesa specified apodization can be regarded as extractinga point-sample a spattallyfilteredversionof the iocidenl of wave.Our resultis thatwhenthegradient method applied the spattally is to filtered wave(whichis alsoa planewave),theanswer beexpressed can in terms modified apodizations, formed fromtheoriginally specified apodization functionand its vectorgradient, integrated over the originalaperture and/orits boundary, together with simpletemporal filters.Fortunately, this seemingly complicated structure collapses a muchsimplerone in many to cases interest. it is evenpossible extendthe method the higher of and to to
order case in which two or more wave directions are detected simulta-
Broadband (50-200 Hz) matched field processing performed was on verticalline arraydatafrom a recentshallowwaterexperiment. Although the actualwaterdepthsteadilydecreased from 200 to 100 m over the sourcetow track, the replicavectorswere calculated assuming rangea independent environment 200 m depth. of Ratherthanbreaking dueto up the increasingly severe environmental mismatch, broadband the matched fieldoutputpeakin rangeanddepthbehaved a consistent in way; boththe predicted rangeanddepthof the source became increasingly greater than its true rangeand depthas the true waterdepthdecreased. simpleanaA lyticalmodelwasdeveloped predict behavior these to the of MFP mirages. The goodagreement betweenmodelpredictions actualresults and suggests thatthe modelcanhe usedto quantifythe impactof unknown waterdepth changes (e.g.,ocean swellon synthetic aperture studies) to "calibrate" and water depth in a region usingthe sinking miragesof surfaceshipsof opportunity. useof theconcept "effective By of depth"developed D. E. by Weston al., the modelalsocanbe appliedto studies oceanbottom et of
geoacoustic paralneter mismatch. [Worksupported ONR, code321.] by

2aUWI8. Robustnessand resolution of a ray travel time inversion scheme. I-Tat Lu (Polytechnic Univ., Route I10, Farmingdale, NY 11735) A ray travel time inversionschemehas been developednot only for
neously. Alternatively, wavedirection be measured one can while steering a broadband null in anotherspecified direction,and the steered-null direction can be altereddynamicallyeven after beamforming. Examplesare given.Our results especially are applicable transient to sounds arbitrary of
bandwidth. [Worksupported ARL:UTIR&D.] by
localizing source calibrating arrayposition, alsofor charthe and the but acterizing environmental parameters suchas sound-speed profilesin both
3291
3291
water column and sediment[I-Tai Lu, J. Acousc Soc. Am. 95, 2983A (1994)]. Here, we will present detailed the studies robustness resoof and
lution of this method.
2aUW19, Broadband hydrophonecalibration below I MHz. Gerald R. Harris, Jeffrey M. Porter, Paul M. Gammell, and Christopher A.
2aUW22. Nonambiguous beamforming for a high resolution twin-line array. JeanP. Feuillet (Spaceand Naval WarfareSystems Command,Washington, DC 20999), Walter S. Aliensworth (Appl. Hydro-acousticRes., Inc., Rockville, MD 20850), and Bruce K. Newhall (Johns Hopkins Univ.,Laurel,MD 20723) Technology towedline arraysandassociated of signalprocessing has
Patton (FDMCDRH,12721 Twinbrook Pkwy., HFZ-132,Rockville, MD

20852)
progressed recent in years thepointthatwideband to multiline arraycoRecent calibration effortsfor miniature hydrophones to measure used medicaldiagnostic ultrasound fieldshave beendevotedto increasing the herent signal processing nowbe performed real time.Earlierimplecan in mentation (1993) of a multilinearmy beamformer centered around the ability to conytire a conventional arraybeamresponse line with thatof an orthogonal dipole.Performance this implementation of provideda unique nonambiguous righffleft beam with roughly -20-dB energyrejectionin the null steered direction over a significant rangeof verticalarrivalangles. However, performance suffered significantly with otherthanstraight and paralleltowedlines.Recent(1994) implementation a beamformer a of for twin-linetowedarmy hasshownthe ability to form deepbacklobe nulls
upperfrequency rangeof calibration (>10-15 MHz). However, banda

width extendingto at least 10 times belovthe diagnostic pulse center frequency needed accurate is for (error 5%) measurement the peak of rarefactional pressure and mechanicalindex, both importantquantifies. Since at present commemialhydrophones medicalultrasound no for use providesensitivity information below 1 Ml-lz, a studywas undertaken to determinetheselow frequencysensitivities. The techniqueusesbroadband,plane-wave pressure pulses generated electrical by shock excitation of a thickpiezoceramic disk.The hydrophone response calculated is from measurements the soumetransducer hydrophone of and voltagewaveforms.The frequencyresponses both needleand membrane of polymer hydrophones were measured usingthis technique. membrane The hydrophones studied bandwidths had extending below0.2 MHz, but oneof the needle probes began rollingoff above MHz. Therefore, 0.5 giventheabove criterion regarding diagnostic pulse center frequency, sensitivity 0.1-0.2 to MHz shouldhe established diagnostic for use hydrophones, becausea uniformresponse below 1 MHz cannotbe assumed.
(-37 dB). Implementation thisbeamformer similarto the MVDR of is

method exceptan isotropic noisefield is assumed the horizontal in plane. This technique allowsfor uniformsuppression sidelobes all off-MRA of at azimuth directions while maintaining backlobe rejection MRA shape. and Spatialweightsare adaptivelycalculated basedon the estimate the of twin-line array shape. This methodhasbeenshownto be robustfor nonparallelanddissimilar shapes.
2aUW23. Shallow water active sonar 'ssues. William Carey (ARPA, 3701NorthFairfaxDr., Arlington, 22203)and PeterG. Cable (BBN VA Systems Technoi., New London, 06320) CT The central questions sonarsystemdesignconcernthe limits of in
2aUW20. Broadband guide source helps localization in shallow water. MartinSidedus, Darrell lackson, Robert and Porter (Appl.Phys. Lab., Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105)
Acousticmeasurements from a broadband guidesource usedin a are highlyvariableshallowoceanto augment sparse environmental information. The conceptof using a broadband guide sourceis inspiredby the astronomical technique whichlight from a staris usedto correctatmoin spheric aberration a nearby theangular of (in sense) object. The acoustic technique investigated is similarto holography D. Moumdet al., here [P. J. Acoust.Soc.Am. 92, 1031-1039 (1992)] in whicha verticalarrayof continuous wave (cw) reference statuesis usedto localizeunknowntargetsby reconstructing wavefront the location the reference the at of source array, removing much thedistortion of caused theocean. by Mouradet al.
coherent processing are:What is the optimum and frequency rangeand bandwidth?; How largeof a receiving aperture required?; is What is the achievable detection range? Thesequestions determined thepropaare by
gationand scattering sound. the shallowwaterchannel, of In underdownwardrefraction, bottomis the determinant the factor. parametric A sonar equationunderreverberation limited conditions showstwo factorsare important,the effectivebottomback scatter strength and the coherent signal
showed thismethod effective that is where adiabatic the approximation is valid.The present technique differsby usinga single broadband guide
source shallowwaterwheremodecoupling in can occur.In this work, we
develop method a similarto holography validfor strong range-dependent

environments, together with singlehydrophone matched field methods to solve the sourcelocalizationproblem.Numerical simulations are also givenfor a varietyof environments demonstrate effectiveness the to the of
gain.A parametric analysis presented focuses the frequencyis that on dependent characteristics the bottombackscattering of strength the and effectof coherence receiving on armyaperture. Several recent reverberation andsignal coherence measurements presented the needs are and for futurestudies delineated. backscattering are The strength shown be is to strongly frequency dependent to depend thedepositional and on sediment layer. The coherence alsofound depend frequency range is to on and as determined signalgainmeasurements. by 2aUW24. Acoustic calibration of shallow underwater explosive charges. PeterG. Cableand WilliamJ. Marshall (BBN Systems and Technoi., Union Station, New London, 06320-6147) CT
Broadband underwater acoustic measurements oftenperformed are using explosive charges sources. moderate as For weightcharges detonated at shallow depths bubble the pulse oscillation period exceed sepacan the rationbetween directand surface reflected arrivalsfor any source-toreceiver geometry. Because the overlap multipath of of arrivals with the time signature the charge, directdetermination free-field of a of source levels spectral and characteristics such situation beproblematical. for a can
In order to perform acousticcalibrations explosivechargesin shallow of
method. [Worksupported Officeof NavalResearch.] by

2aUW21. Source depth dependence mismah-induced range and of depth localization errors in conventional maShed-field processing.
George Smith (NavalRes.Lab.,Code7173,Stennis B. Space Center, MS 39529-5004), Murty A. Akundi (Xavier Univ. of Louisiana,New Orleans, 70124),and Nichalos Gardner(Mississippi Univ., LA D. State Mississippi State, MS 39762)
In previous work[SmithandAkundi,J. Acoust. Soc.Am. 95, 2980(A) (1994)] analytic expressions mismatch-induced localization for range error andsignalgaindegradation a lineareorrelator for matched-field processor were obtained. Those resultsagreedwith previouslyobtainedresults
[Shang Wang,J. Acoust. and Soc.Am. 89, 2285-2290 (1991)].!n this

work the problems mismatch-induced of depthlocalization errorandthe source depthdependence bothrangeanddepthlocalization of errors are addresscA. Computer simulations showthat the analyticpredictions obtained herearenotperfect areclose but enough indicate thislineof to that
water,a method beendeveloped uses multiple has that the arrivals a on verticalreceiving arrayof hydrophones separated fromthesource detonationby oneor twowater depths. technique The involves averaging time the series fromthevertical arrayphones aftertimealigning directshock the arrivals all the phones. on Thisfocused beamforming method been has used obtain to source calibrations fromdataobtained during areacharac-
research ontherighttrack. is [Thisworkwassupported theOffice by of NavalResearch, Program Element 61153N,with technical management
provided the Naval Research by Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, Mississippi, NAVY/ASEEsummer The faculty research program, by the and MAMP program.]
terization 1I (ACTII) in water fathoms using lb Comp test 50 deep 4 B charges detonated25 fathoms. levels consistency repeatat High of and abilitywereobtained fromseveral sources detonated different at ranges
fromthearray. Thecalibration technique be described illustrated, will and
andtheachievable precision themethod of discussed. supported [Work by

ARPA undertheAdverse Environments Program.]
3292
3292
2aUW25. Pressureeffectson the dynamic and static propertiesof perforated elastomersused in underwater acoustics. Stepbane Beretti (DCN Ingenierie Sud,Dept.of Underwater Warfare, 30, 83800 BP ToulonNaval, France), Christian Audoly (DCN lag. Sud.,Toulon, France),and PhilippeGuillaussier (PONS, 13872 AubagneCedex,
France)
localization, measured the correlagram compared is with a correlagram
produced a broadband by normal modemodel using derived the source track. [Worksupported theOffice NavalResearch by of (Code 322).]
2aUW28. Autonomous environmental measurement system, J.M. Stevenson, R. Olson, and B. J. Sotirin (Acoust.Branch,Code 541, J. Naval Command, Control and Ocean SurveillanceCenter, RDT&E Div.,
SanDiego,CA 92152-6435) The microinhomogeneous materials madewith air-filledcavitiesin viscoelastic matrices, have many possible usesin underwater acoustics including anechoic coatings, acoustic decoupling, reflectors arrays. or for Theoretical models necessary predict acoustic are to the properties these of
materials evaluating properties the equivalent by the of homogeneous material,asa function frequency, of pressure, temperature. and Duringrecent worksan abnormal effectof the appliedpressure thesematerials on was noted: The plot of the longitudinal soundspeed and of the bulk modulus, versus staticpressure, the lowestvaluefor 10 to 20 barsof applied had
Forexperiment planning optimized and arraydeployment, experiment planners array and designers seek quick, often a affordable means help to
determine bestplacement a underwater of acoustic measurement system priorto deployment. Arraydesign geometry relative ambient to noise levelsandvariability, seafloor morphology, currents, watercolumn and structure(e.g.,ducts) aided a priori knowledge thesetting. is desiris by of It
able to determinesomeof theseunknownsbeforeundertakingthe time and
pressure, instead a regular of increasing predicted themodels plot by [G.

Gaunaurd al., J. Acoust. et Soc.Am. 76, 173-177 (1984)]. Differentresults, including panelmeasurement a tank,or measurement the test in of static dynamic and bulkmodulus agree withthisconsideration. Theoretical models predict staticanddynamic to the effective material properties a as function the pressure of werecompared with these results. 2aUW26. Nonlinear transformationsfor spatial matched filtering (detect-on-track). Yung P. Lee (ScienceApplicationsInternational Corp., 1710 Goodridge McLean,VA 22102) and Haw-JyeShyu Dr., (Naval Res. Lab., Washington, 20375) DC
A detect-on-track algorithmbasedon the Houghtransform has been applied acoustic to broadband correlograms passive for detection loand
effort of a system deployment. Likewise,experiment planners array and designers wouldlike to be ableto explore deployment schemes are that locallyoptimized the environment orderto reduce for in sensor sparseness in criticalareas. This presentation describes expendable, an inexpensive sensor suiteinstalled approximately weekpriorto thedeployment one of an underwater acoustic measurement system. The instrument collects environmental data and provides advanced information the experiment to
planners priorto a finaldeployment, facilitating optimized placement of

themeasurement system. Parameters sampled include: Variability avand erage levelof ambient noise, SVPs,seafloor andsediment type thickness, surface waveheights, tidal measurements, watercurrents. and Characteristics of the systemdescribed include its small size, low weight, low
power,affordability, simple, and low-bandwidth collection data scheme based slackline arraytechnology. on [Work supported ONR, Code by
321.]
calization. Hough The transform integrates (sums) amplitudes the along a setof delaycurves interest. delaycurves calculated a range of The are over of closest pointof approach (CPA), speed, and heading the targets. of Whennormalized thenumber points, Houghtransform by of the computes the arithmetic-mean alongthe track.This process referredto as an is
arithmetic-sum (AS) transform. This AS transformoptimally reducesthe
2aUW29. Target range and depth estimation from surface multipath. James A. Doutt (Dept. of AOPE, Woods Hole
Oceanographic Woods Inst., Hole, 02543) MA and Edward Hug (Old H.

Ironsides, Inc., New London,CT 06320)
Therange depth a target determined compared the and of are and with knowndepth andtherangeas derived fromdifferential GPS navigation. The dataconsists a single of return froma monostatic sonar configuration.
The methodusesa cost functiondefinedas the sum of the squares the of
differences between the arrival times measured from the data and those
variance the noise,but can alsogenerate of significant ambiguous sidelobes. reduce sidelobe, nonlinear To the two transforms proposed: are The logarithmic-sum transform the harmonic-sum transform. (LS) and (HS) The LS-transform sums dB'swhile theHS-transform sums reciprocal the
of the amplitudes alongthe track.Whennormalized the number by of points, LS transform the computes geometric-mean theHS transthe and formcomputes harmonic-mean thetrack. the along Simulations that show
the nonlinear transforms perform sameas theAS transform noisethe in limitedenvironments outperform AS transform sidelobe-limited but the in
environments.
predicted ray trace an assumed by for target depth range. depth and The andrange thenvaried as to minimize costfunction. are so the Onlythe direct surface-reflected havebeen and paths used. However, method the is easily generalized usemore to arrivals thebottom if depth known is and
bottom-interacting arrivals be identified. can
2aUW30.Results the sequential on classification spherical of objects in shallowwater. RogerF. Dwyer (NavalUndersea WarfareCenter,
New London, CT 06320)
2aUW27, Shallow water source track localization using matched
multipath correlations. D. 1ZKnobles, Evan K. Westwood, K. C. and
Based the theoretical on results reported [J. Acoust. in Soc.Am. 93, 1460(1993)]andthesimulated results reported [J.Acoust. in Soc. Am. 96, 3312(A)(1994)]anexperiment determine performance sequential to the of
Focke(Appl. Res. Labs., Univ. Texas Austin, The of at Austin, 78713) TX

A method localizing broadband for a movingsource usingthe signals
classifying spherical objects shallow in waterhasbeencarried The out.

shallow waterdatawereobtained from experiments the EastCoastof off the UnitedStates 1993.Five spherical in objects different of composition wereembedded shallow in water dataandtheperformance a sequential of classifier correctly to identify objects obtained. performance the was The results thesetestsusingstandard of measures effectiveness be of will
reported.
received a horizontal on planar arrayis presented. method The involves finding constant-velocity, the straight-line soume trackthatgenerates the
leasterrorbetween measured modeled and correlation traces overa period of time.Measured correlation traces obtained cross-correlating are by mul-
tiplepairs received of timeseries. Simulated correlation delays time are obtained using raymodel includes effects refraction theray a that the of on arrival times. nonlinear A optimization routine used obtain best is to the
match measured simulated in and timedelays overtime andreceiver pair. The mainproblem shallowwateris to identifywhichmultipath in pair
2aUW31. Efficient acoustic-fieldcomputationsfor matched-field
inversion geoacoustlc for properties. S. E. Dosso, R. Chapman N. (Defence Research Establishment Pacific, FMO Victoria, V0S lB0, BC
Canada), R. G. Racca, and N. G. Henson (JascoResearchLtd.,
Brentwood BC V8M IP7, Canada) Bay,

Matched-fieldinversionfor sourcelocation,environmental properties, or a combination thetwo (localization) based comparing of is on measured
produce correlation the traces observed themeasured An approach in data. [or oremorning problem this that involves testing multiple hypotheses concerning multipath the pairs will be presented. example An application
of the method to a shallow water datasetwith three bottom-mountedre-
acoustic fields replica to fields predicted a variety possible for of environ-
ceivers a triangular in configurationpresented. order validate is In to the
mental parameters and/or source positions a numerical using propagation model. Although approach conceptually this is straightforward widely and
3293
J. Acoust. Am.,Voh97, No.5, Pt. 2, May1995 Soc.
3293
applicable, requires largenumber replica-field it a of computations can and be impractically slow ff the propagation modelingis not carriedout in an efficient manner. This is particularly for environmental true inversion and focalization wheretheexpanded parameter search space generally requires a very large numberof replica field computations, even if a relatively efficientoptimization algorithm suchas simulated annealing (SA) is employed.This paperdescribes malebed-field inversionfor geoacoustic properies usingSA and rapid acoustic-field modeling.The replies-fieldmodeling is basedon the normalmodesolutionand makesuseof multivariate interpolation precomputd of "look-up" tablesof modalquantities stored as a functionof the geoacoustic parameters. The optimumgrid-element size for the modal tablesis considered, and two interpolation schemes,
characteristic, analysis the coherence a real experiment be the of in can usedto determine dominant the contribution. example a submarine An on will be given. 2aUW33, Large-array acoustic signal processing in random deep-water channels:Effects of coherence. AlexanderI. Malekhanov andAlexander Sazontov (Inst.of Appl. Phys.,Russian G. Acad.of Sci., 46 Ul'yanovSt., 603600NizhnyNovgorod, Russia)
Approximateanalyticalsolutionof the matrix transport equationfor the mutual coherence function (MCF) of an acousticfield in terms of normal modes wasderived. proposed The approach capable including is of slchasticafly roughsurface well as volumefluctuations the indexof as in refraction, allowedoneto reduce problem theMCF calculation and the of in a refractive channel the analogous to problemin a free space. These
linearandShepard's method (locally quadratic), investigated. exare An

ampleis givenof geoacoustic inversion a North Pacificenvironment. in
2aUW32, Sonar array self-noise analysis using hydrophone
results have been then employed simulate statistical to the effects longof
rangesoundpropagation realisticdeep-water in environments from the North-West Pacificon thehorizontal arraydetection performance sevfor eral beamforming techniques. most attention The was paid to the gain degradation the soundfrequency 250 Hz over megameter for of ranges underthe basicassumption internalwavesor surface that wind wavesare, respectively, mainsource acoustic the of signalfluctuations. Roughsurface scattering beenshown cause mostsignificant has to the effects. particuIn lar, for the arraylengthof order 100 acoustic wavelengths wind speed and of 15 m/stbe coherence wasof about6 dB evenfor optimalquadratic loss processor in comparison, about12 dB for conventional and, of plane-wave
cross-correlation functions.Christian Audoly (DCN Ing6nierie Sud, Dept.LSM, B.P.30, 83800Toulon Naval,France)
The performances acousticarraysfor passivesonarsystems of are limited by ambientnoiseand by self-noise phcnoraena, suchas turbulent flow-induced noise,machinery noisepropagating along the hull, or propellornoise. predict performances thesystem to improve To the of and the design the arrays, is important determine of it to whichself-noise corpportent is dominant on a given ship at different speeds.This paper will present the behaviorof the typical coherence functions betweenthe hydrophones a flank array, for the different noisecomponents. the of As evolution alongsensor separation and/orfrequency eachcomponent for is
beamformer. [Work supported Russian by BasicResearch Foundation, GrantNo. 902-04544a.]
WEDNESDAY
AFTERNOON,
31 MAY 1995
Session2pAA
ArchitecturalAcoustics: Health and LegalAspects Regardingthe Use of PorousMaterials

Richard H. Talaske, Coohair
The TalaskeGroup,Inc., 137 North Oak Park Avenue,Oak Park, Illinois 60301
Angelo J. Campanella,Cochair CampsheilaAssociates, 3201 Ridgewood Drive, Columbus, Ohio 43026
Chair's
Introductionl:30
Invited Papers
1:35
2pAAI. Fiberglass health and safetyupdate:Moving beyondthe science. Rick Vetsen (Schuller International, Inc., P.O.Box
6gO0, Littloton, 120 0162)
Fiberglass provided has numerous acoustical insulation and benefits over50 years. for Today, engineers, architects, specifiers and must weigh benefits the derived fromvarious products against potential thatmaybeinvolved. the risks During past the several years significant efforts have been undertaken evaluate potential to the health hazards risks and associated exposure fiberglass with to
materials facilitatemeaningful to benefit/risk analyses. Largestudies workers of andvarious animaltestshavebeenconducted and
reviewed numerous by groups agencies. and Whilemanyscientists believe theresearch that indicates fiberglass notvery that is hazardous,at all, to humans, if others contend it maybejustasharmful asbestos. that as Whiledisagreement among scientists is nothing new,theconfusion controversy and created the minds nontoxicologists epidemiologists in of and observing debates the is unfortunate. Comfort should taken theextensive be in weight thescientific of evidence is available thisimportant that on material. Mostimportant, should we understand limitations science focus thehandling use the of and on and recommendations canassure which
the safeuseof fiberglass products.
3294
d.Acoust. Am., 97,No.5, Pt.2, May1995 Soc. Vol.
129th Meeting: Acoustical Society Amedca of
3294
1:55
2pAA2. Weight scientific of evidence approach shows fibrous presents public glass little health risk. Charles Axtcn(Healtb, W.
Safety, Environmental and Affairs, North America Insulation Manufacturers Assoc., Canal Plaza, 310,Alexandria, 44 Ctr. Ste. VA
22314)
Todate, several scientific research studies been have published discussing health the effects exposure fibrous of to glass. Although
themajority these of studies failed demonstrate causal have to any association between exposure fibrous and to glass adverse health
effects, material nevertheless classified/labeleda "possible the has been as carcinogen." paper This discusses basis this the for classification/label asa more aswell realistic "weight theevidence" of approach evaluating scientific onfiberglass. to the data Using such approach integrating substantial an and the toxicological, epidemiological, exposure, chemical accumulatedfibrous and data on
glass thepast years, is ledtotheconclusion thematerial over 50 one that poses little,if any, tothepublic risk health under normal
conditions of use.
2:15
2pAA3.Porous insulation HVACsystems. in Philip Morey (Clayton R. Environmental Consultants, 1729Christopher Inc., Ln.,
Norristown,PA 19403)
Porous insulation to linetheair stream used surf3cesHVACequipment of provides locus theaccumulationdirtanddebris. a for of
Dirtand debris hydrophilic theinsulation theairstream are and on surfaces mechanical of cooling systems providesniche thus a for
moldgrowth. moldgrowing porous The on insulation unlike moldy debris a hardsurface on such sheetmetal as cannot removed be
byduct cleaning. Actions proactively for preventing biocontamination ofHVACinsulation include following. Porous the (l) insulation
shallnotbeused linetheair stream to surfaces HVACpiehums of where wetting likelysuch in thevicinity cooling is as of coils, water spray systems, humidifiers, other and sources water. of Porous insulation however, used these may, be in HVACcomponents provided thattheinsulation separated moisture is from sources a barrier isboth andwater by that air tight. Because possible growth, (2) of mold theuseof porous insulation should minimized theair stream be on surfaces mechanical in ventilation systems where relative the
humidityconsistently exceeds 65%.
:
2:35
2pAA4.ASHRAEsound and vibration technical committee position statement the useof fiberglass HVAC systems. on in
Russell Cooper A. (Jaffe Holden Scarbrough Acoustics, 114A Inc., WashingtonNorwalk, 06854) St., CT
Fiberglass linercontinues bethemost duct to cost-effective solutions noise to control most in HVACairduct systems. There has been recent a increase thenumber institutional, in of educational, medical and projects which use fiberglass been for the of has banned or severely limited. decisions based concerns thefibers The are on that maybecarcinogenic thattheproducts promote and may
microbial growth. paper present ASHRAE This will the TC2.6(Sound Vibration)technical & committee's responsethese to developments, describe state themedical the of research briefly and outline alternatives theconsequences lining and of duct removal from
HVAC systems.
2:55
2pAA5. Measurementshredded of mineral fibers. Per Bhiel (Briiel V. Acoust. GI. Holtevej Denmark) ApS, 97,
Throughout world the there been desire test has a to mineral fortheshreddingmineral wool of fibers. There a general is concern, that sound absorption materials, consistingfibers of made rock glass, damaging insmall of or are even amounts. now standard Until a method thetesting acoustical for of absorbers notbeen has found. paper This shows test a chamber describes and a method the for objective measurement of shredded Thismethod simple fasttocarry andshows levelof accuracy, fibers. is and out a which seems
betterthan earlier attempts.
3:15
2pAA6. Nonfibrous andgas air flow silencers sound and absorbers. Martin Hirschorn (Industrial Acoust. 1160 Co., Commerce
Ave.,Bronx, 10462) NY and UnoIngard (MIT, Cambridge, MA)
Post-WWII aviation, conditioning, working living jet air quieter and conditions, OSHA and legislation necessitated noise new control products based fibrous absorptive largely on sound materials. InJune the Dipartment 1994 U.S. ofHealth Human and Services
announced fiberglass material that isa "reasonably anticipated a carcinogen." fibrous tobe Non silencers, suppressors,sound noise and absorbers already developed, reasons have been for unrelated thisannouncement, to for over years--longer automobile 40 when
mufflers, Maximsilencers, Helmholtz and resonators considered. are Nonfibrous aircraft ground engine jet noise suppressors provide
superior acoustic performance durability. and Nonfibrous silencers sound HVAC and absorbers u;ed medical are in operating rooms andothers requiringrisk-free a environment. design nonfibrous The of silencers, rooms, sound absorbers, encapsulated and fiber
designs for various requirements acoustical will discussed. absorptive lend be Most sound materials 'hemselves well mathematical to
modeling. Absorption characteristics ofa variety future of absorber configurations, their including nofilinear behaviorintense in sound fields, bepresented. designs often will Such are perfected means laboratory by of models withairflow applicable, tests, if before
finalization. certain For nonfibrous liners, possibility negative duct the of insertion must considered. loss be
3:35-4:05
PANEL DISCUSSION
3295
3295
WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON, 31 MAY 1995
GRAND BALLROOM
CENTRAL, 2:00 TO 5:30 P.M.
Session 2pAt
AcousticalOceanography:AcousticalDetermination of Ocean Processes

Michael D. Richardson, Chair
Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis SpaceCenter,Bay SaintLouis,Mississippi 39529-5004

Contributed Papers
2:05
2pAt1. Effects of salinity on the acousticsof bubble plumes. GregoryJ. Orris and Michael Nicholas (Naval Res. Lab., Washington,
DC 20375)
acoustic wavelength largeenough but that the liquid viscosity insignifiis cant,thepotential flow approximation reasonable. naturalfrequency is The of bubblessurrounded sediment by grainsof comparable size are computedby a boundaryintegralformulationallowing in detail for bubble deformation the presence rigid boundaries. and of Even though geomthe
A previous paper Acoust. Am.95, 826(A) (1993)]presented [J. Soe.

acoustic datacollected nearbubbleplumes various of void fractions and sizesproduced varyingthe flow velocityof a waterjet impinging by normally a watersurface. on Subsequent analysis revealed has thatthe data'sspectral content variesconsiderably between two phases the the of experiment--one involving freshwaterin Lake Washington theother and involving salt water in Puget Sound.In the fresh-waterportionof the experiment spectra completely the are dominated modes 'by corresponding roughly thegross to dimensions the plume.In the salt-water of portion of theexperiment, salts other the and contaminants (whichactas surfactants and lowerthe surface tension) dramatically reduce meanbubblesize the with respect that of freshwater.The acoustic to data froni the salt-water experiment drastically are different fromthatof the freshwater,andshow little or no modal structure. For this particularphysicalsituationit is suggested the dominant that acoustic generation process likely to be is turbulence. Furthermore, differences the acoustic in signature$ the exof perimentcouldbe exploitedto determine, amongst otherthings,the concentration of the salts and contaminants.
etry is restricted axisymmetric to cases, mainfeatures thisprocess of are adequately captured simulating number cases. by a of Several configura-
tions tested in many are and, instances, substantial differences between the
current calculations the commonly and used 'formulahavebeenfound.
[Work supported theOffice Naval by of Research.]
2:50
2pAt4.
Bubble size distribution measurementusing an inverse
acoustic scattering technique: Theory and experiments. Ramant
Duraiswami, Prabhukumar, Georges Chahine (Dynafiow, S. and L. Inc., 7210 PindellSchoolRd., Fulton,MD 20759) Determination thebubble of population liquidsis an important in problem in manyfields. Acoustic methods haveadvantages othermethods over of measurement that bubbles very responsive sound, in are to that reasonably largevolumes may be sampled, thatthe method and canbe relatively inexpensive. However, previousattemptsat using acoustical meansof measurement havenot led to weilestablished measurement techniques due to the ill-posednatureof the problem.In the present work, a multiphase model sound for propagation through bubbly liquids used obtain is to two integral equations the firstkind for'determining bubble of the distribution from measured phase-velocity attenuation and data.New algorithms for regularization theill-posed of problem imposing number physical by a of constraints a directminimization in setting developed. are Thesealgorithmshave beentested analytical on data with varyingartificialnoise added, andfoundto be successful. Based thistechnique newbubble on a measurement devicestheacoustic bubblespectrometer (ABS) is being developed. The device is beingcompared a seriesof testswith other in
methods of bubble distribution measurement such as venturi cavitafion
2:20
2pAO2. Dfi-eetnumericalsimulation the acoustic of behaviorof bubbleclouds. M. Watanabe A. Prosperertl and (Dept.of Mech.Eng.,
Johns Hopkins Univ.,Baltimore, 21218) MD
The description a bubbleassembly. cloud,by means an "efof or of fectivemedium" approximation foundwidespread has application the in
underwater acoustics community.In this approach the bubbly liquid is regarded a continuum as endowed with properties different from those of
the pureliquid.In thisstudythe'effective medium results compared are

with those of a direct numerical simulation in which the effects of the
mutualinteraction the bubbles simulated. spherical of are A assembly of bubblesimmersedin an incompressible liquid is studied.The potential problemis solvednumerically with a singularity expansion methodincluding both volume pulsations and translational oscillationsof the bubbles.
susceptibility meters,and microphotography. Results from theseexperi-
ments be presented. will [Worksupported NSF.] by
Numerical forboth results single realizations ensemble and averages are

presented discussed. and [Work supported the O[tlce of Naval Reby search.]
2:35
3:05
2pAOS. A semianalytical method for the noise emissionof finite size
objects shallowwater. Hasan Oguz (Dept.of Mech.Eng.,Johns in N. Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD 21218) Pointsources commonly are usedin underwater ambient noise computations modelwave breakingnoise.A semianalytical to solution to sound emission a finitesizeobject shallow by in wateris developed. The coefficients thenormal of modes obtained thistechnique compared by are with thecoefficients givenby the pointsource approximation thecase for of a hemispherical bubble cloud. The comparison only goodwhenthe is
2pAt3. A theoretical study of natural frequenciesof bubbles in sediments. AndreaProsperetti HasanN. Oguz (Dept. of Mech. and Eng.,Johns Hopkins Univ.,Baltimore, 21218) MD
Bubbles thatare highlyefficientscatterers havedramatic effectson the acoustic characteristics sediments. incorporation sucheffectsin of The of
continuum models requires knowledge individual the of bubble frequency

and response acousticwaves. For bubblesthat are smallerthan the to
sizeof thebubble cloudis much smaller thantheacoustic wavelength.

Substantial differences occurwhenthe radiation pattern nearthe bubble
3296
J. Acoust. Sec.Am.,Vol.97, No.5, Pt. 2, May1995
3296
cloud deviates froma circular shape associated thepoint with dipole emission.Accurate normalmodes coefficients given by the current method couldbe coupled with shallow waterpropagation models usedin ambient noise calculations. [Worksupported theOfficeof NavalResearch.] by
3:20
attenuation between identical radial-poled ceramic cylinders (two transmit andtworeceive). Shear wavevelocity attenuation measured and are using a similarpulsetechnique. Bimorphbenderelements mounted flexible in silicone rubbermounts and drivenat 100 to 2000 Hz to generate shear waves.Valuesof sediment geoacoustic properties from muddysediments of Eckernf6rde Bay, BalticSea andcarbonate sediments the Florida of Keys presented used to illustratethe operationand utility of the new
system.
2pAO6. A modelfor underwaterambientnoiseat low wind speeds. Hasan Oguz (Dept.of Mech.Eng.,Johns N. Hopkins Univ.,Baltimore,
MD 21218)
4:15
When the wind speed low enough, is wavebreaking doesnotleadto

bubble clouds of substantial size. The collective mode of oscillations that
is dominantat high wind speeds may be neglected. this case,wave In breaking that is still the majorsource noiseis approximated a finite of by areaof the seasurface over which singlebubbles entrained are and emit individualacousticpulses.Each breakingwave has a certainemission characteristics depending bubblesizedistribution, on density, wave size,
2pAO9. Using shear waves to predict the liquefaction potential of seafloorsediments. JamesPyrahand AngelaDavis (Schoolof Ocean Sci., Univ. Collegeof North Wales,Menai Bridge,GwyneddLL59 5EY, UK) Thereis growing evidence support useof the seismic to the shear wave velocityas a predictor seafloor of sediment liquefaction potential. the At University Collegeof NorthWaleslaboratory experiments beingperare formedto determine steady-state the characteristics a varietyof noncoof hesivesediments. conventional The laboratory approach involves inan vestigation void ratio/effective of stress relationships, provides and an indicationof the sediment's likely behavior---contractive dilative-or whensubjected cyclicshearstresses to suchas thoseimposed earthby quakeor water wave loading.In the testscurrentlybeingcarriedout at UCNW, the shear wave velocity is also being monitoredto establish velocity/void ratio/effective stress relations whichoffersthe possibility of extrapolating laboratory the findings the field situation. to Thus givena knowledgeof the in situ shearwave velocity,grain characteristics, and staticstress regime,it becomes possible providean estimate the to of sediment's stabilityundercyclic loadconditions.
rateof entrainment, An empirical etc. correlation between whitecap the coverage ratio and the wind speed employed infer the size of the is to
bubble entrainment area. The contribution of all waves are summed and
theambient noise levels computed a function thewindspeed. are as of The results in good are agreement fieldmeasurements. supported with [Work by the Officeof NavalResearch.]
3:35
2pAO7. Depth-dependent fractionsin acoustic gas modelsof marine sediments.FrankA. BoyleandNicholas Chotiros (Appl.Res.Labs., P.
Univ. of Texas,P.O. Box 8029, Austin, TX 78713-8029)
Models have recentlybeen developed acoustic for scattering from trapped bubbles sandy siltymarine gas in and sediments A. Boyleand IF. N. P. Chotiros, Acoust. J. Soc.Am. 96, 3219 (A) (1994) andF. A. Boyle
and N. P. Chotiros,J. Acoust.Soc. Am. 94, 1766 (A) (1993)]. These preliminary modelsmay be somewhat limited in applicability due to an assumption the bubbles distributed that are homogeneously throughout the half-space belowthe sediment interface. Observations suggest that actual sediments horizontallystratified,and that gas fractionshave strong are depth dependence. The models have thereforebeen modified to allow specification a depth-dependent fraction.Studiessuggest of gas that the backscattering strength significantly is affected,with considerable influ-
4:30
2pAO10. Determination of vertical correlation lengths in a channel using SWELLEX-1 thermistor data. T. Barnard and M. J. Beran (Dept. of Elect. Eng., The CatholicUniv. of America,CardinalStation, Washington, 20064) DC
In order properly to determine volume the scattering channel,is in a it

necessary know the characteristic to vertical and horizontalcorrelation lengthsassociated with the randomindex-of-refraction fluctuations. The results haveobtained characteristic we for verticalcorrelation lengths using SWELLEX-I vertical-array thermistor data are discussed. The data havebeenanalyzed day-timeandnight-time for observations. addition, In the results dependent are uponaveraging timesandthiseffect is discussed. Graphs givenfor the standard are deviation and normalized cross correla-
ence itsgrazing on angle dependence. supported NavalResearch [Work by

Laboratory, Stennis SpaceCenterunderthe MCM TacticalEnvironmental
DataSystem (MTEDS) project.]
3:50-4:00
Break
tions thefluctuations, a function depth. of as of [The vertical temperature

data analyzedin this presentation were produced NRL Code 7120 and by NRAD Code541 underONR sponsorship. dataweresupplied usby The to
4:00
B. Posework NRL Code7120. Our analysis of wassupported ONR.] by
2pAO8. Recentdevelopments the in-situ measurement sediment in of geoacoustic properties. MichaelD. Richardson(NavalRes.Lab.,SSC, MS 39529-5004)and ScanR. Griffin (Omni Technol.,Inc., Metairie, LA 7000l) The latest version the in-situsediment of acoustic measurement system (ISSAMS) allows direct, in-situ measurement sediment of geoacoustic properties. Geoacoustic probes, which are mounted a rigid frame, are on inserted into the sediment hydraulically. The entireoperation controlled is and monitoredin real-time from the surface.Data is collectedand processed a wet-sidecomputer by andtransmitted the surface waveform to for displayandanalysis. Videocameras bothmonitorinsertion probes of and providepreliminaryindication sediment of type. A seabird CTD is usedto measurebottom water temperature, salinity,and soundspeed.Sediment compressional wave velocity and attenuation are measured over pathlengths 40 to I10 cm andat depths between to 50 cm belowthe of of 0
sediment-water interface. Pulsed sine waves am transmitted at 58-kHz and
4:45
2pAOll. Using Rytov acoustic wave modeling to test ocean variability models. Terry E. Ewart and Daniel Rouseff (Appl. Phys. Lab. and Schoolof Oceanogr., Univ. of Washington, Seattle,WA 98105) Stochastic acoustic models acoustic of phase propagation were usedto validate oceaninternal wavemodels EwartandReynolds in [SPIE Press,
PM09 (April1993)]. that In w6rk Rytov modeling the of phase variability

provided very accurate agreement with a linearocean internal wavemodel. Suchtestsrequireextremeaccuracy the phasemeasurements hence in and very accuratepositionstability in the acousticarrays.In the AIWEX acoustic transmission experiment phasevariabilitywas so small that the millimeters motionof the arrayweresignificant the phase of in variance. When the propagation in the Rytov regimefor both the phaseand log is amplitude variability,the amplitude shouldbe equallyusableto test sto-
time delaysand voltagesare usedto determinevaluesof velocity and
3297
3297
chastic oceanmodels. this work we develop Rymv modelfor the In the caseof variabilityin the sound velocityprofileanda nonconStant Vaisala frequency profilewherethe scintillation indexof the acoustic fluctuations indicates Rytovmodels that hold.Simulated linearinternalwavefieldsand PE propagation usedto generate complexwavefields.The stochasare the tic inverse the phase for and log amplitude compared is with the input transverse spectrum internal waves. The regimesof applicabilityof of
while the sound transmitted is through Kuroshio the front.[Worksupported National by Science Council RePublic China.] of of
5:15
2pAO13. Three-dimensional ultrasonicimaging of temperature
distributions. I. Mirgorodsky, Gerasimov, S. V. Peshin V. V. . and

(Inst. of Radioeng. Electron. RAS, Fryazino,141120MoscOw and of
Region, Russia)
these methods, directions further the of research, theincr'rporation and of

these techniques the conduct traditional in of oceanographic measurements to enhanceour ability to interpretthe internalwave environmentwill be
discussed.
The investigation the new opportunity an acoustothermometer's of of spaceresolutionrealizationis described. The methodis basedon the cor-
5:00
relationprocessing signals of received the multi-element by piezotrans-
ducer.isconvenient It toillustrate methodthe the by examplea recep4 of

tionof thesignals irradiated a pointnoise by source means thetwo by of spaced transducers. mutual The correlation function these of signals a has maximum thedelaythatis proportional thepath's gt to difference between the signal's. source piezotransducers. resolution is deterand Space that
2pAO12. Mode coupling effect of Kuroshio front in Taiwan's NortheastSea. ChifangCben (Dept.of Naval Architecture Ocean and Eng., National Taiwan Univ.: 73 Chou-Shan Road, Taipei, Taiwan. Republicof China)
mined thecorrelation by maximum's isabout coherence Of width a length
The Kuroshio currentturnstowardthe northeast while it passes the OkinawaTroughin Taiwan's Northeast Sea.In thisregion.thereare differentwatersmixing, namely,water from the Taiwan Strait, water of the EastChinaSea,andthe Kurnshio current. Duringthe year,except the in summer months. Kuroshio the currentis characterized itsdistincttemby perature difference fromotherwaters. theKuroshio i.e., frontis a predominantfeature thisregion. in The bottom topography thisregion comin is posedof shelf and slopefeatures. The acoustics propagation studied is numericallyusingthe FOR3D code. Severe mode couplingis realized
the received Atthe achieved ignals. easily frequencyofthe band received

signals MHz) it maybe of a relatively (--1 small value(--0.1 cm).The
analyticalsolutionof the problemof spacedistribution noncoherent of
radiation's sources use correlation by of processingsignals of received by

various elements thetransducers presented. opportunity realof is The of izationof a space resolution than I cm at a distance about7 cm is less of shown thecomputer by simulation. is essentially It betterusinga known method based the frequency's on analysis. Results preliminary of experimentsare presented.
WEDNESDAY
AFTERNOON,
31 MAY
1995
MEETING
ROOM 3, 1:00 TO 4:45 P.M.
Session 2PEA Engineering Acoustics: Transducers, and Arrays, Modeling

Harold Robinson, C. Chir
Naval UnderseaWarfareCenter,New London,Connecticut 06320 Contributed Papers
1:00 1:15
2pEA1. Applications combustive source. of the sound Preston S.

Wilson,Thomas Muir, John Behrens (Appl.Res.Labs.Univ. Of G. A. Texas,P.O. Box 8029, Austin,TX 78713-8029),and JanetL. Elizey (Univ. of Texas, Austin,TX 78712)
2pEA2. An acoustical model of the pulse combustion process. Jeffrey Zimmer(BBNSYst. Technol., Fawcett Cambridge, A. and 70 St.,
MA 02138)
Pulse combustors many their derive of advantages asthermal devices
The combustive source can used generate so'und (CSS) be to highintensity, low-frequency acoustic energy a varietyof mediums using in by
fromthe largeacoustic oscillations arecharacteristic the pulse that of

combustion process. Therehavebeennumerous attempts modelthis to process predict frequency amplitude theoscillations. and the and of Many
deployment Configurations toeach suitable medium. basic The principle of

operation remains configuration independent.gaseous A fuel/oxidizer mixtureis introduced a combustion into chamber ignited and witha spark. The
of these modeling efforts relied have heavily computation upon while

providing little in the way of explanation the underlying of physical
mechanism. present The modeltreatsthe pulsecombustor an acoustical as
ensuing combustion produces a bubble expanding which, turn of gas in
produces high-intensity, low-frequency pt!ses. different acoustic Three deployment configuration experiments be discussed, will including water
column, ocean-bottom seismic,and earth-surface seismic.[n-situ measured
system feedback. dependencetheoperating with Th of frequency varion oussystem parametersstudied is through stability analysis. dynamics The
energy levelsandspectra produced CSSarecompared othersources by to typicalto eachmedium, including explosive .inertial. is shown and It that
of thecombustion itself characterized time event are asa delay. presThe ence this of delay thefeedback causes operating in loop the frequency to differ significantly thefrequency would from one calculate treating by the
combustor a Helmholtz as resonatorresonance. at Preliminary experimental verification thetheory presented, follows. of is as Boththeoperating frequency combustion delay measured a pulse and time are for combustion boiler, aretemperatures unittoestablish as in the sound speeds. When the
CS iscapable producing waves both S of bulk in Water earxh and mediums,
aswellasseismic interface forboth waves air/?arth water/sea and floor
cases.isdemonstrated isa truly It that CSS ersatile acoustic energy

source with a low costdeployment configuration which can be tailored
of Naval Research.]
easilydifferent to environments.supported U.S. Office [Work bythe Navy 3298 d.Acoust. Am.i 97,No. Pt.2, May Soc. Vol. 5, 1995
measured temperatures are and delay inserted the into model, t:predicts
theoperating frequency within to 4%. [Worksupported TheGasReby
search Institute.]
129th Meeting: Acoustical ofAmerica 3298 Society
1:30
2pEA3. Noise reduction of an experimental pulse combustionwork
station. Jeffrey Zimmer (BBN Syst.andTechnol., Fawcett A. 70 St., Cambridge, 02138) and RobertD. Collier (49 EagleRidgeDr., MA
Lebanon,NH 03766)
Pulse combustors pulsating are acoustical systems whichradiate highintensity radiated noise. The Forbes energy engineering experimental pulse combustor was operatedin a "high pressure mode" at a fundamental frequency 50 Hz and an outputbetween330 000 and 390 000 BTU/h. of The noiselevelsof the baseline configuration, measured aroundthe exhaust outlet,hadan SPLover 110dB at 50 Hz anda series highintensity of narrow-band components to 2 kHz. The A-weighted up broadband SPL in therange 100dB(A) exceeded of damage/risk criterion as muchas 25 by
dB. The noisereductiongoalscorresponded NC50 and SIL of 50 dB. to
problemis presented modela futurePCTSCM transducer. to Linearexcitationof a PCTSCM transducer accomplished is through usualapplithe cationof a potential difference across two facesof a thin film realizathe tion. It is shownthat sucha transducer would launchlinearly polarized shearwaveswith controlled polarization. Within the transducer, polarthe ization does not, in general,follow the material inhomogeneity. Shear wavecharacteristics dependent thespecific are on frequency response zone (seeabove)in whichthe transducer operated. is [Worksupported NSF by
Graduate Fellowship.]
2:15
2pEA6. A transduction model of lead magnesium niobate-titanate.
Jean C. Piquetteand S. E. Forsythe (UnderwaterSound Reference

Detachment,Naval Res. Lab., P.O. Box 568337, Orlando, FL 32856-8337)
The approach consisted threeparts: A cowl silencer of (1) installed the at outletventfor control mid to high frequency of broadband noise; a (2) custom designed tunedlow-frequency mufflerinstalled partof the exas
haust alecoupler; (3) thermoacoustic and cladding applied thestructure. to Thesilencer provided reduction 20 dB(A)in themid-frequency a of range
and the muffler resulted in narrow-band reductions of 25 to 40 dB at the
Lead magnesium niobate(PMN) and lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (PMNPT) are electrostrictive ceramics exhibithigh strains that whena sample subjected a highvoltage. is to The strainas a function of voltageis an almostperfectsquare-law over a largerangeof voltages, neglecting saturation hysteresis. and Unlike piezoelectric ceramics, these
materials will not accepta significant permanent polarization, the beso havior cannotbe linearizedin this way. A transduction model of these materials based an analogyto the Hunt electrostatic on transducer preis sented.The Hunt model is generalizedfor radiation loading and for a passive dielectricmaterialbetweenthe plates.The dielectricmodel includessaturation but excludeshysteresis. The model is invertedanalyticallyto determine driving-voltage a waveform whichpermits PMN(PT)a basedtransducer be drivenat high voltagein a harmonicto and transientfree manner. Successfulexperimentalapplicationsof the model to
lowestfrequencies 5 to 15 dB up to 2 kHz. The results,including and sound intensity mapping, discussed termsof the goals,design are in modi-
fications, operational and factors. [Worksupported The GasResearch by Institute.]
1:45
2pEA4. The effects of multilayering piezoelectric plates with
implication 1-3 piezocomposite to materials. DavidJ. Powell (Dept. of OceanEng.,FloridaAtlanticUniv., BocaRaton,FL 33431), Thomas R. Howarth, and Robert Y. Ting (Naval Res. Lab., Orlando, FL
32856-8337)
measurements obtained fromPMN(PT)samples presented. results are The include description a successful a of attempt drivea PMN(PT)sample to in
a harmonicand transient-suppressed manner high voltage. at
2:30
This paperdiscusses considerations stacking the of piezoelectric plates mechanically series topof eachother)andelectrically parallel in (on in or series.Benefitsinclude increased displacement projectors for and increased signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for hydrophones (because selfof shielding decreased and electrical impedance). presentation show The will why these enhancements realizedby usinga mathematical are solution of the one-dimensional (l-D) waveequation describe to how eachlayer is related thatin adjacent to layers continuity particle via of displacement and force.The resultant of simultaneous set equations solvedusingmatrix is manipulation algorithms overa specified frequency rangein termsof the free-field voltage sensitivity (FFVS),transmitting voltage response (TVR), and electricalimmitance characteristics. temporaltransient A response is obtained through inverse Fourier the fast transform (IFIF). This computationalefficientmodelis capableof piezoceramic 1-3 piezocomposite or transducer layers,as well as inactivelayers.The 1-3 piezocomposites are inputby usingthe Smithexpressions representing piezocomposite for the as a homogeneous material. Application 1-3 piezocomposites mulof for
2pEA7. Low-frequency underwater transducer modeling using the direct global stiffnessmethod. J. Robert Fricke and Mark A. Haynet
(Dept.of Ocean Eng.,MIT, Cambridge, 02139) MA The direct global stiffness matrix method(DGSM), described by FrickeandHaynet[directglobalstiffness matrixmethod 3-D Truss for
Dynamics, submitted theASME 15thBiennialConference Mechanito on
cal Vibration and Noise,17-21 September 1995],provides efficient an method analyzing for two-dimensional axisymmetric, and low-frequency,
underwater, transducer geometries. The DGSM methodis a wave-type
solution based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam element. The mechanical mo-
tiple layering will be introduced discussed. and [Worksponsored the by Officeof NavalResearch.]
tion of the transducer element is modeled using a collection of beam elements weldedtogether joints. By imposing at dynamicequilibriumconditionsat thesejoints, a bandedsymmetric stiffness matrix is formed.The matrix is then solvedusing Gaussianelimination to find joint displacementsand rotationswith beam energiescalculatedon a post-processing basis.The radiationload due to the surrounding water is includedusinga
2:00
compact source assumption. Thusfluidloading interaction effects, importantfor low qualityfactortransducers, properly are addressed. Analysis of a classIV flextensional transducer offeredas an exampleof the usefulis nessof this approach.
2:45-3:00 Break
2pEAS. Axial shear wave transducer constructedof a piezoelectric continuously twisted structurally chiral medium. Steven F. Nagle andAkhlesh Lakhtakia (Dept.of Eng.Sci. andMech.,PennStateUniv., University Park,PA 16802-1401) The materialproperties a piezoelectric of continuously twistedstruc-
3:00
turally chiralmedium (PCTSCM)varyhelicoidally alongtheaxialdirection. The quasielectrostatic approximation was implemented axial for
2pEA8. In-water modal analysis using a combined finite elemenUboundary element method. Clementina Sidersand M.D. M.
McCollum (NRL, Orlando, 3909 Summerlin Ave., Orlando, FL 32856-8337)
propagation in PCTSCMs E Nagle A. Lakhtakia, Acoust. modes iS. and J.

Soc. Am. 96, 3226(A) (1994)]. The following conclusions were drawn:
Axial propagation shearmodes affected piezoelectric of is by stiffening. Axial propagation displays selective attenuation the frequency and response wasclassified into threezones: zone of no attenuation two A and handednesses l); a zoneof selective (zone attenuation (zonelI); anda zone of no attenuation one handedness and (zoneIll). Now, a boundary value
A combined finite element/boundary elementmodelingtechnique can be usedto analyzefluid-loaded transducers compute displacements to the of the structure specified at frequencies. problemwith thistechnique The is thatthereis no way of knowinga priori the in-waterresonance frequency corresponding a given in-air mode.A commonapproach to "guess" to is
3299
129thMeeting: Acousfica[ Societyof America
3299
a frequency range thatwill encompass in-water the resonance frequency by usinga coarsefrequency stepsize.A fluid-loaded analysis then peris formedin thisfrequency range.By examining resulting the displacements
versusfrequency, can be determined it whetherthe resonance occurred has in the frequencyrange. If the in-water resonance frequencyis located,a
3:45
2pEAll. Comparison of using extended-lineprojectors versus single-element projectorsin a water-filled traveling-wavetube. M.

K. Beason and L. D. Luker (Underwater SoundReference Detachment, Naval Res. Lab., P.O. Box 568337, Orlando,FL 32856-8337)
finerfrequency stepcanbe usedover a smaller frequency rangeto determinetheresonance a betterresolution. to This paperdescribes method a to determine in-water the resonance frequency a finiteelement/boundary of elementmodel usingan iterativeeigenvalue solution,thus avoidingthe lengthy convergence process a harmonic of solution. The time savings
between this new in-water modal solution and the traditional harmonic
solution bephenomenal. can Several example problems also are presented.
Thispresentation considers effectof projector the design reducing on pressure-field deviationswithin the long-line hydrophone calibrator (LLHC).TheLLHC is a water-filled traveling-wave which tube simulates a plane-wave pressure field arrivingfrom any bearing. This is accomplished measuring electroacoustic by the transfer matrixbetween hydrophones projectors are placed and that withina steelpipewith an inner diameterof approximately cm. This transfermatrix is then usedto 30 compute projector drives suitable creating desired for the field.Twotypes of projectors were investigated use in the LLHC: (1) single-element for
projectors usinga hollowPZT-4 sphere with an outerdiameter 38.1 mm of anda wall thickness 4.76 mm, and(2) projector of linesconstructed 10 of capped cylinders PZT-4 with 12.7 mm length,12.7 mm diameter, of and
0.79 mm wall thickness. Model simulations and measured data will be
3:15
2pEA9. Near-field acousticsolution of a rotating point source in frequency domain. Hongbin Menyu Sherig (Div. of Fluid Mech., Ju,
Dept. of Eng. Mech., Tsinghua Univ., Beijing 100084,People'sRepublic
presented indicatingthat the extended-source projectors result in lower
of China),and Fangyuan Zhong (Shanghai Jiaotong Univ.,Shanghai

200030,People's Republic China) of
deviations fromthedesired pressure thansingle-element field projectors at thesame spacing. [Worksupported NAVSEA.] by
4:00
To do research the aeroacoustic on mechanism turbomachinery of or

any otherrotatingmachines, is important studythe acoustic it to characteristics therotating of sources. Based thefrequency on domain solution of movingsound sources, approximate an acoustic solution a rotating of point source the nearfield, whichis the superposition a far-fieldsolution in of and threenear-field modification items,is givenif the rotating radiusis
2pEA12. Estimationof the uncorrelatedand correlatedspatial components the self-noise towedarrays. BrianG. Ferguson, of in GaryC. Speechley(Defence andTechnol. Sci. Organisation, Box44, P.O. Pyrmont, Australia2009), and David V. Wyllie (DefenceSci. and
Technol.Organisation, APW2-316, Canberra, Australia9600)
acoustical compact whencompared thefield sound with wavelength. Accordingly, near-field the Green'sfunction free space obtained. in is Then, thedirectionality characteristics the sound of field induced rotation by is discussed, the influence source and of position, soumefrequency, and rotating frequency studied detail.The results is in revealthatthedistribution of near-field modifications discrete is around viewingangle,and the the influence near-field on modification the rotating by radius happens mostlyaround rotating the plane,while the influence the axial position of of the source happens mostlynearthe rotating axis.
Theself-noise towed in arrays be divided twocomponents can into on thebasis its spatial of correlation properties. thispaper, In optimal estimates the uncorrelated correlated of and self-noise components obare tained using adaptive an frequency-wave-number technique. analysis The results applying technique realdatafromvarious of the to towed-array
typesare presented. The spatiallyuncorrelated contribution the total to self-noise oftenignored thepresence thecorrelated is in of structure-borne
vibrations travel bothaxialdirections thearray that in along witha phase

speed is lessthanthe speed-of-sound that propagation the underwater in medium. The increasing importance the uncorrelated of component at
higher tow speedsis discussed and, under somecircumstances, uncorthe
relatedcomponent shownto dominate. is

4:15 3:30
2pEA10. Variationalmodelfor the radiation impedance classIV of transducers II. Harold C. Robinson and Elizabeth McLaughlin A. (Naval Undersea WarfareCtr., New LondonDetachment, New London,
CT 06320)
2pEA13. Acoustic coupling directional in loudspeaker arrays. Hahn Vu-Maesto, Ananda Chakravarty, Vineet Mehta,andCharles Thompson (Ctr.for Adv.Cornput. Telecommun., of Elec.Eng., and Dept. Univ.of
Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854)
Theperformancedirectional of loudspeaker microphone is and arrays

of interest regard conferencing with to applications. Transducer arrays can be steered enhance to transmission or reception a prescribed and at location. In reverberant environments, directional microphone arrayshave shown promise enhancing in speech intelligibility hand-free in applications.Steerable loudspeaker arrays,on the other hand, have met with
In a previous paper C. Robinson E. A. McLaughlin, Acoust. [H. and J. Soc.Am. 96, 3318(A)(1994)],the variational method determining of
modalradiation impedances applied a pair of class transducers. was to IV
The self-andmutual radiation impedances thequadrupole, for octopole, andmonopole modes werepresented. paper This extends analysis the to
include effects otherasymmetric the of modes theclass The in-vacuo of IV. mode description thetransducer's of surface velocity will be improved by
using three-dimensional shapes. trial functions mode The describing the surface pressure modified well. Changes theimpedance are as in characteristics thesymmetric for modes to thisimproved due transducer descriptionwill be shown. characteristicsthenonsymmetric The of modalimpedances are comparedto those of the symmetricmodes as a function of
limited success. differentiating The feature theinput is impedance the of loudspeaker.this In presentation roleof theacoustic the coupling between adjacent transducersa loudspeaker will be examined. acousin array The ticalinteraction between transducer elements modeled. impact is The of
this interaction beamforming examined. on is
4:30
dimensionless major axis ka and dimensionless separation distance kd. Suitable methods combining for these modalimpedances a totalrainto diationimpedance the transducer be presented. effectof relafor will The tive orientation the transducers the radiation of on impedance investiis gated.The resultswill be compared equivalent to circuitmodelsand
2pEA14. Variational principles derived for discontinuous electromagnetic fields. G. Akar Altay (Boaziqi Univ., Istanbul, Turkey) and M. Cengiz D/Skmeci (IstanbulTech. Universit-Teknik Univ., P.K.9,Taksim,80191 Istanbul, Turkey)
experimental [Thisworkwassponsored theOffice NavalRedata. by of

search.]
A unified procedure based a general on principle physics of (e.g., Hamilton's principle) together Legendre's Fdedrichs's) with (or transfor-
mation proposedsystematically certain is to derive vadational principles
3300
J.Acoust. Am., 97,No. Pt.2, May Soc. Vol. 5, 1995
for discontinuous electromagnetic fieldswhichare usefulto treatelectromagnetic waves andvibrations dielectrics. integral in The anddifferential
recorded which
have those for time-harmonic
motions and a dielectric
regionwithina vacuum a perfect or conductor, theyareshown agree and to
types variational of principles generate Maxwell's equations theassoand ciatednatural boundary jump conditions well as the initialcondiand as tions,as theirEuler-Lagrange equations, a regular for finiteandbounded dielectric regionwith or withouta fixed,internal surface discontinuity. of Special cases thevariational of principles, including reciprocal are a one,
with and to recover someof earliervariational principles [e.g., M. C. D/3kmeci,IEEE Trans. UFFC UFFC-35, 775-787 (1988); UFFC-37, 369-385 (1990)andG. A. Akar,J.Acoust. Am. 95, 3007(1994)and Soc. references therein]. [Worksupported partby The Scientific Techin and
nicalResearch Council Turkey.] of
AUDITORIUM,
1:00 TO 4:00 P.M.
Session 2pED
Education
in Acoustics: Demonstrations
in Acoustics
Sally G. Revoile, Chair Center Auditory for and Speech Sciences, GallaudetUniversity, Washington, 20002 DC
Chair's
Introduction--l:00
Invited Papers
1:05
2pED1.Howmusical instruments makesound. Thomas Rossing D. (Phys. Dept., Northern Illinois Univ.,DeKalb, 60115) IL
Simple demonstration experiments usunderstand bars, help how membranes, and columns plates, air vibrate how produce and they
musical sound. Theyalsohelpus understand physics vibrations waves. the of and
1:20
2pED2. Analysis synthesis speech.TomTremain(U.S.Dept.of Defense, and of 9800Savage FortGeorge Meade, Rd., G. MD
20755-6000)
Speech produced individual by audience participants be stored a computer. will on Speech waveforms thetimeandfrequency in domains then displayed thecomputer. speech beplayed will be by The will back itsnatural in form,andalso afterit has been analyzed andsynthesized. Various transforms thespeech be implemented played of will and back. example, speech be speeded For the will up andslowed down. The gender thevoicewill be changed altering pitchperiods. speech be made seem if the of by the The will to as
talkerhada coldby changing voicingof the consonant the sounds.
1:35
2pED3. A dynamic absorber and a side-branchresonatorfor vibration and noisecontrol. M. G. Prasad, Zanone,and S. E.
Abbattista(Noise Vibr.Control and Lab.,Dept.of Mech.Eng.,Stevens of Technol., Inst. Castle Pointon theHudson, Hoboken, NJ
07030) This paperpresents demonstrations. first one dealswith controlof vibrations a motorunderunbalance two The of excitation. A dynamic absorber used reduce is to vibrations themotor. of The resonance phenomenon modeshapes vibrating and in systems be will shown. second The system a finitelength is ductwithan acoustic source (speaker) oneend. Helmholtz at A resonator a side-branch as
deviceis usedto reducethe noiseradiatingfrom the open-end the duct.Audible effectsdue to acoustic of resonances the duct and in side-branch resonator systemwill be presented.
1:50
2pED4,A lecturedemonstration the cochlea. Rober Keolian (NavalPostgraduate of M. School, Dept.of Phys,, CodePH/Kn, Monterey, 93943) CA
Partof the mystery thecochlea, organof hearing mammals, how it distinguishes of the in is differentfrequencies fromoneanother so well. Even though cochleais small,filled with fluid, and madeout of tissue,its frequency the selectivity corresponds a quality to factorQ whichis quitehigh--about300. Partof the answerlies with an unusual travelingwave that deposits energyof different the frequencies differentpositions. at This will be shownwith a lecturedemonstration displays physics this wave. that the of 3301 d. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995 129th Meeting: AcousticalSociety of America 3301
2:05
2pED5. Demonstrations acoustic of resonant systems.James Sabatier, M. Richard Raspet, andBruceDenardo (Natl. Ctr. for Physical Acoust. andDept. of Phys.andAstron., Univ. of Mississippi, University, 38677) MS
The phenomena "sonicwind," viscous of drag,andhigh "Q" in resonant acoustic systems demonstrated. firsttwo are the is The well-known Christmas ballsandrotating demonstration. thirdis a largeheavytuning tree cup The fork whichringsfor a verylongtime after beingstruck.
2:20-2:35
Break
2:35
2pED6. Demonstrationof room acousticparameters using a digital multieffectsprocessor. StevenM. Haas (Jaffe Holden Scarbrough Acoust.Inc., 114A Washington Norwalk, CT 06854) St., Digital multieffects processors a usefultool to studyand demonstrate is room acoustic parameters. Live and prerecorded speech andaudioprogram will be processed through multieffects a deviceandreproduced through pair of loudspeakers. listeners a The will be allowed heartheeffectof varying number acoustic to a of parameters occur natural that in spaces. Theseinclude: reverberation time, echoes, diffusion sound, of high frequency decayrate, initial time delaygap, spaciousness, depth.A brief explanation each and of parameter be givenbefore audible will its demonstration. means whichan architectural The in acoustician designs acoustic an space with these parameters mind will alsobe discussed. in
2:50
2pED7. 15 minutesof chaos. MurrayS. Korman (Dept.of Phys., U.S. NavalAced.,Annapolis, 21402)and Lawrence MD A. Crum (Applied Physics Lab.,Univ.of Washington, Seattle, 98105) WA Apparatus (bothmechanical electrical) be presented illustrate complexities a certain and will to the of nonlinear behavior termed as chaos. thisdemonstration, will seea "chaos In you man" (a storebought sticklike compound pendulum) oscillate with a very
complex motion. simple A pendulum be made oscillate will to (inverted) thepivotat thebottom themass thetop.An with and at
electric circuit(modeling nonlinear a mechanical system) will be usedto demonstrate chaotic behavior--which occurs whenthe system drivenwith sufficient is amplitude certainfrequencies. at
3:05
2pED8. How a wind instrument makes a sound. Peter L. Hockje (Phys.Dept., Univ. of NorthenIowa, Cedar Falls, IA
50614-0150)
Twodemonstrations illustrate mechanism sound the of production musical in windinstruments. a "water First, trumpet" inspired by A. H. Benade produces waves a water-filled in trough. waveaction generated oneendof thetrough a feedback The is at by valve which regulates inletflowof wateraccording theheight thewaterwaves thatsame of thetrough. the to of at end Thisis analogous
to thegenerarios sound lip reed of in brass instruments cane and reedwoodwinds which flowof air through reedvalveis in the the affected thepressure by inside instrument the mouthpiece. second The demonstration mimics feedback again the mechanism the of reed witha simple electronic device which allows windinstrumentsound a to itself. airin themouthpiece The isexcited a small by speaker which driven anamplified is by signal froma microphone sensing pressure themouthpiece. playing the in The frequency depends theresonancestheinstrument corresponds normal of theinstrument. thedemonstrator finger on of and to a note Thus can a
scaleon the instrument the instrument and will play along.
3:20
2pED9. Reverberant sound one-, in two-,andthree-dimensional spaces. William Strong David Copley(Dept. Phys. J. and C. of
and Astron.,Brigham YoungUniv., Provo, UT 84602)
Thamathod images ugad calculate of was to impulse responses a large(30 mSd921 lg m) three for mSd dimensional apace, large a
(30mX23m) two-dimensional and large m)one-dimensional Thereverberation forthese space, a (30 space. time spaces setto was
approximately s andall sound 1.5 absorption place thewalls. took at Similar impulse responses calculated small were for rooms whose
dimensions one-tenth of thelarge were those rooms whose and reverberation were times smaller. short A (10-s) sample singing of was recorded anartechole in chamber then and convolved thevarious with impulse responses. resulting reverberated The six samples of singing recorded were binaurally audio on tape. Graphs theimpulse of responses thetaped and examples bepresented. will (Although
the taped examples be presented loudspeakers, arebestheard earphones.} will via they via
3:35-4:00
AudienceParticipation with Exhibits
3302
3302
WEDNESDAY
AFTERNOON,
31 MAY 1995
MEETING
ROOM 2, 1:00 TO 4:45 P.M.
Session 2pNS
Noise:Advances Aircraft NoiseModelingand Monitoring in

Sanford Fidell, Cochair
BBN Systems Technologies, and 21120 Vanowen Street,CanogaPark, California91303

Nancy S. Timmerman,Cochair Massport,600 Control Tower,East Boston,Massachusetts 02128
Chair's Introduction--l:00
Invited Papers
1:05
2pNSI. Measuring aircraft noise impactin a low signal-to-noise environment.Nathan Higbic (Larson B. DavisSystems, 13l
MiddlesexTrpk., Burlington,MA 01803)
Theagreements negotiated thenewDenver for Airport present interesting an example howlegal of considerations govern can how
noise measurements aremade. agreements The stipulate certain noise limits communities on surroundingairport. the These limits are expressedaircraft in Leq(24), areplaced 102points, and at some 15miles over away. There financial are penaltiesanyvalues if are exceeded a year. signal-to-noise for A measurement problem resulted modeled since values theaircraft of Leq(24) werelower than measured Leq(24) community noise. problems needed The that solving weredetection quantificationaircraft and of noise low in signal-to-noise, assignmenteach and of noise event itssource. to Arrays other and spatial techniques proposed, were were but too costly would meet and not TypeI measurement requirements. A floating threshold implemented thatnoise was so events could be detected anyambient for condition. date, airport To all monitoring systems used fixed have a threshold signal-to-noise a since is not problem. events then The are correlated theflight with track using statistical data a pattern recognition algorithm whose parameters are
optimizedfor eachmonitorlocation.
1:25
2pNS2. Integrated noise model(INM) 5.0. Jake Plante (Analysis Evaluation A. and Branch, Office Environment Energy, of and
Federal AviationAdministration, Washington, 20590) DC
Theability accurately to assess predict and noise exposure anincreasingly is important factor thedesign implementation in and of
airportand airspace improvements. meetthis challenge, FederalAviationAdministration To the (FAA) Office of Environment and
Energy (AEE)is undertaking a series operations of research initiatives improve modeling other to the and quantitative methods used
to evaluate aviation noise impacts. majoreffortin recent A years beentheredesign the integrated has of noise model(INM 5.0) in Windows. Whilerewritten a different in computer language, noise the calculation algorithms 5.0 remain in essentially same the as V4.11,based the SAE-AIR-1845 on methodology. Thereare,however, manytechnical enhancements computer to the codewhich providefastermn timesand moreaccurate noisepredictions. Amongthe enhancements (1) a noisecalculation are modulethat is between and6 times 1.5 faster depending thestudy on case, a newexposure (2) fractioning algorithm improved for accuracy, (3)
additionsthe to aircraft database,new (4) metrics Lmax, (e.g., Leqn), user-defined), (5)user-defined generationthe profile for study of
noise abatement landings approaches, a lateral and (6) trackdispersion methodology, (7) GIS analysis Census, and with CAD, NFDC,
elevation, andARTS radardatacapabilities.
1:45
2pNS3.Statistical methods automated for 1NM pathderivation. DavidA. Flynn (Larson DavisLabs.,1681W 820N, Provo, UT
84601)
Flightpaths an airportcanbe viewedassamples a statistical at of distribution. individual An sample pathx i , is described the by position a function distance as of fromtheairport. The mean paths distribution minimize of (Xm) xi-(Xclosest), where operator the
"-" is an approximation the difference groundnoiseprojection two paths,and "m" is the desired of in of numberof meanpaths. Clusteranalysis methods can be usedto find this setof meanpaths:they will by definitionbe the optimalm pathsfor use in the 1NM in placeof the originalsamplepaths.Thesemethods can reducehundreds thousands radarmonitored of of pathsinto a concise of set INM tracks.Moreover,they do not suffer measurement anomalies that gate penetration analysissuffers.
2:05
2pNS4.Modelingaircraft departureprofileusingARTS radar data. PaulDunholter (Mestre GreveAssoc., Newport 280 Ctr. Dr., NewportBeach, 92660) CA
The currentmethod the modeling aircraftdeparture for of profilesis to usethe standard departure profiles contained the INM in noisemodel.The INM modelaccounts the differentdeparture for gradients based uponthe flightdistance the aircraft's to destination. Aircraftflyinga longerdistance assumed be heavierand as a result,wouldclimb at a lower gradient. are to New techniques involve usingthe actualflight profilesfrom the FAA's ARTS radardata. State-of-the-art airportnoisemonitoringsystems collectflight track
3303
3303
data[Aircraft identification, of operation, aircraft Type and position Y andZ)] fromtheARTSdata. (X. Thisinformation be can processeddetermine actual to the flightprofiles each for aimaft typeaswellasa range profiles a specific of for aircraft. Using this technique, departure the profiles used themodel in account notonlythedeparture for distance, alsopilottechniques, actual but the
aircraft loadaswellasmeteorological conditions asaltitude, such density, windspeed. result thatthemodeling aircraft and The is of departure flightprofiles based are upon actual dataspecific theflights conditions theairport to and at under study.
2:25
2pNS5. Use of flight track information to resolveindividual and community-wide aircraft noise concerns. Karen L. Robertson(Dallas/Fort WorthInt'l. Airport.P.O.Drawer619428,DFW Airport,TX 75261-9428)
Technological advances airport in noise monitoring systems provided "missing of data have the link" needed manage airport to an noise office effectively. addition aircraft The of flighttrack altitude and information given has airport proprietors necessary the tools to understand, alleviate, if not certain community concerns regarding aircraft noise overflights. and Airport neighbors contact often the localairport FAAoffice or whenanaircraft operation annoying. annoyance be a result one.or many, is The may of concerns ranging
from noiseto aircraftflight patterns overall safety.Once concerns voiced,airportneighbors to are want immediate information
regarding annoying the event, followed theever-allusive by "corrective action." Specific examples howthenewgeneration of airport
noisemonitoring and flighttrackingsystems respond community individualconcerns be demonstrated an interactive can to or will in format.followedby innovative. intriguing usesfor the system. Information from thesesystems surprise can eventhe mostknowledgeableairspaceanalystor airport noiseofficial.
2:45
2pNS6.Wide area modeling en routeaircraft noise. Nicolaas of Reddingius iBBN Syst.andTechnol., 21120VanOwenSt..
CanogaPark. CA 91304) and Michael Ebersole tNationalPark Service)
Mostaircraft noise modeling methods been carefully have so focused airport-based on policies analyses they awkward and that are touse other for purposes. example, For standard modeling noise software of limited is utilityforcharacterizingroute en noise exposure orassessing potential the impacts nonurban on populations. National The ParkService developed has alternative methods modeling for aircraft noise its impacts outdoor and in recreational settings. Software created support to Public Law 100-91 analyses permits users
to performobserver-based (ratherthansource-based) aircraftnoiseanalyses: consider masking m the provided localized by sources
when modelingnorseimpactsover areasof tens of thousands squarekilometers;to take terrain relief into consideration; of and m present results the form of map layersfor a geographic in information system.
3:05-3:15 Break
ContributedPapers
3:15
2pNS7. Applicationsof Boston-Logan's noise monitoring system.

Nancy S. Timmerman {Massport,600 Control Tower, E. Boston,MA
02128-2042)
number operations) examining of by eachof the threemetrics DNL, SEL. andTA. The noiseimpacts compared thebestuseof the informaare and
tion is discussed.
3:45
Boston's Logan International Airport has an advanced noisemonitoring system consisting noise,aircrafttrack.weather, of and land useinformation.The system beenusedto support has INM 5.0 validation efforts,to
improveINM trackdefinitions, assist assessing to in aircraftdeparture procedures. m isolate types aircraft and the of affecting various communities.Examples the newerapplications of pursued be presented. will
3:30
2pNS9.Classification noise of events aircraftoverflights means as by of one-third octave bandalgorithms.Matthew Sheddon BBN Syst. andTechnol.. 21120VanOwenSt., Canoga Park,CA 91304)
A set of algorithms real time classification noiseeventsas low for of
altitude militaryaircraft overflights developed usein a personal was for noise monitoring system. classification The algorithms, whichareapplied
to polynomial curvefits to time series soundpressure of level measure-
ments rather than rawdata, to operate primarily thetemporal on symmetry

and relative rates of increase and decrease of sound levels in different
2pNS8. A comparison different aircraft noisemetrics for large, of medium,and small airports. Melissa Burn,Eric Stusnick. Gary and Ehrlich (WyleLabs., 2001.lefferson DavisHwy..Ste.701.Arlington, VA
22202)
one-third octavebands. Correctclassification performance misclassi~ and
fication errors withdisjunctive vary decision applied theoutputs rules to of the algorithms. [Worksupported partby the U.S. Air ForceNSBIT in
program.]
4:00
A widevarietyof metrics available represent evaluate are to and noise impactsfrom aircraftoperations. Two of thesehave gainedwide accep-
tance andare used extensively norse m studies mitigation and programs throughout UnitedStates: the Day nightaverage sound level (DNL) and
sound exposure level (SEL). A third metric,time aboveITA), is not often
2pNS10. Effectsof military aircraft noiseon residential property saleprices nearLangley Force Air Base. Sanford Fidell (BBNSyst.
andTechnol., 21120VanOwenSt., Canoga Park,CA 91303), Barbara TabachnicktCalifornia StateUniv., Northridge),LauraSilvati tBBN
Syst and Technol.), and Brenda Cook U.S. Air Force Air Combat Command)
usedbut is very oftenrequested commumty by members whobelieveit will represent noise their problem more convincingly theothers. than Each metricdifferssignificantly from theothers bothin the way it represents noise impact in waythemeasure best and is employed. example, For since
DNL accounts for the loudness of individual events and the number of
An empirical, market-based method wasdeveloped assess m whether
operations, equivalent an DNL value can resultfrom a few very loud overflights a largenumberof quieterones.DNL is considered or usefulin predicting average the response communities not of individuals. of but The
authors evaluated nose the impact different for sizedairports tbased on
military aircraft noise exposure affected has residential property values in thevicinity Langley Force of Air Base thelast decades. over two Multiple regression models accounted thebulkof thevariance property that for n sale prices weredeveloped validated independent and for samples drawn
3304
J.Acoust. Am., 97,No.5, Pt.2, May Soc. Vol. 1995
129th Meeting: Acoustical Society America 3304 of
from areasof Hampton, exposed levelsof militaryaircraftnoise VA to lowerthanDNL=60 dB. The predictive performance these of models was indistinguishable in areas Hampton of exposed military to aimraft noise in excess DNL--65 dB. Mapsconstructed geo-coding of by property sale locations permitted spatial comparisons property of values with aircraft noise exposure contours. Thesemapsconfirmed independence the the of
equivalent level (CNEL), the day-evening-night weighted 24-h average levelspecified California for airports. 148-day The average CNEL was69
dB. In oneweekCNEL varied from58 dB on Sunday 75 dB onTuesday. to Such noise variability being is investigated relation future in to movement of Navyaircraft fromMiramar NAS Lemoore, Marineaircraft to and from MCAS El Toroto Miramar. Alsobeingherereported 7084 Miramar for
spatial distributions property of values aircraft and noise contours the in

vicinityof LangleyAir ForceBase.
4:15
Road theA-weighted are sound exposure levels (ASEL)in excess 100 of

dB; thegreatest far is 116dB. thus
4:30
2pNSll. Six months of continuousmeasurementof one-hour average sound levels, one mile sidewise from NAS Miramar, San Diego. Robert Young (1696 Los AltosRd., SanDiego,CA 92109-132l) W.
2pNSI2. The SEL noise reduction provided by barriers to residences
locatednear runwayends. MarcioAvillez (WyleLabs.,2001Jefferson DavisHwy., Ste.701, Arlington, 22202) VA

The T.F. Green StateAirport in Warwick, RhodeIsland,has a noise barrierintended reducenoiseat residences one sideof Runway05, to on
near the start of the takeoff roll. Measurements were conducted to evaluate
From 18 July 1994to 17 December 1994, l-h average sound level was measured continuously Computer by Engineering Ltd. model493 integrat-
ingsound levelmeter feeding model 238Asecondary processor. timeThe mean-square average levelprinted automatically thehour,andrecorded on in anRS232C memory lateranalysis, thatduring hour for is the preceeding the hourprinted. The siteof noisemonitoring the roof 7084 Miramar is
Road,San Diego, abouta mile sidewise northof Runway6L-24R, NAS Miramar.After adjustments remove to steady ventilating compressor and noise,aircraftnoisewas tabulated each day as communitynoise for
theattenuation provided thebarrier. by TMs wasaccomplished selecting by pairsof measurement positions werelocated opposite that on sides the of
runwayand equidistant from the centerline the runway.The measureof mentresults indicate thatbarriers significantly can reduce SEL of departing aircraft, consequently DNL, at residences and the located neartheend of a runway.
MEETING ROOMS 12, 13, 14, 1:00 TO 4:50 P.M.
Session 2pSA
Structural Acoustics and Vibration: Wayne Reader Memorial Session

Walter M. Madigosky,Cochair Carderock Division,Naval SurfaceWarfareCenter,10901 New Hampshire Avenue,WhiteOak, SilverSpring,
Maryland 20903
Gerald Casteiluci, Cochair
Vector Research Company, Inc., 2101 East Jefferson Street,Suite 701, Rockville, Maryland20852
Introduction--1:00 MauriceSevik by Cardcrock DivisionNaval SurfaceWarfare Center, Bethesda, Maryland20084

Invited Papers
1:05
2pSAI, The measurementof target strength of complex underwater structures---Theearly years. Jan M. Niemiee (Naval SurfaceWarfareCtr., CardcrockDiv., Bethesda, MD 20084-5000)
By theearly 1970's, few measurements target of strength largescaleunderwater of structures beenmade. had Novelmeasurement techniques control range, to the depth, andaspect angleof theunderwater target hadto be developed. Uniqueinstrumentation to had be devised measure incident to the sound level at the targetandto reliablyrecord scattered the sound waveon a pingby pingbasis withoutinterrupting rotating the target. WayneReader Dr. leada groupof scientists engineers successfully and who overcame many of these difficulties measured target and the strength a largescale of model a complex of structure knownasKAMLOOPS.In addition to providing leadership the resolution manytechnical the for of problems, WayneReader developed uniquemethod calibrate a to the scattering measurements using doubly by the curved surface theKAMLOOPSdomeasa standard of target. Many of themeasurement techniques pioneered Wayneare still in usetoday.This talk outlines aspects a modeltargetstrength by the of measurement and illustrates someof the manycontributions Waynemadeto this field of science. that
1:25
20SA2,Sonarbaffles, Ronald Radlinski (NavalUndersea P. Warfare Ctr.,Detachment London, New New London, 06320) CT
Acoustic decoupling bafflesare oftenusedto minimizenoisecontamination hydrophone transducer at and arrays. maintain To sensitivity nearthe nominally pressure release surface the baffle,hydrophones be placedat an odd multipleof a quarter of can wavelength thebaffleor neara heavy from signal conditioning inserted plate between hydrophones thebaffle.In either the and case,
coherent interference betweenthe incidentwave andthe wave reflected from the baffle limits the bandwidth high sensitivity. of Wayne
Reader reasoned by inserting broadband that a absorber between hydrophones thedecoupling the and baffle,a smoother hydrophone
3305
3305
response could attained potentially weight be of less withrelatively smalllossin sensitivity. talk describes useof gradual The the
transition absorbers developed Waynefor sonar by applications his interactions the authorto combine and with thesematerials with broadband couplers de. suchas arraysof compliant tubes.His carefuland thoughtful approach the theoretical experimental to and aspects acoustic materialresearch inspirational we misshis insight, of and was and advice,andencouragement.
1:45
2pSA3.WayneT. Reader:The VeetorResearch Companyyears,1988-1994. C. Warren Vest (Vector Res.Co., Inc., Ste.700,
2101 E. Jefferson Rockville,MD 20852) St.,
After 30 years distinguished of government service Wayne Reader Dr. T. retired 1988andjoinedVector in Research Inc. as Co., principal research scientist. continued Navy-sponsored He his anechoic materials research program. recruited talented He a research anddevelopment andestablishedstate-of-the-aR team a dynamic material evaluation laboratory. developed He unique experimental procedures evaluating for staticand dynamic properties viscoelastic of materials, extensive an material properties database, and
analytical computer programs predictacoustic to performance layeredmediaincluding of anechoic lining systems. continued He to seekeconomical solutions acoustic to quieting and won a competitive Navy procurement design to and installan innovative lining system a largeanechoic tank.Whilecontinuing workwith passive to test his voided polymers, began he exploring advantages the of composites containing discrete distributed and piezoelectric particles a polyurethane in medium.In addition his technical to work, WayneReader establishedworkingenvironment a whichmetnotonly hisinterests alsothecompany's theNavy'saswell. He but and attracted mentored and several young scientists continue workin thisfield. who to
2:05
2pSA4.The development 1-3 piezocomposite of materials large-area for actuator applications.Robert Ting (NavalRes. Y.
Lab., Underwater SoundReference Detachment, P.O. Box 568337, Orlando,FL 32856-8337}
One of the technicalsubjects which the late Dr. Wayne Readermadea significant to contribution recentyearswas the in development 1-3 piezoelectric of composite materials, whichconsist thin ceramicrodsalignedand embedded a polymeric of in matrix.The combination goodpiezoelectric of properties the potential low-cost and of manufacturing largeareacoverage for makes thisnewclass composite of materials attractive application largeareaactuators vibration for as in control. Some Dr. Reader's of work will be reviewed, the mostrecent and development new 1-3 piezocomposites he discussed. of will Special new fabrication methods andtheresulting material will be introduced. Acoustical propetxies these of newsamples havebeenevaluated a function pressure as of andtemperature some theresults he reported thispresentation. and of will in
2:25
2pSAS. History and status of working group S2-79 on the characterizationof the dynamic properties of vscoelastic polymers. BruceHartmann (PolymerSci. Group,Naval Surface WarfareCtr., 10901New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring,MD 20903-5640)
Recognizing long-standing a needfor standard materials calibrateacoustic to measurement equipment, WayneReaderinitiateda WorkingGroup with the title "Characterization the DynamicProperties Viscoelastic of of Polymers." The WorkingGroup was oganized underStandards Committee of the Acoustical S2 Society Americaandwasgiventhe designation of S2-79.The desirable qualities the materials for were:Readyavailability, wide rangeof acoustic properties, stablewith time,reproducible from lot to lot, andthermorhcologically simple. drewGroupmembers He fromgovernment, private industry, universities, in thiscountry and both and abroad. Underhisleadership, Working the Groupprogressed thepointthatits work is nearlycomplete. to This presentation give will an overviewof the resultsfrom variouslaboratories the most promising on candidates. Emphasis will he given to a high loss polyurethane, whichthe mostdatais available. contrast, for In datafor a low losspolyurethane be presented illustrate will to the
reasons it was eliminated as a standard.
2pSA6.A technique measuring reflectivity panels low frequencies high oblique for the of at and angles. J.J. Dlubac R. and J. ligan (Code721, Signatures Directorate, Cardcrock of theNavalSurface Div. Warfare Ctr.,Bethesda, 20084-5000) MD
Conventional short-pulse techniques measuring reflectivity acoustic for tbe of patrol; requlr*thattherfiectocl incident am] wawa
heseparatedtimesothattheirratiocanheestablished. technique limited moderate in This is to angles incidence, athighangles of since

the directandreflected wavesoverlap. interference An method investigated a way of makingreflectivity is as measurements high at
oblique angles. totalfield(incident reflected) anoblique The and near panel measured is relative theincident without panel. to field the The totalfield,whichdepends frequency angleof incidence well as thepanelmaterial, thenexamined manipulated on and as is and
to extractinformation the reflected on wave. The technique demonstrated is with datareduced steelplates. on
3:05-3:20
Break
3306
3308
Contributed Papers
4:05
2pSA7. The designand developmentof an anechoiclining system for the acoustic test facility at NUWC Newport. N. Scott Emery. LoisPcfia, Shami Satyapal, Ng, andDavidSauter (Vector Kin Res.Co., Inc., Ste. 700, 2101 E. Jefferson Rockville,MD 20852) St., During his yearsat VectorResearch Company, Inc., Dr. WayneT. Reader applied extensive his knowledge experience absorptive and in and decoupling coatings the designand development anechoic to of lining systems largeacoustic tanks. for test The resultof Dr. Reader's effortswas the awardof a competitive Navy procurement Vectorto designand to
2pSA10. The loss factor of beams with thick constrainedlayers. Joel Garrelick (Cambridge Acoust.Assoc., Inc., 200 BostonAve., Medford,MA 02155) A constrained beam, layer consisting a base of beam, viscoelastic layer, and cover plate, is analyzedwith each layer modeledusing the twodimensional equations viseoelasticity. (three) layers are "casof The caded,"enforcingappropriate equations continuity. shapefactor is of A
invoked to account for the effect of the beam's finite width on the dilata-
tionalwavespeed theconstrained of layer.Composite factors tirst loss are
install broad a frequency to 100 kHz) anechoic (1 liningsystem the in acoustic facility(ATF)andNUWC Newport. test Based Dr. Reader's on
designs concepts, prototype and a anechoic liningsystem theATF and for
defined solely thefreely for propagating (modified) flexural wave-number

component the response thenin termsof the overalldrive point of and response tbe beamto a mid-span of load.At low frequencies results are
NUWC Newport tested was successfully the full system be inand will stalled theSpring 1995.Background thedesign development in of on and of theliningsystem datafromprototype and testing be presented. will
3:35
compared values to obtained fromKerwin's [1959]classic layer thin

model. theother At end,highfrequency asymptotic limitsareobtained by viewingIhe constrained layeras beingsemi-infinite and/or"fuzzy."Finally,predictions compared measurements are to performed a steelon Nitrile-steel beam [Junget al., 1986]. et
2pSAS. Basic model for acousticreflectionand absorptionfrom

multilayered underwater, sound-attenuating composites, Donald
Brill (U.S. Naval Acad., Phys. Dept., Annapolis,MD 21402), Armando Santiago(NavalSurface Warfare Ctr.,Annapolis, 21402), MD
and GuillermoGaunaurd (Naval Surface WarfareCu-.,White Oak, MD 20903-5640)
4:20
To reduce backscattered acoustic echoes fromsubmerged elastic structures, these routinely are covered with viscoelastic sound-absorbing) {i.e, composite multilayers. This old and well-studied area is revisited and a basic, simple, analytical modelto predict how these composites behave whentested presented. multilayer is The can haveN layersof homogeneons(or inhomogeneous) materials with differentelastic/viseoelastic properties, bonded eachother,andthe whole,to a backing all to (metal) plate.The structure fluid-loaded is and externallyexcitedwith plane, monochromatic sound waves. havedeveloped "propagator We a matrix"
approach that yieldsthe reflected, transmitted, absorbed and wavesfrom
2pSAll. Resultsof recent development measureand analyzethe to dynamic propertiesof materials. Ahid Nashif (Roush Anatrol,935 Benecia Ave.,Sunnyvale, 94086) CA Although vibrating the beam technique beenwidelyused demhas and onstrated be an effective to technique measuring dynamic for the propertiesof materials, hasits own limitations. it This is because present the analysis usesthe fourth-order beamequations whichdo not adequately handle boundary the conditions the testspecimens of especially the for
fundamental mode of vibration. Becauseof that, measurements the first on
and sometimes the second modes of vibration have been omitted which
the structure a product the N transfer as of matrices the layers. of The approach computerized usedto evaluate plot the reflectivity is and and and/or absorptivity thestructure a function frequency pertinent of as of for (often complex) values thelayers' of material parameters thicknesses. and The predictions experimentally are verifiedfor selected cases test (i.e.,
N= 2,3), andtheenhancement the echo-reduction of plotsat the resonance frequencies thelayersis noted. of Additional complexities be handled can
limitsthefrequency rangewhere measurements be made. overcould To comesuchlimitations, new approach a usingfiniteelement analysis has beendeveloped compute dynamic to the properties materials several of for modes vibration, of including lowerones. the This analysis suited is for eitherextensional shear or deformation, depending thegeometry the on of specimen. Results using analysis compute dynamic of this to the properties of thevarious proposed materials the S2WG79standard be prefor will
sented and discussed.
in a straightforward fashion. [Workpartially supported theIL-IR Proby gramof theCDNSWC.]

4:35
3:50
2pSA9. Dynamic mechanicalanalysisASTM/ISO.
JamesS. Peraro
2pSAI2. Flow-inducedself-noise a sphericalsensor, AndrewR. on Jones GeraldC. Lauchlc (Graduate and Program Acoust. Appl. in and
{Himont USA,912Appleton Elkton, Rd, MD 21921) Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA} is used characterize beto the
haviorof a varietyof materials. development the methodology The of for conducting thesetestsis the responsibility AS'I'M D20.10.15 on dyof namicmechanical properties. Similaractivities conducted ISO under are in the jurisdiction subcommitte The test methods of #2. beingdeveloped covera broadrangeof responses (temperature, frequency, time) as and wellasstress states (i.e.,tensile, bending, shear, compression). and Instrumentshavebeendeveloped whichhavegreatlysimplified measurethe mentof dynamicmechanical properties. The useof advanced computers andmicroprocessors improved and computer programs, properly to digest
this information,have increased demandfor more sophisticated the test results. The easeof developing testdatahasresulted DMA beinga this in
Res.Lab.,Penn State Univ.,P.O.Box30, State College, 16804) PA

An experimental effortto characterize low Reynolds the number flowinduced self-noise a spherically on shaped inertialsensor operating underwateris described. transducer a smallgeophone The is encased a sphere, in 76.2 mm in diameter. The sphereitself is cast from a 4:1 by volumeof polystyrene microballons epoxyresin,whichyieldsa slightlynegaand tively buoyantbluff body that is capable sensing of weak fluctuations in velocitysuchas those resulting from acoustic disturbances. Whensucha sensor usedin oceanenvironments, spurious is a self-noise signaloftentimesexistsdue to low velocitycurrents. The research described this in paper quantifies flow-induced this noisesignal a function the sphere as of diameterReynoldsnumber(O<Red<20000) and it is found that the broadband to 1000Hz) flow-induced (10 signal dueto theturbulent is flow structures shedby the sphere. V'ually no broadband noiseis produced whentheReynolds number subcritical theshed is and vortices laminar. are [Worksupported NavalAir Warfare by Center, Warminster, under PA ONR contract.]
requirement material in characterization specifications. demand and The of the globalmarketfor this information has increased interest both the of ASTM and ISO members developstandardized methods conto test for ductingand reportingDMA testdata.
3307
3307
GRAND BALLROOM SOUTH, 1:15 TO 5:00 P.M.
Session 2pSC
SpeechCommunication: Cross-ModalIntegration and SpeechPerception

LynneE. Bernstein, Cochair Center Auditoryand Speech for Sciences, GallaudetUniversity, Washington, 20002 DC
Kenneth W. Grant, Coehair
WalterReedArmyMedical Center, ArmyAudiology and Speech Center, Washington, 20307-5001 DC

Chair's lntroductionl:15
Invited Papers
1:25
2pSCl. Speechreading aids basedon automaticspeechrecognition: Prospects the automaticgenerationof cued speech. for L. D. Braida, M. Uchanski, L. A. Delhome (Res.Lab. of Electron., R. and MIT, Cambridge, 02139) MA
Currentprogress the development automatic in of speech recognition (ASR) systems may soonpermitdiscrete symbolic
speechreading supplements be derivedfrom the speech to signal.Suchsupplements couldbe similarto thoseusedin manual cued speech, whichthetalkeruses in discrete hand positions shapes provide and to distinctions between constanls vowels areoften and that confused speechreading. in Highlytrained receivers manual of cuedspeech achieve can nearly perfect reception everyday of connected speech materials normal at speaking ratesthrough visualsense the alone. understand accuracy mightbe achieved To the that with automatically generated cues,we measured how well trainedspectrogram readers and an automatic speech recognizer couldassign cuesfor various cue systems. modelof audiovisual A integration then appliedto thesemeasurements data on human was and recognition consonant vowelsegments speechreading published. analysis of and via was This suggests with cuesderived that from current recognizers, consonant vowelsegments be received and can with accuracies excess 80%, roughly in of equivalent the to segment reception accuracy required account observed to for levelsof manual cuedspeech reception. provide To guidance the for development automatic of cueingsystems, describe we techniques determining for optimum cue groups a givenrecognizer for and speechreader, estimate cueing and the performance mightbe achieved theperformance current that if of recognizers wereimproved.
1:55
2pSC2.Measures auditory-visual of inlegration. KenW. Grant,John Clay,andBrianE. Walden (WalterReedArmyMed. Ctr., L. Army Audinl.andSpeech Ctr., Washington, 20307-5001) DC The easiestand most effectiveway to improvespeech recognition hearing-impaired for individuals, for normal-heating or individuals listening noisyor reverberant in environments, to havethemwatchthe talker'sface.Auditory-visual is (AV) speech recognition beenshown has consistently be better to thaneitherhearing alone speechreading for all butthemost or alone profoundly hearing-impaired individuals. WhenAV recognition lessthanperfect, is several factors needto he considered. mostobvious The of
these poor are auditory andpoor (A) visual speech (V) recognition However, when skills. even differencesunimodal levels in skill are
takenintoaccount, differences among individual recognition AV scores persist. leastpartof these At individual differences he may attributable differing to abilities integrate andV cues. to A Unfortunately, is nowidelyaceepted there measure AV integration of ability. Recent models AV integration of offera quantitative means estimating for individual integration abilities phoneme for recognition. In thisstudy, compare we several possible integration measures, alongwith model predictions, using bothcongruent diserepant and AV phoneme sentence and recognition tasks. focus thistalk will address needfor independent The of the measures AV integration of for individual subjects. [Worksupported NIH GrantDC00792.] by
2:15
2pSC3.Perceiving talkingfaces. Dominic Massaro MichaelM. Cohen (Dept.of Psychol., W. and Univ.of California. Santa Cruz,
Santa Cruz, CA 95064)
Speech perception been has studied extensively thelastdecades. hasbeen in It learned people manysources information that use of in perceiving understanding and speech. Thistalkfocuses theimportant on contribution visibleinformation of givenin thetalker'sface in face-to-face communication. This visible speech particularly is helpful when the auditoryspeech degraded is due to noise, bandwidth filtering, hearing or impairment. Although influence visiblespeech substantial the of is whenauditory speech degraded, is visiblespeech contributes performance also to evenwhenpairedwith intelligible speech sounds. importance visiblespeech The of is mostdirocfiy observed whenconflicting visiblespeech presented intelligible is with auditory speech. Thesestudies a synthetic use
talking faceto achieve control overthevisible speech to study and those visible aspects areinformative. talking that The head be can heard, communicates paralinguisticwellaslinguistic as information, is controlled a text-to-speech and by system. fuzzylogical A
model perception of (FLMP) been has shown provide accurate to an descriptionhowpeople of evaluate integrate and audible and
visible speech a broad in range experimental of studies. Demonstrations talking of the head various and psychological phenomena will be provided. [Worksupported NIDCD.] by
3308
J. Acoust. Soc.Am.,Vol.97, No. 5, . 2, May 1995
129thMeeting: Acoustical Sociely America of
3308
2:45-3:00
Break
3:00
2pSC4.A neural basis the synthesis sound,sight,and touch. BarryE. Stein (Dept.NeurobioL Anat. Bowman for of & Gray
Schoolof Medicine,Wake ForestUniv., Winston-Salem, 27157-1010) NC
That visualcuesaffectspeech perception beenknownfor sometime,but is only onepartof the muchbroader has phenomenon of cross-modal integration. fundamental This chardcteristic theCNS hasa profound of influence perception behavior is on and and evident onlyin speech not perception, in thefacilitated but detection, identification, reaction combinations concordant and to of cues fromdifferent modalities, in thestriking and perceptual anomalies canoccur that whenthese cues discordant. are Understanding the mechanisms whichthese by functions achieved are requires fundamental a knowledge the neural of bases multisensory of integration; specifically, circuitsinvolvedand the principles which such"multisensory" the by neurons synthesize their convergent sensory information. Perhaps bestknownsite of multisensory the convergence the superior is colliculus, midbrain a structure involvedin attentive orientation and functions. spatial, The temporal, receptive and field characteristics its constituent of multisensory neurons serve anexcellent as model understanding neural for the principles multisensory of integration throughout CNS andfor predicting the over behavior. will be these It multisensory circuits, neural the ptinciples whichtheyaffectmultisensory by integration, theimpact and of thisintegration over behavior on whichwill be emphasized thisdiscussion. in
3:35
2pSC5.Cross-modal perception: Similarities and communalities. Lawrence Marks (John Pierce E. B. Lab.andYaleUniv.,290 Congress Ave.,New Haven, 06519) CT Cross-modal perception encompasses distinct two domains. One domain consists thoseobjects, of events, environmental or conditions (e.g.,phoneroes, shapes objects, of locations space time) about in or whichdifferent sensory modalities provide can common information; other the domain consists dimensions qualities perceptual of or of experience different in modalities bear that a perceptual similarity itself that need reflect communality theenvironment between not any in (e.g., greater auditory pitch greater and visualbrightness). Cross-modal relations pervade perception, theyarereadily and determined through several psychophysical paradigms, including measures perceptual of equivalence between stimuli presented different to modalifes (cross-modal matches); measures cross-modal of similarity, assessed multidimensional by scaling; measures cross-modal and of interactions response in speed and accuracy during stimulus classification. Although manycross-modal relations grounded perceptual are in similarities environmental or communalities, interactions theprocessing stimulipresented different in of to senses readilybe modulated language, can can by and
also depend semantic on recoding. [Work supported NIH Grant by DC00271.]
4:05
2pSC6.Unisensory multisensory and convergence a phonetotopic in register. Robert Remez (Dept.of Psychol., E. Barnard College, 3009Broadway, New York,NY 10027) Descriptive studies havenoted speech that perception inelutably is multisensorythelistener hearandseethetalker. such if can In cases, resolution linguistic the of attributes occurs combining by auditory visualinflowratherthanby phonetic and analyses each in modality before convergence. Because subjects readilyacquire onanticipated proficiency haptieandauditory in integration, some researchers conceptualized have speech perception a multisensory as means detecting talker's of a phonetic production, independent
of memorized sensory prototypes. These findings motivateddefinition theproblem sensory have a of of convergenceterms are in that literally multisensory: doauditory visual haptic How and and afferents coalesce? Recent studies perceptual of organizationa speech in mode present contrasting based a phenomenononimodal a view, on of convergencespeech in perception. thisresearch In employing tonal analogs speech of signals, phonetic perception occurs auditory if constituents cohere. Failure convergencethisempirical of in paradigm equalto failureof phonetic is perception. Togetbe, Ibesestudies suggest integration sensory that of attributes speech in perceptionequivalent is across changes domain, in fromuni-to multisensory, wmxants account convergence is general and an of that overchanges thescale thesensory in of projection. [WorksuppoRed NIDCD.] by
4:35-5:00
DISCUSSION
3309
J. Acoust. Soc.Am.,Vol.97. No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995
3309
MEETING ROOMS 10, 11, 1:15 TO 5:00 P.M.
Session 2pSP
SignalProcessing Acoustics: in WaveletAnalysis Techniques Applications and H

David I. Havelock, Chair National Research Council, IMS/ASP, M36 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A OR6, Canada
Invited Papers
1:15
2pSPI.A wavelet auditory model noise and suppression. Anthony Teolis (Naval Res. Lab., 4555Overlook S.W., Ave., Bldg. 210.
Washington, 20375-5000) DC
Basedon a waveletauditory model(WAM) of the mammalian auditory system. discrete time-scale representations acoustic of
signals which inherently are robust "noise" to emerge. model The consists thetwomainprocesses(i) a "continuous" of of wavelet transform a causal with analyzing wavelet determined a "shark-fin"-shaped by frequency response (cooblear filter), (ii) a specific and andsignal-dependent sampling the wavelet of transform. general protein samples thewavelet In the of in domain irregular is and determined lowerfrequencies activity higher at by at frequencies. analyzing model terms the theory mathematical By the in of of
frames, is shownthat acoustic it signals may be fully recovered from theirWAM representation through iterative reconstruction algorithms. Noise thought asthatportion anacoustic is of of signal which "incoherent" respect theunderlying is with to WAM frame functions. Because coherent energy highly is localized incoherent and (noise) energy necessarily is scattered thetime-scale in plane by theWAM frame representation, wavelet shrinkage techniques provide powerful algorithms noise for suppression. Several numerical examples thenoise of suppression abilities these of algorithms presented thepaper. are in
1:45
2pSP2.Adaptive waveletcollocation methodsand wave propagation. Wei Cai (Dept.of Math., Univ. of California, Santa Barbara, 93106) CA
An adaptive waveleteollocation method the initial valueboundary for problem nonlinear of PDE's is studied. The collocation
method based a cubic is on spline wavelet decomposition $obolev forthe space Ho(l}, where isa bounded I interval. Based a on
special "point-wise orthogonality" thewavelet of basis functions,fastdiscrete a wavelet transform (DWT) is constructed. DWT This transform mapdiscrete will samples a function itswavelet of to expansion coefficients O(N logN) operations. issue efficient in The of
data structure the waveletcollocation for methods will also be discussed. Numericalresultsfor variousPDE's including wave propagation be presented. will
Contributed Papers
2:15
2pSP3. Exploratory wavelet transform analysisof seismoacoustic data, Randall Smith,Steven Stotts, Robert Koch (Appl. W. A. and A.
Res. Labs.,Univ. of Texas,P.O. Box 8029, Austin,TX 78713-8029)
The one-dimensional continuouswavelet transformis applied to the
analysis seismoaeoustie The dataconsist received of data. of signals, due to an impulsivesource,measured a triaxial seismometer. wavelet by The transform provides time-frequency a decomImition the signal.whichin of turn yields information aboutdispersion and arrival timesof the various propagation modes. primary The goalof theanalysis to explore is methods for extracting information fromthetime-frequency representation. use The of the wavelettransform be complemented modeling will by effort. In particular, differentmodesof propagation. the estimating geoacoustic parameters, localizing source and the will be identified analyzed. and
seafloor. These transfer functions werethenexpanded damped onto complex exponential waveletbases. thiscasea discrete In implementation of the continuous wavelet wansform was used.This lechniqueallowedthe signals decomposed distinct be into modes localizing by signal component energiesin time and frequency. Modal featureswere then analyzedfor cluesto the physicalmakeupof the seafloor. Techniques were developed for extracting modalfeatures from the waveletsignalexpansions. These modal featuresincludemodal densities, centerfrequencies. bandwidths. duration, andmostimportantly. decayrates.The modalfeatures were analyzedfor cluesto the physical rnalup of the seabottom. Available informationwasexploited invertfor internal to sediment structure. particularly sediment density the presence trapped and of bubbles. Feature-based bot-
tom maps weregenerated allowing classification the seafloor. of [Work supported NRISSC under MTEDS program.] by the
2:45
2pSP4. Wavelet applications to bottom sediment classification-
2pSPS. Signal de, noisingusing matching pursuits. Wade Trappe (Appl. Res.Labs.and Dept. of Math., Univ. of Texas.P.O. Box 8029,
Austin,TX 78713-8029)
Russell Pfiebe, Nicholas Chotiros (Appl.Res.Labs.,Univ. of Texas, E Austin,TX 78713-8029), Donald1. Walter,and Douglas Lambert N. (NavalRes.Lab.,$tennis Space Center. 39529) MS
Wavelet signal decomposition techniques applied fathometer to echoes
were used for seafloor classification. Fathometer echoes were deconvolved
with theirsource signals yield transfer to functions representative the of
This paperwill examinein brevitythe matching pursuitalgorithm pro by MallatandZhang which yields adaptive an signal decomposition maybeused derive phase that to a plane representation signal. of a Matching pursuits closely is related wavelet to analysis maybe conand sidered superset wavelet a of multiresolution analysis. methodology A for
3310
J. Acoust. Sec.Am., Vol.97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995
129thMeeting: Acoustical Socielyof America
3310
coherent feature extraction, denoising, or usingmatching pursuits be will developed explained. and Acoustic signals derived fromspeech music and will beexamined. Synthetic whitenoiseandacoustic noisewill be injected andmatching pursuits be used attempt remove will to to noise fromthese
signals.
4:00
2pSP9.Equal-likelihood decision makingwith limited information.

Richard Pitre (NavalRes.Lab.,Washington, 20375-5350) DC
Performance measures are examined for a detector-estimator based on
anequal-likelihood probability signal model R. Davis R. Pitre, IN. and J.

Acoust. Soc.Am. 97, 978-992 and993-1005 (1995)].With limitedinte3:00
gration timeandSNR,detection parameter and estimation analysis based solelyon estimation cumulants incomplete. of is Conventional performance measures pfa anduncertainty like measures ascost such uncertainty and decision information lossare examined a function integration as of
2pSP6. Noise isolationand reductionusingspline wavelets. Phillip L. Ainsleigh (Naval Res. Lab., Underwater Sound Reference Detachment, Orlando, 32856-8337) FL and Charles Chui (Texas & K. A
timeandestimation resolution. [Worksponsored ONR(NRL).] by
M Univ.,College Station, 77843-3368) TX

A technique introduced removing is for unwanted components from datausing B-spline-based multiresolution (B-wavelet) analysis. time The
andfrequency localization capabilities wavelets of allow two advantages overstandard filtering methods: better (1) noise detection arising fromthe ability to isolatenoisy components wavelet bandswhere the signal in
4:15
energy smallrelative the noise is to energy, (2) lesssignal and lossby selectively filtering onlythose segments withinwavelet bands containing unwanted noise. The procedure usedto remove is impulsive noise from timeseries, toeliminate and multipath interference frequency from domain
data.
2pSPI0. Effect of ergodicity failure on detection performance prediction. George Ioup (Dept.of Phys., E. Univ.of New Orleans, New Orleans,LA 70148), Lisa A. Pfiug (Naval Res. Lab., Stennis Space Center, 39529),and Juliette Ioup (Univ.of New Orleans, MS W. New
Orleans,LA 70148) Formulas based the noisevariance thefirstfour signalmoments on and
3:15
2pSP7. A method of analysisof acousticemission signalsdue o leakageby wavelettransform. Q.M. Chen,Y. S. Ho, andT. P. Leung (Dept.of Mech.andMarineEng.,The HongKongPolytechnic Univ.,
topredict performancetheminimum the at detectable of ordinary level and higherordercorrelation central ordinate threshold detectors havebeen derived, passive The prediction formulas havebeenreported will be and published. active The prediction results havealsobeen presented. These prediction formulas agree remarkably with computer-based well Monte
Carlo simulations. breakdown the agreement beenobserved A in has for simulations containing smallnumber sample a of points--intheobservationwindow thepassive andin thesignal theactive for case for case. This
Hung Hom,Kowloon, HongKong)

In thetestof continual acoustic emission to leakage, rmswas due the
used evaluate energy AE signals. to the of However, valueof rms the strongly relates measuring to conditions, including sensitivity sensor, of mounting pressure, setting amplification, Detecting etc. points sharp of
variation AE signals wavelet of by transform evaluate to leakage exis ploredin this paper. The parameter evaluating leakage sample is zerocrossing counts wavelet of transform eachscale. at Based the sharp on variation AE signals of instead amplitude, of this methodis robustto measuring conditions. experimental The results obtained under different
testconditions demonstrates applicability the method. the of
breakdown betraced theinapplicabilitytheergodicity can to of assumption forvarious averages a small time over number sample of points, since key steps thederivations in contain interchangeexpectations sumthe of and mations nonlinear for terms. Smallsample number timeaverages to lead
correlation centralordinate valueprobability density functions whichare non-Gaussian. Prediction errorsin the formulas greatas 2 dB are obas served simulations 32 sample for with points. These errors decrease the as number sample of points increased. passive active is Both and examples
aregiven. [Research supported ONR/NRL-SSC.] by
4:30
3:30-3:45
Break
2pSPll. Frequency normalized leakage correction technique.Casey
R. Winkel, Kenton Shipley, G. Vaidya, TimA. Doughty A. a)P. and b)

(Dept. Mech.andMater. of Eng.,Washington Univ.,Pullman, State WA
3:45
99164)
2pSPS.Designof M-sequences a shallowwater transmission for experiment. S.E. Forsythc (Underwater Sound Reference Detachment, Naval Res. Lab., P.O. Box 568337, Orlando,FL 32856-8337)and
Mohsen Badicy(Office Naval of Res., Arlington, 22217-5660) VA

Narrow-band signals centered frequencies at from 600 Hz to 7 kHz were transmitted a fixedprojector a fixedhydrophone located from to array 200 m awayaspartof theshallow water acoustic/geologic experiments at
theNewJersey Atlantic Generating Station Site.Boththeprojector and hydrophone werefixed2 m off theocean array floorin roughly m of 15 water. The signals wereGaussian pulsesI m in widthmodulated by weighted binarymaximallengthsequences (M-sequences). These
Leakage a problem nearly aspects signal is in all of processing, especially when FFTisinvolved. the Leakage theform wide takes of frequency spikes to a "spilling due over" information of across frequency and bins occurs most often when sampling the frequency notan integer is multiple of thebase frequency. leakage The correction method presented subhere stantially reduces problem. method this The resamples original the time domain datawithinspecified limits.A frequency errormeasurement is taken each for sampling within defined rate the limits. minimum The frequency erroris recorded along withthefundamental frequency the of
record. Thismethod resamples entiresignal record a timewith the one at a linear interpolator. Nyquist criteria must satisfied all times valibe at to datethe useof thelinearinterpolation. Nyquist criteria satisfied the is if
M-sequences designed increase were to effective signal-to-noise ratio

while retainingthe time/space discrimination the original Gaussian of
sampling is at leasttwiceas largeas thehighest rate frequency the in

signal. The resampled datamustsatisfythreeconditions eliminateleakto
pulse. pulse The width narrow was enough allowseparationcompoto of nent arrivals (e.g.,direct bottom and reflection). design A method preis
sented that allowssimultaneous control frequency- time-domain of and content thetransmitted of signal. Examples recovery thetransmitted of of
age. 2 points period. Integer (1) per (2) number periods record. of per (3)
Satisfy Nyquist criteria. The method heresatisfies these conditions and results enhanced domain in time data.a)Now MartinMarietta, at Knolls
Atomic Power Labs, Schenectady,blNow Dept. Mech. NY. at of Eng.,

PurdueUniv., WestLafayette,IN.
signals theirmultipath and information presented. are
3311
3311
4:4
2pSP12.A study of the effectivepropertiesof complexscatterers usingmultiresolut'on decomposition. B.Z. Steinberg(Univ.of Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel) and J. J. McCoy (CatholicUniv. of
America, Washington, 20064) DC

Complexity thecontext radiation scattering waves be in of and of can
intuitivelyperceived the analytical as and computational difficulties enoountered whena radiating system interacts with a mediumor a scatterer that are described a wide rangeof lengthscales. on The wavelength , constitutes physically a motivated discriminator the variouslength of scales pertaining a timeharmonic to scattering problem. is convenient It to
referto the lengthscales the orderof k andaboveas the macroscales, of andto the lengthscales muchsmallerthan, as the microscales. comA plexityfrequently encountered scattering in problems theonecharacteris ized by a microscale heterogeneity occupies that domains space in measured on the macroscale. new formulation,tuned to govern the A macroscale response component, beenpresented several has in recentpapers.This formulation sufficient estimating radiation a sound is for the of field into the far-fieldof a surrounding fluid.In thispresentation conwe centrateon the formulation's implications. The questions addressed are: What type of microscale beterogeneity no footprintin macroscale has response measures? What classes microscaleheterogeneity of have an
identicalfootprintin macroscale response measures?
WEDNESDAY
AFTERNOON,
31 MAY 1995
CONGRESSIONAL
HALL B, 1:15 TO 4:15 P.M.
Session2pUW
UnderwaterAcoustics: Propagation(PosterSession)
Richard B. Evans, Chair
Science Applications InternationalCorporation, Shaw Cove,Suite203, New London,Connecticut #2 06320
Contributed Papers
All posters will be on displayfrom 1:15 to 4:15 p.m. To allow contributors opportunity seeotherposters, an to contributors of odd-numbered papers will be at their posters from 1:15to 2:45 p.m. andcontributors even-numbered of papers will be at theirposters from 2:45 to 4:15 p.m.
2pUWI. The status of Naval underwater acousticmodeling. Paul C. Etter (P.O. Box 5622, Rockville,MD 20855-5622)
Resultsfrom a surveyof recentdevelopments Naval underwater in acoustic modeling compared are with thoseof two previous surveys conducted 8-yearintervals C. EtterandR. S. Flure,Sr.,J. Acoust. at [P. Sec. Am. Suppl. 65, S42(1979);P.C. Etter, Acoust. l J. Soc. Am. Suppl.i 82,
S102(1987)].All surveys cover basic acoustic models sonar and performance models. Basicacoustic models include propagation, noise,andreverbemtionmodels.Sonar performance modelsintegratebasic acoustic models, signal processing models supporting and databases cohesive into operating systems organized solvethe activeor passive to sonar equations [P.C. Etter,Underwater Acoustic Modeling (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1991);
is studied terms theensemble-averaged in of two-point coherence function andthe equation governing coherence the function derived. orderto is In insure energy conservation whenthe generalized modalfieldequations are simplified, parabolic the approximation replaced a methodwhich is by includes both forwardand backward propagating fields.The two-point coherence functionis expressed the sumoverbothself-modal crossas and modal coherence functions. difference The between equations the governing the self-modalcoherence functionsand the cross-modal coherence functions considered. numerical is A example whichusestypicalshallow waterparameters presented. is Figures portray howthemode energies are
transferred between modes the acoustical propagates. the as field [This workwaspartially supported ONR.] by
2pUW3. Investigation of three-dimensionalbathymetric refraction using laboratory scale modeling. Stewart A. L. Glegg, Anthony LaVigne,andJoseph Riley (Ctr. ForAcoust. Vib., FloridaAtlantic M. & Univ., Dept. of OceanEng.,BocaRaton,FL 33431)
2rided.(Chapman Hall, 1995)].Summary & tables identify highlight and

noteworthy characteristics 83 propagation of models, noisemodels,14 15 revet'oeration models, and 14 sonarperformance models. Thesesurveys provide retrospective a view of modeling developments the pasttwo over
decades and document a 160% increase in the number of models that are
now availablefor applications sonartechnology. in This updated baseline
alsosuggests futuredirections Naval modeling an em of defense for in

conversion includingnew applications oceanographic in research. 2pUW2. Combined volume and surface scatteringin a channel using
Experimental measurements been have carried to identifytheeffect out

of bathymetryon three-dimensional underwater,sound propsgallon.The
measurements have been conducted over a 1/10 000th scale model of the
a modalformulation. Shimshon Frankenthal M. J. Beton (Dept.of and

Elec. Eng., CatholicUniv. of America,CardinalStation,Washington, DC 64)
Santa LuciaEscarpment thecoast California. off of Experiments measured thebearing errorobtained locating source in a witha horizontal array line using phase-wave a beamformer. results thisexperiment The of demonstrated significant variations the measured in bearing error.Differences in
the detected bearingof the variations beamformer and the actualsource
In previous work,a modalapproach used study was to random volume scattering a shallow in channel J. Beran S. Frankenthal, Acousl. [M. and J.
$oc.Am. 91, 3203-3211(1992)].Here,thewayto include effects the of

a roughchannel surface the formulation shown. includethe effects in is To of a roughsurface, modes takento be dependent therangeand the are on transverse coordinates addition the depthcoordinate. propagation in to The
location wereaslarge 18 deg,withthemagnitude these as of errors being a function bearing andsource of line frequency. analytical An solution of theacoustic in a shear field supporting wedge using method images the of hasbeenused approximate results thebearing to the of errorexperiment. Comparison experiment theory of and shows same the effects withbeating errors thesame of magnitude. [Worksupported ONR.] by
3312
3312
2pUW4. Modeling range-dependent propagation using trapped and
2pUW7. Fluctuations of high-frequencyacoustic pulses in shallow
leaky wedge modes. John Fawcett (SACLANTUndersea Ca'., A. Res. Viale San Banolomeo,400, 19038 La Spezia, Italy), Evan K. Westwood (Appl. Res.Labs.,Univ. of Texas, Austin,TX 78713-8029), and Christopher Tindie (Univ.of Auckland, T. Auckland, NewZealand)
The useof coupled wedgemodes modeling in range-dependent underwateracoustic propagation beenpreviously has described Primackand by Gilbert[H. Primack K. E. Gilbert,J. Acoust. and Soc.Am. 90, 3254-3262
waler. MarciaA. Wilson (Naval Res.Lab., Code7174, Bldg. 1005, Steanis Space Center, 39529) MS
High-frequency acoustic propagation scattering and experiments were conducted nearPanama City, FL, in August 1991 and 1993,and in of
Eckemforde Bay,Germany May 1993.The Panama in City sitehasa hard sand bottom, thebottom Eckernforde is softmud.Environmenbut of Bay tal measurements were madein conjunction with acoustic measurements. The waterdepth bothsites at wasapproximately m. The sources the 30 and
receiverarrayswere mounted to 8 m from the bottomand wereseparated 6 by about90 m. A bottom reflected signalwasdetected Panama in City, and in some cases,in Germany.The sofl mud bottom of EckemfordeBay, however,absorbed mostof the energydirectedtowardit. Data from pulses 1.0 ms in length,at l-s intervals, will be shownfor frequencies from20 to
180 kHz. Means, standarddeviations, and coefficients of variation of 100
(1991)]. Theirapproach been has extended using by leakymodes, adin

dition to the trapped ones,in wedgemodecomputations. Trappedmodes decayexponentially the basement correspond, termsof rays,to in and in angles propagation of whichare totallyinternally reflected abovethe basement interface;leaky modesarc not well behavedin the basement, but providean exeellenldiscrete approximation the continuous to spectrum contribution the watercolumn.Because in leaky modesare includedin the computations, is possible modelaccurately it to shallowwater environmentswhere trapped/leaky mode conversions important.Within a are singlewedgedomain,adiabatic wedgemodetheoryis usedfor computations;at wedgejunctures, least-squares a modecouplingschemeis employed. Numerical examples wheretheresults thecoupled of wedge mode method compared parabolic are to equation standard and adiabatic mode computations presented. are 2pUW5. Accuracy of parabolic approximationsfor travel time. F.
or 150pulses eachfrequency for characterize scales temporal two of variabilityin the data.Data from several the receiving of hydrophones are compared. Spatialvariabilityis shownandrelatedto modeled and mea-
sured changes thesound in velocity profile. [Work supported theOffice by

of NavalResearch.]
2pUWg. Jovian acoustics: Short-rangeobservationand long-range prediction, MichaelD. Collins, Edward B. McDonald (NavalRes.Lab., Washington, 20375), W.A. Kuperman(Scripps DC Inst.of Oceanogr., La Jolla, 92093),and WilliamL. Siegmann(Rensselaer CA Polytechnic Inst.,Troy,NY 121g0)
D. Tappert M. G. Brown (Appl.MarinePhys., and Univ.Miami,RSMAS,

4600 Rickenbacker Cswy.,Miami, FL 33149)
Many differentfull-waveparabolic approximations analyzed are with regardto the accuracy their travel time predictions considering of by the geometrical acoustic (ray tracing)limit. The two small parameters are
Waves wereobserved propagating the stratosphere .Iupiter in of near

the impactsitesof several the fragments CometShoemaker-Levy of of 9. Concentric ringsappearing Hubble SpaceTelescope in imageshave tentativelybeenidentified gravityandacoustic as waves based theirhorion zontalgroupspeeds 450 and900 m/s.Interpreting images comof the is plicated the fact thatthe outerring is located by amidstthe debris the of collapsed fireball.Sincethe fireballrosebackthrough obliquely the orientedpathof the incoming fragment, debrisfield is asymmetric the and offsetfromthe impactsite.It is therefore unlikelythattheouterring is part of the debris. wavesare observed from the impact If far sites,theymight
e=(l -n2)12 tz=p212, and where isthe n depth range-dependent and index
of refraction p is a scaled grazingangle.By expanding exact and ray the and approximate Hamiltouianand Langrangian functions powersof in and/, which tendto havethe sameorderof magnitude, is foundthat it among class parabolic the of approximations canbe implemented that with the efficient "split-stepFourier" algorithmonly the recentlydeveloped
ca-insensitive approximation [Tappert el., J. Acoust. et Soc.Am., to be published[ full second-order has accuracy. highlytouted"modified The
log"parabolic approximationgerman al. [J.Acoust. Am. 86, of et Soc. 228-2330989)] has onlyfirst-order accuracy, same the"standard" the as parabolic approximation, furthermore hasa second-order toand it bias
wardtimesthataretooearly.Numerical calculations confirm quantify and
provide new information about the Jovian atmosphere. threeA

dimensional adiabatic modesolution predicts that the Jovianzonal winds cause horizontal caustics form to the eastand westof the impactsites to
these results. [Work supported ONR.] by

2pUW6. Acousticinteraction with a propagatinginternal soliton wave packetin shallowwater. MichaelK. Broadhead(Code7173, NavalRes.Lab., Stennis Space Center, MS 39529-5004)
One-wayoceanacoustic propagation throughshallowwater internal waveswas numerically simulated, wherethe oceanographic modelconsistedof a two-layerdensity/temperature stratifiedfluid overlyingfiat bathymetry. sufficiently For smallamplitudes a lossless in medium, shal-
about h afterimpact. adiabatic 10 An mode solution also has been derived for gravity waves, whichexhibit similar horizontal caustics. Although the
acoustic gravitywaveequations drastically and are different, horizontal the waveequations the modecoefficients identical. for are 2pUW9, Three-dimensional acousticpropagationin a waveguideof variablethickness. Robert Coury,WilliamL. Siegmann (Rensselaer A. Polytechnic Inst., Troy, NY 12180-3590),and Michael D. Collins (NavalRes.Lab.,Washington, 20375) DC
lowwaterinternal waves governed theKorteweg-de are by Vries(KdV) equation, which possesses solitoh solutions. finite A difference scheme was
usedto numerically time evolve initial conditions, detailsof which the determine number properties thesolitoh the and of events emerge. that The internalwaves(in a center-of-mass frame) were introduced throughthe index refraction theacoustic of in waveequation. Range-dependent normal
The parabolic equation (PE) method proven be an efficient has to

method solvingrange-dependent for oceanacoustics problems. Recently an extension beenmadeto handletwo-dimensional has waveguides of varyingthickness. This type of modeling necessary is when the upper boundary thewaveguide allowed change, for example propaof is to as in gation a beach in anocean up or witha gradually undulating surface. The adiabatic modePE is another extension that hasbeendeveloped solve to
modeandPE models wereusedto compute transaction-loss various for frequencies Hz-10 kHz), for different (100 times during solitoh the wave packet evolution, for different and initialconditions. lowerfrequenFor
cies, refraction effects caused an increase in the IlleRtl TL level due to
globalscale, three-dimensional propagation problems. thispaper, In the

three-dimensional adiabatic modePE is extended handle to problems involving a gradualrangedependence the overall thickness the wavein of
increased bottominteraction, while for higherfrequencies, predomithe nanteffectwasspatial/temporal fiuetuafions theenhancement surand of
faceductpropagation. Dispersive terms existfor all but special initial

conditions, theiramplitudes but weregenerally low to be significant. too
guide. The modified adiabatic hasseveral PE applications. relatively On smallscales, maybe applied solve it to three-dimensional acoustics beach problems to model or diffraction an island. mayalsobe applied by It to solveglobal-scale seismoacoustic problems whichtopography the in on
[Supported Office NavalResearch NavalResearch by of and Laboratory.]

3313 J. Acousl.Soc.Am., Vol.97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May ! 995
continents a significant [Work plays role. supported ONR.] by

129thMeeting: Acoustical Societyof America 3313
2pUWI0. Global-scale acousticmodding in an ocean overlying rustic bathymetry.Gregory On-is, J. Michael Collins (U.S.Naval D. Res. Lab., Washington, 20375), GrantDeane (Scripps DC Inst. of Oceanogr., Univ.of California, Diego,La Jolla,CA 92093),and San MichaelB. Porter (New Jersey Inst. of Taehnol., University Heights,
Newark, NJ 07102)
experiment. [Worksupported Officeof NavalResearch. by Ocean AcousticsProgram, code321 OA, under initiative basic the for research the in physics moderate highfrequency of to acoustics.]
2pUVq14. Propagation characteristics from the trans-Arctic
propagation source as measured at a receiver in the Lincoln Sea.
Thomas Lawrence, N. IleneMcCool,andNancyR. Bedford (Appl.Res.

Labs., Univ. of Texas,P.O. Box 8029, Austin, TX 78713-8029)
A three-dimensional propagation modelis presented takesinto that account elasticproperties the oceanbottomand is applicable the of to problems longrangeandlow frequencies. method of This allowsglobalscalecalculations appropriate oceanmonitoring for programs he perto
formedwith environments which solution for techniques have beenheretoforeunavailable. The modelis an extension the adiabatic of parabolic-
The trans-Arctic propagation (TAP) source wasa Russian devicedeployednorthof Svalbard transmitting about20 Hz. Transmissions at reeelred in the Lincoln Sea north of Eilesmere Island were recorded on a
equation method, which uses normal-mode the solutions thewaveguide in forthedepth dependencetheacoustic A modified of field. two-dimensional parabolic equation modelis usedto determine rangeand azimuth the dependencetheacoustic of field,thus providing three-dimensional a solution. It is shown thatthe inclusion elastic of material, with bothcompressionaland shearwaves,in bathymetfic features causes largerlossand largershadow zones behind mounts islands to the effective sea and due softening thematerial. method compared exact of The is with solutions and experimental results is found he in excellent and to agreement regimes for for whichtheadiabatic approximation valid (i.e., for regions slowly is of varying bathymetry sound-speed and profiles).
20-element venieal arraylocated thecontinental on shelf. Thepropagation path between source receiver overtheArcticMid Ocean the and is Ridge, then skirtingthe Morris JesupPlateau,and finally propagating the up continental slope. The ice coveralongthispathof propagation highly is
varied, ranging fromcentral Arctic roughness (usually levels about 1-2.5 m standard deviation) the higher to roughness (about m s.d.)of the 4
Canadian Archipelago. Amplitudeand phasefluctuations signaland of environmental noiseover variedtime periods, the results the staand for tisticalcharacter the watercolumnwill he presented. of Comparisons will he made with modeledresultsto help determine effectsfrom this the complex environment to predictthe impactof variation ice condiand in tionsalongthe propagation path. 2pUWIS. Mode vector parabolic equation, AbroadT. Abawi, W. A. Kuperman (Marine Phys. Lab., ScrippsInst. of Oceanogr., Univ. of California,San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0238), Michael D. Collins
2plJWll. An accurate,effident rough surface parabolic equation program. Allan P. Rosenberg Steven Mugruder (Johns and E Hopkins
Univ., Appl.Phys. Lab.,7-334,Laurel, 20/23-6099) MD

The parabolic equation program Fepehasbeenextended handle to a roughair-water interface treated a series stairsteps. as of Because much finerverticalspacing be neexled resolve interface may to the thanto propagatean acoustic waveaccurately therestof thedomain, option use in an to onevertical spacing nearthe surface a courser in therestof the and one ocean beenimplemented. necessary has The Galerkinapproximations of derivatives an unequally on spaced havebeenworked usingthe grid out symbolic manipulation program Mathematica. testcasewith a realistic A
(Naval Res.Lab.,Washington, 20375),and Michael Porter (New DC B. Jersey Inst.of Techaoi., Newark,NJ 07102)
A modevector parabolic equation (MVPE) is derived thepropagafor
tion of normalmodes the oceanwaveguide. in This model,whichincludes
mode coupling, a generalization theadiabatic is of mode [M.D. ColPE lins, Acoust. Am.94,22690993)].Themain J. Soc. features thismodel of are:{1) It is based an initialvalue on differential equation which propagates normal modes ratherthana method involves that matching solutions
surface provided demonstrate accuracy the new program is to the of

Fepe_rsfe. The codeis efficientenough allow thousands runsfor to of realistic sizedproblems, example simulate effectof a moving for to the
at interfaces. Thesolution (2) vector whose components theamplitude are

of the modes not derivedfrom a procedure is involving reference a wave number and thuseachvectorcomponent locallyaccurate is around each
surface. ['Work supported theoffice theChiefof NavalOperations.] by of

2pUWI2. Modeling a directional sourcein an underwater acoustic waveguide. Richard Evans (SCi. B. Appl.Intl. Corp.,#2 Shaw's Cove,
Ste. 203, New London,CT 06320)
mode. It agrees O) withprevious benchmark solutions. The model (4) is

tractable threedimensions. in MVPE hasthreeparts: Spatialderivative of the modeamplitudes, eigenvalue, couplingcoefficients and matrices. The
latter two are precomputed; couplingmatrix is basedon McDonald's the formulation termsof environmental in parameters whichis summarized in
Techniques modelinga singlefrequency for directionalsourcein an underwater acoustic waveguide applied are andtested. The techniques are evaluated, with regardto accuracy efficiency, usein prediction and for of source performance. Existingdiscussions the topicoftenfocuson one of technique. Here, the goal is to consider largerclassof methods. a They range from mode matchingin the far-field, of the source,to the direct application a free-space of beampattern rangezero.The techniques at are applied problems arisedueto spameaess calibration andthe to that of data
[McDonald aL, I. Acoust. et Sec.Am. 96, 2357 (1994)].The system of equations eitherbe solved matrixinversion iteration. illustrate can by or To the method,the solutionto the problemof propagation wavesin a of
two-dimensional wedgeis presented detail. in
2pUWI6. Application of the mode vector parabolic equation to the 3-dimensional wedge problem. Abroad T. Abawi and W. A. Kuperman (Marine Phys.Lab., Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., Univ. of California, Diego,La Jolla,CA 92093-0238) San
inappropriateness free-space of a beam pattern waveguide for applications. [Worksupported ARA.] by

2pUWI3. Comparisonof theory and experimentof acousticbottom penetration in a shallow water site. Nicholas P. Chotiros, Morris
TheMVPE [Abawiet el., thissession] applied theproblem is to of

propagation wavesin a 3-dimensional of coastal wedgeandthe results axe compared with thosewhenhorizontal coupling neglected with the is and
results obtained fromconventional 3-dimensional methods. compoThe

nents the solution or vectorarethe amplitudes the verticalmodes of which are coupledin bothrangeand azimuth.The couplingmatrices both for
gtern, Adrienne Mautner(Appl. ,Res. Labs., Univ. Texas, Box of P.O.

8029, Austin,TX 78713-8029), Age Kristensen, Enzo Michelozzi and
(SACLANTUndersea Ca'.,19026La Spezia, Res. Italy)

Signals from a sparksource waterandreceived acoustic in by sensors buriedin a sandysediment a siteoff La Spezia, in Italy, are compared to theoreticalmodel predictions from a fast field model. The model is a
modificationof OASES 1.6 that includesBiot's poreelasticwave propagationmodel.The received acoustic pulses compared determine are to the
transfer function from the in-water source to the buried acoustic sensors.
range azimuth precomputed the method and are by summarized [Mcin

Donald et al., I. Acoust.Soc.Am. 96, 2357 (1994)]. In the absence of modecoupling, solution the reduces the solution the adiabatic to of mode
parabolic equation [M.D. Collins, Acoust. I. Soc.Am. 94, 2269(1993)].

The system equations numerically of are solvedby the Crank-Nicholson finitedifference method. a singleverticalmode,thissystem equaFor of
From a theoretical point of view. the sediment treatedas a poro!astic is solid governed Biot's theoryof acoustic by propagation. is predicted It to supporttwo acoustic waves.Comparisons madebetweentheory and are
tions closely resemblessystem diserefized a of parabolic equation range in andazimuth. multiplemodes, manices For the involved banddiagonal are with the coupling matrices appearing theirdiagonal. in The sizeof these matrices are thusequal to the numberof pointsin azimuthtimes the number verticalmodes. of Whenthephysics theproblem contained of is in
3314
d. Acoust. Soc.Am.,Vol.97, No.5, Pt. 2, May1995
129thMeeting: Acoustical Sociely America of
3314
a subset coupledmodes, of this method offersadditional advantages in numerical computation the conventional over 3-dimensional methods. 2pUW17. Semiclassical techniquesfor long-range, low-frequency propagation. Frank S. Henyey,Stephen Reynolds, A. and Terry E.
duced factors 10 and5, respectively, no lossof accuracy by of with or computational parallelism, making computational its requirements similar to othersolution techniques. Because weightings various the of grid elementsin this methodare basedon the sourcefrequency, usefulness its in
Ewart (Appl.Phys. Lab.,Univ.of Washington, NE 40thSt.,Seattle, 1013

WA 98105)
TD calculations with pulsedsources limited.Despitethis, somelowis
frequency calculations possible. TD are Applications limitations the and of
higher-order willbepresented. supportedONR.] method [Work by

2pUW21. A method for computingadiabatic modal wavefronts. EvanK. Westwood(Appl.Res.Lab.,P.O.Box8029,The Univ.of Texas
at Austin, Austin, TX 78713-8029)
The Chester, Friedman, Ursell (CFU) uniformasymptotic and expansionnearcaustics beenimplemented an adjunctto a ray-tracing has as code. The method applied thepropagation 400 Hz sound is to of froma 200-mdeepsource a Munksound-speed in profile through range 300 a of km. Makingthe parabolic approximation theray trace,thevalidityof in "semiclassical" wavefunctions with theCFU expansion caustics near can bedetermined comparison a parabolic by with equation code. Goodresults for the semiclassical wavefunction found.If the CFU expansion not are is used, fieldis badlyinaccurate hundreds meters thevertical. the over of in A videoof the propagation comparing Wigherfunction the with the ray
Anapproach been has developed determining modal for the wavefronts

thatallownormal modes be propagated to adiabatically smoothly in range-
dependent ocean waveguides. method motivated thefactthat The is by propagation an isospeed in penetrable wedge accurately is modeled by "adiabatic wedgemodes," whichare identical the usual"vertical to modes" except thewavefront that curvature induced thesloping by bottom
is takeninto account. the wedge, wavefronts assumed be For the are to circular centered thewedge arcs on apex. order generalize notion In to the of wedge modes other to types range of dependence, wavefronts conare structed numerically thatthederivative eachmode thedirection such of in
normalto its wavefront,cckls, zero. The resultis that the first-order is
depth-angie is shown. plot [Worksupported ONR.] by

2pUW18. Probabilistic range dependence a numericalaverage in underwater acoustic propagation method. Roger Oba (NavalRes. M. Lab.,Stennis Space Center, 39529-5004) MS
A computational methodfor forward propagation the Helmholtz of
equation beendeveloped numerically has for computing average complex pressure in a single field pass. used It sound-speed profiles piecewise be probabilistically independent finitesizedrangesteps calculate in to transmission lossandphase the average for solutions the continuous in wave case. Thisrequired theuncertainty probabilistically that is modeled within rangeintervals ensembles soundspeeds as of which were independent fromonerange step thenext. to Thismethod bemodified represent can to certain cases which for there statistical is dependencerange. in Thiscanbe achieved nonlocal by averaging several over range steps. inter-relation The
modalcoupling coefficients, whichinvolve8cbl3s integrated depth, over arezero,andtheadiabatic algorithm be used. quantities can The ccbl& and ccbl)r versus depthare usedto obtainthe directions normalto the wavefront. For the isospeed penetrable wedge,wavefronts computed this in
manner indeed do correspond closely theexpected to circular [Work arcs. supported theARLInternal by Research Development and Program.]
2pUW22. A comparison of broadband and narrow-band
transmission lossin shallowwater. KarenD. Frech (Bolt Beranek and
Newman, 1300North17thSt.,Arlington, 22209) VA

Calibratedacoustic measurements were madeat the HudsonCanyon
of range sound speed statistical and dependence be considered, will and

results from numerical experiment be shown. will Similarcalculations allow the calculation growthof standard of deviation over range. This
modification can also be considered in the limit of small intervals of un-
certainty. [Worksupported NavalResearch by Laboratory theOfficeof and Naval Research.]
Experiment [L. Maiocco W. Carey, Acoust. Am. Suppl. site and J. Soc. 1 86, S8 (1989)]during characterization II(ACT ll) conducted area test in September Thissitewaschosen 1993. because is a surveyed with it area knowngeophysical geoacoustic and properties. Transmission was loss measured alongthe previously radials run from borehole6010 using
calibrated smallbroadband explosive charge sources a narrow-band and continuous wave (cw) towedacoustic projector. Thesesources were,for thepurposes considered co-located range here, in because lowtest of ship
2pUW19.Characterization oceanographic/acoustic of variabilityin

littoral regions: Examples from two diversetestsites. Hassan Ali B. (Code7173,NavalRes.Lab.,Stennis Space Center, 39529-5004) MS As a resultof complex oceanographic atmospheric and processes in littoralregions, environmental parameters characterized considerare by ablespatial temporal and variability. preceding The imposes severe constraints signalprocessing on schemes, thereby adversely influencing systems based on acoustical, optical, magnetic, and oceanographic
speed (under kn). The receiving 5 sensor a 25 element was stationary vertical array line spanning majority thewater the of column m),with (73 19 elements extending the bottom m) and6 elements off (60 along the
bottom m).Using principle reciprocity, hydrophone (30 the of the elements at eachof thesource depths enabled comparisons thetransmission of loss
measurements broadbandand cw sourcesto be made over a range for
parameters. Acoustic signals degraded extensive are by interaction the with

surfaceand bottom boundaries, passage internalwaves, tidal the of
changes, ambient noise, influx fresh the of water fromrivers marshes, and etc.It is unlikely these that diverse phenomena all be present any will in single geographic Rather, number significance the phearea. the and of nomena varyfromsiteto site. a result, is important identify will As it to andcharacterize germane the ocean processes environmental and features at particular of interest, order isolate assess acoustic sites in to and their effects. objectives thistask toascertain minimum The of are the number of oceanographic parameters controlling acoustic the propagation, their and requisite spatial temporal and resolutions. results such The of investigationsfor two diverse sitesoff the U.S. andU.K. coasts provided this are in
paper.
interval from4-22 km at two frequencies and900 Hz). The com(200 parisons performed means linear were by of regressionthedata of from the two sources. results the comparison be presented will The of will and include detailed a discussiontheprecision theresults of possible of of and
sources experimental Finally, cwtransmission from of error. the loss ACT II will be compared theprevious with measurements of Maiocco and
Carey.
2pUW23.The effectof roughness acoustic on penetration the of seafiooras given by a fluid-fluid perturbationmodel and comparison recentsediment with penetration experiments. John E.
Moe, Eric I. Thorsos, DarrellR. Jackson, KevinL. Williams (Appl. and
Phys. Lab., Univ. Washington, NE 40thSt.,Seattle, 98195) of 1013 WA

Recent experimental results E. Boyle N. P.Chotiros, Acoust. [E and J.
Soc.Am. 91, 2615-2619 (1992)] revealacoustic penetration from water
2pUW20. Solutionof the acousticwave equation in underwater environments using an improvedfinite differencemethod, R.A.
Zingarelli(NavalRes.Lab.,Acoust. Simulation Section, Stennis Space

Center,MS 39529)
intosandy sediments grazing at angles below compressional the critical angle relation themean in to surface. These authors interpret results the to
indicate the excitation of a biot slow wave in the sediment. An additional
At thefall meeting, finitedifference a solution theacoustic to wave equation realpressure for fields, implementation, several its and applications were presented. improved An differencing scheme developed Cole by et al. has subsequently incorporated thisnumerical been into model. Using
thismethod runtimes memoryusage cw problems and for havebeenre-
mechanism subcritical for penetration be discussed, on assumwill based inga small levelof roughnessthewater-sediment at interface. Computer simulations these of experiments using theoretical calculations based on
Rayleigh-Rice perturbation for2-Dsurfaces theory reproduce experimental results, indicating theacoustic that penetration thesurface be of may
3315
3315
dueto scattering (diffraction) fromlow levels roughness. accuracy of The of perturbation theory thelevelof roughness for being considered veriis fiedusing comparisons exactcalculations thespecial with in caseof I-D surfaces. [Worksupported ONR.] by
2pUW24. Marching wave-number-integration approach to range-dependent, two-way selsmoacoustic propagation modeling.
and can be correlated with specific sediment features. discussion the A of modeling results connection in with bothenvironmental acoustic and data setswill be given.
Hem'ik Schmidt(Dept. Ocean of Eng.,MIT, Cambridge, 02139) MA

An approximate solution two-way to seismoacousfic propagation problemscan be obtained recursire of wave-number-integration by use in a stepwise range-dependent environment. approach conceptually The is
2pUW27. Three-dimensional aconstic/geoacoustic propagation modelingof the New JerseyAtlantic generating stationsite. Mobsen Badicy (OceanAcoust.Prog., Office of Naval Res., Arlington,VA 22217), George Botseas, Ding Lee (NavalUndersea Warfare Ctr.,New London, 06320),and WilliamL. Siegmann(Rensselaer CT Polytechnic Inst.,Troy,NY 12180) Propagation effects 3-D geological of features shallow in watersedimeatlayers theAriantic at generating station (AGS}continental site shelf areinvestigated. Profiles compressional shear of and sound speed, attenuation,anddensity havebeengenerated from23 available geological cores at theAGS siteanddiscussed connection a recent in with acoustic experimentconducted there[Badicy eta/., J. Acoust. Soc.Am. 96, 3593-3604 (1994)].A 3-D geoacoustic setisconstructed these data from profiles using interpolation schemes based Akimasplines onkrieging. on and Correlation properties thesound of speeds density and fields clearly show existence the of sublayer geological features. geoacoustic The fields, along withdetailed bathymetry watersound and speed, usedfor inputa 3-D frequency are domainPE propagation model.Both 3-D and NX2-D simulations are performed overa circular region corresponding the experimental to configurafion. Relativeinfluences sediment of sound-speed structure and water-sediment interface topography transmission are determined on loss for frequencies to I kHz. Simulation up results compared are with spectra obtained from the broadband experimental transmission loss.
simple straightforward. range-independent containing and In the sector the

source, "exact"integral an representation the field can be obtained of
versus range depth and using, theSAFARI/OASES [H. Schmidt e.g., code
andE B. Jensen, Acoust. J. Soc. Am. 77, 813-825 (1985)].At thevertical boundary thenextsector thensolve reflection-transmission of we the problem locally for eachplane-wave component, assuming verticalhomogeneityof thefield.Theresulting particle motions actasvirtual now sources, thewave-number representationwhich be stated of can explicifiy using the seismic souwerepresentation theorem. resulting The transmitted reand fleetedfieldscan thenbe computed any depthand rangewithin the at range-dependent sectors. procedure repeated anyvertical in a The is at cut marching scheme. single-scatter A approximationthebackscattered to field is subsequently obtained a backward by marching scheme, similarly the to
approach in thetwo-way used elastic [M.D. Collins, Acousc PE L Soc.

Am. 93, 1815-1824 (1993)].A special version OASESincorporating of thisapproach been has developed, itsperformance demonstrated and is by solutions canonical to problems such theASA benchmark, seismic as and problems previously solvedusingthe two-wayelasticPE. 2pUW25. Comparison of exact and approximate solutions of
multiple scattering between interfaces in rough waveguides. Kevin D. LaPage (BoltBetarick Newman, and Inc., 70 Fawcett Cambridge, St., MA 02138)
2pUW28. Use of empirical orthogonalfunctionsto estimatewave

number variance in a stochastic shallow-water channel. Michael J.
Longfritz,William L. Siegmann, Melvin J. Jacobson (Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst.,Troy,NY 12180-3590), and Mohsen Badicy (Ocean Acoust. Lab.,University Delaware, of Newark,DE 19716)
The variances of horizontal acoustic wave numbers in stochastic
Modeling propagation rough in waveguides introduces interesting the question howto treatmultiply of scaUered waves. Oneapproach to treat is the roughsurfacescattering the waveguide at boundaries underan tended Bornapproximation Kuperman H. Schmidt, Acoust. [W. and J. Soc. Arm86 (1989)].Under approach this multiple scatter effects incorpoare
rated into the mean field througha second-order correctionin surface roughness, the scattering and amplitudes eachinterface assumed at are to be drivenby the corrected meanfield alone.Coupledintegralequations whichthetotalfield in a roughwaveguide mustsatisfy thesource at depth
shallow-waterenvironments ave estimatedusing empirical orthogonal
functions (EOFs).Usingperturbation methods an adiabatic and normalmode propagation model, the wave numberfluctuations related to are rangevariations theocean in and/orsediment sound-speed profiles, which canbeconveniently efficiently and represented EOFs.This relationship by can be usedto estimateboth the wave numberdeviations arisingfrom
selected realizations of the stochastic ensemble and the overall wave nnm-
areavailable theliterature Bennan, Acoust. Am. 92 (1992)], in [D. L Soc.

makingit possible evaluate approximate to the results a consistent in way. Heretheresults obtained solving integral by the equations compared are to thoseobtained addingthe scattered by field to eithera corrected an or uncorrected meanfield. Conclusions regarding hounding the behavior of the approximate solutions drawnfor various are roughness waveguide and parameters the low frequency in regime. 2pUW26. Sedimentlayer structureand composition effectson pulse
bet variance. The procedure illustrated application a shallow-water is by to waveguide with a multilayered sediment bottom. Boththelayerdepths and theintralayer sound speeds modeled random are as variables. accuracy The of theestimation procedure investigated various is for choices thelayer of depthand sound-speed statistics comparing by with results from computational simulations. particular A environment examined theNew Jersey is
ShelfA0antic Generating where Site, relatively extensive geoacoustic pro-
filesareavailable Badiey eL, J. Acoust. Am. 96, 3593-3604 [M. et Soc. (1994)]. Comparisons made are between results theestimation from procedure and from the KRAKEN andFEPE propagation codes. 2pUW29. Multiple ocean layering models and mode trapping in sublayers high frequencypropagation. N.A. Sidorovskaia(Dept. for of Phys.,Univ. of New Orleans,New Orleans,LA 70148) and M. E Wetby (NavalRes.Lab.,Stennis Space Center, 39529) MS
propagation the Arianticgenerating at station(AGS) site. KevinP.

Boagiovanni (Rensselaer PolytechnicInst., Troy, NY 12180-3590), MohsenBadicy (Univ. of Delaware,Newark,DE 19716),and William L. Siegmann (Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst.,Troy,NY 12180-3590)
An investigation broadband of pulse propagation a shallowwater in envlronmnt is pe, rformcd using high-older frequency-and time-domain
It is possible sublayers a layeredoceanto havepronounced for in

effectson thepropagating modes the watercolumn.For example, in atypical effects occur sound for speeds thantheoverlaying less watercolumn or someoverlyingsublayers. somecases In one predicts concentration the of a largeenergyflux in that layer even at modeleigenvalues that prohibit
parabolic equation models. High resolution geoacoustical profiles conare structed from coresobtainedat the extensively sampled AGS site which lies 5 miles offshoresouthern New Jersey. These,along with CTD and detailedbathymetric dam, are usedto model the environment. Acoustic
experiments recently conducted thissite[M. Badicyet el., J. Acoust. at Soc.Am. 96, 3593-3604 (1994)] provide broadband acoustic datafor
comparisons the modeling with predictions. Simulations wansmission of lossversusfrequency showvery goodagreement with experimental data over severaldifferent propagation tracks.'Hme-domalnsimulations are compared with time series pressure of variations generated the impulby sive experimental sourcealong corresponding tracks.Stronglyrangedependent mechanisms observed are over shortranges with hothmodels
propagation the watercolumn in while supporting propagating modes in thesublayer. Sincesome datasuggest possibility underlying the of gaseous regions that support low soundspeeds, this is a practical problem. This allowsfor the possibility for a layerthickenough absorb that to energy beforearrivingin a higherspeedsublayer, number propagation the of modesin the water columncan be reduced with increasing frequency. Since is a frequency-dependent [effective this effect (absorbing) thickness of layers inversely is proportional wavelength directly to or proportional to
frequency], absorption theoverlying into sublayers becomes promore

129thMeeting: Acoustical Society America of 3316
3316
nounced increased with frequency reducing possibility "tunthus the of nelling"whichleadsto a reduction propagating in modes the water in
column. This effect is the converse of the usual case for ocean bottom
for the upper sediments thecontinental on shelfof the LincolnSea,north
layering canbedirectly and measured. interesting Some effects studied are andcompared available using highfrequency with data the mode model
SWAMP. [Work sponsoredtheOffice Naval by of Research.]

2pUW30,Analysis spatial-time of characteristics broadband of pulse propagation throughoceansoundchannels usingshallowwater by acoustical modepropagation model. Nataly Sidorovskaia A. (Dept.of
Phys.,Univ. of New Orleans,New Orleans,LA 70148) and Michael E
of Ellesmere Island,Canada. The experiment involved deploying an ocean-bottom seismometer through m of polarpackice,andrecording 5 signals from seafloor sources ranges 35-900 m. Subsequently, at of a layered compressional-speed of the uppersediments determodel was mined froma travel-time analysis refracted of compressional (head waves waves), a shear-speed and model wasdetermined matching obby the
serveddispersion characteristics shearand seismic-interface of (Scholte) waves.Frequency-dependent compressional shear and attenuation coefficientswereestimated from an analysis the decayof signalamplitude of with range:An approximately lineardependence attenuation freof on quencywas observed both wave types.The sensitivity acoustic for of propagation the oceanto the various in geoacoustic parameters inveswas rigated usinga numerical propagation model.
Werby (NavalRes.Lab.,Stennis Space Center, 39529) MS

Broadband pulsepropagation through oceanic an sound channel is investigated characterize to some important oceanic properties, namely, the verticalsound profile,bottomstructure, also source and localization. Examples waveguides surface bottom of with and ducting considered. are The new fast normalmodemethod(SWAMP) based a new expansion on method allows to study highfrequency one the range whichlarge in numbers modes beexcited. thissituation complicated of can In the structure of thewavefront is theresult theinterference thelow-order that of of trapped refractive modesand the high-order reflected modesis observed the in waveguides. understand structure thisinformatively waveTo the of rich
2pUW33. The relationship between rays and modesin a waveguide with large-scale inhomogeneities, AnatolyL. Virovlyansky(Inst.of Appl. Phys.,46 UlyanovSt., 603600NizhnyNovgorod, Russia)
The well-known resultsof Tindie and Guthrie, Felsen, and other au-
front,two techniques presented: static are The spatial-time maps the of sound intensity field distributiona waveguide video in and movies permittingonetoobserve timeevolution a pulse the of through fixed the spatial region. latertechnique The gives much additional information theproon cess canofferadditional and insight thenature pulse into of evolution along waveguide. a [Work sponsored theOffice NavalResearch.] by of
2pUW31. Scholte-Stoneleywaves on a solid layered ocean floor.
thorson studyingthe relationship betweenrays and normalmodesin a
Louis Hargenrader and Herbert 0berall(Dept. Phys., of Catholic Univ.,

Washington, 20064) DC
range-independent waveguide generalized a waveguide largeare for with scaleinhomogeneities refractive of index.It is shown that in complete analogy withtherange-independent theraylikebehavior a cluster case, of of normalmodes takesplace.The notionof Fresnel zonesfor normal modes introduced, is whichis analogous the usual to Fresnel zones introduced rays.Using for Fresnel zones modes cansimplify analyfor one the sisof mode scattering large-scale at inhomogeneities asan opaque (such screen an inhomogeneity refractive or of index)in a waveguide. Simple
and statistical averaging-suited formulasare deduced calculatemode to amplitudevariationsunderscattering inhomogeneities refractiveinat of dex, which are "mode analogues" the formulasof geometrical of optics and thoseof the Rytov method. 2pUW34. Some general properties of ray arrival sequences an in
The existence a Scholte-Stoneley of interface wavehasbeenpointed out for the two-layerpropagation modelof Pekeris,as generalized a to
shear-supporting oceanbottom.Further,the occurrence apparent of resonances a solidsediment in covering oceanfloorhasbeennoted J. the IS.
Hughes al., J.Acoust. Am.88, 1283(1990)].By finding poles et Soc. the in the complex frequency planecorresponding the various to interfacewave (Scholte-Stoneley) trapped-wave and modes(including Love waves), detailed a study carried of thevarious is out wavemodes exist that
in theelastic layered problem takingnoteof theiridentities of transiand tions betweenmode types,and the resonance behaviorassociated with themis investigated. 2pUW32. Measurement upper-sediment of geoacoustic propertiesin the Canadian high Arctic. S.E. Dosso (DefenceRes. Establishment Pacific, FMO Victoria, BC V0S lB0, Canada)and G. H. Brooke (Numerical Decisions Group, Victoria, V8Z 3K3, Canada) BC Geoacoustic properties the oceanbottomcan significantly of affect acoustic propagation shallowwater.However,to date,few measurein ments geoacoustic of properties havebeenreported thehighArctic.A for seismoacoustic surveywas carriedout to determine geoacoustic a model
underwatersoundchannel. AnatolyL. Virovlyansky(Inst.of Appl. Phys., Ulyanov 603600NizhnyNovgorod, 46 St., Russia)

Someproperties ray arrivalsequences of valid in a waveguide with an arbitrary sound-speed profileare ascertained usingthe simpleapproximate formulaconnecting differences ray traveltimesandadiabatic in invariants of their trajectories. is notedthat the followingconservation takes It law place:The meandifference travel timesof rays havingtheir launch in anglesinsidethe fixed narrowangularintervaldoesnot depend uponthe distance between source the receiver. the and This law holdstruenot only in therange-independent waveguide in theadiabatically but varying waveguideas well. Somegeneralconclusions concerning relationship the between travel times and launchanglesof rays reachingthe receiverare
made.
3317
129th Meeting:AcousticalSociety of America
3317
THURSDAY MORNING, 1 JUNE 1995

Session 3aAA
Architectural Acoustics:Concert Hall and Opera House Acoustics

GeorgeE. Winzer, Chair WinzerAssociates,17721 Mill Creek Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20855
ContributedPapers
8:35
bothcommercially availablemeasurement systems the measurement and
3aAA1. Computer model versusreality in a nonshoebox orchestra hall. Part I. RichardH. Campbell (ECE Dept., Worcester Polytech. Inst., 100 InstituteRd., Worcester, MA 01609)
systems individual of research groups. initial results The will compare measurements groups NoCth from in America, Japan, Europe. and Subsequentworkwill seekto explain cause theobserved the of differences.
The Portland (Maine)City Hall Auditorium the venue acquiwas for

sition of occupiedand unoccupied acoustical data on 4 October 1994, usingthe MLSSA system.During intermission, omnidirectional an loudspeaker waspositioned centerstage the planeof the proscenium at in arch and occupieddata were collectedwith nearly a full audience.Three volunteers equipped with eyeglass microphone-pairs DAT machines and occupied preselected in 3.5 rainto acquire binaural six seats 18 64-K impulse responses. sameseatlocations The were usedearlierin the day to obtain
9:20
3aAA4. Technical matters relating to the measurementof interaural
cross-correlation (IACC) coefficients concert halls and opera in

houses. TakayukiHidaka andToshiyukiOkano (Takenaka Res.& Dev. Inst.,5, 1-chome, Ohtsuka, lnzai-machi, Inba-gun, Chiba270-13, Japan) The interaural cross-correlation coefficient (IACC) hasbeenshownto be an important measure, alongwith others, thequalityof acoustics of in
theunoccupied An ODEON (c) computer data. model thishall,created of by Kirkegaard Associates, usedto estimate and is acoustical parameters
from the same source and receiver locations as used in the live audience
acquisition. Particular attention givento response is features to the due design thishall, whichis a double-balcony of horseshoe-shaped with space curved ceiling. [Worksupported theConcert by Hall Research Group.]
8:50
3aAA2. Computer model versus reality in a nonshoeboxorchestra hall. Part II. DavidGriesinger(Lexicon, Inc., 100Beaver Waltham, St., MA 02154)
ThePortland (Maine)City Hall Auditorium thevenue acquiwas for sitionof occupied unoccupied and acoustical data on 4 October1994, usingthe MLSSA system. ODEON (c) computer An modelof thishall, created Kirkegaard Associates, usedto estimate by and is acoustical parameters from the same source and receiver locations as used in the live
concert hallsandopera houses [Schroeder al., J. Acoust. et Soc. Am. 56, 1199 (1974);Ando, Concert Hall Acoustics (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1985)]. When measured auditoriums in with binauralheads(real or dummy) using impulse an source, means must adopted achieve be to accuracy andprecision, to select typeof impulse processing and the and methods make to IACCmost useful theprediction acoustical in of quality. Subjects covered include: typeof impulse, convolution (l) (2) signal, (3) integration limits,(4) directivity positions source thehall, (5) and of in parameters head, comparisons measurements withrealand of (6) of made dummyheads, valueof torso,(8) measuring (7) positions hall, (9) in comparison measurementsIACC in hallswithupholstered nonuof of and pholstered (10)comparison IACCmeasurements byother seats, with made laboratories, (11) some and preliminary ondifferences data among IACCs
measured occupied unoccupied in and halls.
audience acquisition. The data collected the hall are analyzedfor muin sicalintelligibilityandrevcrberance usingnew andmodified standard measures. Comparisons madeto theinformal are impressions thelisteners of at
the concert. The relevant usefulness of the data estimated from the com-
9:35
3aAA5. Determination categories acoustical of of quality in concert

halls using the questionnaireand interview method. Leo L. Betarick
putermodelis discussed. role of computer The modelsurface definitions
(975Memorial Ste.804,Cambridge, 02138-5755) Dr., MA Therearethree common alternative techniques judging for subjective acoustical qualityin concert hallsandopera houses: thebinaural (1) com-
with respect coefficients absorption diffusion investigated. to of and is [Worksupported theConcert Research by Hall Group.]
9:05
pailson method; theexpert-group (2) round-robin listening method; (3) and thequestionnaire interview and method. questionnaire interview The and method utilized me in rank-ordering concert was by 55 hallsin 22 countries. Conductors,musicians,and music critics were interviewed and each
3aAA3. A room acoustics measurement systemround robin. J.S. Bradley (IRC, Natl. Res.Council,MontrealRd., Ottawa,ON KIA 0R6,
Canada)
was askedto rank-order halls he/sheknew well. In addition,to cover the
all halls, opinions weresolicited fromthose wholisten oftento symphonic

music in many halls, which includedacousticalconsultants and selected
This paperreportspreliminaryresultsof a room acoustics measurement systemroundrobin. The roundrobin usesa commercial digital reverberator represent to three standard roomsthat can be sent from one measurement groupto another. Thus the testscompare basiccalculation
listeners who travelextensively attend and symphonic concerts. have I attended symphonic concerts all butsix.Thehallswerethenseparated in intosix categories A+(super),A(excellent), from B+(goodto excellent),
B(good),+ (fairtogood), C(falr). rank-orderings attempted C and No were

withineachcategory. is probable some It that hallsmightbe ranked one category higheror onecategory lowerthanits present assignment a if different group interviewees selected. shiftof twocategories if were A is highlyunlikely. The results the 55 concert for hallsare presented and
discussed.
procedures do not include effects variations to typesand and the of due placement transducers. participant of Each measures octave bandvalues of
monaural measures suchas decaytimes,early/lateratios,and RASTI val-
ueson threedifferent reverberator settings. Wherepossible, participants canalsomeasure interaural cross correlations. Initialcomparisons include
3318
3318
9:50
3aAA6.Interauralcross-correlation (IACC), lateral fraction(LF),

and low- and high-frequencysound levels (G) as measuresof acoustical qualityin concert halls. Takayuki Hidaka (Takenaka & Res. Dev. Inst., 5, l-chome,Ohtsuka, lnzai-machi, Inba-gun,Chiba 270-13,
qualitywith deviations from optimum, eachof theseacoustical of attributes. process adjustment theconstants, best between By of of the fit the measured physical quantities thesubjective and determination acoustiof
cal quality of concerthalls is determined. Excellentcorrelation between
thefinalresult therank-orderings and is obtained. must emphasized, It be

however, otherfactors important concert design that are in hall whichare not included this ratingscheme, example,the degreeto whichmuin for sicians can hear eachotherand hear themselves stageand balance on among sections an orchestra. the of Theremaybe otherunknown acousticalfactors contribute acoustical that to quality.
Japan),LeoL. Betarick(975 Memohal Ste.804,Cambridge, Dr., MA

02138-5755), and Toshiyuki Okano (Takenaka Res.& Der. Inst.,Chiba
270-13, Japan)
Interaural cross-correlation coefficient (IACC) and lateralefficiency
(LF) ascorrelates subjective with ratings companion [see paper, BeL.

ranek,"Determination categories acoustical of of quality concert in halls"
(this session)] analyzed. make were To IACCsensitive quality to ratings,

a multi-octave-band average developed, onBlauert al. [Acuswas based et
tica 292]and a subjectively 59, on derived ofequal set ASW contours that
showed 0.5, 1.0,and2.0 octave the bands beof equal to importance. This IACC3wasdivided IACCE3 into integrated first over 0.08s afterarrival of thedirect sound, IACC[,3 and same, to 1 s.Subjective 0.08 judgments were also made determine effects increased to the of sound levels symphonic of music frequencies at above below355 Hz on apparent and source width ASW.IACCE3 GL bothappear and important determining for ASW.The measured quantity -IACCE alone found separate 17concert [1 ] was to the
hallsof thisstudy whichIACC datawereavailable for intothesame three
categorygroupsas thosedetermined from the interviews.Lateral fraction
10:45
3aAA9. The use of the Sabine and Eyring reverberationtime equations churches. Ant6nioPedroO. Carvalho (Acoust. to Lab., Dept.Civil Eng.,Faculty Eng.,Univ.of Porto, Bragas, of R. P-4099Porto Codex,Portugal)
Reverberation time (RT) measurements were takenat severalsource/
(LF)was found extend a very to over small range there and were many so overlaps among hallswhenseparation threerating into groups atwas tempted LF was that judged to besuitable rating not for acoustical quality.
10:05-10:15 Break
receiver locations 41 Catholic in chumbes Portugal in builtin thelast 14 centuries, usingthe impulse-response method. The useof the Sabine and Eyringreverberation equations tested estimate measured time was to the RTsin this sample chumres. effect coupled of The of spaces analyzed, was anda newalgorithm theapplication theSabine for of equation churches in wasdeveloped producing average 16%in thedifferences an of between the predicted measured compared 71% usingthe standard and RTs to Sabine
equation. Coupledspaces were foundto act as windows with a characteristicabsorption coefficient depending theirdimensions. recesses on The in churches weregrouped threetypes: in mainaltararea,chapels, lateral and aisles, eachhavinga particular acoustical behavior. wasfoundthatthose It recesses actedas coupled only spaces their length/opening_width>0.6 if
10:15
3aAA7. Correlations betweencategories acoustical of quality for forty concert hallsand measured physical parameters them:RT, for
EDT, IACC, LF, G, ITDG, BR, C(80) and diffusion. Leo L. Beranek
(975Memorial Ste.804,Cambridge, 02138-5755) Dr., MA

Through cooperation manyacoustical the of laboratories, architects, and hall managers, physicalmeasurements reverberation of time (RT),
or if theaisle_width/opening_height>0.4 in lateral aisles. remaining The differences found between RTsmeasured predicted thisnew the and with
algorithm werehypothesized berelated whatwascalleda reverberant to to ceilingeffect, whichis presumed bedueto a two-dimensional to reverber-
earlydecaytime (EDT), early interaural cross-correlation coefficient [IACC(E)], lateral fraction (LF), sound-pressure (G), initial-timelevel delay (ITDG), bass gap ratio(BR),early/reverberant ratio[C(80)], energy anddiffusion [IACC(L)]have been collected whole in partfor 66 in or
concert hallsand l0 opera houses. arefor bothoccupied unoccuRTs and piedconditions; others for unoccupied are states. parameters The IACC or LF, or both, are availablefor only 40 of the concerthalls. The above acoustical parameters thesehallsare individually for correlated with the
antsound thatbuilds near verytallceiling. field up a [Work supported by INICT/Ministry Planning Univ.of Porto, of and Portugal.]
11:00
rating categories givenin thecompanion paper [Beranek, "Determination of Categories Acoustical of Quality Concert in Halls"].It is shown six that of these quantities necessarycorrelate seem to physical withthesubdata jectiveratings, namely, (or EDT), IACC(E), G, ITDG, BR, andsome RT measure diffusion yet developed. of not
10:30
3aAAI0. Evaluating acoustical qualities of four rooms using questionnaires. Gary W. Siebein,Martin A. Gold, Mitchell Spolan, andChristopher Herr (Arch. Tech. Res. Ctr.,231ARCH,Univ.of Florida,
P.O. Box 115702,Gainesville, 32611-5702) FL
3aAA8. Toward an overall computational schemeembodyingthe

modern acoustical measures and correlation of the scheme with the
categoriesof acousticalquality of concert halls as determined from the questionnaire and interview method. Leo L. Beranek (975 MemorialDr., Ste. 804, Cambridge, 02138-5755) MA An overallcomputational scheme estimating for from modernacous-
ticalmeasurements acoustical the qualityof concert hallsis explored in thisstudy. The method showing promise based Ando[Concert is on Hall Acoustics (Springer-Verlag, Berlin,1985)].Identified themost are important acoustical attributes the rating scheme:RT, G, ITDG, IACC(E), and to
BR. Preferred values for each of these acoustical attributes is estimated
A largegroup students of listened anechoic to recordings music of and speech samples several at locations fourdifferent in performance rooms: a large2000-seat multipurpose performing center; blackboxtheater; arts a a 250-seat lecture hall;andan openfield.A briefpieceby Mozartplayed by a stringquartet, portionof a symphony Brockher, soliloquy a by a from Hamlet,and standard speech intelligibilityword listswereplayedthrough a singleloudspeaker locatedat the centerfront of the performing areaof the room.Students evaluated qualities sound of including clarity,intimacy, envelopment, balance, reverberance, loudness, overallimpression a and on bi-polar semantic ratingscale. They alsotookspeech intelligibility tests. The overallimpression thepieces musicin theblackboxtheater of of and
the lecturehall were scoredhigherthan the other two rooms.There were significant differences the ratings the differentmusicalpiecesin all in of
rooms. The ratings in the outdoor tests were consistently less than those in
all of the indoor locations overtwo scale by points illustrating importhe

tance of room effects.The ratingsin the performingarts center for the recorded musicwere significantly lower than ratingsobtainedat the same locations a groupof students by evaluating orchestral live performances in
fromtheresults presented a companion in paper [Beranek, "Correlations between categories acoustical of qualityandmodem physical quantities"].
Formulas borrowed are from theAndostudyandconstants chosen are that express relativeimportance, the degree falloff in contribution the and of to
theroom. [Worksupported NSF.] by 129thMeeting: Acoustical Societyof America 3319
3319
J. Acoust.Sec.Am., Vol. 97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995
11:15
11:30
3aAAll.
Audibility of individual reflections in a complete sound
field.II. SrenBech (Bang Olufsen and Ltd.,Peter Bangs 15,Street Vej

DK-7600, Denmark)
3aAA12. A preliminary analysisof image shifting in concert halls. GilbertA. Soulodre (Dept.of Psych., Carleton Univ., 1125Colonel By Dr., Ottawa,ON K1S 5B6, Canada) Under typicalconditions, early reflections a concerthall are the in attenuated relativeto the direct soundand are thusintegrated with the directsound. However, thereareinstances where,dueto focusing effects, the level of a reflection can be greaterthanor equalto the level of the directsound. This can resultin an apparent shiftingof the imageaway from the true source and towardthe source the reflection. of This paper reports a series subjective on of tests designed providean initial look at to the parameters thereflected of sound whichinfluence imageshifting. Tests wereconducted using two methods: binaural simulation multiple and loudspeakers an anechoic in chamber. Image shiftingwasexamined a funcas tion of the level, delay, angle of arrival, and spectralcontentof the reflected sound relative to the direct sound. The results were examined in the
This is a continuation paperI, presented the WallaceClement of at Sabine Centennial Symposium Boston in 1994.The threshold detection of
(TD) andjust noticeable difference (jnd) for an increase level was in

measured six individualreflections a completesoundfield. The for in subjects were instructed usechanges timbreas the criteriafor detecto in tion.The sound produced a single by loudspeaker a normal in sizelistening room was simulated usingan electroacoustic setup.The simulated loudspeaker had directivitycharacteristics according the measured to characteristicsof a real loudspeaker and the room surfaces had frequencydependent absorption characteristics according measurements. to Valuesof TD andjnd were measured usingfour subjects noiseand speech. for The
results confirmed that the first-order floor reflection contributes individu-
ally to the timbreof the soundfield. The results have furthershownthat energyin the frequency range500-2 kHz is important the TD level. for The noiseand speech stimulihavebeenfoundto resultin significantly different TD and jnd values for all reflections, and is contraryto the
previous reported results. [Workfinanced Eureka by project EU105.]
contextof the OrpheumTheatrein Vancouver wherepronounced image shiftingoccurs certainlocations the hall due to several at in largeconcave surfaces the ceiling. in
THURSDAY
MORNING,
1 JUNE 1995
Session 3aEA
MEETING
ROOM 3, 7:45 TO 11:45 A.M.
EngineeringAcoustics and Noise: ElectromagneticCompatibility of AcousticalInstruments

Victor Nedzelnitsky, Cochair National Institute Standards for and Technology, SoundBuilding233, RoomA147, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-0001
RichardJ. Peppin,Cochair Scantek,916 Gist Avenue,Silver Spring,Maryland 20910
Invited Papers
7:50
3aEA1. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) concerns and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) modeling acoustic for
instrumentation.DavidS. Dixon (Electromagnetic Compatibility Branch, Nay. Undersea Warfare Ctr.,New London Detachment,
New London,CT 06320)
Traditionally, electromagnetic the interference (EMI) concerns submarines beendominated the susceptibility of have by of low-frequency subsystems associated acoustic, with control, electromagnetic and systems. uniquenesstheefforts ensure The of to the nondegraded operation these of systems thefactthatthefrequency is range thesusceptible of systems thetypical and EMI sources overlap. Therefore, manylow-frequency, 1ow4amplitude signals be degraded low-frequency can by conducted radiated and EMI created thepower by generation distribution and system. Power rectification switching line and harmonics radiated are magnetically aswellasconducted cables, along shields, ground and plane components.addition, useof modem In the wideband digital systems coupled with theuseof lightweight, low-cost, nonmetallic enclosures produced additional has an concern caused therapidly by
increasing radiated electric environment.summary, electromagnetic field In the environmental concerns (E3) associated acoustic with
instrumentation similar theE3concerns arerequired shipboard in vcr to that for systems. paper discuss typical This will the EMI
coupling mechanisms will degrade expected that the performance low-frequency of systems, suchas audiometers, acoustic instru-
mentation, telephones, cabling, In addition, will discuss EMI models havebeen etc. it the that developed components well as for as the latestanalysis predictive and EMC design techniques havebeendeveloped achieve that to cabinet compartmental and (room)
compatibility.
8:15
3aEA2. Electromagnetic compatibility standards acoustical for instruments. Kuemmel Ted (Quest Tech., S.Worthington 510
St., Oconomowoc, 53066) WI
Thereis an increasing awareness theproblems of caused interference by fromelectromagnetic on electronic fields devices. The
rapidexpansion the useof personal of radiocommunication devices suggestsgrowing a problem. sophisticated The electronic technology commonly in acoustical now used instruments ismore susceptibleelectromagnetic to interference previous than technolo-
3320
3320
gies. 1991, ANSI In the Committee Acoustics, working 21todevelop standard SI, formed group a new toaddress radio the frequency
electromagnetic susceptibility ofacoustical instrumentation. initseighth Now draft, standard the provides general specifications forthe characteristics of acoustical instruments used thepresence radiated when in of electromagnetic Thestandard fields. provides limits on allowable deviation specified from acoustical performance ontheaccuracy of theinstrument. standard presents based class The also minimum testing requirements sample methods demonstrate and test to conformance the specifications. to Internationally, IEC the Technical Committee Electroacoustics, working thisproblem. current 29, is also on The status these of efforts theissues and driving
then]are presented compared. and
8:40
3aEA3. Electromagnetic susceptibility soundlevel meters. Hans-O.Finke (Pfiysikalisch-Technische of Bundesanstalt,

Bundesallee D-38116Braunschweig, 100, Germany) Tests electromagnetic of susceptibility (EMS) arepartof thetypeof approval procedure sound for levelmeters thefieldof legal in metrology. Starting January in 1996every electronic device theEuropean on market to have labelthatindicates certification has a a
of the device,which also includes requirements electromagnetic on susceptibility. EMS test of soundlevel metersat the The Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) are performed a radiofrequency in anechoic chamber. electric The field strength 6 is V/m, the frequency rangeis 26-1000 MHz. The frequency variedin steps 4% and the signalis modulated is of with 1000 Hz (m=80%). An acoustical signal applied thesound is to levelmeterandthedifference thedisplayed of levelswith andwithout the electromagnetic has bewithinspecified field .to tolerances to 2 dB).At themoment all types sound (0.5 not of levelmeters comply with these tolerances; instruments with undertestdeviations to 18 dB hadbeenobserved. present procedure be improved up The test will for future regulations standards and (higher strength field,widerfrequency of range, influence accessories). of Methods results and will
be reported.
9:05
3aEA4. Electromagneticsusceptibilityof audiometers. Utz Richter (Physikalisch-Techniscbe Bundesanstalt, Lab. 1.51, Bundesallee 100, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany)
As earlyas 1991thePhysikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt in Germany (PTB) decided tests electromagnetic that of susceptibility
haveto be performed, general, in with all measuring instruments submitted PTB for pattern to evaluation, among themalsopure-tone
andspeech audiometers. largeshielded A roomis available whereelectromagnetic (10 V/m, 10-935 MHz, l-kHz toneAM fields modulation) begenerated. suitable method nolimitswerefound anyknown can No test and in standard audiometers for including IEC 645-1,andnoavailable acoustic measuring equipment pass EMC testby itself.Soa newtestmethod to bedeveloped did the had based
on loudness balance tests between l-kHz-intefference the tonecaused the electromagnetic andthe ordinary1-kHz testtoneof by field the audiometer. tests performed the shielded The are in roomat fixedcarrierfrequencies. Takingintoaccount uncertainty this the of subjectivetest method,an upper limit of 60 dB HL for the interference level was established. the first 25 types tested,92% Of audiometers fail the EM susceptibility in the first run.All of thempassed testafter reconstruction. did test the
9:30
3aEA5. OIML standards performance on requirements acoustical for instruments.Samuel Chappell (Officeof Standards E.
Services, NIST, Gaithersburg, 20899) MD
The International Organization LegalMetrology of (OIML) is a treaty organization, having currently (voting) 53 member 40 and (non-voting) member nations, most thelatter of nations being characterized developing. as OIML'sobjective to harmonize is national
regulations theperformance for requirements legalmeasuring of instruments amongmember nations orderto facilitateinternational in
commerce measuring of instruments affected and products, ensure to publichealth safety, to protect environment. and and the This
effort intends avoidor minimizetechnical to barriers international to trade.An OIML technical committee subcommittee or develops OIML recommendations (standards modelperformance or regulations) address to particular typesor classes instruments. of If
approved, member nations havea moralobligation implement recommendationtheirnational to a in regulations theinstrument for
addressed. obligation The appliesboth to new regulation and to harmonizing any existingregulations. This presentation addresses OIML work projects acoustical for instruments the potential and impactof relevant OIML recommendations instrument on manufacturers. The basis requirements for including electromagnetic compatibility themeans whichtheUnitedStates and by participates the in
work are covered.
9:55
3aEA6. Complicatedcasesand shielded rooms: Audiometric boothsshielded to attenuate electromagnetic interference (EMI). VictorNedzelnitsky(NIST, Sound Bldg.233, Rm. A147, Gaithersburg, 20899-0001) MD
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) issues involving acoustical instruments, especially their susceptibility immunity and to electromagnetic interference (EMI), are increasing importance. increase drivingdomestic international in This is and standards
development. particular Of significance theimpact commercial is on practice international and tradeof two Councils theEuropean of Communities directives regarding generic apparatus (Council Directive89/336/EEC, May 1989)and medical 3 devices (Council
Directive 93/42/EEC, 14 June 1993). Directive 93/42/EEC is beinginterpreted includehearingaids and audiometric to instruments.
Numerous voluntary International Electrotechnical, Commission (IEC) electroacoustic'al performance standards available some are for of these instruments. However, extension these of complicated standards include pertinent to all EMC issues difficult. is Development of standards otherinstruments, as those measuring for such for auditory brain-stem response, wouldbe evenmoredifficult.In some 3321 d. Acoust.Soc. Am., Vol. 97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995 129th Meeting:Acoustical Societyof America 3321
circumstances, shielded toattenuate EMI practical the of use rooms radiited is and cost-effective. Inthe U.S.A.,least, at existing
standards measuring shielded-room for such performance notspecifically were developed audiometric for booths. Methods some in of thesestandards beenadapted applied thatpurpose. have and to Selected standards, methods, some and considei'ations regarding their application measuring shielding to the performance audiometric of booths hospital/clinical in environments discussed. are
ContributedPapers
10:20
3aEAY. Effect of electromagnetic interferenceon a continuouswave ultrasonicfield. David L. Cosnowski and Mardi C. Hastings (Ohio
terference otherelectronic to equipment. insurethatthe electricalequipTo ment can work without influencefrom the electromagnetic environment
andalso operate can without disturbing environment,electric the all equipmentincluding acoustical measuring instruments withinthe Euiropean sold Community mustfulfill the requirements EU50082-I and-2, startingI per January1996.To achievethis goal a new specialtest laboratory been has established Bmel & Kjaer in Denmark. Here, all existing and new at
State Univ.,Dept.of Mech.Eng.,206 W 18th Ave.,Columbus, 43210) OH

Continuous-wave ultrasound imagingand other measurement for applicationsrequiresthe use of a separate sourceand receivertransducer. When this systemis usedin air or water, the receivertransducer often detects signalat the ultrasonic a frequency evenin the absence a target. of At ultrasonic frequencies, significant electromagnetic couplingbetween the transducers occurdue to theirown andextraneous can electromagnetic fields.This studyexamines effect of this interference the 3-dB the on sample volumedefined the crossed by beams. The sample volumeis determined mathematically modeling source by the andreceivertransducers
measuring instrumentation forconformance are tested toEIJ50082-1 and

-2. The results have shown that a number of the existent instrumentation
will haveto be modified redesigned. new Bruel& KjaerFalcon or The TM rangeof measuring microphones, preamplifiers, powersupplies and has
been designed accordance thenewrequirementsEU50082-1 in with of and

-2. This paper will describe measurement resultsand give examplesof experience gainedthrough work. this
as plane piston radiators Zemanek, Acoust. [J. J. Sec.Am. 49, 181-191 ( 1971 Theeffectof interference obtained adding constant to )]. is by a term
the samplevolumematrix,which,in general,is complex.Experimental measurements using an ultrasonic sourceand receiver in air at several frequencies from40 to 100 kHz correlate well with modelpredictions. The electromagnetic interference foundto havea significant was effecton the
10:50-11:00
Break
observed field.[Worksupported NSF GrantNo. MSS 9058607.] by

10:35
3aEA8. New requirement for electromagnetic compatibility of acoust'cal instrumentation. ErnstSchonthal HelgeLarsen (Bruel and & Kjaer Instruments, Inc., Denmark) Most electronic equipment sensitive electromagnetic is to signals. Often electronic equipment alsoradiates electromagnetic signals causing in-
i1:00-11:4
PAN!L DISCUSSION
THURSDAY
MORNING,
1 JUNE 1995
MEETING ROOM 2, 8:30 A.M. TO 12:00 NOON

Session 3aNS
NOise:State of the Art--Noise Effectsand Control

HenningE. yon Gierke, Cochair MedicalResearch Laboratory, Armstrong Aerospace, AL/CF 2610 Seventh Street,WrightPatterson ForceBase, Air
Ohio 45433-7901
Daniel L. Johnson,Cochair
Biophysical Operations, EG&G SpecialProjects,P.O. Box 9100, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87119
Chair's lnt.uction--8:30
Invited Papers
8:35
3aNSI. environments and effects Noise outdoors the of community Edgar Shaw for exposure. A.G. ilnst. Microstructural Sci.,
Natl. Res.Council.Ottawa,ON KIA 0R6, Canada)
Man-made noise, especially transportation creates noise, acoustical environments arevasdy that different fromthose associated
withpristine habitats. Duringthepast25 years, day-nightaverage the sound level,L,, hasgained substantial acceptance a valid as measure themagnitude anygivenpattern community of of of noise, taking intoaccount complex its temporal spectral and characteristics. During same the period, effects various the of levels noise of exposure human on activities well-being and havebeen widely studied. Data from manysocialsurveys havebeenbrought together analyzed clarifythe relationship and to between noiselevel and
theprevalence annoyance of whichprovides broadindication the impactof intrusive a of noiseon humancommunities. Criteriabased
3322
on such studies nowwidelyused urban are in planning. recent In years, there havebeenimpressive reductions thenoise in emissions fromcommercial aircraft notable and improvementsthecontrol airport in of noise, whilehighway barriers provide now some relief from motorvehiclenoise.Finally,the potential effectsof noiseon wildlife, especially endangered species, now comeunderclose
scrutiny when majorprojects planned remoteareas. are in
8:55
3aNS2.Occupational noise exposures: Wheredo we standtoday? AliceH. Suter (AliceSuter Assoc., Dogwood and 575 Way, Ashland, 97520)and DanielL. Johnson OR (EG&GSpecial Projects, Box9100,Albuquerque, 87119) P.O. NM
Therehavebeenseveral majorimprovements thefieldof occupational in noise exposure thelast25 years. over ISO 1999hasbeen revised and now provides accepted an method relating of hearing lossto noiseexposure. Hearingprotection devices havebeen
improved considerably, impulse noiseis beingassessed moreeffectively, therehasbeena shiftamong and U.S. agencies towardusing the equal-energy in noiseexposure rule standards. Perhaps mostimportant the advancement occurred has with the promulgation of OSHA's hearing conservation amendment its noisestandard. future,however, to The poses manychallenges: OSHA's noisestandard needs revision, moreemphasis enforcement needed, on is engineering controls should re-emphasized manyyears inattenbe after of tion,andtotalreliance hearing on protection devices should de-emphasized. addition, benefits the hearing be In the of conservation amendment to beextended currently need to underserved workers, such miners workers construction, as and in agriculture, theoil and andgasindustries. Perhaps greatest the challenge the needto investigate effectiveness hearing is the of conservation programs a on national scaleto determine extentto whichtheyare actually the preventing hearing loss.
9:15
3aNS3. Noiseenvironments and their effects,Recreational exposures. Alf Axelsson (Hear.Res.Lab., Lindholmen Dev., Box 8714, S-40275, Goteborg, Sweden) Manyefforts havebeenmadelatelyto combat occupational noise exposure, thesituation manyindustries and in concerning noise preventive measures seems promising. Conversely, regard recreational with to activities situation the seems promising. less Thereave
reasons raise to concerns about noisy activities aspersonal such cassette players (PCPs), pop/rock concerts, stereos, car motor sport, shooting activities, For most themusically etc. of oriented activities situation probably the is generally satisfactory; if thesound even
levels frequently veryhigh,theexposure andnumber exposures/yearlimited.For impulsive are time of is noisyactivities situation the is moreserious. is well known, impulsive As the noise connection theuseof weapons, in with fire-crackers, toy-cap and guns without hearing protection leadto a permanent may noise induced hearing under loss accidental conditions. general The attitude concerning recreational noisy activities should obviously to strive lowersound be for levels, limitedexposure, better of hearing and use protection.
9:35
3aNS4.Aircraft noisecontrol. David G. Stephens(Fluid Mech. andAcoust. Div., NASA-LangleyRes. Ctr., Hampton, VA
23681-0001 )
The purpose thispaper to describe research of is the program aircraft in acoustics beingconducted the NASA-Langley by Research Center. program The includes research understand, to predict, reduce sources aircraft and the of noise; quantify to the transmissionnoise of through atmosphere the and/or aircraft structures; to define effects noise people structures. and the of on and The
research focused a broadrangeof aircraftwith emphasis advanced is on on subsonic transports including conventional tiltrotor and
rotorcraft, supersonic transports, high-performance military vehicles hypersonic and configurations. Specialty of research areas include computational aeroacousties,noise, jet rotating blade acoustics, structural subjective and and acoustics. resulting The technology is used design operate to and aircraft reduce to community noise impact and/or minimize effects noise structural to the of on integrity
and interior noise.
9:55
3aNSS. Advances noise in controlfor products otherthan aircraft. WilliamW. Lang (Phys. Dept.,Box539, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, 12601) NY Howmuch progress been has made advancing technology noise in the of control thepast over quarter century? Different techniques ofquieting been have applied themany to products aregrouped thefollowing that in broad categories: stationary sources, noise moving noise sources (other than aircraft), specialized and industrial machinery equipment. all products, control noise and For the of by engineering isthegoal. arrive estimatesprogress, subsidiary design To at of two questions beaddressed. is progressbe must How to measured quantitative in terms? Recognizing trade that secrets patented and innovations be involved, is it possible learn may how to whatprogress been has made thedifferent for classes products?key factor thatchanges functional of A is in technology reduce may the noise emissions a desirable as by-product; example, for ink-jetandlaserprinters much are quieter thanimpact printers. The estimatesprogressproduct of in quieting terms thereductionsA-weighted in of of sound power levels range from dBforleafblowers 0 upto 50 dBfor devices which years required 25 ago cooling for theirsafe efficient fans and operation, today but require none. 3323 J. Acoust.Soc.Am., Vol. 97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995 129thMeeting: Acoustical Societyof America 3323
10:15-10:25
Break
10:25
3aNS6.Twenty-five years of progress noisestandardization. Paul D. Schomer (U.S. Army Construction Res.Lab., in Eng. Champaign, 61826-9005) IL
This paper documents morethanten-foldgrowthin thenumber Standards theprogram workcarried by theASA the of and of out Standards directorate the AmericanNationalStandards for Institute(ANSI) and for relatedinternational work with the International
Organization Standardization for (ISO) andtheInternational Electro-technical Commission (IEC). Not only hastherebeena huge increase theworkeffort,but theemphasis changed in has greatly. Now we workto ensure [SO Standards fair to all players that are and to ensure thatANSI Standards compatible are with ISO. While majorU.S. industries participating this effort,more axe in participation needed industry government. is by and Casehistories usedto showhow our effortsin the standards are process are currently helping some U.S. manufacturers market to theirproducts worldwide. Major industries some with significant involvement includeautomotive. construction agricultural and equipment, computer business and machines, hearing conservation equipment, and audiological testing, andsirens andalarms. Many otherindustries suchas aircraft,mining,rotating electrical machinery, manuand facturers acoustical of materials, attenuators, mufflers, and soundproof enclosures currently lack significant involvement the ISO in process. Thusgreater involvement required significant is by sectors U.S. industry. of
10:45
3aNS7. Federal regulationsand governmentactivitiesin noisecontrol. R.L. Miller (Harris,Miller, Miller & Hanson,Inc., 15
New England Exec.Park,Burlington, 01803) MA

Sincethe demiseof the EPA'sOffice of NoiseAbatement and Controlat the hands formerPresident of Reagan, coordinated regulatory action thecontrol noise theFederal for of at levelhas essentially disappeared. Instead, governmental agencies leftto deal are withtheirnoise problems theirown,usually on meaning theyrespond to specific that only legislation, political pressures, litigation. or Agency coordination, whenit does occur, imposed Executive is by Orderor law.Thispaper brieflyreviews existing Federal regulations controlling world of transportation the noise,but focuses a greaterextenton the on-going to effortsof our govemment that will
influence noiseenvironment our into the next century. The papersummarizes actions the FederalAviationAdministration, the of the National Aeronautics Space and Administration, theDepartment Defense theyconfront and of as issues aircraftnoise of andairspace management; NationalPark Serviceas it struggles resolve the to conflicting mandates preserve to naturalquietand solitude while providingaccess andpublicenjoyment NationalParksand Forests; FederalRailroadAdministration the FederalTransit to of the and Administration their endeavors controlnoisefrom transit, in to high-speed and mag-levsystems; the Federal rail, and Highway Administration it develops as bettertoolsto assess control noiseimpact traffic.The paper and the of concludes, speculating the on effects thatreduced Federal spending haveon these will efforts.
11:05
3aNSS. global A vision thenoise for control marketplace.Bennett Brooks (Brooks M. Acoust. Corp.. Hartford 27 Tnpke., Vernon,
CT 06066), T. James DuBois (Aeentech, CanogaPark,CA 91303), RobertM. Hoover (Hooverand Keith, Inc., Houston, TX 77082), George Maling (Empire C. StateSoftware Systems, Ltd., Poughkeepsie, 12603),and LouisC. Sutherland(Rancho NY PalosVerdes,CA 90274)
Muchprogress beenmade has overthepast years theUnited 25 in States define dangers excessive to the of noise exposure, and to develop means controlit. A significant the to portionof this progress stimulated government was by actions, regulate to the industries whichproduce noise, establish community workplace and noise standards, to promote and research development and in
noise control. Today, pressurescompetition theglobal the of in marketplace, didnotexist years arerapidly which 25 ago, increasing themotivation noise for control the private in sector. Those industries whichseekto selltheftproducts worldwide, particularly in Europe Japan, thattheymust or find meet stricter standards nowexist theU.S.Further, than in foreign companies which already live withstricter standards producing products compete sales theU.S.These are quiet that for in challenges present a threat an both and
opportunity theU.S. economy. to Several actions whichcanbe immediately takento address these issues suggested. are
11:25-11:55
PANEL
DISCUSSION
11:55-12:00
CONCLUSION
3324
3324
THURSDAY
MORNING,
1 JUNE 1995
CONGRESSIONAL
Session 3aPA
HALL B, 8:00 A.M. TO 12:05 P.M.
PhysicalAcoustics: UltrasonicTechniques
Inder Raj S. Makin, Chair Departmentof Engineering, Swarthmore College,Swarthmore, Pennsylvania 19081-1397
Chair's Introduction-8:00
ContributedPapers
8:05
8:35
3aPAI. Acoustic radiation pressure in an infinite !ossy medium. Zhong-Yue Jiang James Greenleaf(Dept.of Physiol. Biophys., and F. and Mayo Clinic andFoundation, Rochester, 55905) MN
Theorieson acoustic radiationpressure associated with plane acoustic wavesand lossless media have beenexaminedextensively. The radiation pressure produced a non-plane by wavein a lossyunbounded medium was analyzed.The distinction betweenLagrangianand Eulerianpressure was usedto clarify the understanding radiation of pressure. radiation The pressure exertedon a perfectlyabsorbing pointwisetarget by an arbitrary acoustic wave in an unbounded Iossymediumwas then considered. By
3aPA3. The use of high-intensityfocusedultrasoundfor noninvasive surgery. Lawrence Crum (Appl.Phys.Lab., 1013NE 40th St.,Univ. A.
of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105) and Wing Law (FocusSurgery,

Fremont, CA 94539)
High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) canbe used destroy to tissue in vivo; recentapplications this modalityto the treatment benign of of prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) havemetwith significant success. lesions The formedby focused ultrasound be inducedby both thermaland mecan chanical(cavitation)mechanisms. However, the relative contributions of these two mechanisms, undervariedHIFU parameters, oftendifficult are to ascertain. Descriptions presented somesimpleexperiments are of designed elucidate relative to the rolesof cavitation thermal and effects in specific tissues; thesetestswereundertaken turkeybreast in tissues, but seem to correlatewell with previousin vivo experiments dogs and in humans. experiments The indicate thatcavitation, onceinduced, tends to shorten and broaden thermallyinducedlesions, the suggesting the that presence free gasgenerated the cavitation of by blockspassage the of
ultrasound.
using indirect an approach developed ChuandApfel[B.-T. ChuandR. in
E Apfel,J.Acoust. Am.72, 1673-1687 Soc. (1982)], radiation the pressurewasanalyzed withoutappealing the detailedsolutions the govto of erning fluiddynamic equations. wasshown evenin Iossy It that mediawith arbitrary waves, radiation the pressure experienced a pointwise by targetis equalto theLangevin pressure whichis thetimeaverage energy density at thatpoint.The radiation pressure exerted a specific on targetby an arbitraryacoustic wavein an infiniteIossymediumwasstudied and a concise theoretical resultwasobtained. [The work wassupported grants by CA 43920 andHL 41046 from the NationalInstitutes Health.] of
8:20
8:50
3aPA2. Simulation of ultrasonic propagation through abdominal wall. T. Douglas Mast,LauraM. Hinkelman, Robert Waag (Dept.of C. Elec. Eng., Univ. of Rochester, Rochester, 14627),and VictorW. NY Sparrow (Penn State Univ.,University Park,PA 16802)
3aPA4. Measurements finite-amplitudeacousticpulsesradiated of from focused piston sources in water. Michalakis A. Averkiou, Lawrence Crum (Appl. Phys.Lab., Univ. of Washington, A. Seattle, WA 98105), and Mark F. Hamilton (Univ. of Texasat Austin,Austin,TX 78712-1063) Measurements finite-amplitude of acoustic pulses radiated a focused by
Ultrasonic pulsepropagation through humanabdominal the wall is simulated usinga modelfor two-dimensional propagation through anatomically realistic tissue cross sections. time-domain The waveequation for a medium variable of sound speed density discretized solved and is and asa setof coupled finite-difference equations. finite-difference The algorithmused a two-step is MacCormack scheme is fourth-order that accurate in space second-order and accurate time.The inhomogeneous of in tissue the abdominal wall is represented two-dimensional by matrices sound of speedand densityvalues.These valuesare determined mapping by scanned images abdominal cross of wall sections havebeenstained that to identifyconnective tissue,muscle,and fat, each of which is assumed to have constant a sound speed density. computational and The configuration
is chosen simulate experimental to the wave-frontdistortion measurements
piston source waterarereported. in Pulses center with frequency 2.25 of

MHz, durations ranging fromtwo to tencycles, peaksound and pressures
up to 3 MPa weremeasured a wideband with (1-20 MHz) membrane hydrophone. combined The effects focusing, of diffraction, finiteand
amplitude distortion short on pulses demonstrated. are Propagation curves for the peakpositive andpeaknegative pressure alongthe axis of the source shown. peaknegative are The pressure, whichis an important factor in cavitation dynamics, maximized the prefocal is in regionand shifts
closerto the source with increasing source amplitude, predicted as earlier [Avcrkiou at., J. Acouat. ct Soc.Am. 96, 3306(A) (1993)].Tissue image during treatment with a therapeutic ultrasound device thatshowincreased cavitation activityin theprefocal region presented. measurements are The
of Hinkelman al. [J.Acoust. Am. 95, 530-541 (1994)].Qualitative et Soc. agreement foundbetween is thosemeasurements the results the and of present computations. Visualization calculated of sound fieldsis used to
illustrate the salient characteristics of ultrasonic wave-front distortion in
vivo.
arecompared theoretical with predictions ontheKZK equation based and goodagreement found. is [Worksupported theNational by Institutes of
Health.]
3325
3325
9:05
9:50-10:05
Break
3aPAS. Magneticfield studies the superconducting of transition in (Lat_xSr)aCuO singlecrystalby ultrasonic 4 measurements. M.J. McKenna, Hong Zhang, Bimal Sarma, K. Moises Levy (Dept. Phys., of
Univ. of Wisconsin--Milwaukee, Milwaukee WI 53201), T. Kimura, K.
10:0s
Kishio, K. Kitazawa (Univ.of Tokyo, and Tokyo, Japan)

Thetemperature dependence theultrasonic of attenuation therelaand tivesound velocity weremeasured a single in crystal (La zSrx)2CuO4 of
3aPAS. Temperature rise generated by diagnostic ultrasound in a transcranialphantom. JuntoWu, Frances Cubberiey, GerardGormley
(Dept.of Phys., Univ.of Vermont, Burlington, 05405),and Thomas VT L. Szabo (Hewlett-Packard Imaging Systems, Andover, 01810) MA
Temperature generated diagnostic rises by ultrasound a commerfrom cialsystem (Sones 1000Hewlett-Packard) a transcranial in phantom that
consists humantemporal of boneandtissue-mimicking materialare measured. Significant temperature werefound theexternal internal rises at and temporal bonesurfaces.. experimental The results compared Craare with nialThermal Indices (TIC) developed American by Institute Ultrasound of
in Medicine and National Electrical Manufacturers association in 1992 for
(x=0.075, nominal) dimensions 4)<4)<4 3,ina temperawith ofabout mm

turerangeof 4.2 to 50 K. The superconducting transition thissample of measured ac susceptibilityat 36.6K. Thefrequency longitudinal by is of sound waves propagating alongthec axiswasextended to 305 MHz. up The attenuation showstwo peaks,one at about27 K and the other at around 36.7 K, while the sound velocityexhibits softenlugs about20 of and 80 ppm at the corresponding temperatures, respectively. Magnetic fields 11 KOe wereapplied thea-b planeto study effects the of in the of field on boththe temperatures the heights these and of features attenuin
ationand velocity.The results, combined with the frequency dependences of thesefeatures, suggest that the transition 36.7 K may possibly at be
various modes. all the modes For compared, TIC underestimated temperatureriseat the external temporal bonesurface. The differences between the dataandtemperature risespredicted TIC canbe attributed transducer by to
surface heating. [Worksupported Hewlett-Packard by Co.]
produced botha structural by transition thesuperconducting and transition. In addition, results thetemperature on dependence theattenuation of upon cooling magnetic in fields bepresented. will [Work supported theOffice by of Naval Research.]
10:20
3aPA9. Numerical anomalies in the Rayleigh-Ritz method for calculatingthe normal mode vibrationsof arbitrarily shapedelastic
solids. P.S. Spoor 1. D. Maynard (Dept.of Phys., and Penn State Univ., University Park,PA 16802)
9:20
A matriximplementation theRayleigh-Ritzvariational of method was

of an intra-arterial
3aPA6.
Pressure and cavitation
measurements
used Demarest H. Demarest, Acoust. Am.57, 768] to make by [H. 1. Sec.

the first successful calculation the eigenfrequencies eigenmodes of and of
angioplasty device. InderRaj S. MakinandE. CartEverbach(Dept.of Eng., Swarthmore College,Swarthmore, 19081-1397) PA Variation the acoustic of field radiated from a low-frequency (22.5 kHz) catheterlike angioplasty device a relatively in large(600L) tankof water waspresented earlier R. S. MakinandE. C. Everbach, Acoust. [I. J. Sec.Am. 95, 2855(A) (1994)].The normal volume thehuman of torso or
the humanlimb into which the ultrasonicwire is insertedduring therapy
cannot be treated, however, as an infinite medium for the 66.6-mm wave-
an isotropic elastic cube,andwaslatergeneralized Ohno[I. Ohno,J. by Phys.Earth57, 355] andVisscher M. Visscher al., 1. Acoust. [W. et See. Am. 90, 2154-2162 (1991)] to applyto solids arbitrary of shape and elastic symmetry. became coreof a newmethod elastic This the of constant determination based measurements thenormal on of modespectra elasof
tic parallelepipeds spheres, and called resonant ultrasound spectroscopy
length(calculated water)dueto the wire source. for Therefore sound the
(RUS).In theory, should ableto useRayleigh-Ritz determine one be to the effectof imperfect parallelepipeds to smallerrors sample (due in preparation) on the accuracy RUS. It hasbeendiscovered, of however, that the
methodmay not convergeproperlyfor many relevantcases,producing spurious results.A variety of examples,includingcomparisons with low-
field thedevice investigated liquid-filled of was in a Plexiglas cylinder

(200-mm diameter, 350-mm height)to simulateanthropometric dimensions. Measurement pressures of alongtheaxisof thecylinder the wire for source positioned axially at oneend of the cylindershows markedstanda ing wave patterneven up to an axial range of 250 ram. Such strong standing waves couldpotentially existfar awayfromtheprobe in vive. tip In addition,the occurrence cavitation the tip of the wire was conof at finnedusinga 20-MHz passive cavitation detection technique.
orderapproximations, be discussed. will [Worksupported NSF Grant by DMR-9000549 andby theOfficeof Naval Research.]
10:35
3aPA10. Ultrasoniccharacterization the quality of an epoxyresin. of B. Faiz, A. Moudden (Lab. d'Instrum.et de Mesures, Facult6des Sci. d'Agadir,Univ. tbnouZohr, Agadir,Morocco), D. Drcultot, and G. Maze (Universit6 Havre,Le Havre,France) du A pulse ultrasonic technique beendeveloped study qualityof has to the the liquid/solid transformation an epoxyresinmadeup of two compoof nents (resinandhardener). epoxyresinis in a tankwithparallelfaces. The
9:35
3aPA7. Correction of errors in Doppler peak velocity measurements made with commercial ultrasound systems. Andrew J. Winklet and JunruWu (Dept. of Phya_, Univ_of Vermont,]urllnton, VT 05405)
A reflection technique allows measurementthephase the of velocity, the

attenuanon, the acoustical and impedance. firstandsecond The parameters give an average stateof the resinhardening the thickness. temporal in The evolution the lastparameter of allowsan evaluation the state the resin of of at the interface resin/tank wall. Theseexperiments havebeenachieved for differentproportions the hardener. of The velocityand the attenuation
increase at first and then stabilize after a time which is as short as the
Commercial Duplexultrasound systems primarilymeasure peakvelocity of bloodflow to provideinformation diagnosing in vascular disease. However, to errors due caused intrinsic by spectral broadening (ISB), the accuracy decreases Dopplerangleincreases. general,vascular as In technologists keeptheDoppler angleunder .Sincemostvessels thebody 60 in run almostparallelwith the skin surface, any criteriarequitinga Doppler angleof say45 or lesswouldbe difficultto achieve. Using the transverse Doppler equation [Newhouse al., I. Acoust. et Sec.Am. 95, 2091-2098
(1984)]asa correction ISB, in cojancfion theclassical for with Doppler

equation, muchmoreaccurate peakvelocitymeasurements were obtained at Dopplerangleas high as 80.
hardener concentration high. The experiment is showsthat 10% of the hardener the optimum is valueand that 20% of it produces vitreous a transition. experimental The results alsoshowthat the acoustical impedancestabilizes aftera time longer thanthe oneobserved the velocity for and the attenuation. velocityand the attenuation significant The are parameters the optimum of valueof the hardener concentration. acousThe ticalimpedance thesignificant is parameter thebondquality. of
3326
3326
10:50
examined whichhaspotential advantages theinvestigation thisclass for of

of mediatedinteractions soundwith sound.The new geometryusesa of
3aPA11. Polarimetric fiber-optic ultrasonic sensor for the

nondestructiveevaluation of materials. Chonghua Zhou, StephenV.
Letcher(Dept. Phys., of Univ.of Rhode Island, Kingston, 02881 and RI ),

N. Narendran (MTI, Latham,NY 12110)
high-frequency probebeamthat is collinearwith the axis of the pump standing wave.The Braggsignal thisgeometry amenable analysis for is to with transfer matrices, interaction The investigated potential has applica-
tions theacoustical to probing suspensions. supported the of [Work by

Officeof NavalResearch.]
11:35
A fiber-optic polarimetric interferometer been has used anultrasonic as

sensor a feasibility in studyof flaw detection nondestructive and evaluation
of materials. The sensor is based on acoustic modulation of the birefrin-
gence a polarization-maintaining The smallsizeof thefiberand of fiber.

the ability to embedit in materials providesignificant advantages over conventional transducers. Whenthe fiberandsample bothimmersed are in water,sample thickness flaw location, and size,andorientation havebeen evaluated. The fiber hasalso beenembedded a Plexiglasspecimen in and
3aPA14. Greenspanacousticviscometer:Recent results. Keith A. Gillis,MichaelR. Moldover (NIST,Thermophys. Gaithersburg, Div., MD 20899), and James B. Mehl (Univ. of Delaware, Newark, DE
19716-2570)
hasshown potential locate the to internal flaws.[Worksupported, part, in by NSF.]

11:05
Acoustic resonatorsconsistingof a duct coupling two cavities
(Greenspan viscometers) a low-frequency have modewhose response a is
sensitive function theviscous of diffusivity theenclosed Thereof gas.

3aPA12. Concentration, fractionation, and separation of small particles in liquid by ultrasound. Kenji Yasuda, Shinichiro Umemura (Advanced Res. Lab., Hitachi Ltd., 2520 Akanuma,
sponse function determined is experimentally measuring acoustic by the pressure one cavityas a function the frequency a source the in of of in other cavity. A theoretical response function,basedon a model which
includesviscousand thermalboundarylayer phenomena both the duct in and the cavities,as well as inertial and resistiveduct-endcorrections, fit is to the data to determine viscous the diffusivity.Recentmeasurements in
Hatoyama-chou, Hiki-Gun,Saitama 350-03,Japan), and KazuoTakeda (Central Research Lab., HitachiLtd., Tokyo 185,Japan)
The efficacy using ultrasonic of an standing planewaveto concentrate smallparticles a liquid was theoretically in estimated compared and with exper/mental results. Acoustic energydensitywas measured ultrasonic by absorption, particle and distribution observed darkfield was by microscopy. The theorypredicts theeffectof diffusion negligible concentrat4 that is in ing polystyrene spheres largerthan5/xm in diameter whentheyare sub-
argon, helium, propane roomtemperature a range viscous and near span of
diffusivity 7X 10 to2X [0-4 m/s Experimental determined from -7 2. values

with threedifferentviscometers differ from reference valuesby average values 2.7% (viscometer 0.8% (viscometer and1.8%(viscometer of 0), 1),
2). [Worksupported theOfficeof NavolResearch.] by

11:50
jected 4 J/m ultrasound kHz. half-width thesteady-state to 3 at500 The of

particle distribution theexperiment of thesame in was orderof magnitude as that of the theory.This concentrating techniquewas applied to the fractionation polystyrene of spheres l0/m in diameter using capillary by a tube.More than90% of the particles a laminarflow were successfully in collected. separation A technique basedon the competition betweenthe
acoustic radiation force and the electrostatic force was also tested. A mix-
3aPA15. Numerical investigationsof double-Helmholtz resonators and duct-endeffects. James Mehl (Dept.of Phys. Astron., B. and Univ.
of Delawarel Newark,DE 19716-2570 NIST Gaithersburg, and MD

20899)
The acoustic fieldsand eigenfrequencies doubleHelmholtzresonaof
ture of polystyrene spheres with two differentradii, which lined up on a pressure nodeof a stationary standing wave, was successfully separated according theirradiiby applying uniform to a electrostatic parallel force to
the acoustic radiation force.
tors(Greenspan viscometers) beeninvestigated have usinga boundaryintegral-equation technique. resonator The geometry consists a circular of
duct connected both endsto concentric at cylindricalcavities.Comparisons the numerically of determined fieldswith analyticexpressions based
11:20
3aPA13. Collinear ultrasonic four-wave mixing mediated by a
on a Green's function expansion establish highaccuracy themethod. the of The acoustic flow near the duct-cavity orificeshas the expected singular behavior theedgeof theductorifice. at The associated duct-end inertance corresponds a length to correction approximately timestheduct of 0.82
suspension. Christopher S,Kwiatkow, Philip Marston ski and L. (Dept.

of Phys., Washington Univ., State PullMan, 99164-2814) WA
In previous work,ultrasonic four-wave mixingmediated a suspenby sionwasbbserved oblique by Bragg reflection a high-frequency of probe
radii, slightly smaller theclassical than formulas Rayleigh Ingard of and [1.
Acoust. Soc.Am. 25, 1037-1061 (1953)],whicharebased an assumed on
uniform (piston) within orifice. flow the Numerical integrations of the

square thetangential of particle velocity overthewallsof theductandthe
wave froma periodic grating J. Simpson P.L. Marston, Acoust. [H. and J. Soc. Am. 90, 2244(A)(1991)].Thegrating thenumber in density susof pended polymer microspheres induced theradiation was by pressure a of
standing pumpwave.In the present investigation, different a geometry is
cavity wall surrounding orifice the havebeen used estimate orifice to the resistance. quantity found correspond a resistance This was to to effective length approximately times viscous of 0.79 the penetration length, result a
of importance modeling Greenspan inthe of viscometers. supported [Work by theOffice NavalResearch.] of
3327
3327
THURSDAY
MORNING,
I JUNE 1995
GRAND BALLROOM CENTRAL, 7:45 A.M. TO 12:00 NOON

Session 3aPP
Psychological and Physiological Acoustics: Pitch and Temporal Perception;Auditory Detection

William A. Yost, Chair
ParrelyHearingInstitute, LoyolaUniversiCy, NorthSheridan 6525 Drive, Chicago, Illinois60626

Contributed Papers
7:45
3aPPI. Pitch and pitch strength of iterated rippled noise. William A. Yost, Sandra Guzman, Stanley J. and Sheft (Parrely Hear. Inst.,Loyola
to have lowpitch a corresponding whose t9 fo, discriminability decreases asthemodulationfcam shifted AM toQFMphase Greenberg of is from IS. andP.L. Divenyi, Proc.18thMidwinter Mtg.ARO,p. 55 (1995)]. the In
present experiments, discrimination measured pairs CAM pitch was for of tones having fixed differences either f0 but variable depth (1%-200%)or variable phase - 1.5r)of modulation thefL complex. (1 in Results the of experiments showa pattern modulation of depth-phase trade-off over a rangeis constant above,and muchreduced belowfearn=4 kHz. These findings portraytime-based pitchextraction beinga process which as in phasespectrum playsa role consistent with the one proposed W. H. by
Univ.Chicago, 6525N. Sheridan Chicago, 60626) Rd., IL
A cascade add,delay ms),andattenuate of (d (-l<g<l} circuit excited with noiseproduces iterated ripplednoise(IRN) stimuli.The
matched pitch and discriminability between pairsof IRN stimuliwere studied a function g, d, andthenumber circuit as of of iterations For (n). g>0, thepitchof all IRN stimuli equals lid. Forg<0, pitchdepends on n: For smalln, thereweretwo pitches theregionof IM, whilefor large in n there was a singlepitch equalto 1/2d. Peaksin the autocorrelation
function of IRN stimuli accounted for all of the results. Peaks in the autocorrelation functions for IRN stimuli indicate the number of intervals
Huggins Acoust. Am.24, 582-589(1952)] histheory. [J. Soc. in [Work

supported NIH andtheVA Medical by Research.]
8:30
in thewaveform with durations (p= 1,2 ..... n), andfor g<0 intervals pd related peaks to near1/md(rn=odd integers) caused assumed by auditory filtering. The number intervals of (i.e., the heights theautocorrelation of peaks)determines discriminability the betweenIRN stimuli, while the reciprocal the intervaldurationdetermines matched of the pitch.These results support temporal a rather thana spectral account thepitchof IRN of
3aPP4. A bridge betweenplace and time. I. The peripheral/central originsof frequencyanalysis. StevenGreenberg (lnt. Comput.Sci. Inst., 1947CenterSt., Berkeley, 94704) CA
stimuli. [Worksupported NIH.] by

8:0O
Auditory theory traditionally has pitted"place"(thetonotopically organized spatial pattern excitation) of versus "time" (thetemporal pattern of discharge) respect theneural with to representation underlying specific
attributes acoustic of sensation. This long-standing controversy beenof has particular significance models pitchandfrequency for of analysis, casts but its theoretical shadow overthe discipline a whole.A potential as resolution of this historicaloppositionis proposed, which place and time are in
3aPP2.Extractingthe FO'sof two overlapping groupsof harmonics. Robert Carlyon (MRC AppLPsych. P. Unit, 15Chaucer Cambridge Rd., CB2 2EF, England)
Two concurrent harmonicsounds were mixed and passedthrougha
viewed flip sides a complex as of representational matrix neural of activity,

boundtogether through mechanics the cochlear the of travelingwave and
its interaction with central loci of coincidence detection and inhibition.
bandpass withcutoffs either filter, of 20-1420 Hz ("low condition;" components resolved auditory by system) 3900-5400Hz ("highcondition;" or components unresolved). complex "masker") anF0 of 210 One (the had
Hz in bothintervals each2IFC trial. Sensitivity of (d') wasmeasured to
F0 differences ("AF0's"} in theother("target")complex between the

two intervals of each trial. In the low condition, listeners could hear two
clearpitches eachinterval,andperformance the discrimination in on task
wasreasonably. (d' approximately for AF0 =4%) regardless good 0.75 of

whetherthe maskerwas satedsynchronously with the targetor started150 ms before and ended 150 ms after it. In contrast,the mixture in the high condition wasperceived a single,aperiodic as sound, similarto a crackle, anddiscrimination the presence an asynchronous in of maskerwascloseto chance,even for AF0 = 16%. This, togetherwith other findings,suggests
Frequency analysis viewedaspossessing components. is exciis two One tatpry,basedon spafiallycircumscribed patterns temporally of coherent peripheral activityand processed centralcoincidenee-sensitive by neural elements. The other involvescentralinhibitoryelements driven by nonsynchronous activitydistributed over a broadtonotopic domain.Together, thesetwo components account the preservation frequency can for of selectivity acrossa wide range of frequenciesand sound-pressure levels, despite dramatic changes the average-rate-based in profileof neuralactiv-
8:45
thatlisteners poorat extracting F0's of two groups overlapping are the of unresolved harmonics. Performance the high condition in was betterwith a synchronous with an asynchronous than masker. andexperiments be will presented whichst alternative explanations thisdifference. for
8:15
3aPPS. A bridge between place and time. II. Its significance for lheorie of pitch. Steven Greenberg Ont. Cornput.fi]i. Inst., 1947 CenterSt., Berkeley, 94704) CA
The opposition between"place" and "time" perspectives auditory in functionfindsits fullest theoretical expression the long-standing in controveray overthe neuralbasis pitch.Traditionally, two perspectives of the have beenviewed as mutuallyexclusive,with pitch derivedfrom either placeor temporalcues,but not both.The controversy persists, largepart, in because neitherperspective, itself, can fully account the full range by for
3aPP3. Trade-off between depth and phase of modulation in the
perception pitch of complexamplitude-modulated of tones. Pierre L. Divenyi (Speech Hear.Res.,V.A. MedicalCenter, and Martinez, CA 94553), Steven Greenberg(Univ.of California, Berkeley, 94720), CA
and Alain P. Algazi (V.A. MedicalCtr., Martinez,CA 94553)
Complex amplitude-modulated (CAM) tones weregenerated through amplitude modulatinghigh-frequency a carrier fcam(3-10 kHz) by anAM tonehavinga mr, rdulati.gfrequency a carrier cfLout i0% offct and
modulated a ratefo in the 100-Hz range.CAM sounds at havebeenshown
of perceptual experience associated the pitchof complex with signals [E. F. Evans, Audiology 369-420 0978)]. It is proposed pitchstems 17, that
from the interplayof place and time information, boundtogetherinto a coherentrepresentation through the operationof central coincidencesensitive neuralpopulations. This frameworkprovidesa principled basis
3328
3328
for understanding neural the mechanisms underlying majorproperties the of pitch(such the "dominance" "existence" as and regions, firstand the second effects of/he pitchshift,phase-insensitivity dichotically and mediated pitch] illustrates manner which and the in both frequency selectivity andsynchrony required computing signal's are for a periodicity with precisionand reliability.
9:00
Performance the unexpected at ratesdepended uponthe target rate.For the 4-Hz target, modulation all rates at wasdetected about on 80%of thetrials. For the32- and256-Hz targets, unexpected modulation rates 16 Itz and of
above were detectedon 80%-90% of the trials, but modulation ratesbelow
16 Hz weredetected nearlyat chance. Thus,contrary the predictions to of several popular models, abilityto detect the modulation clearlyinfluwas
enced expectation themodulation [Worksupported NIH.] by of rate. by
3aPP6. The effects on comodulation masking release (CMR) of systematicvariations in on- and off-frequency masker modulation patterns. Emily Buss andVirginiaM. Richards (Dept.of Psych., Univ. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104) PA
9:45-10:00
Break
Detection thresholds wereobtained a 500-Hz tonesignaladded for to a masker comprised anamplitude of modulated centered thesignal tone at frequency (on-frequency masker) and an arrayof amplitude modulated tones centered 300, 700, 800, 900, 1000,and l100 Hz (off-frequency at maskers}. on-frequency The masker a sinustidally was amplitude modulatedtone,and the off-frequency maskers were square-wave modulated tones. andoff-frequency Onmodulators eitherin-phase of random were or phase relativeto one another, different and conditions usedsquare wave modulators different with dutycycles (0%-100%}. The difference between thresholds obtained thein-phase random in and phase conditions (CMRs) were as large as 12 dB, comparable the CMRs foundwith perfectly to
matched modulators. Thresholds the randomphaseconditiondid not in depend dutycycle,but for the in-phase on condition plot of thresholds the asa function dutycycleis "U" shaped. dataarein rough of The agreement with "cued-listening" models CMR in whichthe detection the added of of toneisenhanced thecueprovided theoff-frequency by by masker minima.
10:00
3aPP9. Detectionof decrements and increments sinnsoids high in at overall levels. Brian C. J. Moore (Dept. of Exp. Psych.,Univ. of Cambridge, DowningSt., Cambridge CB2 3EB, England}, RobertW. Peters (Univ. of NorthCarolina, ChapelHill, NC 27599-7190), and BrianR. Glasberg (Univ. of Cambridge, Cambridge, England)
Thresholds the detection decrements level of sinusoidal for of in signalsweremeasured a function duration 4, 6, 10, and 14 ms),level as of (2, (70, 80, and90 dB SPL) andfrequency (250, 500, 1000,2000, and4000
Hz). Sevennormallyhearinglisteners were testedat each frequency.

Thresholds detecting 10-msincrement level were also measured. for a in The sinusolds were presented a background in noiseintendedto mask spectral splatter associated with the decrement increment. or Performance improved with increasing frequency all decrement increment for and durations.Performance also tendedto improvewith increasing level at 2000 and4000 Hz. The resultswere analyzedusinga four-stage modelconsisting of an auditory filter,a nonlinearity, slidingtemporal a integrator, a and decision mechanism.The analysis indicatedthat the improved performancewith increasing frequency and increasing level can be attributed mainlyto changes the detection in process followingthe temporal integra-
9:15
3aPP7. Mixed modulation masking: AM masking FM and FM
maskingAM. BrentW. Edwards and Neal E Viemeister (Dept. of Psych., Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 55455} MN
In a series experiments, masking AM by FM andthemasking of the of of FM by AM wasinvestigated. modulation sinusoidal, the All was and cartierwasa I kHz tone.The masking 16-HzAM by FM asa function of of themodulation frequency theFM showed same of the broad tuning seen
torrather thanchanges theequivalent in rectangular duration (ERD) of the temporal integrator. ERD variedlittle with changes frequency The in and level.At higherfrequencies levelsa smaller and change required the is at output the integrator threshold be reached. of for to
withAM modulation masking [Bacon Grantham, Acoust. Am. and I. Sec. 85. 2575-25800989)]. Thisis consistent FM being with primarily encodedasAM for small modulation depths. Masking of 16-Hz FM by AM showed broader tuning;thiscanbe attributed the "second to cue" for FM
10:15
hypothesized Edwards Viemeister Acoust. by and [J. Sec.Am. 96, 733740 (1994)]. AM detection thresholds wereobtained a function also as of the modulation index,/3, of the FM masker. Thresholds approached 100% modulation depthfor large/3, indicating inabilityto process an energy fluctuations occurin bothtime and frequency. that Finally, thresholds were obtained a functionof the relativephasebetweenthe maskerand signal as modulations. Thesephaseresultsare discussed with respect current to
3aPP10. Gap detection thresholdsmeasured for synunetric and asynunetrie marker frequency combinations surrounding a silent temporal gap. Craig Formby (Dept. of Surgery, Univ. of Maryland
School of Medicine, 419 W. Redwood St., Baltimore, MD}, Sheldon
Lia (Johns Hopkins Univ.,Baltimore, 21218),and LaGuinn MD

Sherlock (Univ. of MarylandSchool Medicine,Baltimore, of MD)
modulation encoding theories. [Worksupported DC00683.] by

9:30
Temporal detection gap (TGD) thresholds measured were between sinusolds varied frequency that in from2000to 3100Hz for combinations of 2, 3, or 4 markers (e.g.,combinations oneor twopre-gap of markers with
oneor twopost-gap markers). Sinusoidal frequencies andF4 were F used

3aPP8. Detection of sinusoidal amplitude modulation having unexpected rates. BeverlyA. Wright (Keck Ctr., Box 0732, Univ. of Calif., San Francisco, 94143-0732)and Huanping CA Dai (Univ. of
Florida,Gainesville.FL 3261I)
as pre-gap markers, while F 2 and F3 served post-gap as markers. TGD thresholds were measured from threenormal-hearing adultswho tracked 70.7% correct detection thresholds adaptively across blocks 50 2AFC of trials.For symmetric markerconditions, wherea pair or pairsof pre- and post-gap markers equivalent frequency bothsides the silent are in on of
gap(e.g., = F2 or F = F2 andFa= F4),TGD thresholds small F are (i.e.,

< 10 ms). However,for asymmetric markerconditions, whereonly three
The detectability sinusoidal of amplitudemodulation havingunexpected rates wasassessed a probe-signal using method. With thismethod, threelisteners wereled to expect target a modulation (4, 32, or 256 rate
markers presenteda trial(e.g., are on F=F2, F7:F3,noF4),perfOrmanceis highlyvariable. TGD thresholds asymmetric for markercondi-
Hz) by presenting signal the most oftenat thatrate,andsensitivity to

modulation six otherunexpected at ratesbetween4 and 256 Hz was measuredvia occasionally presented probemodulation rates.The modulation
tionsmaybe verylarge(e.g.,20-80 ms),andtendto increase the as

lrequency separauonis increasedbelween markersF 3 or F 4 and markers
phase random each21FCtrial andtheoveralllevelof the500-ms was on

wideband cartier was randomlyvaried between55 and 75 dB SPL across intervals. The modulation depthat eachrate was setso that the modulation wasdetected about90% of the trialswhenonly thatrate was presented. on
F = F 2. Thesepatterns TGD results inconsistent a masking of are with process probably and reflect mechanisms areimportant grouping that in of auditory images. [Research supported NIH andThe Centerfor Lanby
guage Speech and Processing, Hopkins Johns University.] alpresent address: AT&T Bell Laboratories, 200 Laurel Ave., Middletown. NJ 07748.
3329
129th Meeting:Acoustical Societyof Amedca
3329
10:30
11:15
3aPPI1. The relafonship between auditory filter bandwidth and temporalresolution. Elizabeth Strickland (Dept.of Psych., A. Univ. of
3aPP14, Peak detectionfor auditory sound d'scrimination. JuliusL.
Goldstein (Central Inst. for the Deaf, 818 S. Euclid,St. Louis,MO

63110-1594)and Joseph Hall (AT&T Bell Labs.,' L. Murray Hill, NJ
O7974-O636)
Florida, P.O.Box 112250, Gainesville, FL'32611-2250)
Temporal was resolutio examined inthe'contextenvelope ofan detector model. This model incorporates two limits to temporalresolution:
filtering theperipheral by auditory system, a central and temporal window. It predicts temporal that resolution should increase withthebandwidth of theperipheral filterup to a certain filterwidth,beyond whichit should be determined thecentral by limitations. determine To whether predicted the relationship between peripheral filtering temporal and resolution couldbe observed, temporal resolution auditory and filter widthsweremeasured as a function frequency of regionand level. Because auditory filterswiden with level and with centerfrequency, relatiohship the betweentemporal
resolution and filter width could thus be tested both within and across
Auditorydetection envelopemaximain temporalresponses coof of chlearfrequeocy-analyzing filtershas beenhypothesid to account for
phase effects psychophysical in discrimination L. Goldstein, Acoust, [J. 1. Soc. Am.41, 458-479 (1967)]. Re-examinationthishypothesisthe of in context asymmetry masking Hellman, of of JR. Percept. Psychophys. 11, 241-246 (1972)]reveals it also that provides adequate an explanation for
this phenomenon. Peak discrimination between tone and tone masker a plusnarrow-band-noise is moresensitive probe probe to energy thanis the
inverse discrimination noise noise between and masker to probe, plus ne in

agreement with psychophysics. Simulations this modelindicatethat of asymmetry masking a function the product noisebandwidth of is of of and temporalduration.Psychophysical experiments maskingasymmetry on wereperformed with bothmaskerandprobebandwidth rangingfrom pure toneto supracritical band. The experimental design included bothfixedand rovinglevels,with randomphases fixed throughout eachexperiment. A
frequency regions. Temporal modulation traxsfer functions (TMTFs) were

measured frequency for regions from 500 to 4000 Hz usingnarrow-band noise.Auditory filter functions were measured the samefrequency in re-
gitns,using notched-noise the method with probe level fixed.Bothth

TMTFs andfilter functions weremeasured two levelsin eachfrequency at
region. predicl,timeconstants correlated filterwidth As were with for

narrow filters, and wereconstant widerfilters. for [Workpartially supported a post-doctoral by fellowship NIH.] from
10:45
standard detection-theory wasfit to thedata, model assuming ratios that of
peaks of normalized aremeasured anoptimal or peaks by noisy discriminator.Predictions based uponstimulus envelopes in goodagreement are
with the data.
11:30
3aPP12. The effect of lemporal placement on gap detectability. KarenB. Snell (Dept.of Audiol.,Rochester of Techno!., Lomb Inst. 52 Memorial Dr., Rochester, NY 14623-5604) and Hue-Lu Hu (Smith
College, Nerxhampton, 01060) MA

The detectability a maskedsinusoidincreases its onsetapof as
3aPP15.Auditory detectionof changes massdensityand elasticity in of a tuning fork. Robert Lutfi andEunmiOh (Dept.of Cornmum A. Disord.andPsych., Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, 53706) WI
Theprinciples theoretical of acoustics applied reconstruct were to the
proaches temporal the center a masker. study designed of This was to

detemline whether similar a change detectability in wouldoccurfor a
silentgap as its onsetwas parametrically displaced from the onsetof a noiseburst.Gap thresholds were obtained four subjects. for Signalswere 150-ms, 6-kHz low-passed noise bursts presented an overalllevelof 75 at dB SPL.A 10-mscosine-squared envelope shaped onset the andoffsetof the noiseburst.Gaps were shapedby a 1-ms cosine-squared envelope. Gapsonsets weredisplaced 0, 1, 3, 5, 10, 30, 50, 100, 110,and 120 ms. by The displacement was measured from the first point of full amplitude following the 10-msshaped onget.Gap thresholds were determined a in 3IFC procedure using75-trial runs.Subjects completed five replications withoutprior practice.The meangap threshold was largestfor the noise
sound-pressure waveformthe aswould generatedanidealized at ear be by

tuningfork (struck, clamped bar).The resultis an inharmonic of sum damped sinusoids whose individual acoustic parameters (frequency, intensity, decay and modulus) determined themass are by density elasticity and
of thematerial comprising bar.In thestandard the 2IFC procedure, listenerswereasked, effect,to detect in changes thematerial in composition of the bar based their perception the acoustic on of waveform. Listenerstrategiesfor detecting such changes wereestimated perturbing by slightlythe individual acoustic parameters from trial to trial andcomputing correlations withthelistener's response R. A. LutfiandE. Oh,J.Acoust. [cf. Soc. Am. 95, 2963(A) (1994)].In general, correlations the revealed listenthat ersfail to make optimal of theinformation theacoustic use in waveform by
burst closest signal to onset (5.67ms)andsmallest thegapoffset 60 for by ms fromthesignal onset (2.01 ms).For all subjects, thresholds gap decreased the gapapproached noiseburstcenter. as the
tending giveundue to weight a given for material change, oneor more on parameterstheacoustic of waveform. results discussedterms The are in of their implications ecological for notions regarding perception the of
"higher-order" variables the determination naturalresonant in of sources.
[Research supported NIDCD.] by

11:00
3aPP13. Shared attention in detection and identification.
Ervin R.
11:45
Halter and Anne-MadeBonnel (Dept. of Psych., Univ. of California,

Berkeley,CA 94720}
Brief,incremental iS(+)] ordecremental iS(-)] signals added were to

an ongoing pedestal. detection, For correct responses either"yes" to were
3aPPI6. Estimatingperceptualdistributions endpointstimuli. for M. E. H. Scbouten A. ]. vanHessen(Res. and Inst.forLang.andSpeech,

UtrechtUniv., Trans 10, 3512 JK Utrecht,The Netherlands)
both S(+) andS(-) or "no"to nonsignal trials. identification, For a signal

waaprc. antl on orytrial andrcponsca wereeither "$(*)" or "$(--)." Subjectsmonitoredeither a single channelor, in the "dual task," two
Rather toassume allstimuli a continuumrise thah that on give to

perceptual dismbuUons are Gaussian equal,it is sometimes that and desirable determine to these distributions moredirectly, example for when
simultaneous channels with independent stimuli.Expanding previous on work with two visual stimuli, here therewere one visual stimulus(on a CRT) andoneauditory (puretone).As before, dual-task performance in
detection was better than in identification. In addition, detection was as
thestimuli speech are sounds'. canbedone means (absolute) This by of

identification (non-numerical) or magnitude estimation. problem A with
suchmethods thatthe apparent is distributions obtained with thembecome
skewed thestimuli as approach either of thecontinuum. attempt end An

was made to-recoverthe underlying distributions extending reby the sponse rangeby threestimulus steps beyond continuum the endpoints, bothfor intensity for stop and consonants. resulting The distributions were
fitted by meansof Gaussianfunctions,so that a direct measureof d' in
goodon eachof two channels on one alone,indicating as parallel9rocessing, but identification declined,suggesting sharedattention.Testingthe
ideathat pedestal-to-signal transients account these for differences, pedestalswereturned beforeandafterthe signal off intervals, removing transientsas sources information. of This did not affect identification, but
detection wasnow worsethan identification declined the dual task, and in suggestive shared of attention.
these taskswasobtained. is assumed in tasks'Uther identificaIt that than
tionor magnitude estimation, widths thedistributions the of change, but

that their means are unaffected.
3330
3330
THURSDAY
MORNING,
1 JUNE 1995
MEETING
Session 3aSA
ROOMS 12, 13, 14, 8:30 TO 11:35 A.M.
Structural Acoustics and Vibration: Structural Intensity I

SabihI. Hayek, Cochair Department Ertgineering of Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
Scott D. Sommerfeldt, Cochair
GraduateProgramin Acoustics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802

Chair's Introduction8:O
Invited Papers
8:35
3aSA1. equation diffusion The of applied energy to density vibrating of beams.Myriam Djimadonm (L.V.A., I.N.S.A.Bt 303, Viileurbanne, France) and Jean Louis Guyader(Institut National Sciences des Appliqu6es, 69621Villeurbanne Cedex, France)
Inspired precedent by studies thepossibility writing on of simple differential equations governing evolution vibratory the of energy
density J. Nefske S. H. Sung, [D. and Trans. ASME Ill, 94-100 (1989)],andequation diffusion itsrelated of and conditions at discontinuities been have developed anenergetic for quantity inthecase flexural of waves propagatingbeams, in where represents
the space-averaged far-fieldpartof the displacement autospectrum,proportional energy is to density, doesnot needextratime but averaging. Several assumptions based frequency space on and averaging allow writingenergetic conditions discontinuities at and defining complete a formalism monodimensional for problems. procedure applied twocoupled The is to EulerBernoulli beams: is
numerically very goodagreement in with "exact" spaceand frequency-averaged far-fieldresultsand so the conditions discontiat
nuities validated. are Knowing allows theabilityto obtain approximation theenergy that for an of flowin thehearns sogives and an ideaof how theenergy propagates thestructure. in Thesegoodresults encouraging, thegeneralization theprocedure are but of to
platesis not trivial and requiresfurther assumptions.
3aSA2. Measurement of the flexural wave power transm'ssion and reflection coefficientsof joints using wave-number
domainmethods. Robert Unglenieks Robert Bernhard(School Mech.Eng.,Purdue J. and J. of Univ., 1077RayW. HerrickLab.,
WestLafayette,IN 47907-1077}
Recently, numberof investigators a have proposed so-called energyflow analysis techniques allow engineers perform to to high-frequency structural vibrationstudies coupled of structural elements. One key parameter required this analysis the power for is transmission reflectioncoefficients the joints that couplestructural and of elements. wave-number A domaintechnique has been
developed whichuses spatial Fourier a fast transform transform to velocity dataobtained thespatial/frequency in domain intothe wave-number/frequency domain. resulting The wave-number domain spectrum allows estimation energy of flowsegregated right into andleft traveling components. Using segregated the energy flowsfor all of thestructural elements coupled a joint,it is possible at to estimate power the transmission reflection and coefficients thejoint.A ladder of frame structural system analyzed determine is to the flexural wavepower transmission reflection and coefficients ell- andtee-joints comprise structure. structure forced of that the The is sothatonlyflexural longitudinal and waves excited. scanning Doppler are A laser vibrometer used collect flexural is to the wave velocitydata.The estimates thejoint coefficients presented compared the analytical of are and to values rigidjoints. for
9:25
3uSA3.Active controlof structuralintensityin an elasticplate. S.I. Hayek,M.-Y. Nam (Dept.of Eng. Sci. andMech.,Penn State Univ.,University Park,PA 16801),and S. Sommerfeldt (Penn SlateUniv,University Park,PA 16801} Activecontrolof structural intensity (SI) in a finiteelasticplatecoupled a pointdamperis achieved to through useof a the judiciously located actuator. algorithm developed An was using magnitude the structural the of intensity vector achieve to localor
global reductionSI. Thecontrol of algorithm showed controlling componenttheintensity that each of vector orly) generates (I a
parabolic surface, which mayor maynotintersect nullplane. the Under certain conditions based thelocations theprimary on of
mechanical source theerrorsensors, well asthedynamic and as parameters theplate,thesurface of intersects null plane. the the If
surface intersects with the null plane,thenthe intersection generates circle of possible a actuator magnitudes ptases will make and that
either !=0 or!y=0. If thecircles forboth exist i,=0 and IF=0,then inequalities derived willindicate andif these were that when
circleswill intersect. intersection these The of circles allowsonly two possible control solutions will makethe magnitude the that of
vector SI at the error sensor vanish. When the intersectionsdo not occur, then minimization rather than extinction is achieved. These
control strategies explored applied anelastic are and to simply supported coupled a point plate to damper excited vibration and to by a pointforce. The roleof structural damping control on strategies fully explored. is
3331
3331
9:50
3aSA4. Structural and acousticintensityanalysisfor a fluid-loadedelastic plate with a distributed inhomogeneity. J.M. Cusehieri(Ctr.forAcoust. Vib., Dept.of Ocean and Eng..Florida Atlantic Univ.,Boca Raton, 33431)and D. Felt (DavidTaylor FL Res. Ctr., Bethesda, MD 20084) The solutions developed theresponse scattered for and pressure from a fluid-loaded platewith a distributed mass inhomogeneity, whichwerepresented theASA 128thmeeting Austin, at in Texas, extended included are to distributed stiffness inhomogeneities. The samefourtypes distributions, varying of with degrees "smoothness" considered the stiffness of are for distribution. scattering The characteristics between massand stiffness the inhomogeneities different, are and while the scattering dipolelike the mass is for inhomogeneity,is quadrupolelike the stiffness it for inhomogeneity. results thispresentation presented the form of The for are in structural acoustic and intensity maps, bothas vectorplotsandstreamline plots.For frequencies lowerthanthe criticalfrequency of the fluid-loaded plate, the resultsshowthe constant exchange powerbetweenthe plate and the fluid. The streamline of plotsfor the reactiveintensity showa bandvery closeto theplatesurface. higherfrequencies, characteristics the intensity For the of mapsbecome
dependent the relative length and "smoothness" the distributedinhomogeneity. on of
10:15
3aSAS.Vortidty characteristics the vibrationintensityfield and the structure-borne of sound. NobuoTanaka (Vib. andSound Div., Mech.Eng.Lab., 1-2 Namiki,Tsukuba Science City, Ibaraka 305, Japan)
This paper deals withthecharacteristicsrealvibrational of powerflow in a simplysupported rectangular panelunder action the of feedforward vibration control. is foundthatthepathof thepowerflow is a combination translations rotations, rotations It of and the induced the interference two modes by of whichproducts "vortexgenerating a block."Particular emphasis placedon the vortex is powerflow in the vibrationintensity field. A qualitative formulafor predicting number powerflow vortices, well as the the of as discussion thevortexperiod, putforward. of is Then,by introducing energy an stream function, generation the mechanism thevortex of powerflow is quantitatively discussed. fundamental The characteristics thevortexpowerflowarefurther of clarified vortex by function derivedfrom the intensity field.A novelmethod induce vortexat an arbitrarylocation the plateis alsoshown,whichmay have to a of practical applications controlling pathof vibrational in the powerflow in systems largeextent.Moreover, influence the of the of induced vortexpowerflow on theplateontotheacoustic intensity distribution investigated, is showing therotational that direction of the vortexon the plateis not alwaysthe samewith thatof the acoustic intensity the nearfield. in
10:40-10:50 Break
ContributedPapers
10:50
3aSA6. Vibration studiesof joints in structures. S. K. Kim and M. G. Prasad (NoiseandVib. ControlLab., Dept.of Mech. Eng.,Stevens
Inst. of Technol.,Castle Point on the Hudson,Hoboken,NJ 07030)
Jointsare usedextensively connected in structures whichare part of machine systems. Jointsintroduce discontinuity structures in which not onlydisturb energy the flow butarealsopossible locations failure.Thus of
structure. The powerflow analysis differentjoint parameters perfor was formed.The relationship between joint parameters the powerflow the and wasinvestigated. powerflow measurement The system calibrated a was in stepped beamwith knownreflection coefficient the step,and thenthe of measurements carriedout on aluminum were beamswith epoxybonded joints.The measured results agreedwell with the theoretical prediction. The termination effectson the powerflow measurement discussed. are
it is necessary characterize joints determine rigidity. joint to the to their A

can be characterized termsof the energy in reflection coefficient iruand pedance. This study presents both analyticaland experimental work on vibration characterization joints.The analytical of work is based both on classical finite-element and methods. experimental The work is based on the two sensor method impedance for measurements. vibration The behavior of a joint is studied termsof reflection in coefficient impedance. and The joints considered boltedjoints in specimenstructures are such as cantilever beams. Goodresults obtained are whichsupports application the of such studies design diagnostics stmctaral in and of joints.[Worksupported Daewoo by MotorCompany, Seoul, Korea.]
11:05
11:20
3aSAS. Structural intensity of acoustically excited waves in a flu'd-loadedelastic plate. StevenL. Means and Ralph R. Goodman
(Appl.Res.Lab.,P.O.Box30, Penn State Univ.,State College, 16804) PA

When an acoustic planewaveis incident a elastic on plate,various wavetypesare excitedin the platefor differentangles incidence. of The present studydetermines structural the intensity a function incident as of angleat different depths alongthecross section. is foundthatfor near It normalineidenea diraetionof the intensity the parallelto th planoof tho plateis opposite intensity the fluid andfor otherangles incidence. the in of Previously, similaranalysis a semi-infinite a for medium Bunney by and
3a$A?.Vibrational powerflowthrough adhesively bonded beams.

QunliWu, YirenHong,andM. K. Lina (School Mech.andProd.Eng., of Nanyang TechnoL Univ., Singapore 2263, Republic Singapore) of A theoretical experimental and studyof powerflow through adhesive lap-jointbeams wascarried in thispaper. out The mathematical modelof powerflow in thebeams developed treating joint asa sandwich was by the
Goodman Aeonst. Am.53, 1658-1662 [J. Soc. (1973)]didnotyieldsuch

a result. gainphysical To insight intothisphenomenon,study a wasperformedto determine whichwave modes excitedat theseangles are of incidence to calculate and theirgroup velocities.
3332
3332

Session 3aSC
AUDITORIUM,
8:20 A.M. TO 12:00 NOON
SpeechCommunication: ContactingLinguisticStructurefrom Perception

JohnC. Kingston, Chair
Universityof Massachusetts, Box 37130, Amherst,Massachusetts 01003-7130
Chair's lntroduction8:20
Invited Papers
8:25
3asCl. Access phonological to structurein listeningto speech, CarolA. Fowler (Haskins Labs.,270 CrownSt., New Haven,CT 06511)
in a direct-realist theory speech of perception, listeners in immediate thesense unmediated) are (in of contact thephonological with units theirlanguage of when theyusestructure acoustic in speech signals information itscausal as for source--phonological gestures of the vocaltract.In the theory, phonological categories include, minimally, setsof motor-equivalent the artieulatory movements producible a synergy the vocal-tract, by of eachset,thereby, counting a tokenof the samephonological as gesture producer/ for perceivers speech. of Maximally, categories include setof similar a gestures members a language that of community notdistinguish. do Categories, aredefined thus, gesturally, acoustically, for example, not as research prototypes speech on in havebeeninterpreted as suggesting. Striking behaviors listeners index of that theirextraction information of about phonetic gestures theacoustic from speech signal theirparsing acoustic is of signals. literature A reviewsuggests listeners nothearsuch that do unita acoustic dimensions as fundamental frequency duration unitary. or as Rather, theyparse eachdimension itsdistinct, into converging gestural cause. Complementarily, listeners asinformation a phonological theconstellation diverse use for unit of acoustic consequences units of the gestural realization. [Worksupported NICHD.] by
8:50-9:05 Commentary by Patricia K. Kuhl Department Speech of and Hearing Science, University Washington, of WJ-10,Seattle,Washington 98195
9:059:15 Discussion
9:15
3aSC2.Undoingplaceassimilation.Aditi Lahiri (Fachgruppe Sprachwissenschaft, Fach5560, Univ. Konstanz, Post D-7750

Konstanz, Germany)
Phonological variation the form of different in phonetic shapes wordsposea challenge theories speech of for of perception and language comprehension. Postlexical phonological processes assimilation deletionfrequently like and cause phonetic the shape a of wordto change a givenphonological in context. Suchprocesses easilyleadto thecreation nonwords. a sentence "I detest can of In like
green bananas," word the green maywellbe pronounced [grim]in thecontext a following Listeners, as of [b]. however, apparently
haveno problems parsing identifying wordcorrectly ongoing in and the in speech. How is the linguistic system organized suchthat it canaccept sequence the [grim]asthewordgreen? thistalk,compefng In theoretical accounts dealing withsuch variation be will presented. account An whichassumes highlyabstract a lexicalrepresentation be presented. will This account assumes the central that component the linguistic of systemis the lexiconwhichcontains, amongotherthings,a dictionary uninflected of wordswith their phonological forms. semantic properties, syntactic and properties various of sorts. The phonological is assumed havea highly form to abstract representation thebasis whichthe listener on of accepts rejects or phonetic variance. addition, recent In a hypothesis be will argued against thatassumes on-lineprocess phonological an of inference an abstract and representation be presented dealwith will to phonetic variation. The datato support hypothesis the comesfrom Germanassimilation processes.
9:40-9:55 Commentary by Paul A. Luce Psychology Department,State Universityof New York,Buffalo,New York14260
9:55-10:05 Discussion
10:05-10:20
Break
10:20
3a$C3.On the internallerceltual slructureof phonoloical features: The [voice]distinction, RandyL. Diehi, Wendy A. Castleman (Dept. Psych., of Univ. Texas, of Austin, 78712), TX and John Kingston (Univ. Massachusetts, of Amherst, 01003) MA
Apart fromphonological features theirindividual and phonetic correlates. intermediate of structure an level apparently exists in
whichsubsets phonetic of properties form perceptually coherent units,referred hereas "integrated to perceptual properties." The mapping between successive of structure arguably each level is many-to-one, elevating redundancy distinetiveness level both and atthe
ofphonological features. the For distinctive feature [voice], main a integrated perceptual property corresponding [+voice] tothe value 3333 J. Acoust. $oc.Am.,Vol.97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995 129thMeeting: Acoustical Society America of 3333
is thepresence low-frequency of energy during neartheconsonant, or whichmaybe further analyzed at leastthree into phonetically distinct subproperties: voicing during consonant the constriction,low FI neartheconstriction, a low F0 in thesame a and region. Two predictions followif these threesubproperties contribute a single to integrated perceptual propery. is thattheeffects [voice] One on judgments varying of eithera low FI or F0 should pattern similarwaysfor a givenutterance in position stress and pattern; this prediction confirmed. second was The prediction thattwo stimuliin whichseparate is subproperties the low-frequency of property are positively correlated (i.e., they areeitherbothpresent bothabsent) or will be moredistinguishable two stimuliin whichthe than subproperties negatively are correlated; though yet confirmed the pairingof Fl with F0, thisprediction not for wasconfirmed for pairings F 1 or F0 with constriction of voicing.
10:45-11:00 Commentaryby Burr Schouten Research Instituteof Language and Speech Transmission, University Utrecht,103512 JK, Utrecht,The Netherlands of
11:10
3aSCA. Speech perception a patternrecognition. as Terranee Nearey(Dept. Linguist., M. of Univ. Alberta, of Edmonton, T6G AB
2E7, Canada)
Phonetics involves three domains events: acoustic/auditory,articulatory/gestural,(3) symbolic/phonological. of (1) (2) and Theoriesof perception different hold views about relationships the among these domains. Auditorists Kingston DieM)emphasize (e.g., and a strong simple, (i.e., direct) relation between and(3). Gesturalists Liberman Mattingly) (1) (e.g., and proposestrong a relation between (2) and (3). Advocates double-strong of theory(e.g.,Blumstein Stevens) and propose strong relations both(1) and (2) to (3). of
Difficulties with all these theories be discussed. alternative, will An "double-weak" theorywill be described evidence and supporting it will be presented. approach This viewsspeech production perception distinct cooperative and as but systems. This view accepts the gesmralist contention the acoustic that mapping phonologieal if uni is modifiedby contextin waysthatare important perception. to However,it alsocontends the accommodation contextual that of effectsin perception limited and highly stylized. is Assuming a concomitant stylizatiou gestural of patterns production, in relatively simple pattern-recognition strategies perception suffice in may for
successful communication.
11:35-11:50 Commentaryby Keith R. Kluender Psychology Department,University Wrtsconsin, of Madison,Wisconsin 53706

THURSDAY
MORNING,
1 JUNE 1995
GRAND BALLROOM SOUTH, 7:45 A.M. TO 12:00 NOON

Session 3aUW
Underwater Acousticsand Acoustical Oceanography: Seismoacoustic Determination of Sea Ice Processes

Peter J. Stein, Chair
Scientific Solutions, Inc., 18 ClintonDrive, Hollis, New Hampshire 03049-6576

Invited Papr
7:50
3aUWI. Determination seaiceprocesses of usinggeophone arrays. Peter Stein Steven Euerle (Scientific J. and E. Solutions, Inc.,
18 Clinton Dr., Hollis, NH 03049-6576)
Similar land-based to geophysics, seismoacousfic techniques are necessary tostudy icemechanics. ice sea Most fracturing only can
be detected theelastic/acoustic which via waves radiate. of thebest One means determining spatially of the averaged mechanical properties isthrough probing icewithelastic the waves. theresults described twoseparate Here are from experiments in which large (order l-kinaperture) oftriaxial arrays geopbones deployedstudy sea mechanical were to the ice properties the via elastic waves which
propagate ice. first was inthe The test conducted"clean" on first-year shore-fastoffthecoast Resolute Canada Spring ice of Bay in
1992. second a winter-over The was system deployed multiyear during Fall 1993SIMI fieldoperation theBeaufort on ice the in Sea
3334
3334
(subsequently recovered March1994). in Additionally, during SIMI an automated "hammer blow"source deployed was which impacted iceevery h. Various the 7 signal processing data and analysis techniquesstudying iceprocesses asicegrowth for sea such
and thermal fracturing bedescribed. willbepresented with will Results along comparisons first-year multiyear [Work between and ice.
supported ONR.] by
8:10
3aUW2. Seismoacoustic observations relatedto thermallyinducedstresses fracturingin pack ice. James Lewis as and K. (Ocean Phys. Res.& Dev.,207 S. Seashore LongBeach, 39560) Ave., MS
On-ice geophone andunder-ice data noise datacontain significant a amount information of about stress of packiceand the state howicefractures response thestress. information beused study theology seaiceandtherelated in to This can to the of mechanics offracturing.review presentedthecurrent A is of understanding mechanics of ice related thermal to fracturing On based seismoacoustic observations. A theology presented discussed ona thermodynamic and associated is and based model an stress/strain relationship. The
rheology anenhancement prescribes the has which how extent existing of cracks the affect the in ice (1) stress ofthe (2)the state ice,
number fractures of when iceexceeds yieldstrength, (3) thestress the its and reliefafterfracturing occurs. ,allows to simulate This us first-year multiyear using same and ice the model differentiating twoicetypes by the based theextent existing on of cracks. Examples
are shownof how under-ice acoustic datacan be usedto estimate verticaldistribution the fractional the of areaof existingcracks in multiyearice.
8:30
3aUW3.Seismo-aconstic sensing inversion seaicefracture remote and of events.H. Schmidt, Dudko (MIT,Cambridge, Y. MA 02139), K. yonderHeydt, E. K. Scheer(Woods and HoleOceanogr. Woods Inst., Hole,MA 02543) A new,layered seismo-acoustic sensing remote concept developed applied was and during SIMI fieldexperiments the the in Beaufort in theFallof 1993andtheSpring 1994. large-aperture, Sea of A 32-element, horizontal hydrophone wasused record array to theacoustic emission fromiceevents. Usingreal-time arrayprocessing, of theseismic maps activity theice coverout to a range of of 2 to3 kmwere continuously generated. anactive Once zone detected, was clusters five3-axis of geophones a single and hydrophone were deployed theactive in zone near-field for recording theseismo-acoustic of emission. datawere The transmitted to themain back camp a wireless via localareanetwork, recorded tape. and on During Spring the experiment wererecorded data continuously the on hydrophone for 4 weeks, several array and deployments thegeophone of clusters wereperformed the vicinity active in of ice mechanical processes asridge such building, finger rafting, floefracturing. addition, clusters deployed specimens and In the were on used artificial for fracturing experiments. layered The remote sensing concept described, examples givenof theseismois and are acoustic emission produced thedifferent by types iceevents. of Finally, matched-field the fracture plane analysis theseismic of data
is described.
8:50
3aUW4.Acoustic seismic and measurement iceprocesses. of DavidM. Farmer Yunbo and Xie (Inst.of Ocean Sci.,PO. Box 6000,'Sidney, V8L 4B2,Canada) BC '
Assea responds ice toenvironmental it deforms forcing, leading the to storage strain of energy. When mechanical occurs, failure
most energy offt,his isdissipated fracturing, small through but a portion as radiates seismicacoustic These provide and waves. waves useful ,for signals sensing the failure inthe Inarecentmechanics process ice. ice experiment northPrudhoe(SIMI conductedof Bay
'94),a large number icefailure of events observed geophone hydrophone were using and arrays. Preliminary results presented, are includinglarge-scale fracture and a tensile test naturally occurring sounds a closing Fortheartificial near lead. fracture, acoustic the signals determination allow ofcracking fracture rate, advance, crack and propagation velocities. overall The crack propagation speed is estimated beof order ms 4;maximum to 50 cracking activities prior peak occur to loading. thesecond set, naturally In data the occurring stick-slip process observedtwoicesheets was as moved agalnst'lach in a closing A wide other lead. range frequencies of
canoccur simultaneously representing different componentsthesliding slipping of and mechanisms.
9:10
3aUW5. study theevolution under-ice A of of freshwaterlayerduringsummer meltphase theArctic. Subramaniam in D. Rajah, Henry Laible(Woods Oceanogr. Woods MA),and Waiter Tucker, (Cold Hole Inst., Hole, B. III Regions and Lab., Res. Eng.
Hanover,NH)
In theArctic, entire the snow cover a significant of theicemeltduring summer and part the months. meltwater, The which at is about C,reaches underside theice where overlies 0 the of it much colder denser and saline water forms and under-ice ponds. melt
It has been suggested these that under-ice ponds play significant inheat through ice. changesacoustic melt can a role flux the The in propagation inaregion close the very to bottom the using collected amultiseason of ice data during cross-hole tomography experiment conducted Arctic presented. acoustic inthe are Since propagation isdependent properties medium, changesacoustic onthe ofthe the in propagation changesthecharacteristics medium related. tothe in of the are Further investigation astowhether an is made these changes correspond observedMartin KauffmanFluid tothose by and [J. Mech. (1974)] alaboratory in experiment conducted tostudy thedevelopment of under-ice ponds. melt [Work supportedONR.] by
9:30
3aUW6.Seismoacousfic ultrasonic modeling characterization seaice processes. of Jacques Chamuel(Sonoquest R. Adv.

Ultrason. Res.,P.O.Box 81153,Wellesley Hills, MA 02181-0001)
Sea processes the ice affect elastic properties, structure, boundaries icecover, change composition acoustic and ofthe and the and properties topwater ofthe layer underneathice.Upward the refractionthewater in creates substantial interaction between underwater
acoustic waves theicecover and influencing long-range low-frequency propagation.order develop basic In to a understanding of sea
3335
J. Acoust. Am.,Vol.97, No.5, Pt. 2, May1995 Soc.
3335
ice processes, is essential characterize it to seismoacoustic phenomena associated seaice growth,melting,refreezing, with cracking, ridging,and rafting.Controlled laboratory experiments wereconducted studydiversetransient to liquid/solid seismoaeousti wave phenomena. Examples from scaled ultrasonic modeling results presented are characterizing near-grazing Scholtewavebackscattering from trenches liquid/solid at interfaces, effectiveattenuation flexuralwavesfrom horizontal of refraction, seismic profilingfrom 45 obliqueboreholes, viscous wavesin ice suspensions, variabilityof shearwavespeed seaice cores, in edgewave propagation along truncated and range-dependent angle wedges, apex focused multiplescattering, finger-rafting. and The findings providephysical
insight high-latitude into seismoacoustic oceanography contribute theinterpretationArcticfielddata. and to of [Worksupported by
9:50-10:00
Break
Contributed Papers
10:00
nitelylongcylinder. solution extended Iow-ka wavepropagation The is for
3aUW7. Ice activitiesduring the AREA 88 experiment.I. A pictorial
in order determine to effective toodull (Lam6 parameters density) and and

effectivewave speeds. experiment conducted the lab to determine An is in the scattering crosssection versus anglefor a singlecylindrical scatterer for frequencies 160 and 200 kHz. In addition,effectivemoduli are of determined a function cavity concentration. experimental as of The and
and videodescription.T.C. Yang (NavalRes.Lab.,Washington, DC

20375)
DuringtheAREA 88 experiment (Spring 1988),an ice campwas of

deployed an ice floe in the general on neighborhood 78 N and55 W in of the centralArctic. The ice floe becameactiveon and off for a periodof days.The ice activities were clearlyaudible the air (a kind of lowin frequency roar).Onecanunmistakably determine direction thenoise the of by stepping outside tent.Openandrefrozenleadswere foundbetween the the floes.One of themquicklyclosed in a matterof minutes up swallowing up thegeophones deployed therefrozen just on lead.Immediately following thisleadclosing, floe nextto us started movelaterallyat a speed the to approximately fffmin. Duringa peakice activityperiod,the ice at the 3 edgeof our ice floestarted pile up into a form calledice ridges, to apparentlydue to forces between ice floeswhichbrokethe ice andpushed the them into a pile of irregularshapes. This ice ridgingwas recorded a on videotape.Tensto hundreds blocks ice of about to 10-ftthickness of of 5were also foundneatly lying on top of adjacent floes,a scenewhich ice
looked tike an act of God.
theoretical results presented. are [Worksupported ONR.] by

10:45
3aUW10. Temporal evolution of compressionalwave speed in sea ice. Subramaniam Rajan (Woods D. Hole Oceanogr. Inst.,Woods Hole,
MA 02543)
A year-long cross-hole tomography experiment conducted sea was in ice during 1992 to 1993. The analysis the data is presortted the of and variations thecompressional speed in wave structure seaicewithseason in are investigated relatedto the changes are predicted thermoand that by
dynamic model. [Worksupported ONR.] by

11:00 3aUWll. A mode of nonlinear behavior of ice cracks. Lev A.
10:15
3alJW8. Ice activities during the AREA 88 experiment. I!. Noise events recorded on geophones. T. C. Yang (Naval Res. Lab.,
Washington, 20375) DC DuringtheAREA 88 experiment (Spring 1988),an ice campwas of

deployed an ice floe in the generalneighborhood 78 N and 55 W in on of the central Arctic.The ice floe became activeon andoff for a periodof days.Many of the noiseeventswere recorded a planararmy of geoon phones. The response three-axisgeophones of were usedto analyzethe
Ostrovsky(NOAA/ERL/EWIJCIRES, Broadway, 325 R/E/ET-1,Boulder, CO 80303), Alexander Ekimov,AndreyV. Lebedev, E. and Alexander M. Sutin (inst.of Appl. Phys.of Russian Acad.Sci., NizhniNovgorod 603600,Russia)
A work presented the previous at ASA meeting demonstrated has that the cracksmay provideanomalously strong vibroaeousfic nonlinearity in ice. Experimental data were obtainedfrom the field experiments a on
esh-water lake,where strong a subharmonic was,in particular, signal

registered. Here, a theoretical model is suggested the description the for of effectsobservedand possibleuse of them for characterizing crack the parameters. The model is basedon consideration nonlinearflexural of
forcing mechanism the noise of events comparing geophooe by the response the ice activities to with thatgenerated man,i.e., hammer by blows. Specifically, frequency-wave-number analysiswas used to sort out the longitudinal, shear,and flexural wavesin the geophone data. While the examples shownhere indicatethat floe bumping/rubbing the likely was causefor the very-low-frequency noisesignals analyzed,long-termaccumulativegeophone dataindicateverticalforcingwasthe dominant source for ice generated noise.
10:30
oscillations theice platewith a crackwhichmay be "opened" of from its upperor lower part due to flexuraloscillations. Togetherwith the added mass the surrounding of the plate,a nonlinear of area oscillator maybe
formed which admits higher both harmonic subharmonic and generation (a

parametric effect). oscillator a strong The has nonlinearity relatively and
low Q factorwhichmayprovide possibility paramea'ic a of excitation if thereis a ratherwide frequency range. The modelconsidered seems be to applicable real seaconditions. for
11:15
3aUW9. Acoustic scattering in an elastic medium as it relates to sea ice and the determination of effective toodull. Henry A. Laible (WoodsHole Ooeanogr. Inst. and MIT, Woods Hole, MA 02543) and
3aUWI2.
Acoustic
measurements
of
ice
cover
variations
in
the
Submmaniam Rajan (Woods D. Hole Oceanogr. Inst.,Woods Hole, MA

02543)
Arctic Ocean. Victor V. Artel'nyi and Mikhail A. Raevsky (Inst. of Appl. Phys.,46, UlyanovSt., 603600NizhnyNovgorod, Russia)
The scattering sound ice is a complex of in problemwhichdepends uponthe materialproperties the ice as well as the frequency the of of soundsource.Becauseof the complexityof the problem,a simplified approach acoustic to wave scattering taken.The ice is modeledas a is two-phase mediumin which fluid-filledcylindrical cavities(brinechannels)areembedded an attenuating in elastic matrix. analytical An solution is obtained the acoustic for scattering longitudinal of wavesfrom an infi-
Climaticmonitoring theArcticOcean of implies long-duration observations theicecover watertemperature of and variations measuring by the characteristics low-frequency of acoustical signals traveled alongstationarypaths. sensitivity sounding The of signal parameters thevariations to of theice covercharacteristicsoneof the important is problems climatic in monitoring. timestructure thepulse The of signal theArcfiewaveguide in is investigated. relative The influence theice coverthickness, of density,
3336
129th Meeting: Acoustical Societyof Amedca
3336
shear, compressional and sound speeds the variations the phase on of and time delayof thenormalmodes studied, is foundthat,in thefrequency is It range f<30 Hz, the variations the ice coverdensity of andthickness are
more efficientthan sound-speed variations. Taking the desalination the of subsurface layer into accountdecreases thickness ice influence. These effectsare compared with signalfluctuations the Arctic Ocean.The flucin
the ice coverdrift are considered signalfluctuations as sources. According

to the data of numerical simulation,the influenceof submesoscale eddies
is primary.
11:30-12:00
tuations the cw signalof the frequency of f=20 Hz in the Arcticwaveguide are investigated. The internalwaves,the submesoscale eddies,and
PANEL DISCUSSION
MEETING ROOM 17, ROOM, 9:00 A.M.
Meeting of AccreditedStandardsCommitteeS2 on MechanicalVibration and Shock
to be held jointly with the

U.S. Technical AdvisoryGroup (TAG) Meeting for ISO/TC 108 MechanicalVibration and Shock
D. J. Evans, Chair S2
National Instituteof Standards and Technology (NIST), Building233, RoomA 147, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
D. E Muster, Chair,U.S. Technical Advisory Group(TAG) for ISO/TC 108,Mechanical Vibration Shock and
4615 O'Meara Drive, Houston, Texas 77035
StandardsCommitteeS2 on Mechanical Vibration and Shock.Workinggroupchairswill present reports their recentprogress of on writingand processing various shockandvibrationstandards. Them will be a reporton the interface S2 activities of with thoseof ISO/TC 108(theTechnical Advisory Group ISO/TC 108consists members S2, S3, andotherpersons necessarily for of of not members of those committees) including reporton the activities ISOFFC108,including a of plansfor its September 1996meeting Sydney, in
Australia.
Scopeof S2: Standards, specifications, methods measurement test,andterminology the fieldsof mechanical of and in vibration and shock, condition and monitoring diagnostics machines, excluding and of but those aspects whichpertain biological to safety, tolerance,
and comfort.
THURSDAY
AFFERNOON,
1 JUNE 1995
MEETING
ROOM 16, 12:45 TO 2:20 P.M.
Session 3pAA
Architectural
Acoustics:
Room Acoustics--Measurements
AngeloJ. Campanella, Chair Campanella Associates, 3201 Ridgewood Drive, Columbus, Ohio 43026
ContributedPapers
12:50
3pAAI. Preliminary values of clarity and intelligibility for small
auditoria, meeting, teleconference and rooms. Angelo Campanella J.

(Campanella Assoc.& ACCULA[I, 3201 P. ldgewood Dr., Columbus, Oil
43026)
2900 real time analyzerand sound level meterwas usedto recorda rapid sequence octave of bandspectra fromimpulsive sound. PC program A was writtento extractthisdatafrom the LD2900 andprocess into C80, D50, it andTCT values. Experimental values wereobtained tendifferent in rooms
including auditoflum, church, theater,lab, chapel, gym, music, rehearsal,
Clarity (C80) and intelligibility (D50), normally measured large for
teleconference, and living rooms. Room qualities varied from good through those needof correction the intended in for roomuse.Measured quantities werecompared with opinions existing on roomperformance to
auditoria, provide alternative reverberation (RT60)to evaluate an to time

theacoustical performance many of critical smaller rooms. Larson A Davis
provide preliminary desirable ranges C80, D50, andTCT according of to

room use.
3337
3337
1:05
uponthe amount absorpfion, centerfrequency of the wavelength and/orthe

dimensions of the absorber are used to determine the size of nonuniform
3pAA2. Spatial selectivity of differentia microphone arrays in rectangularenclosures,Ea-EeJanandJames Flanagan (CAIP Ctr., L.
Rutgers Piscataway, Univ., NJ08855-170)

Omni-dintionalmicrophones havebeenemployed delay-and-sum in beamformers mitigateroomreverberation ambientnoise.A oneto and dimensional beamformer spatialsolectivity only one dimension. has in Therefore, higher-dimensional arrays usedto improve are spatial selectivity. In comparison, singledifferential a microphone provides fixedspatial selectivity. This reportdiscusses performance arrays differential the of of microphones. compute To sound behavior the enclosure, in calculation of the incident anglefor everyarrivingsignalis required. imagemodel An
regionsin the enclosure. The studyis conducted usingclassical modal analysis. results The provide physical insight intothebehavior acoustic of
fields in enclosures.
1:50
3pAAS. Visualization of acoustic scattering in a three-dimensional enclosure, Sylvia K. Islet, Vardhani Harpanahalli, and Charles
Thompson (Ctr. for Advan. Cornput.,Univ. of Massachusetts, One

UniversityAve., Lowell, MA 01854)
using ray-tracing the method been has developed tocalculate muMpath the
in an enclosure to a prescribed up order of images.Nonuniformwall
reflectivities included. the can be For special ofrectangular case enclosures, algorithm the efficiently calculates incident the angie each for arriving signaland all of its associated reflection points. Additionally, is it notedthatthe number images a givenordermorenearlyresembles of for
anarithmetic series instead a geometric of series. IResearch supported by

NSF GrantNo. MIP-9121541andNSF Subcontract 397-26740.]
1:20
Frequently results time-varying the of computer simulations acousof tic behavior built environments difficultto analyzedue the multidiin are mensional natureof the numerical results. Graphical displays acoustic of datahavebeeneffective remedying problem. technique visuin this A for alizingthetimeevolution a sound of pressure withinanenclosure field due to a source located the enclosure presented. numerical in is The technique for computing pressure the distribution within the enclosure employs the
method images. of Pad6 approximants used takeintoconsideration are to

the effectsof sound scattering underhigh-contrast conditions. graphiThe cal representation the enclosure created follows.The walls of the of is as
3pAA3, An infinite impulse respame model for sound travel in a small conferenceroom, Paul S. Kovitz (2877 S. Buchanan #A2, St.,
enclosure d objects a0, contained therein rendered are with the standard radiosity method. graphical The display theinteraction thepressure of of
field with the enclosure and its contents was accomplished rendering by eachvolume element thefield according the pressure in to magnitude. The presentation include sequence images will a of depicting timeevolution the of the pressure field in the enclosure.
2:05
Arlington, T2206) VA A newmethod predicting infinite for an impulse response froma (IIR)
source position a receiver to position a smallrectangular in roomis proposed. The method predicts FIRfor all frequencies the belowan arbitrary cutoff.The IIR is stated termsof a z-transform in polynomial; orderof the thez-transform polynomial follows directly fromtheroomdimensions and thecutofffrequency. effectiveness thismodelis demonstrated The of from
measurements.
3pAA6.
Design and construction of an academic acoustics
laboratoryat CCNY on a limited budget. Samuel Musora (Dept.of

Mech. Eng., The Cooper Union, 51 Astor P!., New York, NY 10003), DanielR. Raichel (TheCooper UnionandtheGraduate of City Univ. Ctr. of New York), Latif liji, and Karim Abdulla-A!taii (CCNY) Establishing acoustics an laboratory from the start on limited funds
1:3.$
3pAA4. Effects of absorptionplacementon interior noiselevelsA theoreticalstudy. DanielleS. Labrozziand Linda P. Franzoni (North Carolina StateUniv., Ctr. for Sound Vib., Dept.of Mech.andAerosp. and
Eng.,P.O.Box7910,Raleigh, 27695-7910) NC
The effectof the spatial distribution absorbing of surfaces the sound on field in enclosures investigated. a givenoveralllevel of absorption, is For the difference between distributing absorption the uniformly localizing or it in a singleregionis studied. Attention focused thehigh-frequency is on rangehavingwavelengths smallcompared the enclosure to dimensions, but eitherlargeor smallcompared the absorptive to region.The distribution of mean-square pressure a bandwidthis studiedto ascertain in the degreeof uniformity throughout the enclosure, and particularlyin the vicinityof the absorbing region.Of special interest theeffectof absorpis tionon intensification zones, whichare theregions nearboundaries where thereis a high degreeof spatialcorrelation between modes.Depending
($50 K) for the purpose trainingengineering of students constitutes a formidable thatrequires task careful planning design. and Costconsiderations limit the sizeof an artechole chamber, fortunately commerbut a ciallyreadyunit wasfoundavailable the priceof $15 K andwith a for
cutofffrequency 125 Hz. A reverberation of chamber couldbe constructed in-house with the incorporation a reflective of doorwhichis alsoavailable
commercially. preferred The minimum volume 7062ft3results room of in

a cut-offfrequency 125Hz. In the selection instrumentation, of of advantage was takenof the readyavailabilityof task-specific circuit boards whichcan be inserted into microcomputers whichcan thenserveas analyzers signals and generators. Otherequipment include Class1 sound a levelmeter a number extremely kit, of low-priced SLMs,audio amplifiers, monitor speakers, measurement microphones, anX- Y plotter. and Also,the available space wasreconfigured minimizeoutside to interference to and maximizethe easeof facilityusage.
3338
3338
THURSDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JUNE 1995
Session 3pEA
Engineering Acoustics and Noise:Active Control of Noiseand Vibration II

Kenneth A Cunefare, Chair
Schoolof MechanicalEngineering, GeorgiaInstituteof Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332-0405 Contributed Papers

12:30
(bothin theendcap cylinder and wall) forcing highinterior acoustic levels

as well as structural-borne energycouplinginto "rigid wall" cavity resonances. Wave-number domainanalysis revealsthe evidenceof free waves on thecylindermodified finitelengtheffects, by flexuralBlochwaves,and couplingto the cavity resonances. this paper,resultsare presented In of active control simulations that employ novel control approaches that are wave-number-domain based. Theseresults also showthat globalaccess to low-order interiormodes obtained is through simpleactuation schemes and
that minimization of some of the more dominant interior modes is achieved
3pEA1. An adaptive feedback technique for disturbance rejection:
Experimental results. DanielH. Miller andWilliamT. Baumann(Dept.

of Elec. Eng., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061)
The paperpresents experimental results a hybridcontroltechnique of thatblends traditional fixedfeedback controlwith adaptive feedback techniques. The objective to providedamping transient is for disturbances via thefixedpartof thecontroller rejection steady and of disturbances the via adaptive of thecontroller. technique part This differsfromtheotherhybrid techniques that it doesnot requirea measurement an externalsignal in of coherent with the disturbance, doesit requireknowledge how the nor of disturbance entersthe system.In addition,it providesdampingto the system, unlike neutralization-loop techniques. with all feedback As techniques, stability an issue. is The adaptive controller implemented such is in a way as to minimizestabilityproblems in the caseof perfectsystem and identification is guaranteed be stable. it to The experimental results are from a cantilever beamwith piezoceramic actuators sensors. reand The sultsfor the fixed feedback controller will be compared thosefor the to adaptivefeedbackcontroltechnique. The comparison will includeresults
by the application simpleconstraints the structure. of to
1:15
3pEA4. Active control of acousticimpedancewith a multi-element system. Brian H. Houston, DouglasM. Photiadis, A. Bucaro,Robert J. D. Corsaro (Naval Res. Lab., Washington, DC 20375-5350), and LarryA. Kraus (SFA,Inc., Landover, MD 20785)
The use of active controlof acoustic impedance of generalinterest is due to a varietyof potentialdefense and civilian applications. Theseinclude control systems minimize aircraft and rocket payloadsection to interior acoustic levels.Controlof impedance a boundary oneof the at is mostchallenging active controldue to the collocation sensors in of and
from harmonic, narrow-band, broadband and disturbances. [Work supported partby ONR contract in N00014-92-J-1170.]
12:45
3pEA2. Acoustic absorptivity of direct acoustic rate feedback
actuators (implicit thisisfeedback in control). Some thetechnical of issues include--theselection the appropriate of physical control law, the degree
of inter-connectivity (local versusglobalcontrol),devicelinearity,component processor and delays, system identification, nonminimal phase-zero constraints the coupling matrix, and performance versusrobustness
control. DanielG. Cole (Adaptive Technologies, 620 N. Main St., Inc., Ste. 306, Blacksburg, 24060) and William R. Saunders(Virginia VA Polytechnic andStateUniv., Blacksburg, 24061-0238) Inst. VA
The fixed-gainfeedbackmethodsoften provide the only meansof limiting transient noiseand excessive soundpressures to unmeasurdue
able, incoherent disturbances.The use of direct acoustic rate feedback
tradeoffs. Recently, active new boundary control (ABC) experiments were

carriedout at NRL's Laboratory Structural for Acoustics a 15-tilearray on system. results these The of experiments be discussed a focus will with on
the application H control of engineering techniques thephysics and involved.
(DARFB) to control enclosure's an reverberant energy thebenefit has over otherfeedback methods largerstability of margins improved and stability robustness.alsoprovides means achieving It a for acceptable sound pressure levels in locations and environments which are not suited to surface
treatments soundabsorbing of materials. The effect of DARFB on the growthanddecayof sound enclosures investigated the change in is and in the reverberation time of a soundfield is discussed active absorption for usingsingleand multiplecontrollers. Variousmodels the dynamics for of soundgrowthare usedand are shownto provideequivalentor similar results.Effective Sabineabsorption coefficients shownfor active abare sorption arecompared and with sound absorbing materials. effectiveThe ness transducer of placement alsodiscussed respect activeabis with to sorption the closed-loop and reverberation time. Numerical examples of acoustic absorption givenfor a rectangular are enclosure.
1:00
1:30
3pEA5. The impact of sampling location on the minimization of noise in a cavity with flexible walls. KennethA. Cunefare,Van Biesel (George WoodruffSchoolof Mech. Eng., GeorgiaInst. of Technol., W. Atlanta,GA 30332-0405),and StevenEngelstad (Lockheed Aeronaut. Systems Co., Marietta,GA 30063)
Many transportation systems, aircraftandautomobiles, sige.g., have

nificant interior noise levels. There is substantial interest to reduce such
3pEA3. A novel active control approachfor aircraft interior noise.

Brian H. Houstonand Martin H. Marcus (Naval Res. Lab.. Washington. DC 20375-5350)
interiornoiselevels,while minimizing weightpenalties. Sincethe noise field insidesuchvehiclescannot,in general,be determined analytically, numerical techniques commonly are used model structural to the response of thecavitywallsandthe accompanying coupling theinterior to space.
These approachesmay then be coupled to an optimization algorithm to
The results numerical of experiments carriedout to studythe broadband structuralacoustics an aircraft-like shell under point excitation of
determinehow the walls shouldbe designed as to minimizethe interior so noise.However,a significant featureof suchan approach the needto is samplethe interiorfield at a numberof pointswithin the volume.This
have beenpreviously reported. dominant The mechanisms leadto the that

enhancement of interior acoustic levels are resonances in the structure
presentation evaluatehow the distribution the sampling will of points withina volume mayinfluence efficiency an optimization the of algorithm.
3339
3339
The relativemeritsof sampling points distributed throughout volume the will be compared points to restricted a layernearthecavityboundaries. to The subject cavity will be a simplemodelof an aircraftfuselage.
1:45
proper procedure determinethe minimumof this cost function.The to main disadvantage usingsucha stochastic of gradienttechnique while searching prescribed the controlsurface converging localminima.A is to
3pEA6. On the use of quadratic boundary elementsfor sensitivity analyses. Kenneth Cunefare (GeorgeW. WoodruffSchoolof Mech. A. Eng.,Georgia Inst.of Technol., Atlanta, 303320405) GA
The use of the acousticboundaryelement method is gaining widespread acceptance. the BEM matures, As new usesfor it are beingdeveloped.including incorporation designoptimization activenoise its into and controlalgorithms. The useof quadratic shapefunctions the BEM forin mulation providescertain benefitswith regard to modeling and surface
resolution thisproblem discussed to is whichincorporates using variety a of initialization conditions. Two scenarios considered are here:grouping actuators basedupon weightsdetermined converging filtered-x by the LMS algorithm and simultaneously grouping and controlling with the
compensator weights startedat zero. Computer simulations demonstrate
the abilityof thisnewform of thecostfunction simultaneously to group

actuators and control the structure-horne noise with either initial conditions.
representation. However, these popular elements pose do challenges when acoustic sensitivity information desired the formulation, is of suchas is used optimization activenoise in and control. difficultyarises The fromthe
3pEA9. Vibration signature monitoring using analytical modelsof slotted beams. XiuTing C. Man and RobertD. Finch (Mech. Eng. Dept.,Univ.of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd., Houston, 77204-4792) TX
implications a positive of change a nodal in value(e.g.,surface normal velocity), thenetchange thebalance theelement. and over of Corner nodes
will yield a net negative change, while mid-sidenodeswill yield a net positive change, bothfor positive nodalchange. This presentation demonstrates that the use of quadratic elements requires careful treatment a as
consequence this behavior,and that element-based, of rather than nodebased,sensitivities mostappropriate are with this element.
2:00
Vibration signatures be usedin monitoring may structural integrity. A procedure established whichtheexperimental wereprocessed was in data using analytical models thephysical of structures. beams Steal wereused
asexamples. Saw-cutslotsof differentsizesand locations werethe "damage" to be deleeted. analytical An modelbased a perturbation on method was developed, which leadsto direct relationships betweenthe modal properties the slotparameters. modalfrequencies and The were estimated experimentally usingmodalanalysis techniques. frequency The reductions were computedas the differencebetweenthe experimentally estimated modalfrequencies the valuestheoretically and calculated from a uniform beam of identicalconditions. The first three modal frequencycontours werecalculated fromthe perturbation modelandused quantifythe slot to depthsand slot locations. The slot locations were determined with great accuracy, althoughthe slot depthswere estimatedlower than the actual values. The reason was that the perturbation modelpredicted modal the frequency shiftssmallerthantheactualvalues,andwhenusedinversely, it tendedto give a slot depthof highervalue.
3pEA7. Simultaneous active/passive control of extensional and

flexural vibrations in infinite thin beams. Florence L. Deneufve and
ChrisR. Fuller (vib. andAcoust. Labs.,Dept. of Mech. Eng., Virginia Polytechnic andStateUniv.,Blacksburg, 24061-0238) Inst. VA
Passive controltechniques implemented usingadded damping, through
mass discontinuities or material discontinuities in order to minimize struc-
turalvibrations, limitedconcerning amount attenuation m-e the of obtained especially the low-frequency in domain. Active controlmethods effecare tive for optimallyreducing structural vibrations, may requiresignifibut cantcontrol energy, especially largedisturbance for inputs. The combination of passivewith active controlhas much potentialfor completely reducing vibrations propagating structures thecontrolenergy in as required for the activepart is foundto be reduced and the fi'equency rangesof operations complementary. this research, are In passive and activetechniquesare combined controlsimultaneously to extensional flexural and motions an infinitethin beam.The passive in controlis implemented with a hard rubberdiscontinuity variouslengthsand the active controlis of achieved with two co-located independent piezoelectric actuators bonded on each side of the rubbersection. The disturbance a harmonicpoint is
force appliedat the origin at an angle in order to excite both extensional and flexural vibrations.The optimal control voltagesare calculatedto reduceboth the extensional and flexuralwave amplitudes zero downto streamof the rubberdiscontinuity. Resultsof a simulationon an infinite thin beamare presented discussed. and
2:15
2:45
3pEA10. Active control of vibration of a magnetic levitation platform. Jiangxiong fiaqiang Li, Pan,andQiangHu (Dept.of Mech. Eng.,Zhejiang Univ.,Hangzhou 310027,People's Republic China) of A study active on control vibration of isolation a magnetic of levitation platform usedfor the calibration precisiou of inertiainstruments preis sented thispaper. in Nonlinear linearized and dynamic models the sysof temin state-space deduced using theory an electromagnetic were by the of field.The stability boththe open-andclosed-loop of system was investigatedin the casesof differentconfiguration the currentcoils.A LQG of optimal control strategywas employedin the control syntheses the of magneticlevitationsystem,sincethe systeminput perturbance a stois chastic excitionactingon the fixed basefrom the ground. The fransfor functions from the excitingcurrentor the controlcurrentor the basedisplacement the vibratorydisplacement the levitationplatformwere to of verifiedexperimentally. Open-and closed-loop vibrationresponses were calculated. The resultsshowthat compared the basedisplacement, to the vibration the magnetic of levitation platform be attenuated can morethan
3pEAS.The useof neural networksfor optimumactuatorgrouping

in time domain active control applications. G. Clark Smith, Chris R. Fuller (Vib, andAcoust. Labs.,Dept.of Mech.Eng..VirginiaPolytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061-0238), and Richard J.
20 dB by using active control, overfrequencies ranging from0.1 to 10Hz,

which coverthe main peaksof the groundperturbance.
Silcox (NASA Langley Res.Ctr.,Hampton, 2365-0001) VA

Previouswork has demonstrated benefitof groupingactuators the to decrease number degrees freedom an activecontrol the of of in system. In thiswork,a time-domain function cost wasdeveloped ou-lineactuator for grouping and active structural acoustic control(ASAC) of a simplysupported beamexcitedwith a broadband disturbance. Actuators conare sldered grouped when their compensaters equal.Therefore, cost are the function presented hereincorporates mean-square a errorterm relatedto the structure-borne andan additional noise nonquadratic whichpeterm nalizes controller differences the for between respective compensator coefficients. The backpropagation neuralnetworkalgorithm provides the 3pEAll, Method of prognosticnoise and vibration from industrial
setups. Alexander Ekimov, E. Vladimir Tyutin (Inst.of Appl.Phys., A.

RussianAcad. of Sci., 46 Ulyanov str., Nizhny Novgorod,603600,
Russia),Rostislav Dudnik, Andrei Kolpakov(Inst.Arch.& A. and B.

Civil Eng., NizhnyNovgorod, 603600,Russia)
This paperconsiders methodto determine contribution ribrea the of activeindustrial setups (priorto theirmounting thebasement) outside on to
noises vibrations. technique and The offered based theexperimental is on

determination of transfer coefficients of noises and vibrations from outside
3340
3340
sources (acoustic generators vibrators) environmental of and into points

interest. contribution a setup determined multiplying The of is by vibration
an electrocompressor in a separate located building neartheshop. viA brator generatingforce a from500to6000N in thefrequency range 20-60
Hz wasused determine to vibration transfer coefficients. experimental The estimations showedthat electrocompressor noises and vibrations will not
affect the operationof precisiondevicesin the shop.The prognosis was fully verified by measurements taken after electrocompressor mounting and the noisesand vibrationsdid not exceedbackground ones.
and noise characteristics (measured anoperating using analogue setup) and

experimentally measured transfer coefficients mentioned above.The technique was usedto estimatethe levels of vibrationsand air noisesat the shop of microelectronics the CommunicationEquipment Plant in at Nizhny Novgorod.The vibrationsand noisesin questionwere causedby
THURSDAY
AFTERNOON,
1 JUNE 1995 GRAND BALLROOM
SOUTH AND CENTRAL, 2:15 TO 3:20 P.M.
Session 3pED
Education
in Acoustics: Internet
and the World
Wide Web
Lawrence R. Rabiner, Chair
AT&T Bell Laboratories,Room 2D-538, Murray Hill, New Jersey07974
Chair's
lntroduction--2:15
InvitedPaper
2:20
3pED1. The evolvingInternet. PatParseghian(AT&T Bell Labs.,Room2C-472,600 Mountain Ave.,P.O.Box 636, MurrayHill,
NJ 07974-0636)
The WorldWideWebandpoint-and-click browsers haverevolutionized way onelooksat the Internet. Internet notjust the The is for computer scientists anymore--itlinkselementary schools, businesses, homes and around globe. the Addresses resources the for on WorldWideWebappear national in magazines, localnewspapers, aretelevised theevening and on news. Following briefoverview a of the Internet andtraditional text-based Internetservices, presentation focuson emerging this will multimedia uses the Internet. of Multimedia extensions electronic allowusto share for mail images sounds. MBone(Multicast and The Backbone) supports collaboratire toolsfor audioand videoconferencing, well as a shared as whiteboard. the WorldWide Web, onecan look at the weather On report, readcolleagues' technical papers, shopping, check trafficconditions, before go and the all leaving homefor theoffice!While theInternet straining accommodate escalating is to its load,advances networking in technology promise brightfuture. a
3341
3341
THURSDAY
AFTERNOON,
1 JUNE 1995 GRAND BALLROOM
SOUTH AND CENTRAL,
1:00 TO 2:05 P.M.
Session3pID
Interdisciplinary: Hot Topicsin Acoustics

Yves H. Berthelot, Chair
School Mechanical of Engineering, GeorgiaInstitute Technology, of Atlanta,Georgia30332

Chair's Introductionl:00
A special session "Hot Topics Acoustics" presented each on in is at meeting theSociety. member chosen of A is fromeach three of or fourof theSociety's technical committees specialty or groups present rotoralpaper topics current to a on of special interest. The presentations intended helpacousticians are to become familiarwith issues achievements arenotwithintheirownprimary and that
fields of interest.
Invited Papers
1:05
3plDl. Hot topics structural in acoustics. Andrew Norris(Dept. Mech. N. of Eng., Rutgers Univ., Piscataway, 08855-0909) NI
This talk surveys somekey developments modeling acoustic in the response fluid-loaded of structures. Recent experimental and computational results indicate waveinteraction that effects verysignificant structures evena smalldegree complexity. are for with of The complexity be as simpleas a few ribsor stiffeoers can whichconvert supersonic membrane-type motioninto subsonic wave flexuralenergy, and vice versa.A greatdealof effort continues be put into developing to efficientnumerical methods orderto in simulate greater complexity. the same At time,recent analytical findings haveincreased understanding thedynamic our of interaction at ribsandplatejunctions, termsof wave-likediffraction in processes. methods Ray havebeendeveloped handlethe multi-wave to natureof structural energyflow on nonseparable shapes, and providea fast numerical methodfor dealingwith high-frequency
simulation. general,the complexityof the substructures In within the relativelywell-defined"master" structure presents most the difficultchallenge modelers. for Techniques only now beingdeveloped distinguish are to theseeffectsin a logicalmanner. One approach greatinterest "fuzzy" structural of is acoustics. idea is to replacethe detaileddynamics the internalby a smeared The of out effect,whichstill contains some thephysics theinternal of of such thetotalmass, themodaldensity unitbandwidth. as and per Fuzzies are also"hot" in thattheyare guaranteed generate to thermalenergy among ASA participants concerned aboutenergy effects.
1:25
3plD2. Hot topicsin speech conununicafion. H. Whalen (Haskins D. Labs.,270 CrownSt., New Haven,CT 06511) In speech processing, mapping fromacoustics articulation becoming to is moreuseful. While acoustically based recognizers have achieved impressive success rates,their limitations not seemto be yieldingto furtheracoustic do manipulations. Recovering the articulation underlying speech the offersa way of decoding complex the acoustic manifestations simplearticulatory of events. These results alsoofferbenefits bit-rate in reduction speech and synthesis. speech In production, nonlinear dynamic models speech of articulation beginning bearfruit.Thetransition stasis vibration thelarynx are to from to of (thevoicing source speech singing) in and
canbeviewed a switch as froma point attractor (damped oscillator) a limitcycle to (self-sustained oscillation). tools nonlinear The of
mathematics chaos and theory allowusto explore such topics voicebreaks, as yodeling, certain and voice disorders, well asnormal as phonafion. Nonlinear techniques havealsoprovided important insights the production into mechanisms fricative of consonants. In speech perception, of themost one interesting developments paRems brainactivity new is the of (seen blood in flow)shown PET by scans and by functional MRI. Researchers foundthat passive have listening speech to activates temporal the lobe, but making judgments thatsame on speech involves also Broca's area.Reading printalsoactivates Broca's area,indicating crucial a link between
apcchand rctding. Another findingis that malesrly mostlyon the left premotorcortex in performingphonetictaskspresented in
print,whilefemales notstrongly are lateralized. acquisition declines, As time fMRI promises yieldeven to morespecific information
on speechperception.
1:45
3plD3.Hot topics underwater in acoustics. A. Kuperman W. (Marine Phys. Lab.,Scripps of Oeeanogr., of California, Inst. Univ.
SanDiego,La Jolla,CA 92093-0238)
Underwater acoustics in a period renaissance researchers is of with actively pursing studies manyareas in fromshort-range
high-frequency shallow water acoustics global to low-frequency acoustics. hasbeen There renewed interest inhomogeneous in
sediment acoustics well as propagation very shallow as in waterbounded these by sediments. recent The Officeof NavalResearch "SRP" program studying deepwaterboundary reverberation notonlybeenfruitful.buthasalsolaid thefoundation innovative has for
3342
J. Acoust. Am., 97, No.5, Pt.2, May1995 Sec. VoL
3342
research theareaof boundary in scattering coastal in wateracoustics. theotherscale, HeardIslandFeasibility On the Testasdescribed by 18papers theOctober in 1994issue JASAhasre-awakened of interest themyriadof possibilities monitoring scales the in of all of ocean using acoustic methods. an expanding In number efforts, of underwater acoustics distinguishing asdeveloping most is itself the physically based signalprocessing schemes presently beingconsidered any field.Theseandotherhottopics in will be discussed.
THURSDAY
AFTERNOON,
1 JUNE 1995
Session 3pNS
Noise: Noise and Hearing

Linda L. Pierson, Chair
Visualand AuditoryProcesses Branch,Human Research and Engineering Directorate,U.S. Army Research Laboratory,
Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland21005-5425

Contributed Papers
1:00
3pNS1.Investigation the impactof changes regulatorycriteria of in
on the ,daily noise dose (DND) of longwall mineworkers,J. coal

AltonBurks RoyC. Bartholomae and (U.S. Bureau Mines,Pittsburgh of Res.Ctr.,Pittsburgh, 15236) PA The authors previously examined impact anticipated the of changes in noise regulations thecoalmining on industry C. Bartholomae J.A. [R. and Burks, Noise-Con 1017-1022 94, (1994)]. Thatanalysis focused primarily on assessing effecton the daily noisedose(DND) resulting the from
changing current the threshold level from 90 to 80 dBA. To morefully level,59 setsof full-shifttime-resolved dosimeter datawereacquired on four occupations associated longwallcoal mining.After thesedata with weredownloaded a computer, to realistic combinations totalof 12) of (a criterionlevel (80, 85, 90 dBA), threshold level (80, 85, 90 dBA), and tradeo.rate(3, 5 dBA)wereapplied these ff to datato compute DND's.The resultsof this "what if" type analysisare presented. generalit was In concluded that the magnitude the computed of DND resultingfrom changes eitherthe tradeoffrate or the threshold in level is unpredictable; instead, depends the specific it on distribution noiselevelsassociated of with a given worker'snoiseexposure.
presentations increased bothblastwavesources. was for Therewere,however, consistent differences betweenthe effectsof the low- and highfrequency energy"content" blastwaves. Correlations between depenthe dent variables and the energy of exposurewere highest for P- or
A-weighted energies [Patterson al., J.Acoust. Am.93, 2860-2869 et Soc. (1993)].[Worksupported U.S.ArmyMedical by Research Developand mentCommand.]
1:30
3pNS3. Validating a mathematical model of noise hazard with varying numbersof roundsand peak pressures producedby a rifie
Price, LindaL. Pierson, T. Kalb,andPainMundis Joel explor% effect other the of regulatory parameters, asthe aswell threshold G. Richard
(Human Res.andEng.Directorate, ArmyRes.Lab.,Aberdeen Proving
Ground,MD 21005)
A mathematical modelof noisehazard R. PriceandJ. T. Kalb, J. [G. Acoust. Soc.Am. 90, 219-227 (1991)] hascorrelated very highlywith
heatingloss to 50 Friedlander impulses from two sources 5 different at peakpressures to 145dB). In orderto extend model's (135 the range four
additional noise exposures tested: single were two impulse exposures (157-
and169-dB peak) 6 or'12impulses 143-dB and at peak pressure. These

specific conditions were alsochosen contxast model's to the predictions with the "CHABA" damage risk criterion (DRC). Four groups ten of anesthetized wereexposed eachcondition ABR thresholds 1, cats to and at 2, 4, 8, and 16 kHz were monitored establish to hearinglossimmediately and 2 months later.In eachcasethe model'spredictions were upheldand
1:15
rankings hazard theCHABADRC wereno[ Furthermore, simple of by no

linearfrequency weightingwouldhave predicted losses. the The model's
3pNS2. The effects of reverberant blast waves on hearing: Energy
and spectral considerations, WilliamA. Ahroon, Sheau-Fang and Lei,
RogerP. Hamernik (Auditory Res.Lab., StateUniv. of New York,

Plattsburgh, 12901) NY Chinchillas wereexposed 1, 10,or 100reverberant to impulses 150, at 155,or 160 dB peakSPL. The impulses weregenerated oneof two by
hazard ratingcorrelated well with the grouphearing losses (coefficient near0.8) andrefinement themodel's of annular ligament theintracoand
chlearhazardformulais expected improvethis correlation. to
: 1:45
different shock tubes producing waves each blast having d, a ifferent spectral composition; emphasizing frequencies one low (<0.5 kHz), theother mid-frequencies kHz). Impulses (2-4 werepresented the rateof l/s. at This parametric paradigm yielded18 exposure conditions; animals/ 15
condition. Heating thresholds were measured usingauditoryevokedpotenrialsand the sensory epitheliumwas evaluatedwith the surfacepreparation.In general,traumaincreased the total energyof the exposure, as determined the peak SPL and numberof presentations, by increased. The
3pNS4.Effect of "conditioning" hearinglossfrom military noise on
exposures. W.Hen..selman Audiol. Speech Walter Lynn (Army and Ctr.,

Reed Army Med. Ctr., Washington, DC 20307-5001), Donald
Henderson, Subratnaniam, Hofstetter Malini Philip (SUNY, Buffalo, NY

1A9A.), nd IJinantallutio (Cntra Di Audiolagiea,UniueritaDi Bari, Bad, Italy) .
It has been shown chinchillas with assubjects prophylactic that ("conditioning")exposures an interrupted to OBN centered 0.5 kHz for 10 at
dependent variables (permanent threshold andsensory loss)vatshift cell

led in an orderlyfashionacrossfrequencyas the peak and numberof
days provide protectionigainst threshold permanent shift from (PTS) high

level impulse inc.,hinchillas Henselman i Hear. 78, noise [L.W. efal. Res.
129thMeeting: Acoustical Societyof America 3343
3343
d. Acoust.Soc.Am., Vol, 97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995
1-10 (1994)].The present investigation studied effectof "conditionthe

ing" with helicopter noiseon PTS resulting from high level impulse noise. Thirty-eight chinchillas wererandomly assigned oneof fourexperimento
tal groups (helicopter noise exposure priorto impulse noise exposure) a or control group(impulse noise exposure only).It wasshown that(a) intercupted exposures a 10-day over period helicopter to noise presented 112 at dB SPLfor 1.5h/daycaused 'I'rss to decrease exposure as dayscontinued at thetestfrequencies 0.5 to 8 kHz, and(b) after4 weeks recovery, of of
3pNS7. Mathematical formulas and summary measuresfor the audiometric database analysis procedures (ANSI S12.13-1991). Tilahun Adera (DepL of Preventive Medicine,Medical College of Virginia,1008EastClay St., Box 980212,Richmond, 23298) VA
subjects wereprotected PTS after"conditioning" helicopter from With
Theconcept an audiometric of database analysis (ADBA) method for evaluating effectiveness hearing the of conservation programs been has appearing thescientific in literature morethan15 years. for Thisconcept
wasrecently developed a series procedures is currently into of and being 1991}.Although method the presents various the analytical procedures in a narrativefashion,mathematical formulasexpressing essential the prin-
noise (except group prolonged the with "conditioning"). Histological relesshair cell lossin theexperimental groups thatwereprotected fromPTS. The results discussed termsof possible are in application hearingconto
sults consistent aUdiological and were with findings reveal significantly considered acceptance a U.S. NationalStandard ed for as (ANSI S12.13servation programs. [Worksupported theU.S. ArmyMedical by Command.] ciples havenotbeen provided. addition, In there currently no method is for determining overalleffectiveness a hearingconservation the of program (HCP) following application ADBA procedures a setof audiometric of to data.This paperprovides mathematical the formulas fourADBA profor cedures including percentworsesequential, the percentbetteror worse sequential, standard deviation applied single frequencies, stanto test and dard deviationappliedto averages test frequencies. addition,the of In paper introduces illustrates methods summarizing and two of results from
ADBA procedures, which includesthe standard scoreestimatorand the scoredesignator. Eachof thesemethods consists at leasta medianand of a mean-based procedure. strengths limitations these The and of procedures in determining overalleffectiveness an HCP are discussed. the of
2:00
3pNS5. Comparison impulsenoiseeffectsgenerated two rifle of by

muzzles. Linda L. Pierson, G. Richard Price, loci T. Kalb, and Pamela
A. Mundis (VisualandAuditoryProcesses Branch,HumanRes.andEng. Directorate, U.S. Army Res. Lab., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005-5425) The currentimpulse noisestandard US military uses combination for a
of peaksound pressure levelandenvelope duration ratehearing to hazard. There is general agreement this procedure that tendsto overestimate the hazard from impulses arebroadly that peaked the low frequencies. at One possible correction wouldbe to frequency-weight energy, the givingless emphasis the low frequencies. currentstudy,usingthe cat as a to The
2:45
3pNSS.A comparative study of occupational and nonoccupational noise regulations South in American countries.Jorge Arenas (Inst. P.
of Acoust., Faeultad Ciencias la Ingenieria, de de Univ.Australde Chile, Casilla567, Valdivia,Chile) and MalninGutierrez (Inst.of Aconst., V. Univ.Australde Chile, Casilla1130,Valdivia,Chile)
The final aim of this work is to show a comparative studyaboutthe mostimportant aspects the noiseregulations someSouthAmerican of in countries. includes It Argentina,Brazil, Chile, Peru, and Uruguay.Where national standards existin a particular country, areaof application, the and otherdetailsof the procedures, should in accordance be with the standards
model, compares physiological the effect(auditory brainstem regponse threshold) onerifle impulse of generated eitherwith the standard an or
experimental muzzledevice. The pressure from thestandard muzzledevice
(N=9) (157.1 Peak, msB-duration, J/M has peak dB dB 9.62 0.9 2) a 13

"below" the pressure generated the experimental by muzzledevice(N
=10) (169.9 peak, msB-duration, dB 6.88 9 J/M2). would expected It be

that the animalsin the normalmuzzlegroupwould incur substantially less threshold shift than animalsin the experimental muzzlegroup.However,
groupmeanthreshold werenot significantly different. This findingchallengesthe currentcriterion.Furthermore, although both impulses contain essentially samespectrum, the because energy the composition the imof pulses was very different,frequency weighting alonedoesnot solvethe problem.
of thatcountry. differences The between national slandards extremely are significant sometypesof noise. for The mostimportant parameters for nonoccupational noiseconsidered when assessing acceptability a the of givennoise exposure thetimeof theday (daytime,evening, are: night time),the typeof neighborhood, useto whichan areaof landor the
buildingis put, and sometimes indoorstandards. basiccriteriais the The
not to alter the character of an entire area and dominate its noise climate.
In somecountries occupational the regulations combinations ISO are of

and OSHA
2:15
standards. Differences were noted in some dose criterias and
3pNS6. The effect of the level of impact noise on hearing loss.
Stephanie Levine,DonaldHenderson, PhillipHofstetter (Hear.Res. and Lab., Univ. of Buffalo,Buffalo,NY 14214) impulse impact and noisefoundin industry may be particularly dangerous workers' for hearing. This study examines effectof the levelof the impactnoiseon hearing loss.Twentyfour adultchinchillas wereexposed to impactnoisefor 7.5 h. The subjects weredividedinto four groups and
exposed to impulses delivered at Ils at one of four aifferent intensities:
the trade-off between noiselevel and permitted exposure time is still the subject somedivergence opinion.Somestandards of of allows3 dB (or 5 dB) increase noise in levelper halving exposure of duration.
3:00
113, 119, 125, and 131 dB. As the level of exposlre increased, permathe nent hearinglossof the animalsincreased. lower levels, 113-125 dB At hearinglossincreased approximately1.8 dB for eachdB of noise.These at findingsare consistent with studies usingcontinuous noisewhich reporta 1.7-dB increasein asymptoticthresholdshift for every dB increasein exposure. However,as the level of the impactincreases beyonda critical
3pNS9. Modified method for determination of heightenedhuman sensitivityto noise. Alexander Menghov A_ and Vladimir V_ Lipovoy (Inst. for Occupational Health,252033, Kiev, Ukraine) Occupational hardness hearingoccurs of first of all in workerswith heightened sensitivity noise.Along with the objective to method defor termining higherexcitability thecentralstructures the auditory of of analyzerby means theawaked of brain potentials, heightened the sensitivity to noisecan be determined a simplermethod[A. Peyser, by Acta Oto-
level,(125 dB) theresulting threshold increases shift dramatically 6 i.e., dB for eachdB increase exposure in level.It hasbeenshown prior in
research [Hametalketa/., Hear.Res.13, 229-247 (1984) andHenderson
laryngol. (Stockh.) 443-444 (1940)]. 28, The experimental have data

shownthat a higherincrease TI'S is observed a toneof 2000 Hz in at instead 1000Hz according A. Pcyser. of to Sucha modified method was approved 42 youngweavers. at After 3 min of 100-dBnoiseloadat the tone 2000Hz in 13%of weavers wasmore of 'IFS than12dB (hightened sensitivity). Afterworkfor a yearunder conditions 98-100 dBA, in the of
et eL, Hear. Res.76, 101-117(1994)]thattheanatomical damage the to

cochlea thiscriticallevelchanges at frommetabolic mechanical. to [Research supported NIOSH Grant by No. 15034470.]
3344
J.Acoust. Am., 97,No. Pt. ay 1995 Soc. Vol. 5, 2,
the weaverswith hightenedsensitivity, TTS at the tone of 2000 Hz was 11.9 dB, at the toneof 1000 Hz was 9.4 dB, and at the tone of 4000 Hz was
9.6 dB. In the weavers insensitiveto noise,'IFS at the tone of 1000 Hz was 7.0 dB, at the tone of 2000 Hz was 7.5 dB, and at the tone of 4000 Hz was 7.8 dB. In the sensitiveto noise weavers,PTS at 1000 Hz was 2.3 dB, at
2000 Hz was 4.3 dB, and at 4000 Hz was 1.7 dB. In the insensitive to noise
weavers,PTS at 1000 Hz was 1.1 dB, at 2000 Hz was 1.7 dB, and at 4000
Hz was 1.3 dB. The determination humansensitivity industrial of to noise by audiometry this modification in enables one to discover workerswith heightened auditorysensitivity and predictthe PTS auditorylevel.
THURSDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JUNE 1995
AUDITORIUM,
12:40 TO 3:20 P.M.
Session 3pPP
Psychological Physiological and Acoustics: Hearing Impairment, CochlearImplants and Hearing Aids
Fan-GangZeng, Chair HouseEar Institute,2100 WestThird Street,LosAngeles,California 90057
Contributed Papers
12:40 1:10
3pPP1. Simalation of sensorineural hearing loss: Use of linear speetrai smearing reducefrequency to resolution. ArthurBoothroyd, Bethany Mulhearn, Juan Gong,andJodiOstroff (City Univ.of New York,
33 W. 42 St., New York, NY 10036)
3pPP3. Relationships betweensimple reactiontime and auditory
stimulus intensity people in with sensorineurai hearing losses. Philip Seitz (Ctr.forAuditory Speech Gallaudet F. and Sci., Univ.,
Washington, 20002-3695) DC and BradRakerd (Michigan State Univ., EastLansing, 48824-1212) MI Individual differences reaction in time (RT) to subjectively comfortable,loud,andsofttones wereassessed ten youngadultsubjects for with longstanding, less-than-profound sensorineural hearing losses tennorand real hearing controls. support To estimation the sensory, of central,and motorcomponents RT, subjects of were also tested usingan equivalent protocol withbright dim visual and stimuli. Subjects normal with hearing listened 500-Hztones fixedintensities pilottesting to at that established as corresponding comfortable, to loud, and soft levels.Priorto RT testing, subjects with hearinglosses individuallyadjusted toneintensity "most to comfortable," "very loud but not painful," and "very soft but definitely
audible" levels. Results show larger modality-dependent and leveldependent individual differences RT thanhavebeenpreviously in notedin the literature, pointingup a needfor individualsubjectbaselines cogin nitive experiments useRT as a dependent that variable.Results alsoindicatethat the typicallysmallrangebetween threshold pain in listeners and with heating losses with respect RT, functionally is, to equivalent larger to ranges normalhearinglisteners someindividuals not in others. in in but
Phoneme wordrecognition, measured seven and was in hearing adults under various conditions spectral of smearing--produced multiplying by thespeech waveform low-pass-filtered Phoneme by noise. recognition fell from 97% for no smearing 13% for complete to smearing (-+10 kHz), Smearing +_600Hz reduced by groupmeanphoneme recognition to 50%--a scoretypicalof hearing-impaired subjects with hearing losses around dB,listening amplified 80 to speech. a second In experiment, noise wasmixedwith thespeech before spectral smearing introduced. was Noise susceptibility measured the S/N ratiorequired a phoneme was as for recognition score that was50% of the scorein quiet.Smearing -+1 kHz at
increased noisesusceptibility 20 dB, an amountsimilar to that foundin by hearing-impaired subjects with losses excess 90 dB. As with hearingin of impairedsubjects, spectral smearing diminished perception consothe of
nantplacemore than the perception consonant of mannerand voicing. Unlike with heating-impaired subjects, however, smearing affectedvowel perception more than consonant perception. This last findingmay be attributed theusesmearing a fixedbandwidth--producing to over a greater
percentage smearing thelower in frequencies. [Work supported NIDCD by

GrantNo. 10078.]
[Work supported NIH-NIDCD.] by
12:55
1:25
3pPP2. Loudnessfunctionsin normal-hearing and hearing-impaired
listeners. LidiaW. Lee (Dept.of Commun. Disorders, Northern Illinois Univ., DeKalb, IL 60115) and Larry E. Humes (Indiana Univ.,
Bloomington, 47405) IN This paperexamined whether excitation-pattern an modelof loudness could adequately describethe growth of loudness complexstimuli for presented normal-hearing hearing-impaired to and listeners quietandin in noise. The loudness-growth functions were obtained threesynthesized for steady-state vowels(/a,i,u/), eachwith two talkers(male: F0=120 Hz;
3pPP4. The relationship between aidedarticulation indices,

performance, and subjective satisfaction with programmable and conventional hearing aids. Gabrielle H. Saundersand Kathleen M Cienkowski (Audiology (126), Veterans Admin.Med. Ctr., EastOrange, NJ 07019)
The Articulation Index(AI) wasdeveloped a method predicting as for speech recognition performance from objective measurements. should It
thereforebe an efficient method for predictingand comparingpotential user benefit from different hearing aids. In this study subjects wore six
female: F0=200 Hz), andfor several puretones (125-4000 Hz). All

stimuli werepresented, random, at from2 to 90 dB SPL (in 4-dB steps) in quietandin broadband noise. Magnitude estimation wereusedto measure the loudness eachstimulus. of Thesedataare usedto evaluate predicthe
different hearing fittings 3 months aid for each.Performance a number on of speech testswas measured the startand end of each3-monthperiod at
andself-rated satisfaction with eachheatingaid was assessed. for each Als hearingaid fitting were calculated from real ear aided gains.The relation-
tions anexcitation-pattern [modified of model power-law model, Humes L. andW. Jesteadt, Acoust. Am. 85, 1285-1294 J. Soc. (1989)].[Worksupported NIA.] by
shipbetween AIs, performance, satisfaction be presented the and will and theefficacy using AI asa predictor performance satisfaction of the of and
will be discussed.
3345
129th'Meeting: Acoustical Society America of
3345
1:4021:50 Break
prescription. prescriptions on theArticulation Two based Index(AI), one onNAL-R, anda control prescription evaluated thetwoweekfield were in
trial. Subjects each rated algorithmseven in categories. Objective measures speech of intelligibility in noise, including measures of binaural
directional were before after field Intelligibility hearing, taken and the trial.
1:50
anddirectional hearing best was withtheAI prescriptions, although these
3pPP5. Intensity discrimination ofamplitude modulated in stimuli

electric hearing. Fan-GangZeng and RobertV. Shannon (HouseEar Inst.,2100 W. 3rd St., LosAngeles, 90057) CA
prescriptions receive highest didnot the subjective ratings. Details the of

binaural algorithms fittings, well asobjective subjective and as and measures theirbenefitwill be reported. of
Incochlear implants loudnesspower isa function. ofelectrical amplitude lowfrequencies Hz)and exponential at (<300 h function higher for
frequencies [ZengandShannon, Science 264, 564-566 (1994)].In addition,thejust-noticeable-difference in intensity inversely (jnd) is proporgenerally low-frequency use modulation a high-frequency of carrier. Because the loudness functions are different for the modulator and carrier
2:35
3pPP8. Combining and ratings paired comparisons aid inhearing

(Ctr.for Res.in Speech Hear.Sci.,Graduate and School Univ.Ctr., and
City Univ. of New York, 33 W. 42nd St., New York,NY 10036)
Oden tional theslope theloudness to of function. Implant speech processors evaluation. Harry Levitt, ArleneC. Neuman,and Christopher
frequencies, the this raises question: loudness ofamoduDothe and jnd

latedstimulus followsthe modulator thecarrier? or Intensity discrimination was measured a 100-Hz sinusoidally for modulated 1000-Hz sinusoid or pulsetrain in implantlisteners. The jnd was measured eitheras an incre-
Themethod paired of comparisons rapidandefficient is a technique

whichhasproven be usefulin hearing evaluation: the convento aid In tional application thetechnique, subject limited a binary of the is to decision. Greater efficiency beobtained in addition, confidence can if, a rating is obtained. method combining A for confidence ratingswith pairedcomparison is proided. arepresented which setof hearing data Data in a
ment the in carrier forafixed level modulation oras it}crement depth an in

the modulation depthfor a fixedcarderlevel.The results showed the that
jndfunction themodu!ated is similar the function the of stimuli to jnd of
aids differing compression in characteristics (compression release ratio,

time) evaluated thetraditional was by paired-comparison technique the and
paired-comparison ratingtechnique. plus Data will alsobe presented on therelative precision efficiency thetwotechniques. and of
high-frequency Ath!gh carrier. sensation implant levels, listenersdiscan criminate extremely changesmodulation (1%-2%). small in depth This
impliesthat modulated stimulican produce morejnd stepsacross the
dynamic rangethaneitherthe modulator the carderalone. or
2:50
2:05
3pPP9. Effects hearing onbinaural of aids directional hearing in

3pPP6. Preliminary evaluations of cocldear implantees using a wearable CIS processor. W. M. Rahinowitz,D. K. Eddington,J.
Tierney,and L. A. Delhorne (Res. Lab. of Electron.,MIT, 50 VassarSt.,
hearing-impaired individuals. Donna J. Gelnett, Michael J. Nilsson,
andSigfrid Soli (House Inst.,2100W. 3rdSt.,LosAngeles, D. Ear CA

90027)
Rm. 36-789, Cambridge, 02139) MA
Binaural directional the heating, ability a listener "tune of to out"

noise One from direction listen a signal another and to from direction,
improves seech intelligibility noise. in This abilityis present the in hearing-impaired individual, maybe reduced a result hearing but as of
Each channel a continuous-interleaved-stimulation of (CIS) sound processor usesthe compressed envelope its bandpass-filtered of outputto
modulate biphasic currentpulsesthat are deliveredto an intracochlear
electrode. Pulses are interleaved across channels to avoid simultaneous
impairment: The present research examined the relationship aided between

and unaided dil:eifional and hearing, directional capacity--as hearing measured under headphones simulated with head-related transfer functions and
fieldinteractions, pulse and rates high(-2000 pps/channel)preserve are to temporal waveform cues.Usingup to six monopolar electrodes directly accessible the Inetaidimplant, with thisstrategy shown has considerable promise acute in evaluations conducted the laboratory in [Wilson eta!., Nature 236-238(1991)]. collaboration a group Innsbruck, 352, In with in
a prototype portablereal-timesystem has beendeveloped (basedon a
idealized amplification. Reception thresholds sentences were for (RTSs! measured and with with6'ut spatial separation speech a spectrally ofthe and
matched noise 25 hearing-impaired for binaural hearing users. aid Directionalhearingcapacity theseindividuals for oftenfell within the normal
DSP56001 canrealize ) that some implementations. subjects CIS Two with
9 years experience theInetaid of using analog processornow sound are

wearingthe CIS systemon a full-time basis.After severalweeks, one
range. Unaided RTSs wereelevated dB onaverage thecapacity 3-6 over measures. RTSs Aided were elevated dBover also 2-3 averagscores e for
directional hearing capacity, suggesting theinteraural for binaural that cues
subject prefers CIS strategy; the however, objective measures speech of reception showno gains(re: the Ineraidprocessor). second The subject shows largegains with CIS andsome evidence continuing of improvements. Without lipreading, scores he nearperfect relatively on difficult (IEEE/Harvard) sentencesquiet; speech in for reception noise, shows in he a deficit 7 dB re: normal-hearing of listeners. [Worksupported N1H.] by
directional hearing eitherinaudible absent are or fromthe hearing aid output. Detailed analyses be reported respect the typeof will with to
hearing hearing transfer aidl aid function, degree heating and of loss.
3:05
3pPP10. localization median Sound inthe sagittal byhearing plane

2:20
impaired litener.grad Rakerd, Timothy Vander J. Velde (Dept. of
Audiol. Speech Michigan Univ., Lansing, 48824), and Sci., State East MI
3pPP7. Field trials of a portableprototyp6digital hearingaid. DonnaI. Gelnett, Jean Sullivan, A. MichaelJ. Nilss9n, andSigfridD. Soli (House Inst..2100W. 3rd St.,LosAngeles, 90057) Ear CA
A battery-operated digitalprocessor connected microphones to and
receivers locatedin left and right ear modules was built and usedin a
and William Morris Hartmann (Michigan Univ., State East Lansing, MI

48824)
Previously, reported listeners substantial it was that with hig hfrequency hearing have loss difficulty localizing sounds themedian in
sagittal plane IVander Velde al., J. Acoust, Am. 94, 1812(A) et Soc.
hearing fieldtrial.Eighthearing aid impaired individuals moderate with to moderately severe hearing losses served subjects. subjects symas All had metrichearing losses and were experienced binaural hearin aid users. Fourbinaural hearing algorithms programmed theprocessor aid were into forevaluation thefieldtrial.Thealgorithms equalized magnitude in all the andphase insertion effects theear modules, differed theirgain of but in
(1993)]. When asked localize to broadband they noise, performed near

chancelevel on an elevationtask and somewhat better,but far below
normal, a task required theydistinguish on that that between sources the to front,overhead, rear.In the present and study, these experiments were repeated with new subjects (n=16), andwith the following variations,
each introduced toencourage improved performance.Low-frequency (l)
3346
J.Acoust. Am., 97,No.5, Pt.2, May1995 Soc. Vol.
3346
componentsthenoise of stimulus werefiltered topreclude masking out the of more informative high-frequency components. Thedifficulty (2) levelof theelevation waseased. Subjects tested task (3) were whilewearing their hearing aids.Eachof these changes helped few individuals, a typicallyin smallways, none but produced statistically sign;ficant improvement the for
group overall(p>0.05). Together, these results pointup a significant localization problem individuals high-frequency for with hearing of the loss sortthatcommonly accompanies aging. results support theory The also the that spectral cuesare of the greatest importance medianplanelocalfor ization. [Worksupported NIDCD.] by
THURSDAY AFTERNOON,
I JUNE 1995
MEETING
ROOMS 12, 13, 14, 1:00 TO 3:10 P.M.
Session 3pSA
Structural Acoustics and Vibration: Structural IntensityII

Sabih I. Hayek, Cochair Department Engineering of Science Mechanics, and Pennsylvania StateUniversity, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
JeanLouis Guyader, Cochair Laboratoire Vibrations-Acoustique, INSA-Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, Cedex, France Invited Papers
1:00
3pSA1. theuse acoustical On of holography thedetermination intensity structures. for of in Anthony Romano, G. J. a)Earl
Williams, Charles Delvecchio and G. a) (Naval Lab., Res. Code 7132, Washington,20375-5000) DC
An overview themethods determining of for structural intensity information from obtained using near-field acoustical holography
(NAH)ispresented. Toward ends, presentation theoretical and these a of the basis practical methodologies involved NAHisgiven, in
aswellasa briefrestatementthestructural of intensity formulation appropriate thinshells plates. method obtaining for and A for the unknown displacement stress and components a knowledge surface from of pressure normal and velocity discussed, these is and methods applied experimental obtained the particular are to data for cases a point-driven, of fluid-loaded rectangular and plate cylindrical shell.A moviewill he presented whichdisplays instantaneous the structural intensity correspondingthe situations to
previously outlined. a)Also Sachs/Freeman at Associates, 1401 Inc., McCormick Landover, 20785. Dr., MD
1:25
3pSA2. Broadbandcontrol of multi-modepower flow in beamsusingwave vectorsensors. G. P. Gibbs,M. Bronzel,C. R.
Fuller, D. Blotter, E. Montgomery, R. L. West (Dept. Mech. J. D. and of Eng., Virginia Polytechnic andState Inst. Univ., Blacksburg,
VA 24061-0238) Recentwork has demonstrated use of wave filteringtechniques estimate the to travelingwavesin the time domain.These techniques PVDF surface use mounted sensors conjunction a digitalfilter network estimate traveling in with to the flexural and extensional waves beams band-limited in for spectra. traveling The waveestimates proportional thepowerflowin thebeam, are to and thuscanbe used thecostfunction an activecontrol as of system. thispaper, In experimental results presented are whichdemonstrate
the broadbandactivecontrolof flexuralandextensional powerflow in beams usingsurface mounted piezoceramic controlactuators, surfacemountedPVDF wave vector filters, and a TMS320C30 basedadaptivecontroller. The resultsdemonstrate flexural and extensional powerflow attenuations 5 to 20 dB for band-limited of excitation. Independent verification the total beamresponse of
before aftercontrol and (three dimensional) found a technique is via called experimental spatial dynamics modeling (ESDM).Velocity
measurements a scanning from laservibrometer processed are usingtheESDM technique produce full 3-D velocityresponse to a field.
These datacanbe further reduced using method a termed experimental spatial structural intensity (ESSI)to determine complex the intensity overthebeam.Contour plotsare presented showing flexural andextensional powerflow in thebeamfor bothuncontrolled andcontrolled cases. [Worksupported NASALangley by Research Center.]
1:50
3pSA3. Laser interferometry for structural acoustics. Yves H. Berthelot,JacekJarzynski, Hyun-GwonKil, Lance Wills, and Ming Yang (School Mech. Eng.,Georgia of Inst.of Technol., Atlanta,GA 30332-0405) Laser interferometry offers the possibilityof measuring real time instantaneous in surfacevelocitiesin the /zrrdsrange by noninvasive measurements. can also be used to measurethe three components the surfacevector velocity at severalpoints It of
simultaneously therefore, is a promising of measuring and, it way structural intensity powerflow in arbitrarily and complex structures underlaboratory conditions. Three differentlaser interferometric probesare currentlybeing usedat GeorgiaTech for research in structural acoustics. The advantages disadvantages each systemwill be discussed and of within the contextof structural intensity
measurements. [Worksupported theOfficeof NavalResearch, by Code332 SM.]

3347 J. Acoust.Soc. Am., Vol. 97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995 129th Meeting:AcousticalSocietyof America 3347
2:15
3pSA4.Measurement structuralintensity. Gunnar of Rasmussen (G.R.A.S.Sound Vibration & aps,Skelstedet 2950 10B,
Vedbaek, Denmark)
Themodeling structural of behavior leads simplified to models veryoften of complex structures. geta better To understanding of theenergy inside outof thestructures, development measurement flow and the of methods veryimportant. is Dynamic movements are associated vibratory acoustic with and energy dissipation.thesurface is large If area compared anacoustic to wavelength, acoustic intensity a good is indicator dynamic of activity. theareais small If compared a wavelength thefrequencies question, to at in surface measurements thevibratory using motion thestructure on surface be a good may indicator. transfer energy By of between structural parts, pointpowermeasurements should applied. be Measurements be carried using may out acoustical techniques determination for of structure borne energy. acoustical The transducers must ableto measure used be correctly veryreactive in environments. A proper calibrated intensity probe offera noncontact will measurementanarea, of which maybe small large or depending wavelength on for measurementvectors of caused dispersed by waves. useof twoaccelerometers accelerometer a force The or an and transducer may also useful detection energy be for of flowin a structure. Acoustic calibration intensity of probes been has improved meetstandard to requirements. Calibration accelerometers forcetransducerscarded by substitution of and is out measurements against thirdtransa
ducer. Measurements structures foundmanypractical on has applications.
Contributed Paper
2:40
2:55
3pSAS. Numerical investigation of error mechanisms in near-field acoustic holography (NAH). Gerard P. Carroll (Structural and Hydroacoust. Res. Branch,CardcrockDivision, Naval SurfaceWarfare
3pSA6. Energy partitioning in a truss structure.

02139)
Kai-Ulrich
Machens and Ira Dyer (Dept. of OceanEng., MIT, Cambridge, MA
Ctr. (CDNSWC), Bethesda, 20084-5000) MD
Near-field acoustic holography (NAH) hasbeenvalidated precisely in controlled laboratory conditions smallscalemodels. for The practical validity of the approach nonlaboratory in settings largerscalemodels, for whereincreased background noise,inexactsensor positioning, and other environmental contaminants likely, needsto be established. this are In paper, effectof these the errormechanisms the accuracy cylindrical on of near-field acoustic holography investigated are numerically. This is accomplishedusingsimulated holtgramplanepressure dataobtained from surface pressure velocityresults. and The surface pressure velocityare and obtained usingFEM/BEM calculations (SARA) for a ribbedcylindrical model.The simulated holtgramplanedataare obtained from the SARA
MIT is investigating theoretically experimentally propaboth and wave gation truss in structures. Experiments conducted measure were to energy partitioning flexural, in longitudinal, torsional and vibrations specific of
truss members. The truss consists of 109 aluminum struts assembled via 35
jointsto form a regularstructure 11 cellsconnected series. comof in A
pletenumerical analysis P. Gut, I. Acoust. [Y. Soc.Am. 96, 3291(A) (1994)]findsthatenergy equilibria among different wavetypes be can
expected, ratiosof which are dependent the uponthe distinctclasses of struts making thetruss. up Thiswastested simultaneous by measurement
of thetransfer functions various at locations along axisof eachstrut the

considered. truss The wasexcited broadband by whitenoise(5-kHz base-
results usinga numerical implementation (Gaussian quadrature) the of

Helmholtzintegral. The errorsin the holographic reconstructions associatedwithbackground noise, sensor placement, other and errormechanisms are revealed comparing holographically by the reconstructed resultswith the originalSARA results. Sincethe ribbedcylindricalmodelunderinvestigation quitedetailed, approach a good of theabilityof NAH is this is test
band) oneendof thetruss. at Wave number processing extracts comtwo plexwave amplitudes, associated traveling each with waves propagating in
opposite directions. Thusthe spectral energycontent the strutis known of and is compared othersin the sameclass.In addition,strutsof other to
toappropriately reproduce complex the surface behavior. [Worksupported

by ONR.]
classes measured discuss are to issues related equipartition energy, to of pass/stop bands and natural damping complex of branched structures.
3348
THURSDAY AFTERNOON, 1 JUNE 1995 GRAND BALLROOM SOUTH AND CENTRAL, 3:30 TO 5:30 P.M.
Plenary Session, Business Meeting, and Awards Ceremony
Jiri Tichy, Chair President, Acoustical Society America of

Business Meeting
Presentation of certificates to new Fellows
Presentation of Awards
R. BruceLindsay Awardto BeverlyA. Wright

Gold Medal to Kenneth N. Stevens
Distinguished Speaker GeraldT. Garvey Assistant Director, Physical Sciences Engineering, and Executive Officeof the President, Officeof Science Technology and Policy, Washington, 20500 DC
THURSDAY
AFTERNOON,
1 JUNE 1995
GRAND BALLROOM SOUTH AND CENTRAL, 5:30 TO 6:30 P.M.

Film Presentation
The Caroling of Atoms: The life's work of Harvey Fletcher
Harvey Fletcher both"The father stereophonic is of sound" the"father psychoacoustics."wasthefirstoneto show and of He during hisPh.D.work(withRobert Millikan)thattheelectron a fixedquantized had charge, thefirstto accurately and measure threshold the of hearing. provided A. Edison He T. witha shoe-box electronic sized hearing manufacturedWestern aid, by Electric, personally and demonstrated stereo A. G. Bell. He produced firstelectronic to the hearing aid, the firstelectronic (2-A) audiometer, discovered the critical bands thecochlea, is wellknown "thel:qetcher-Munson of and for curves." filmpresents amazing This some footage fromthe 1950celebration the25thAnniversary theAcoustical of of Society New YorkCity thatmightbringtears youreyes(54 mins, in to
16-mm color film).
3349
3349
FRIDAY
MORNING,
2 JUNE 1995
MEETING ROOM 16, 8:15 A.M. TO 12:15 P.M.

Session 4aAA
ArchitecturalAcoustics: OrchestraShelland StageAcoustics Design

Peter D'Antonio, Chair
RPG DiffusorSystems, Inc., 651-C Commerce Drive, UpperMarlboro,Maryland20772

Invited Papers
8:20
4aAA1. An introduction to performance enclosure acoustics. Dennis A. Paoletti (Paoletti Associates, Inc., 40 Gold St., San Francisco,CA 94133)
Thispaper will provide introduction overview theacoustical an and of parameters typically established acoustical by consultants in thedesign "enclosures" of surrounding musicians performing stage theaters, on in concert halls,andmultipurpose auditoria. broad A viewof enclosure design must include facilitydesign, musical instrument acoustics, engineering, theater consulting, architectural and design. Size,shape, configuration, materials and selection all important theacoustical are re: performance theenclosure. of However,
storage enclosure for components, structural considerationstheengineering (in design theenclosure, well astheengineering of as of thestage/backstage thatwill house enclosure), operational maintenance area the and and characteristics alsobe considered. must As complex all of these as issues tobalance are during design a performing complex, to mention the of arts not budget, success the the of enclosure ultimately thehands, ears, theperforming is in and of musicians, which leads further to considerations involving psychoacoustics, visualaesthetics, fables, environmental conditions, evenpotential and conditions surroundingperformance a facultyandits
performing artsorganizations.
8:40
4aAA2. Measuredeffectsof orchestrashells. J. S. Bradley (IRC, Natl. Res. Council,MontrealRd., Ottawa,ON K1A 0R6, Canada)
Theeffects adding of orchestra shells modifying or orchestra shells weremeasured sixdifferent in concert hallsvarying volume in
from3000to32000m Early, and 3. late, total sound levels were seen increase theaddition anorchestra Effective to with of shell.
orchestra shells were found increase sound to total levels upto2 dBat mid-frequencies by in audience of halls. areas Average changes
to measured claritycouldbe larger. The measured increases sound in levelsvariedwith locationin the hails,andin several cases sound
levelincreases greatest were towards rearof halls. onecase, the In adding orchestra wasfound decrease an shell to low-frequency levels to a shiftof theseat attenuation. due dip On-stage, larger effects weremeasured. Support values increased asmuch 5 dB by as withtheaddition anorchestra Partial of shell. changes shells to generally produced much smaller effects. audience In seating areas the effectsof partialchanges adjustments orchestra and to shellswereusuallylessthanestimated noticeable just differences the in
measured quantities.
9:00
4aAA3. Stage house coupled shells.Christopher (Jaffe Jaffe Holden Acarbrough Acoustics, 114A Washington Norwalk, Inc., St.,
CT 06854)
In the early sixties, American the Symphony Orchestra League conducted survey American a of orchestras determine to their
preferencematerial demountable of for symphonic enclosures. enough, Oddly Fiberglass reinforced polyester manufactured shells by
Stagecraft Corporation received number the one ratingin the country. The Stagecraft shells, constructed 0.0625- to 0.125-in. of
Fiberglass andedge sheet, framed aluminum, coupled stage in were to house volumes through openings between ceiling the sections.
In the low frequencies somecouplingwas achieved throughthe panelsthemselves, view of their low transmission at the bottom in loss
endof the spectrum. paperwill document success these This the of enclosures, explain and why these shells worked well for so orchestras performing thesixties seventies. in and Basic changes multi-use in theater design theeighties in reduced effectiveness the
of these designs. However, several practitioners developed design have new solutions have that returned house stage coupled shells to
the forefrontonceagain.
4aAA4.Stage acoustics measurements majororchestras. with Dana Kirkegaard (Kirkegaard Acoustics, Wallbank 4927 Ave.,
DownersGrove, IL 60515)
This paper address will objective subjective and measures relating theauthor's onstage major to work with orchestras. on Based
this research, ofthe some design challenges potential and solutions, including use QRDs, bediagrammed. the of will A formal paper
will be available for distribution.
3350
J. Acoust. Am., 97,No.5, Pt.2, May1995 Soc. Vol.
3350
9:40
4aAA5. Active passive and orchestra andstage shells acoustics. W.C.J.M. Pdnssen B. H. M. Kok (S,stem Im9ro'e6 and for
Acoustic Performance, V. Uden,The Netherlands) B.
This the theater t[The spring largest building Netherlands, Theatre was the Chasse at Breda, completed. main Of two auditoria, the
which have similar stage houses, has one electronic variable acoustics means a SIAPsystem, by of includingstage a system, the and
otherhasmechanical variable acoustics whichincludes largeorchestra a shell.It will be shown through measurements active that
(electronic) acoustics beatleast effective passive stage can as as (physical) acoustics. particularly stage It is interesting loudness, that reverberation andreflection time, patterns beinfluenced can independently active with systems. flexibility anadvantage This is for meeting needs performers. the of Furthermore, active control stage of acoustics also can provide significantly a improved foldback to actors singers drama, and for opera performance, when etc. technical facilities scenery stage and make physical acoustic means difficult toapply. Since acoustic coupling thestage theauditorium volume animportant of to main is factor, results also presented will be of theachievements SIAPsystem correct of the to auditoria which have spaces (extremely) acoustic with poor coupling asbalcony such and under balcony areas. orchestra which of different and The pits, are size shape, have same but the passive acoustic treatment, will
be compared.
10:00-10:10 Break
10:10
4aAA6. Adaptable acoustical shellsincorporatingmodular reflective,absorptive,and diffusivesurfaces. Peter D'Antonio
(RPGDiffusor Systems, 651-CCommerce Upper Inc., Dr., Marlboro, 20772) MD
Theoptimum percentage orientationreflecting diffusing and of and surfacesanacoustical was in shell determined objective from andsubjective measurements conservatory using students theCleveland at Institute Music of comprising string two quartets,brass a
quintet, a horn Objective and duo. impulse measurements made balloon were with bursts fivedifferent and microphone systems were used obtain to simultaneous recordings. Head DAT The Acoustics mannequin placed was within group determine the to ensemble blend
without self-masking. Etymotic Research probe microphones inserted theearcanals musicians determine were into of to ensemble blend withself-masking, headband microphones used monitor were to ensemble withself-masking,omnidirectional blend an micro-
phone placed was within group a monophonic the as control, spaced and omnidirectional microphones placed thefront the were in of house measure projected to the sound quality. Analysis these other ledtothedevelopmenta variable of and data of acoustics modular performance utilizing shell reflecting, absorbing, diffusing and/or modules, which allows variability flexibility different both and for stage aswellassectional personal uses and acoustic environments theperformers. approach subjectively for This was evaluated with
thefull Baltimore Symphony Orchestra DavidZinman with conducting.
Contributed Papers
10:30 10:45
4aAAS. Orchestrashell designand manufacture:The Wenger way. 4aAA7. Supplemental height partial concert incorporating shell quadratic diffusor panels. Dana S. Hougland (David L. Adams
Associates, Inc., 1701 BoulderSt., Denver,CO 8021I)
RonProbst ToddBenjamin (Wenget and Corp.,555 ParkDr., Owatonna,

MN 55060)
Wengr Corporation has manufactured shells educational orchestra for

A recently completed projectto modify the acoustical performance of
Boettcher Concert Hall included the addition of several modifications to
improvecross-stage hearing the musicians. of Boettcher ConcertHall uti-
lizesan in-the-round seating arrangement, therefore, enclosure the design wasrestricted partial to height. Custom designed quadratic diffusors were
incorporated theconcert into shelldesign. Tests wereconducted onan both individual panelsection an anechoic in chamber in situ.The results and of the testsare presented.
and professional spaces over 30 years.This paperwill present for the design philosophy behind Wengetline of acoustic the shells. Prosandcons of standardized equipment versus custom design andmanufacture be will discussed/Also, methodology the behindthe design anddevelopment of theDiva Acoustic Shellandmanyof its innovative features be examwill
ined.
11:00-12:15
PANEL DISCUSSION: Technical Aspects Products of
3351
d. Acoust.Soc.Am., Vol. 97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995
3351
FRIDAY
MORNING,
2 JUNE 1995
MEETING
Session 4aAB
ROOM 3, 8:30 A.M. TO 12:00 NOON
Animal Bioacoustics: Passive Acoustic Tracking Animals: of Methods ApPliCations and

Khosrow Lashkeri, Chair
MBARI, 160 CentralAvenue, Monterey,California 93950

Invited Papers
" 8:35
4aAB1. Effectsof low-frequency sound(ATOC) on marine mammals: experimental An approach. DanielP. Costa, Dawn
Goley,DanielleWaples, Don Croll, BurneyLe Boeuf (Univ. of California--Santa Cruz), JohnCalambokidus Cascadia (Research
Collective), and James Harvey (Moss Landing Maxine Laboratory)

This presentation outline research will the program currently placeto study effectof theCalifornia in the ATOCexperiment on
marine mammals. arethree There phases thisresearch: a preliminary to (1) baseline collection data period prior anyATOC to
transmissions, a pilotstudy (2) (when ATOCtransmissions be manipulated assess would to effects mahne on mammals), (3) a and monitohng period (when transmissionsoptimized climate are for study, ATOCfeasibility operations). During pilotstudy the ATOC transmissions wouldbe4 days 7 days andchanges theanimals on, off in distribution, abundance, general and behavior measured. This experimental pattern would replicated provide be to statistical power. Although objectives different each the are for period, research the methodology remains same. the Methods used will be aerialandshipboard surveys assess to distribution abundance, and shipboard observationsassess to behavior, towed a arrayto assess acoustic behavior, photo-identification to examine long-term movements and stock identity, very and kighfrequency (VHF)radio and tags timedepth recorders (TDR)toassess behavior movements. dive and Data collected during preliminary the period being are used predict to sample sizes necessary studies would carried during for that be out
the pilot study.
9:00
4aAB2. Constraints on the sound production mechanismof blue whales. David S. Clark (Naval Command,Control and Ocean
Surveillance RDT&EDiv. 721,SanDiego, 92152-5000),MarkA. McDonald, Ctr., CA John Hildebrand, Spahr Webb A. and C.
(Scripps Inst.of Oceanogr., UCSD, La Jolla,CA 92093-0205)
Broadband, high-fidelity recordings bluewhale of callsareused model to parameters thesound of generation mechanism. Arrays of sonobuoys been have used characterize localize to and calling whales, providing broadband (10-2400Hz),highdynamic range (90
dB)recordings. whales Blue typically produce to20-Hz 15sounds upto30-s of durationlevels 185dBre:I /Pa@ m.The at of l
observed sound levels, frequencies, harmonic and content implications thesound have for generation parameters. Source levels provide
constraints volumedisplacements. on Frequencies harmonic and content relateto resonant structures theirmeans excitation. and of The
data show harmonic series selected with overtones emphasized. relative The amplitudes theovertones between of vary different parts
of the call.
9:25
4aAB3.Acoustic trackingof whales usinghydrophone arrays:Implications behavioral for studies and population estimates. Christopher Clark (Cornell W. Lab.of Ornithol., Bioacoust. Program, Sapsucker Res. 159 Woods Ithaca, 14850) Rd., NY
Understanding free-ranging how whales sound communicate, use to navigate, findfoodhasbeen and seriously hampered the by inability consistently to identify, locate, track animal and the producing sound. in themost the Only tractable situations coastal (e.g., species, shallow water, breeding/calving has been season) it possibledescribe to acoustic repertoires prescribe and biological functions.
Thepotential of such use acoustic techniques,combination traditional in with visual observation methods, population for census efforts
has been clearly demonstrated case bowhead in the of whales. Recent applicationlarge of aperture arrays beamforming and techniques
hasdemonstrated feasibility usingsuchsystems locating tracking the of for and vocallyactivepelagic species. Thereis everyreason
to believe a combination acoustic that of tracking visual and observation techniques be successfully can extended useasa census for tooltoproduce meaningful estimates about relative abundance blue,finback, minke on and whales. Passive acoustic tracking methods,
(towed arrays fixed and horizontal arrays) now have been successfully tofollow applied individually vocalizing whales many for days,
acoustically observe herds animals, of anddescribe species specific seasonal changes distribution relativeabundance. in and
9:50
4aAB4. Localization animal of calls hyperbolic via methods. Steve Mitchell John and Bower(Bioacoust. Program, Res. Cornell
Univ., 159 Sapsucker Woods Rd., Ithaca,NY 14850)
Forover decade Cornell a the Bioacoustics Research Program been has using passive sparse acoustic tolocate arrays calling marine
mammals thenearfieldin shallow in water, wellasbirds other as and animals air.Thetechniques havebeen in used cross correlation
followed all-pairs by hyperbolic geometric positioning, thesimplest using propagation anditerative model, nonlinear least-squares
3352
129th Meeting: AcouStical ofAmerica 3352 Society
error minimization. This talk describes someof our experiences with this process, includingthe resultsof calibratedfield tests. Applications whalepopulation to censusing research and into the countersinging behavior songsparrows be discussed. of will Many
bioacousfic passive arrayexperiments depend accurate on locations the extremes the nearfield, whererangeis difficultto at of
determine. Analysis techniques passive for near-field arrayshaveappeared the literature in over the past50 years.Recentlytherehas beenmuchworkdevoted using to detailed propagation modeling improve accuracy undersea to the of localization marinevessels. of It is argued that,in thecaseof animalcalls,thereare alsoaccuracy improvements be hadfrom improved to signalmodeling.
10:15-10:30 Break
Contributed Papers
10:30
11:00
4aAB5. Using combined acoustic tracking and visual observation techniques to study humpback whales. Adam S. Frankel and
Christopher Clark (CornellBiacoust. W. Res. Program,159 Sapsucker

Woods Rd., Ithaca, NY 14850)
4aAB?. Three-dimensional localization of a blue whale using broadband matched-field processing for range and depth, and plane-wave adaptive beamforming for azimuth. G. L. D'Spain, W.
A. Kuperman, S. Hodgkiss, L. E Berger (MarinePhys.Lab., W. and Scripps Inst.of Oceanogr.. Diego,CA 92152-6400) San
Duringa recentshallowwaterexperiment conducted 10-15 km west of San Diego, blue whalecalls were recorded simultaneously two unon derwater hydrophonearrays, an 18-element,205-m-aperturehorizontal line array,and a 64-element,115-m-aperture verticalline array.Thesedata are used to localize the calling whale in 3-D spaceand then to make estimates its sourcelevel. First, adaptiveplane-wavebeamformingis of usedwith the horizontalline array data to obtain finely resolvedbearing estimates. Then, the bottombathymetryprofilesalong thesebearingesti-
The technique acoustic of location wascombined with visualtracking and behavioralobservation studyhumpback to whaleson the winter mat-
ing grounds Hawaii. The behavior in and movements nonvocalizing of whalesand singers could be studiedsimultaneously. Social interactions
that had not been previouslydescribedwere observed.These included affiliationsof singersand nonsingers while the singercontinuedto sing. Visual trackingalso allowed the comparison visual and acousticlocaof tions to verify the accuracy of the acoustic locations.Acoustic location allowedthe simultaneous trackingof severalhumpback singers, and their
relative distribution and orientations were examined. Results indicate that
songmediatesinter-singer separation and that 4 km was the preferred minimumspacing between singers Hawaii. Humpbacks off havebeendescribed beingdistributed as within the 100 fathomcontourwhile on the mating grounds. However, singers wereacoustically located to 13 km up offshorein water as deep at 305 fathoms.While singersare typically
mates used input a 2-D full-wave-field are as to normal mode code (written by Mike Porter) generating for "replica vectors" (i.e., predictions the of acoustic field) received the verticalline array.A search rangeand by in depth thebestmatch for between replicavectors the actual the and field measured the verticalarray("matched-field by processing") thenis performedto obtainthe best-fitposition the whale in 3-D space. of Finally,
described stationap/, as combined tracking techniques'revealed singer

speeds up to 3.6 km/h.In conclusion. combination acoustic of the of and visualtracking provided morecomprehensive a view of humpback whale
behaviorand distribution than either technique separately.
estimates thesource of levelof thewhale callsaremade. [Workpartially supported ONR, Code321.] by
11:15
10:45
4aAB6. The use of passive towed arrays for surveying marine
4aAB8. Simultaneous source pangtrig and bottom geoacoustlc inversion using shallow water, broadband dispersion of fin whale
mammals. JeffreyNorris,William Evans,Troy Sparks (Texas A&M

Univ., P.O. Box 675, Galveston, 77553), and RobertBenson (Texas TX
A&M Univ., CollegeStation, 77843-3367) TX

The first marinemammalacoustic surveyusinga towedpassive hydrophone arraywasrecently completed. Othercetacean surveys haveused static, low-frequency arrays; arrayused a broadband, the is mobilesystem, receiving bothbaleenand toothed whalesignals. acoustic For censusing
calls. G. L. D'Spain, A. Kuperman(Marine W. Phys. Lab.,Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., San Diego, CA 92152-6400), C. W. Clark, and D. K. Mellinger (CornellUniv., Ithaca,NY 14850)
Beamformed time series of fin whale calls from the North Atlantic
andtracking (ACT) to become accepted an technique, biases asit's and sumptions mustbe described. ACT hasa number advantages, of including a permanent recordof all effort,compared visualmethods to whichare instantaneous samples, with no permanent record.This recordpermits
measurement perception availabilitybiases. dynamicstripwidth of and A
recentlyhave been obtained.Spectrograms theserecordings of have an unusual appearance--three four downsweeping to clicksoccurin rapid succession, almostas if the whale was stuttering. Thesearrivalscan be explained terms thedifferences group in of in velocity between lowestthe
order modes propagate theshallow that in water (about m) waveguide. 350

By matching predicted spectrograms calculated from a shallowwater waveguide modelwith actualspectrograms, estimates boththerange of of the whaleand the compressional wave velocityin the oceanbottomare obtained.The approach makesvariousassumptions, includingthat the whale emitsa signalwith a downsweep of 25 Hz per second. rate How-
can calculatedcontinuously be by recording Anarea 154 km SPL. of 621 2

wassurveyed the northcentralGulf of Mexico duringsevencruises, in
recording1431 tapes.Recording effort occurred over 11 997 km of a total transect distance 12 580 km, corresponding a 95.4% level of effort;a of to concurrent visual survey yielded a 48.5% level of effort. A total of 157
contacts from 13 cetaccan species wcrc recorded. including 67 sperm
ever, known deviations theassumptionsbeincorporated the from can into

modeling. The results haveseveral implications suchas thatwhalesignals may provideloud, broadband, tomographle ouree of opportunity defor termining oceanographic/geophysical properties, thatsomedifferences and in whale call recordings from differentpopulations the samespecies of
whale(Physeter macrocephalus), pantropical 22 spotted dolphin (Stenella

anenuata), baleen one whale,327 unidentified dolphin, and30 unidentified
cetacean contacts. Three-dimensional distributions were determined for
sperm whale pantropical and spotted dolphin. Estimates cetacean of populations werecomputed based thiseffort. on 3353 J. Acoust.Soc. Am., Vol. 97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995
maybe caused propagation by effects. Might whales takeadvantage of propagation-induced distortions orderto learn something in aboutthe ocean medium? [Workpartially supported ONR.] by 129th Meeting:Acoustical Societyof America 3353
11:30
11:45
4nAB9. The MAP tag: A new marine mammal tracking system. CyrusBazeghi (Dept.of Cornput. Eng.,Llniv.of California,Santa Cruz, CA 95064) and Guy W. Oliver (Univ. of California, SantaCruz, CA 95064)
4aABI0. The study of aconstie interactionsof territorial song sparrows,Melospizareelodin,using passiveacoustictracking. John L. Bower (Bioacoust. Res. Program,Cornell Lab. of Ornithol., 159 Sapsucker Woods Rd., Ithaca, NY 14850)
A passivesparse acoustic array of eight microphones usedto was characterize patterns acoustic the of interactions territorialsongsparof rows.The rectangular arraywasplacedin a four hectare openfield (near
Development movennt position of the and (MAP) tracking system

wasmotivated limitations currently by of available tagsfor marinemam-
mals. MAP tagemploys global The a positioning system (GPS)receiver to

accurately an animal's fix position whenit surfaces a tri-axialmagneand tometer andvelocity-time4epth recorder trackin threedimensions to underwater movements between surfacings. tag is microprocessor The controlledallowingflexibilityandusercontrol sampling of regimes. Data are stored a highcapacity in datalogger. minimize energy To the budget the GPS receiver only switched whentheanimalnears surface is on the and switchedoff when a fix is obtained. The unit is battery-powered, selfcontained capable deployment animals and of on descending 1500m. to By attaching pingerto the animalit can alsobe tracked a acoustically, allowingcalibration passive of acoustic trackingsystems. its current In configuration, MAP tag is designed deployment elephant the for on seals, but with relatively minor re. configuration the packageit could be of ployedon manylargernarine vertebrates. is anticipated thecapaIt that
Ithaca, New York)thatcontained song 11 sparrow territories. Recordings

were madeapproximately every 3 daysfrom early April, whenmale song
sparrows 0axived fromtleirwintering back grounds, through when July,
the breeding ended. season Co..mputer offield analysis recordings showed

thatthe arraywasableto capture vocalizations all I 1 territorialmalesin of
the field, that and these vocalizing could accurately males be located. Dam
weretaken during three critical periods thebreeding of season: territory (!)
establishment, settlement territories females, (3) nesting. (2) of by and For eachperiod,the timingof song,inter-song intervals, andsong-type matching were discerned males.Patterns acoustic for of interactions recorded during periods visuallyobserved of male-maleconflictwerealsoinvestigated. Thesepatterns wereusedto evaluate several hypotheses seekto that explainthe function acoustic of interactions songsparrows. in
bilityof theMAP tagwill dramatically enhance future studies marine of mammal behavior, navigation, orientation, foraging. and [Work supported by ONR.]
FRIDAY MORNING, 2 JUNE 1995

Session 4aMU
AUDITORIUM,
8:55 TO 11:30 A.M.
Musical Acoustics: Guitar
Acoustics/Performance
Uw.e J. Hansen, Chair
Departmentof Physics, Indiana State University,Terre Haute, Indiana 47809
Chair's
lntroduction---8:S5
nvited Papers
9:00
4aMU1, Acoustics guitars. Thomas Rossing(Phys. of D. Dept.,Northern IllinoisUniv.,DeKalb,IL 60115)

The guitarcanbe considered be a system coupled to of oscillators. pluckedstrings The excitethe topplate,whichin turntransmits vibrationalenergyto the air cavity and backplate. Soundis radiated quite effectivelyby the vibratingplatesand throughthe sound hole.The considerable amount research the guitarduringthe past20 years,especially it reflects furtherdevelopment of on as on of this popularinstrument, will be reviewed.
4aMU2. Acoustical design criteria for the guitar. Bernard Richardson E. (Dept.of Phys.andAstron., Univ.of Wales College of
Cardiff, P.O. Box 913, Cardiff CF2 3YB, UK)
The acoustical functionof the guitaris now reasonably well understood. variousmodesof the vibratingstringcoupleto The structural air-cavitymodes the body.Thesein turninteract and of with the surrounding thusenhancing radiation energyfrom air the of
thestring thelistener. modal to The properties theinstrument thusof central of are importance determining sound in its quality. is It
of great interest themaker know to to howthese modal properties beadjusted produce might to instrumentspredetermined of sound
quality. This paperwill givea resume experimental theoretical of and workundertaken Cardiffto determine at formalrelationships between physical propexties theinstrument of (construction materials) psychoacoustical and and evaluation guitar of tones. aim The of thisworkis notto'define parameters an idealized of "perfect"instrument--that wouldbe a futilegoal.Instead, aim is to identify the those features construction of whichhavea perceptible effectontheguitar's sound to define and acceptable limitsfor modalproperties.
The latter will be discussed theoretically, tapeddemonstrations be presented emphasize pointsbeingmade. but will to the
3354
d.Acoust. Am., 97,No. Pt. May Soc. Vol. 5, , 1995
129th Meeting: Acoustical ofAmedca Society
3354
lO:0O
4aMU3.The guitar: modes radiated Air and sound fields. Ingolf Bork, Ulrich Heise (Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstt, Braunschweig, Germany), UweJ. Hansen(Indiana and State Univ., Terre Haute, 47809) IN Theexperimental technique modal of analysis generally to display is used normal modes structural of vibrations.provides It a phase sensitive method representing motion of a slow animated display the of standing waves supportedthe by structure. technique The alsoallows exaggerated displacement representationthecomputer on screen ease observation. essential for of An element the in technique associated itsability retain is with to spatial phase information a predetermined for geometrical distribution the point on
structure relation thepointof excitation. workdiscussed thispaper in to The in utilizes abilityto retain this phase information and extends technique represent radiated the to the sound field. gridof observation The points removed thestructure isreplaced is from and by a gridcovering space the where sound the fieldis to be modeled. excitation The pointis retained thestructure. will be on This illustrated observing resonances a guitarin computer by air in animation, by representing radiated and the sound fieldof thatguitar
at variousfrequencies.
10:30
4aMU4. Designing testing new guitarsby criteriaof appliedphysics psychoacoustics. and of and MichaelKasha (Ctr.for MusicRes.andInst.of Molecular Biophys., FloridaStateUniv.,Tallahassee, 32306-3015) FL Thisprogram represents interaction theauthors designer newguitars, skilled the of as of with luthiers developers, musicians as and asevaluators. ultimate The goalis thedevelopment thefull brilliance power of and whichtheinstrument should capable using be of, models derived fromtheelementary of vibration laws mechanics. aim is to enhance response thefour-octave The the of range the of classical six-string guitar introducing by structural asymmetry, borrowing principle the inherent theviolinfamilyof instruments. in As a guide,the standard formulation the boundary of conditions, the frequency and dependence mechanical of impedance, are incorporated--all within construction this the limitations imposed theluthier, materials, theaestheticstheinstrument. by the and of The Backhans criterion brilliance adopted, of is wherein harmonic the spectral intensity distribution targeted which fundamental is in the is dominant, with decreasing and intensity higherharmonics. specially of A designed anechoic chamber beenconstructed has for testing real-time harmonic spectra string of instrument pairs: conventional versus designs new (taking account into variations player of technique). Measurements be made compare will to withtheBackhaus criterion. Ultimately, judgement musicians of the the of and
general spectrum musicalauditors of will decidethe success this program. of
11:00
4aMU5. Adaptingintuitiveideasand appliedmechanics the improvement guitar acoustics: luthier'sview. to of The Thomas Humphrey, Richard Schneider, Michael and Kasha (Ctr.forMusic Res. Inst.of Molecular and Biophys., Florida State Univ.,
Tallahassee, 32306-3015) FL
The mechanical structure theguitar of underwent sudden a transformation 150years in thehands Antonio Torres about ago of de Jurado, under demand thepart Julian the on of Arcas, virtuoso a guitar performer theday, greater of for acoustical power brilliance and in theguitar. Torres The design features revolutionary three changes, thetransverse (a) structural of theexisting bars Mediterranean
instrument replaced longitudinal were by functional coupling bridge bars, the action thesoundboard,thebody to (b) dimensions were greatly increased, lowering body cavity the and resonance frequencies,thestring (c) length greatly was increased, leading higher to
string tension requirements, thereby further increasing acoustical power. Eachluthier present approach understanding will his to the mechanical action thetorres of design, its modifications theacoustical and for requirements modern of musical performances. The presentation be followed live demonstrations will by of various guitars musicians. by
3355
3355
MEETING ROOM 2, 11:00 A.M. TO 12:00 NOON

Session 4aNS
Noise: ProgressReport and Discussionon the Continuing Activity of ASA's Role in Noise and Its Control
Robert M. Hoover, Chair
Hoover and Keith, Inc., 11381Meadowglen, Houston,Texas77082 Invited Paper
4aNS1. Progressreport and discussion the continuing activity on ASA's role in noise and its control. Robert H. Hoover on
(HooverandKeith,Inc., 11381Meadowglen, Houston, 77082) TX

A discussion meeting beingsponsored theTechnical is by Committee Noiseto reviewprogress on madeto dateon the actions initiated the Denver,1993meeting increase role of theASA in noiseandnoisecontrol. at to the Much of this actionevolvedout of an all-dayworkshop held at the Ottawa,1993ASA meeting. Members the steering of committee others and involved related in supporting activitywill reviewspecific progress madein the areasof education, increasing publicawareness aboutnoiseand noise control,andencouraging joint activityin thisareawith otherprofessional organizations. Included will be a reporton a trial presentation on acoustics and noisegiven to 6 high schoolclasses. Discussion about,and review of opportunities involvement for with, these activitieswill be encouraged.
FRIDAY MORNING,
2 JUNE 1995
GRAND BALLROOM CENTRAL, 8:00 TO 11:45 A.M.

Session 4aPP
Psychological and Physiological Acoustics:Harvey Fletcher Memorial Session I

3ont B. Allen, Cochair
AT&T Bell Laboratories, Room2D-553, 600 Mountain Avenue, P.O. Box 636, Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974-0636
Mohan M. Sondhi, Cochair
AT&T Bell Laboratories, Room2D-553, 600 MountainAvenue, P.O. Box 636, Murray Hill, New Jersey07974-0636
Chair's
Introductions8:00
Invited Papers
8:15
4aPPI. Harvey Fletcher:A son'sreflections. Stephen HarveyFletcher (3046 Comanche Ln., Provo,UT 84604)
HarveyFletcher bornon 11 September was 1884,in Provo, Utah,of pioneer parents. received B.S.degree He a fromBrigham
YoungUniversity. thenentered University Chicago, He the of wherehe workedwith RobertMillikan on thedetermination "e", and of earnedhis Ph.D. in physics,summacure laude,in 1911. He was madedirectorof acoustical research Bell Laboratories 1928. and at in the followingyear. co-founded Acoustical the Societyof America.By 1935 he was madedirectorof physicalresearch Bell at
Laboratories. such,he supervised work of ShockIcy, As the Bratrain, Bardecn the development the transistor; and in of Dean Wooldridge, James Fiske, Charles Towne, many and other outstanding physicists. retirement Bell Laboratories, Upon from Harvey Fletcher acceptedposition professor electrical a as of engineering Columbia at University, position heldfor 3 years. 1952,he a he In returned BYU asdirector research, from1960 to of and untilhisdeath theageof 96,heactively at pursued study musical the of tones.
3356
3356
8:30
4aPP2. Harvey Fletcher: Friend scientific and critic. LeoL Beranek Memorial Ste. Cambridge, 02138-5755} (975 Dr., 804, MA
Harvey Fletcher active World II both theearly was in War in days defense of research theauspicies theNational under of Defense
Research Committee and later as Chief of SectionI7.3 of the Office of Scientific Research Development. was a memberof and He the National Research Council committeethat startedand oversawthe research the Electro-Acoustic of Laboratoryat Harvard
University which was of I named Director. Within year soDr.Fletcher's a or OSRDSection took 17.3 overthesupervision.thelatter In part World II, I wasnamed of War Director theSystems of Research Laboratory theOffice FieldResearch. Fletcher under of Dr. was appointed oneof a group fiveto oversee activities thisLaboratory. paper a collection anecdotes rememas of the of This is of and brances Fletcher thefast-moving important of in and military research development and period from 1940until 1945when reported I
oftento him.Personal contacts himcontinued thewar,frequently first,andsporadically thenextthree with after at for decades. "Uncle Harvey," I cameto call him, wasbotha friendly as guideanda demanding scientific critic.
9:00
4aPP3. HarveyFletcher: Some personal recollections. CyrilM. Harris (Dept. ofElect.Eng.andGraduate School ofArchitecture,
ColumbiaUniv., New York, NY 10027)
The author thispaper of describes firstvisitwithHarveyFletcher 1940at theAcoustical his in Research Department Bell of Telephone Laboratories, located WestStreet NewYorkCity.Fiveyears then on in later,he wasinvited Dr. Fletcher join the by to Laboratories.briefdescription given some theworkcarried in Acoustical A is of of out Research thattime.Uponhismandatory at retirement age65, "UncleHarvey"accepted position Visiting at the of Professor theDepartment Electrical in of Engineering at Columbia University. 1951theauthor Bell Labs a teaching In left for position Europe; hisreturn theU.S.a yearanda half in on to later, again he sought Fletcber's Dr. counsel it wassuggested takeFletcher's and he place Columbia at University. made possible This it
for Dr. Fletcherto returnto Utah, wherehe devoted restof his distinguished the careerto research musicalacoustics Brigham in at YoungUniversity.
9:15
4aPP4.Harvey Fletcherand auditorytheory. NelsonYuan-sheng Kiang (MIT, Harvard MedicalSchool, Massachusetts and Eye Ear Infirmary, Charles Boston, 02114,andMassachusetts 243 St., MA General Hospital)
Harvey Fletcher anoriginal was thinker whose career worth is examining future for scientists. Trained a physicist, developed as he a pragmatic approach psychophysics virtually to that defined engineering the approach acoustic to communication. Although his practical achievements considerable, alsotriedto integrate thatwasknownabout were he all hearing the 1953version his in of "space-time pattern theory hearing." is instructive compare formulation theideas today of It to that with of aftermore thanfour decades intense of research. Many of the issues concerned that Fletcher havebeenresolved; manyothers remain uncertain. For example, observation low-frequency the that stimuli mask can high-frequency stimuli whereas high-frequency stimuli cannot mask low-frequency stimuli accorded significance Fletcher. isnowknown a keyfactor in theasymmetry tuning was great by It that lies of curves basal apical for and turnauditory-nerve On theother fibers. hand, full implications these the of phenomena, especially for central processing mechanisms, isvirtually unexplored. isclear thata major What is effort produceunified to a theoretical framework for research hearing longoverdue a modern in is and Fletcher would welcome be today.
9:30
4aPPS. Fletcher pitch. 1ohn Pierce (Dept. Music, and R. of Stanford Univ.,Stanford, 94305) CA Preparing remarks Fletcber's onpitch on work changed drastically. viewof thedevelopmentourpresent My of understanding. In 1940 Schouten Jan showed canceling of thefundamentala pitched didnotchange that out of tone pitch. Schouten called surviving the
pitch residue Thisinspiredspate papers people pitch. a of by ignorant earlier of work. had I known Fletcher [Phys. 23(3), Rev.
427-437 (1924)]hadshown filtering thefundamental lower that out and harmonics a variety musical of of sounds notchange did the
pitch, through and, synthetic sounds, mere that equal frequency spacing tones notgivea pitch of did equal thespacing. the to Thus, pitch heard evoked harmonic was by partials. Unhappily, Fletcher proposed unsound an explanationterms productionthe in of of fundamental earby nonlinearities. latter in the In a report, Fletcher Acoust. Am. 1, 3II-343 (1930)] [J. Soc. gave incomplete an analysisthe of functioning cochlea. ofthe Among valid his conclusions "the hesaid pitch a tone determined bythe of is both position
of its maximum stimulation thebasilar on membrane alsoby thetimepattern to thebrain. and sent The former probably is more
important high for tones thelatter lowtones." isour and for That present understanding. [J.Acoust. Am.23,637-645 Fletcher Soc.
(I951)]subsequently a "correct" gave analysis thefunctions thecochlea, of of agreeing theexperimental of vonBekesy, with work andgoing littlebeyond a papers yearearlier Peterson Bogert by Zwislocki. a by and and
9:45
4aPP6. FromFletcher Knudsen. to Harry Levitt (Ctr. Res. Speech Hear. CityUniv. NewYork, for in and Sci., of Graduate School
andUniversity Center. W. 42ndSt., New York.NY 10036) 33
Harvey Fletcher notonly outstanding was an researcher director one theworld's and of of leading research laboratories,was but also inspiring an teacher mentor. Knudsen one many and Vern was of outstanding researcherswere who deeply influenced byFletcher.
Knudsen's contributions in architectural acoustics, psychoacoustics, audiomerry, hearing and aids, tactile stimulation of groundwere breaking importance reflected and Fletcber's remarkable influence. a close As disciple Fletcher, of Knudsen also a position was in to learn about many Fletcber's accomplishments weresubstantial, unknown theoutside of other which but to world. 3357 d. Acoust. Soc.Am.,Vol.97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995 129thMeeting: Acoustical Society America of 3357
10:00-10:15
Break
10:15
4aPP'/. Predictionof articulationscores. Christine Rankovic (Dept.Speech-Language M. Pathol. Audiok,Northeastern and Univ., 360 Huntington Ave., Boston,MA 02115)
Harvey Fletcherdeveloped articulation theoryto enablethe prediction the speech of transmission capacityof imperfect communicationsystems, therebyeliminatingthe need for the time-consuming speech recognition testingthat is otherwise requiredto
differentiate among systems. assumptions Two underlie theory: a speech the (1) signal each a number contiguous in of of frequency bands comprising audible the spectrum contributes independently the articulation to score (percent-correct listsof nonsense for syllables); (2) theseparate and contributions additive. approach Fletcher hiscolleagues to define articulation are The of and was the
index,A, anentityfor whichthese assumptions true.Theequations calculating contain hold for A variables representing hearing acuity, criticalbandwidth, masking, loudness, perception, frequency and importance weights thatthe communication so system's frequency response gain are translated perceptual and into terms.In addition the derivation the theory, to of Fletcher's1953 bookprovides a method calculating usingcharts for A andtableddata,as well as an extensive validation studythatincluded varietyof suboptimal a systems. Fletcher's presentation articulation of theory far morecomprehensive two popular is than versions [ANSI S3.5-1969; R. N.
French ][. C. Steinberg, Acoust. and J. Soc.Am. 19, 90-119 (1947)].Differences among these versions theA calculation of and consequencespredicting for articulation scores be discussed. will [Worksupported NIH.] by
10:45
4aPP8. Speech recognitionat higher than normal speechand noise levels. Gerald A. Studebaker and Robert L. Sherheeoe
(Memphis Speech Univ.of Memphis and Hear.Center, Jefferson 807 Ave.,Memphis, 38105) TN Onefinding theearlyinvestigator theBellTelephone of at Laboratories thatthearticulation was index (Al) decreased speech when wasamplified above normal conversational levels (French Steinberg, and 1947;Fletcher Gall, 1950).Recent and efforts predict to the performance heating-impaired of subjects usingheating aidsunderreal worldconditions produced renewed has a interest this in
phenomenon. studywill be described attempts quantifythe effectsof higherthan normalspeech A that to and noiselevels.Data for normal-hearing subjects revealed raising speech that the levelfrom65 to 100dB SPLreduced AI by about the 0.003 unitsperdB and thatthisslope remained fairly constant S/N ratiosbetween and +19 dB. Dataon hearing-impaired for -2 subjects currently are being collected. Results bothsubject for groups will be compared with those obtained Fletcher by andhis colleagues.
11:00
4aPP9.Probabilitytheoryand speech perception. ArthurBoothroyd(City Univ. of New York,33 W. 42 St., New York,NY
10036)
Fletcher recognized value of probability the theoryin developing quantitative a approach speech to perceptionhencethe
articulation index (AI). He alsorecognized need allowfor violations theindependence the to of assumptions underly that basic probability theory. example, nonsense For in syllables, probability of recognizing the (p,) a word equals where is the p, pp
probability ofrecognizing the constituent phonemesn isthe and numberphoneroes of per word. real In words, however, pw=p,
wheren >j> 1. Similarly, extending methods AI, the probability recognition wordsin sentences the of of of (Sp,) canbe shown to
berelated the to probabilityrecognition of inisolation ) bythe ('p equation 1- ( l - ip)k, where isanexponent Sp,__ k reflecting the
contribution the sentence of context. Fromthese two basic equations canderiverelationships one among manymeasures speech of perception, ranging from the phonetic levelto the sentence level.The empirical values the exponents andk canbe usedbothto of j quantifythe effectsof variousstructural contextual and constraints to assess individual's of thoseconstraints. and an use [Work supported NIDCD GrantNo. 10078.] by
11:15
4aPPI0. Harvey Fletcherand moderncompression hearingaids. EdgarVillchur (Foundation Hear.Aid Res.,P.O.Box 306, for
Woodstock, NY 12498)
HarveyFletcher described effectof a transmission the channel speech on recognition termsof the channel's in "articulation" plotted against channel gain.For normal listeners, articulation increases gainto a maximum thenlevelsoff or decreases. with and For
hearing-impaired listeners, however, Fletcher noted: thegainat,corresponding tolerable is reached "... to the level before is large it enough bring (to articulationa maximum)." occurs cochlear to This in impairment because dynamic the range hearing reduced of is byrecruitment.istheproblem which design modern It to the of compression heating is addressed. aids Compression compensate aids
for recruitment providing by increased relative ain for weaksoeech sounds: theyallowthearticulation reach thus to higher valne before tolerance levelsareexceeded. analysis compression/equalization processing presented. essential An of signal is The elements
of this processing (1) more are: than channel full-dynamic-range one of compression K-AMPdesign (the achieves similar results in
a different way),(2) post-compression frequency-response shaping, (3) adjustability thecompressioneach and of in channel, of and theequalization, fit theamplified to speech theresidual into dynamic frequency and range heating theindividual of of patient.
3358
3358
FRIDAY MORNING,
2 JUNE 1995
MEETING ROOMS 12, 13, 14, 8:15 A.M. TO 12:10 P.M.

Session 4aSA
Structural Acoustics and Vibration: Structure-BorneNoiseTechniques

Joseph Cuschieri, M. Cochair Collegeof Engineering, Florida Atlantic University, BocaRaton,Florida 33431-0991
Gerard Carroll, Cochair
Carderock Division,Naval SurfaceWarfareCenter,Bethesda, Maryland 20084-5000

Chair's [ntroduction--8:15
Invited Papers
8:25
4aSA1. Physicalparametersof a welded t-joint that impact structural acoustics. J. Adin Mann, HI, Mauhew Carney,and Patricia Driesch (Aerosp. Eng.andEng.Mech.,2019 BlackEng.Bldg.,Iowa StateUniv.,Ames,[A 50011}
Theinfluence welded of jointsontheaccuracy analytical of structural acoustic models investigated.beam is A witha T-shaped rib attached it is studied. to Welding t-jointcauses a geometry variation, static stress, material and variations arenotcurrently that included in computational models thestruclural of acoustics a t-joint. of Twotechniques processing experimental areused show of the data to thatthegeometry thestatic and stresses caused welding havea significant by can impact waves on propagating thejoint andthe past resulting radiated sound power. Likewise experimental results show thatthematerial variation caused thewelding thejoint has by of minimal impact thewavepropagation sound on and radiation fromthebeam. The processing techniques a phase-speed are tracking filterandwave-number filtering. The phase-speed tracking filtershows increase thephase an in speed propagating of wavesnearthe joint. Thereis alsoa reduction the groupdelayof wavepackets in propagating thejoint anda change the reflection past in coefficient of structural wavesincident thejoint. The wave-number on filteringis usedto quantifythe amount far-fieldsound of radiationfrom theareaof thet-jointon the beam.Finallyan analyticmodelthatdescribes rib asimparting forceandmoment a beamin reaction a a on to the incident structural wavesis modifiedto includethe influence the weld fillet geometry of and staticstress induced welding. by
[Worksupported ONR, Dr P.B.Abraham by Scientific Officer.]
8:50
4aSA2.The response radiationof ribbedpanels, J. DickeyandG. Maidanik (DavidTaylorRes. and Ctr.,Annapolis, 21402) MD The dynamic response a panelwithan infinite of number regularly of spaced impedances regularly line (i.e., ribbed), a finite or number whichmay be irregularly spaced nonidentical, a system and is whichcanbe solved"exactly."Exact,that is, to withinthe approximations employed developing equations motionfor the panelandthe ribs.Eventhough in the of these approximations may preclude realistic modeling some in (usually high)frequency ranges, with some or configurations wideribs),these (e.g., canonical models exhibitmanycharacteristics experimental numerical of and dataobtained real andmorecomplete on slructures. makes This them very usefuland costeffectivein identifying observed characteristics evaluating and noisecontrolmeasures. Models which
describe flexural longitudinal or waves membranes thinplates on or have been developed theauthors. by These models reviewed are andused describe response radiation a panel anadjacent Thepanel driven to the and of into fluid. is either a linedriveparallel by with theribsor anincident plane wave. There a host phenomena are of which manifest themselves; of which (1) pass stop some are: and bands, localization de-localization, aliasing, freewavedispersion thesplitting thedispersion (2) and (3) (4) and of curves to fluid due loading, Bragg (5) diffraction, (6) radiation and efficiency. presentedtheeffect these Also is on phenomena (I) altering strict of: the periodicity identity theribs,(2) theloss or of factor thepanel, (3) thedegree fluidloading. in and of
9:15
4aSA3. Cavity-backed simply supported plate for acousticand structural responsemeasurements. Yvan Champoux,Serge
Brunet, AlainBerry (GAUS,Mech.Eng.Dept.,Univ.de Sherbrooke, and Sherbrooke, J1K2RI, Canada) PQ

Originally, acoustic an cavityhasbeen designed fabricated study and to active noise control strategies a closed in volume. has It a parallelepipedic of dimensions mx I. 15mx 1.0m withwalls shape 0.868 made 13-era-thick of reinforced concrete. topisclosed The
witha simply supported 6.63-mm-thick aluminum plate. plate The support carefully was designed meet simply to the supported
boundary conditions. The plate is excitedby a point force and its structural response measured ts with force and accelerometer transducers. acoustic The field insidethe cavity is alsomeasured usingmicrophones. Comparisons between calculated measured and
natural frequencies theplateshows for mostof themodes of that foundin the0-500 Hz range, discrepancy lessthan 1 Hz. the is Quadratic mean surface velocity mean and volume sound pressure been have calculated fromfrequency response functions measured for centered off-centered and pointforceexcitations. Comparisons calculated with values shows very goodagreement. relative The contribution the various of platemodes cavilymodes well distinguishable. and are
3359
J. Acoust. Soc.Am.,VoL97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995
3359
9:40
4aSA4. Experiencepredictingstructure-borne no'sewithin a prolotyperectangularacoustical enclosure. Robert1. Bernhard
andNancy Franchek(1077Herrick M. Labs., School Mech.Eng.,Purdue of Univ.,West Lafayette, 47907-1077) IN

Approximately yearsagoa largereetangniar 10 enclosure designed constructed was and usinga steelsuper-structure sandand filled,double-panel plywood walls.Theenclosure approximately sizeof a transportation is the vehicle passenger (1.85m by 1.05 cabin m by 1.05m).Theenclosure builtsuch anyof thewalls was that could replaced more be with realistic structures asvehicle such panel constructions. enclosure been The has modified manytimes aceommodme to various experimental apparatus. thispaper, design In the of theenclosure be described some theoriginal will and of dataused verifyitscharacteristics be shown. to will Recently, enclosure the hasbeen modified resemble to structure described theStructure-borne Committee INCE-USA.Onewallof thestructure (0 by Noise of hasbeenreplaced a simplysupported by panel.Experimental results havebeencompared analytical numerical to and predictions for
bothinternalacoustic excitation mechanical and excitation the panel.Theseresults of will be discussed. addition, effort hasbeen In an madeto design smallversion thisenclosure a of whichcouldbe usedfor roundrobintesting. Preliminary results thiseffort will also of
be discussed.
10:05
4aSAS.The French benchmark computational on methods and experiments structuralacoustics.C. Valor (Socitt6 in Franaise Mcaniciens des (S.F.M.), Socitt6 Franaise d'Acoustique (S.F.A.). Paris, France)
The ideaof creating workinggroupto performbenchmark computational a on methods experiments structural and in acoustics originated a conclusion the congress as of "Prediction the noiseemitted vibrating of by structures," in March 1991.This group held was effectivelycreatedin 1993, by S.F.M. and S.FoA.and is constituted researchers by workingin laboratories, industries, and consulting companies. name theparticipants theiraffiliation be givenat theoralpresentation. order simplify The of with will In to the
publications thiswoxking of group, fictitious a name Valor)hasbeen (C. created represents participants. yearseveral and the Each
one-daymeetings organized, are they are devotedto the comparison the differentresultsobtainedon each benchmark of case.The discrepancies analyzed, are leadingto new calculations necessary. if When a common agreement obtained the workinggroup, is by eachparticipant havingperformed results the writesa scientific reportcollected the workinggroup. by The final goal is to publish a book giving the synthesis all the work produced the group. During the presentation, computational of by the and experimental benchmark will be presented examples results and of will be discussed.
10:30-10:40 Break
Contributed Papers
10:40
4uSA6. Power transmission variancepredictionsin complexsystems with dissipation.Jotm Burkhardt Richard and Weaver (Dept.of Theor. andAppl. Mech., Univ. of Illinois,Urbana,IL 61801)
The eigenstatisties dampedcomplexsystems examined the of are for purpose improving of statistical response predictions suchas thoseformulatedin statistical energy analysis statistical and roomacoustics. Boththe statistical distribution modaldecay of rates andtheeffectof dissipation on the intermodal correlation the naturalfrequencies of described the by
to a modified theory acoustoelasticity eta!., J. Appl.Mech.58, of o 11-17 (1991)].Thetheory allows static the stress componentsbe addito
tions to the elastictoodullof the body.The soundpower radiatedby a
beam was calculated from the FEM model results for axial, transverse,
shear, combined and distributions the stress of components. Experimental results showed thesound that powerincreased up to 1 dB asthestatic by
stress was varied. Results from the FEM model showed that all the indi-
gaussian orthogonal ensemble (GOE) of random matrixtheoryare explored. is foundthatthemodal It decay ratesaredistributed according to
a chi-squaredistributionwhose degree dependson the distributionof damping the system in and the wavelength the disturbance. interof The modalcorrelations the naturalfrequencies foundto be unaffected of are by the presence moderate of damping. Level repulsion (the absence near of
vidual stress components contribute the radiationand the combined to effectwasabout I dB increase theradiated a in power. Bothexperimental and modelresults suggest staticstresses that induced discontinuities by such welding bolting playa rolein themechanisms thesound as and can of
radiation a discontinuitya structure. at in [Worksupported ONR.] by
11:10
degeneracies) spectral and rigidity(thenear regularity thespectrnm) of are

found to conformto the predictionof the GOE providedthe systemis
4aSAS. Effect of thickness variations on the sound radiation from
reverberant. variance thepower The of transmission function anirregufor larly shaped membrane formulated is using GOE-typenatural a frequency
spectrum and chi-square distributed modaldecayrates.Numericalsimu-
beams. Julie C. Slaughter, Adin Mann, lI, and Daniel O Adams J.
(Aerosp. Eng.andEng.Mech.,2019BlackEng.Bldg.,IowaState Univ.,

Ames,IA 50011)
The effect that spatialthickness variations a beamhason the beam's of
far-field sound radiation was studied. The steel beams that were used in the
lations membranes performed of are which confirm calculated the effectof a distribution decayrateson powertransmission of characteristics.
10:55
4uSA7.
Influence
of
local
static
stress on
structural
acoustics:
Experiment and modeling. HareenK. Gangalaand J. Adin Mann, III
initial testsshowthat at low-frequency ranges (500-1500 Hz) the thicknessvariations actedas discontinuities alongthe beamthat increased sound radiation. However, higher at frequency ranges (2000-4000 Hz) the thickness variations, whenspaced certain at intervals, acted globalstiffas
ness changesand decreasedthe sound radiation. This decreaseoccurred
(Aerosp. Eng.andEng.Mech.,2019 BlackEng.Bldg.,Iowa StateUniv.,

Ames, IA 50011)
An experimental setup wasdesigned locallyintroduce to stresses a in
when the spacing the variations of corresponded a structural to wavelength.Composite beamswith thickness variationshave also been built andtested. spatial The thickness variations appear havea similar to effect
steel beam. far-field The sound power radiated thebeam by wasexperimentally calculated various for magnitudes theinduced of stresses. a As model, finiteelement a code wasdeveloped theequation motion for of due
on the sound radiation in thesteelbeams. two dataprocessing as The techniques toevaluate influence thespatial used the of thickness variations werea phase-speed tracking filter to quantify wavepropagation the in
3360
J. Acoust. Soc.Am.,Vol.97, No.5, Pt. 2, May 1995
12gth Meeting: Acoustical Society America of
3360
structure a wave-number and domainfilter to quantifyfar-fieldradiation. Results fromthese tests be used helpdetermine quieter will to how mate-
clingwere used understand contribution thetirevibrations. to the from The laboratory measurements bothvibration of and radiated noisecompare
well with the estimates from the analyticmodeling. Using an estimate of
daiscanbedesigned. [Worksupported NSE] by

11:25
theinteraction forcebetween tire andthegrid,fromthefieldvibration the

data,it is shown thattheestimated radiated noiselevelis comparable the to
field measured noise level at the curb. This leads to the conclusion that the
4aSA9. Structural vibration noisefrom open grid bridge decks. I. M. Cuschieri (Ctr. for Acoust.and Vib., Dept. of OceanEng., Florida
Atlantic Univ., Boca Raton, FL 33431) and M. Tournour (Sherbrooke Univ., Sherbrooke, Canada)
The contribution the overalltonalcomponent the noisefrom the to of vibration the grid section an opengrid bridgedeckdueto excitation of of by the interaction with the vehicletires is investigated. Using vibration field measurements the grid and laboratory of measurements the acousof tic radiation efficiency, is shownthatthecontribution theoverallnoise it to levelmeasured thecurbfromthe vibrations the grid is insignificant. at of The mainreason this resultis the pooracoustic for radiation efficiency of the grid.Because the largepercentage openarea,the plate-likemodes of of of the grid deck have very poor radiationefficiency. Similarly,the individualgridelements, based theirsizeandthe frequency on rangewherethe predominant excitation from the tire takesplace,are alsovery inefficient acoustic radiators. significance thisresultis that mitigation The of procedures thatonlyreduce vibration thegrid will notsignificantly the of reduce
noisefromthe tire vibrations the dominant is source, mitigation and procedures mustconsider waysof reducing excitation the tire. This the of conclusion verifiedby soundlevel measurements is performed with the contribution from the grid vibrations removed. [Work sponsored by OT.]
11:55
4aSAII. Combined large area sensor-actuator tile for the NRL-ABC platform. Robert D. Cotsareand Brian Houston (Naval Res. Lab., Code 7130, Washington, 20375-5350) DC
A new research platformhasbeenconstructed underwater for studies of sensor/actuator coupling mechanisms. consists a 15-tilearrayof it of "ABC" tiles, whereeachtile contains largeareaactuator, a pressure sensor,and velocitysensor, wherethe latteris constructed summing by and integrating outputs four accelerometers. paper the of This presents details of thetile design thepredictive and models used. Issues addressed include spatialsampling, near-field sensing, internalresonances, bothdirect and andextraneous coupling mechanisms, of which contribute comall can to plicatethe system transferfunctions. Acoustic characteristics the ABC of tile were evaluated the NRL LargePool Facility,both in the free field in and whenmounted a backingstructure, these on and results compared are with predictions. Implications localcontrol the actuator's for of surface are
also discussed.
theoverall radiated noise. [Worksponsored FDOT.] by

11:40
4aSAI0.Tire noise from opengrid bridgedecks. J.M. Caschieri(Ctr. for Acoust. and Vib., Dept. of OceanEng., FloridaAtlanticUniv., Boca Raton, 33431)and S. Gregory (General FL Dynamics, Groton, CT)
Having identifiedthat the contribution the overall noisefrom the to grid vibrations insignificant, attention focused the noiseradiis the is on
ated from the vibrations of the tire. Field measurements of tire vibrations
are rather difficult,therefore laboratory measurements analyticmealand
FRIDAY MORNING,
2 JUNE 1995
CONGRESSIONAL
Session 4aSC
HALL A, 8:30 A.M. TO 12:00 NOON
Speech Communication: Potpourri(PosterSession)

Sandra Gordon-Salant,Chair
Department Hearingand Speech of Sciences, University Maryland,CollegePark, Maryland20742 of Contributed Papers

All posters beon display will from8:30a.m.to 12:00 noon. allowcontributors opportunity seeother To an to postern, contributors of odd-numbered papers be at theirposters will from8:30to 10:15a.m.andcontributors even-numbered of papers beat theirposters will
from 10:15a.m. to 12:00 noon.To allow for extended viewingtime, posters will remainon displayuntil 8:00 p.m.
4aSCI. Lexical distinctiveness lipreading: Effects of phonemie in equivalence classes the structureof the lexicon. EdwardT. Auer, on Jr.andLynne Bernstein(Ctr.for Auditory Speech E. and Sci.,Gallaudet
Univ., Florida N.E.,Washington, 20002) 800 Ave. DC

Speech perceived the basis viewinga talker'sfaceaffords on of less phonetic distinctivehess acoustic than speech. Effects thisreduced of distinctiveness can be estimated in relation to the structure of the mental
lexicalequivalence classes. example, For under receding that/b/ the rule andIpl arein thesame pbonemic equivalence thewords class "bat"and "pat"mapintothesame lexical equivalence Afterapplying setof class. a receding rulesto a largeonlinelexical database, resulting the structure of the lexicon thenbe studied can quantitatively. suchmeasure the One of
receding effects thelexicon percent on is information extracted [D. (PIE) M. Carter, Cornput. Speech Lang. I-! I 0987)]. Lexical 2, statistics describing results applying of receding the of sets rulesderived fromanalysesof visual-phonetic confusability a 30 000-entrylexiconwill be preto
lexicon. Based empirical on measures phonetic of confusability, receding rulescan be definedfor mappingfully specified phonelogical formsinto
3361
3361
sented.Implications the use of top-downlexical constraints for in resolving bottom-up visual-phonetic ambiguity duringlipreading be will
discussed. [Worksupported NIH.] by

4aSC2. The effects of featural priming on word recognition. E.
Motfish (Nottingham TrentUniv.,Nottingham NGll 8NS,UK)

The aim of this paperis to test the hypothesis broadphonetic that
categories Zue,Proc. iV. IEEE73, 1602-1615 (1985)]canactasa contact representation lexicalaccess. results thisworkwill be considfor The of eredin terms implications the neighborhood of for activation model. The technique in thisexperimem "phonetic used was priming" Jongman [A. andJ. Sereno, Working Papers Cornell Phon. Lab.7, 151-176(1992)]. Subjects wereasked makea lexicaldecision to about target a wordwhich was preceded a subphonemic (either ambiguous by prime an fricafive an or ambiguous stop). prime The either matched mismatched manner or the of
articulation the initial phoneme the target.Reactiontime results of of showedan interactionbetween initial and prime, so that when these matched, subjects' the reaction timewasinhibited. Furthermore neighthe
ample,"dentast" "koibisk"couldbe presented and dichotically, with subjeersjudging if "dentist" was presented. The migrationof the vowel, leading to erroneous perception a pre-specified of target, occurredless often with word targets than with nonsense wordtargets. This resultindicatethat the lexical representation a signalimposes of somerestriction on the acoustic-phonetic of processing the signal.Furthermore, stage of when the two itemsof the pairswere playedbinaurallyratherthandichotically, the migration increased rate substantially, the siz of thelexicaleffect but remained unchanged. However,the lexical effect disappeared when the migrating vowelwaslocated the stressed in syllable the stimuli.In this of condition, lexicalresistance the collapses words and become susceptible as to migrationsas nonsense words.This secondresult may suggest that lexical access initiatedon strongsyllables words:whenthe stressed is of syllable mispronounced, is lexicalaccess impaired, is eliminating lexithe
cal effect. [Worksupported AFOSR,NIMH, andBAEF.] by

4aSC6. Phonoiogical and phonotoct'einfluenceson perceptionof two non-native vowel contrasts. Robert A. Avery and CatherineT. Best (Dept. of Psych.,Wesleyan Univ., Middletown,CT 06459 and Haskins Labs.,270 CrownSt., New Haven,CT 06511)
borhood effect [Goldinger el., J. Memory et Long. 501-518(1989)], 28,

that wordsfrom a low-density similarityneighborhood recognized are faster thanwords froma high-density neighborhood, enhanced the was by
presence thephonetically of related prime. These results suggest broad that

phonetic features mayactivate lexicalcandidates.
4aSC3. Multinomial modelsof speech perception. CourtS. Crowther (UCLA Phon.Lab.,Dept.of Linguistics, Angeles, 90024-1543) Los CA and William H. Batchelder (Univ. of California, Irvine)
It is often the casethat two differentacoustic cuescan influence perception bothof two adjacent of phouemes withina syllable. such In cases, it is of interest determine to whether cuesare evaluated the independently;
that is, doesa listener'sevaluationof one cue influenceevaluationof the
Listeners' nativephonology constrains their perception nonqnatve of phonetic distinctions. Although mostnon-native contrasts discrimiare natedpooriy,recentfindings thatcertaincontrasts discriminated are well led to development a "perceptual of assimilation model"(PAM), which proposes the perceptual that assimilation non-native of phones native to categories predicts discrimination performance Bestet el., JEP:HPP [e.g., 14, 345-360 (1988)].The current studyinvestigated nativepbonotactic influences threeassimilation on patterns. Non-native contrasts (1) that: assimilate two categories to (TC) andshowexcellent discrimination; (2) assimilate equally a single to category (SC) andshow poordiscrimination; (3) assimilate a category as goodness difference (CG) and showgood
discrimination. American adults labeledand discriminated lip-rounding
other cue? Another, related question whether, some is as researchers claim, phoneme decisions dependent thesense when are in that, cued thesame by information, decisions the compete the information. for This studymodeleddamfrom a two factor,fourcategory experiment whichFl offset in frequency vowelduration bothvoicing vowelidentity CVC and cue and in syllables. familyof multinomial A processing models tree [e.g.,D. M. RieferandW. H. Batchelder, Psychoi. 95, 318-339 (1988)],of which Rev. thefuzzylogicmodelof perception thetwo factor, for fourcategory design is a special case,wasdeveloped tested explorethe independence and to issues. Thismodeling approach highlyflexible allows is and oneto testa widerange hypotheses of regarding speech processing. cue
4aSC4. Talker variability and token variability in spoken word recognition: Effectson repetitionpriming in lexical decisionand an
contrasts among Norwegian highfrontvowels [lil-lyl; lul-lyl] in CV's

and CVC's. In both contexts, Norwegianfff of coursewas assimilated to English/i/;lu/was assimilated ltd. Although wasassimilated to lyl equally to/ff or fff in CVCs, it was virtuallyalwayscalled/i/in CVs, compatible with the Englishphonotactic constraint againstfinal lax vowels.Thus, lul-lyl showed assimilation gooddiscrimination bothsyllabic TC and in contexts. CVs, lil-lyl showed assimilation poordiscrimination; In SC and in CVCs, it showed or CG assimilation gooddiscrimination. TC and
4aSC7. Phonotaefic and metrical influences subjectiveratings of on spoken nonsense words. MichaelS. Vitevitch, PaulA. Lace (Language Perception Lab., Dept. of Psych.,SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14260), Jan Charles-Lace, David Kernmeter (SUNY at Buffalo) and
This research examined Englishspeakers' intuitions aboutthe phonological "goodness" nonsense of words.Subjects rated bisyllabic,CVCCVC nonsense wordsthat varied in phonotactic probability and stress placement. Using a ten-pointscale,subjects judgedhow English-likethe nonsense words sounded. Although all nonsense words were phonotacticaIly legal in English,subjects showedstrongpreferences stimuli comfor posedof highly probable phonotactic contributions. Moreover,subjects judgednonsense wordswith strong-weak stress patterns constituting as "better"sounding Englishwordsthannonsense wordswith weak-strong patterns. interaction No between phonotactic probability and stress was
explicit recognitionmemory task. Emily A. Lyons (Language Perception Dept.of Psych., Lab., ParkHall, SUNY,Buffalo, 14260) NY
Recent research (e.g.,Goldinger, 1993)hassuggested representathat tionsof spoken wordsin memory maybe veridical exemplars encode that instance-specific information, suchas characteristics the talker'svoice. of This account spoken of wordrecognition examined work presented was in at a recentmeetingof the Acoustical Society(Lace and Lyons, 1994). Evidencewas presented support the claim that exemplar-type in of representations usedin explicit recognition are memorytasks,but that more abstract representations a role in tasks play such lexicaldecision. as However,the previous work did not makeclearthe explicitness the inforof mation encodedin exemplar-type representations; specificallywhether
only grossfactorssuchas talker variationare encoded.or whetherwithin speaker variationis alsoencoded. The present research expands these on previousresultsby comparing effectsof talker variationand samethe speaker tokenvariationon a repetition primingandan explicitrecognition
observed. These results bediscussed lightof recent will in findings regard-
ing adults'(Auer and Lace, 1993) and infants' (Jusczyk, Luce,and Charleg-Luee, engitivity thephonotactic 190zl) to configurations of spoken stimuli. [Worksupported NIDCD.] by
4aSC8. The segmental representationof words as revealed by priming in a lexical decisiontask. James Sawusch R. and Nancy J. Palmer (Dept.of Psych., ParkHall, SUNY, Buffalo,NY 14260)
In previous studies, primingtaskhasbeenusedto explorethe nature a
memory task.[Worksuppotted NIDCD.] by

4aSC5. Lexical influence on the perception and segmentation of speech:Evidencefrom the migration paradigm. Sven L. Mattys and
Arthur Samuel (Dept. Psych., G. of SUNYat Stony Brook. Stony Brook,

NY 11794-2500)
The present study addresses issue lexicalinfluence perception the of on througha new paradigm basedon the migrationof linguisticunitsfrom one ear to the other when two stimuliare presented dichotieally. For ex-
of thesegmental representationwords. phonetic of The overlap between a primeanda target wasvariedandthespeed naming lexicaldecision of or to thetarget examined. previous The results showed whenphoneroes that occurred thesame in syllable position prime target, in and responsesthe to target werefaster thanfor control trialswhere primeandtarget no the had phoneroes common. contrast, in In whenprimeand targetshared pho-
3362
3362
nemes thepositionsthephonemrsprime target different, but of in and were nofacilitation target of responses found. a newseries studies, was In of this result further is examined using stimuli a dichotic new and priming format.
Results bediscussed terms theirimplications thenature the will in of for of
difference between subject groups when onlyrelative amplitude informationwasmanipulated, significant but differences bothrelative when am-
abstract, segmental representation underlies recognition lexithat word and calaccess. [Work supported NIDCDGrant by DC00219 SUNYatBufto
falo.]
4aSC9. Are coronals different? The influence of the lexicon on coronal identification. Rochelle Newman, James R. Sawusch, and
plitude formant and transition information present. was Results exfrom periment indicated vowelduration 2 that influenced useof relative the amplitude listeners normal by with hearing, didnot but have effect this for listeners sensorineural loss. with hearing [Work supportedNIH.] by
4aSC12. Readingdisability:A deficit in the processing rapid of spectral changes in phonological or coding?MariaMody (Dept.of Otolaryngol., Kennedy Ctr.,AlbertEinstein College Medicine, of 1300
Morris Park, Bronx, NY 10461) and (Haskins Labs.,New Haven,CT 06511) Michael Studalert-Kennedy
PaulLuce (Dept. Psych., Hall,SUNY,Buffalo, 14260) of Park NY

In previous studies lexical of effects phoneme on identification, robust effects havebeenreported voicing for series with noncoronal places of
articulation (e.g.,Ib/-Ip/or Ig/-lkl). Thesesameeffectshavebeenmuch more variable, smaller, often and absent coronal for voicing series (Idl-ltl).
Reading-impaired children havebeensaidto suffer froman auditory
Previously, results werepresented suggesting neighborhood that density

couldhaveeffects similarto those lexicalstatus phoneme of in identification tasksfor noncoronals. coronals, For neighborhood densitydid not
deficit, indexed difficulties processing by in formant transitions Tallal, [P. Brain& Lang. 182-198(1980)]. 9, Having established poor that readers (n=20) made significantly errors good more than readers (n=20) ondiscrimination between stop-vowel syllables, contrastinginitialF2 andF3 in
transitions (/ba/and/da/), notbetween but nonspeech sinewave analogs of F2 andF3, thepresent study compared same the groups identification on of (i) a/sel-ste/synthetic continuum, where transition theconF cued trast, (it) twohybrid/su-u/continua, biased and each toward end(Is/ one
havean effect, again paralleling lexical the results. newstudies, In additional coronal stimuli have been tested. Series have used word-nonword series to examine the influence of lexical status and nonword-nonword
series examine influence lexicalneighborhood number to the of (the of words similarto thetarget). The newstimuliincluded/dl-lt/series where theinitialstopis partof a consonant cluster. results The for/d/-/t/series in clusters show robust lexicalinfluences phoneme on identification. These
results will be discussed termsof their implications in regarding status the
orI]'l) a synthetic o fricative bythe series formant transitions of naturally

spoken vowels. Poorreaders notdifferfromgood did readers phoneme in
boundaries, did exhibitshallower but identification functions, significantly so on the fricativecontinua. The results not support hypothesized do the
of coronals thenature consonants clusters. and of in [Worksupported by NIDCD GrantDC00219to SUNY at Buffalo.]
4aSC10. The acousticcharacteristics babble produced by infants of with and without early onset otitis media with effusion. Susan Rvacbew andEIzbietaB. Slawinski (Dept.of Psych., Univ. of Calgary,
auditory deficit: Less' consistent discrimination identification poor or by readers speech on tasks not on the nonspeech but control task,suggests phonological rather thanauditory difficulties.
4aSC13.Interrelationships between ethanolintoxication and speech. HarryHollien (Inst.forAdvanced Study theCommun. of Process., Univ. of Florida,Gainesville, 32611) and CamiloA. Martin (Chemical FL Abuse Treatment Ctr.,Veterans Admin.Med. Ctr., Gainesville, 32601 FL )
2500 University NW, Calgary, T2N IN4, Canada) Dr. AB

Prelinguistic speech development studiedlongitudinally two was in
The ofthis ison establishing focus paper (1) vell-controlled procedures whichwill permit reasonably precise study theeffects intoxiof of cation speech (2) assessing on and correlations between physiological and
behavioral measuresof intoxication. In the first instance, selection and
groups infants: infants theearlyonset of nine in group experienced their first episode otitis of media effusion with (OME)atorbefore ageof 6 the
months; nineinfants thelateonset in group experienced OME before no 9
months age. children of All wereassessed6, 9, 12, 15,and18 months at of age.Eachassessment consisted an audiometric of assessment a and recording babble/speech of produced theinfant. by Acoustic analysis the of babble/speech samples revraled following: infants the all showed inan crease the frequency canonical in of babble with age,whencanonical babble defined is according thehcoustic to criteria suggested Oiler[in by
B. Lindblom and R. Zetterstrom(Eds.) Precursorsof Early Speech (1986)]; the meancanonical babbleratio was greater the late onset for
exclusionary criteria bediscussed theirimpact theresulting will and on experiments Included be(I) subject noted. will selection (familial history, background, gender, health, drug/medication drinking status, patterns), (2) dosage protocols (control andmonitoringintoxication, over of modifications), (3)procedural and constraints (speech experimental tasks, controls). Some thecriteria procedures of and employed proved satisfactory, others
did notandhadto be modified. Second, aural-perceptual two experiments
(eight talkers, auditors) bereported;scaling 106 will a model used was in

the first, threevariations a blind sort procedure the second. of in Two
groupin comparison the earlyonset with groupat all age levels;the vowelsproduced someinfants by with recurring chronic or OME were characterized a restricted by range second of formant values. These findingssuggest thecanonical that babble ratiomaybe a useful measure for investigating relationship the between OME andspeech delayin infants
patterns subject of behavior werefound; onecorrelated with the well physiological measuresintoxication theother not. of but did Moreover, the differences thespeech in shifts notappear did directly related subjects' to drinking patterns. [Research supported NIH.] by
4aSC14.Shifts in fundamental frequency and articulationresulting from intoxication.G. AllanAlderman, HarryHollien,Camilo Martin, andGea DeJong (Inst.for Advanced Study the Commun. of Process.,
Univ. of Florida,63 Dauer Hall, Gainesville, 32611) FL
and young children. [Work supported MRC.] by

4aSCI1. Effect of relative amplitude,presentation level, and vowel durationon perception voiceless consonants normaland of stop by impairedlisteners. Mark S. Henririck (Dept. Commun. Disorders,
Univ.of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, 35487)and Walt Jesteadt(Boys AL

TownNatl. Res.Hosp., Omaha, 68131) NE
Twogroups subjects administered of were controlled of alcohol doses

while breathalcoholconcentration (BrAC) measurements were madeat
In the present pibvious onthe study, work influence ofrelative amplitude presentation in listeners normal and level with hearing those and with sensorineural hearing isextended include a comparison relaloss to (1) of tiveamplitude manipulation presence neutral in the of formant transitions versus manipulationboth of formant transition relative and amplitude and
regular intervals. were They recorded reading 30-spassage they a when

reached preset BrAC windows. Fundamental frequency measurements
(2)the additional variableS'of duration. vowel Syntheticstimuli CV were

used, theamplitude theburst and of relative thevowel theF4-F5 to in
frequency rangewasvariedacross 20-rib range, experiment some a In 1,
stimuli had neutralformant transitionvaluesand relative amplitudema-
were calculated compared sober BrAC) intoxicated and for (0.00 and (0.12 BrAC)productions. number misarticulations The of occurring during the readings were also assessed. first In the study, subjects grouped the were on basis whether wererated sounding of they as intoxicated 0.12BrAC at (ratings performed50auditors a 5-pt. were by using scale). Subjects who
sounded intoxicated were placedin one group,while thosethat did nol
were placed a second. first in The group showedconsistent, statistia but

callynonsignificant decrease F0 asa result intoxication; 2's in of group F0 changes werenotconsistent. addition, firstgroup In the showed a higher mean increase misarticulations did group The second in than 2.
nipulations; stimuli both other had formant transition relative and amplitude manipulations. stimuli experiment neutral For in 2, formant transition
values wereused, relative amplitude manipulated, vowelduration was and
ranged 14to200ms.Results experiment from from showed significant no
population was'grouped bydrinking (heavy, level medium, light); or none
3363
d.Acoust. Am., 97, No.5, Pt.2, May1995 Soc. Vol.
129th Meeting: Acoustical Sociely America of
3363
showed statistically a significant change F0. Moreovex, in misarticulations increased (nonsignificantly) drinking as levelincreased. results be The will correlated with datafrom otherstudies. [Research suppormd NIH.] by 4aSC15. Speaking rat and alcohol intoxication. Gea DeJong,Harry Hollien, Camilo Martin, and G. Allan Alderman (Inst. for Advanced Study of the Commun. Process., Univ. of Florida, 63 Dauer Hall, Gainesville, 32611) FL Eighteen subjects were recorded five differentlevelsof intoxication: at
i.e., at BrAC levels of 0.00, 0.04-0.05, 0.08-0.09, 0.12-0.13, and 0.09-
post-operatively. Attempts weremadeto account thespeech for changes by incorporating anatomical the alterations causedby surgeryinto a speech production model. [Worksupported NSF NIH, andLeBelfellowship.] by
4aSC18.Intraspeech masking hearing-impaired in listeners. Van

Summers Marjorie R. Leek (Army Audiol. and Speech and Ctr., Walter ReedArmy Med. Ctr., Washington, 20307-5001) DC
Upward spread masking of (USM), themasking an acoustic of signal

by energyat lower frequencies, tendsto increase with presentation level andis morepronounced listeners sensorineural in with hearing impairment
0.08. Two of thespeech tasks completed were:reading standard a passage and repeating diadocbokinetic syllables fast as possible. as The effectsof intoxication speaking weremeasured thetimeneeded readthe on rate by to rainbowpassage produce utterances "pataka,""shapupi," and 20 of and "buttercup." firstof these The reflects subjects' the abilityto sustain motor speech the second and their motorspeech comtence. Althoughvariation wasobserved among speakers, overalltendency for boththe diathe was dochokinetic andtherainbow test passage increase length(s} from to in sober(BrAC=0.00) to the intoxicated level (BrAC=0.12). Further,the auralperceptual experiments carriedout in parallelsuggest listeners that might use rate whenjudgingthe level of intoxication. That is, speakers judged highlyintoxicated 0.12 BrAC (ratings as at wereperformed 50 by auditors usinga 5-pt. scale) exhibited meandifference 3.05 s between a of sober and intoxicatedutterances, whereasthose speakers who did not soundintoxicated showeda meandifference 0.05 s. [Research of supported NIH.] by
4aSCI6. Predicting speech improvement from clinical profiles in
(HI listeners) in normal-hearing listeners. highpresentation than (NH) At

levels,HI listeners may experience decrease the cuesavailable a in from higherfrequency regions due to masking produced high-amplitude by first formant (FI) resonances. thepresent In study andNH listeners HI labeled synthetic consonant-vowel stimuliat moderate highpresentation and levels. F1 regions were attenuated 0, 6, 12, or 18 dB to test whetherF! by attenuation mightreduce USM, makingcuespresent higherfrequencies at moreavailable. Performance testedin quiet and in broadband was noise sufficient maskinitial consonantal to bursts. For both groups listeners, of noise reducedlabeling accuracy. For normal-hearing listeners, performancewas not affectedby presentation level or FI attenuation. While someHI listeners showed clear improvements labelingwith F1 attenuin ationand/orincreases presentation in level, the patramdid not hold across the entiregroup.The results will be discussed light of the severityand in configuration the individualheatinglosses. of
4aSC19. Acoustic and perceptual investigation of breathy voice. RatteeWayland,ScottGasgash, Allard Longman (Dept. of Modem and Lang.andLinguistics, CornellUniv., Ithaca,NY 14853)
stutterers. Peter Howell (Dept. of Psych.,Univ. College London, GowerSt., London WCIE 6BT, England) Procedures assessing for dysfiuencies stuttered in speech have limithe tationthattheyshow poorint_er-judge agreement. constitutesserious This a problem amongst for, otherthings, assessing a stutterer's how speech benefits from therapy. critical review of alternative A procedures that are available indicates theydo notoffer any betterprospect assessing that for
Althoughbreathyvoice is typicallycharacterized an increase by in spectral noise,it is notoriously difficultto devise computational a method
to distinguish breathy fromclear(modal) voice.The present study successfully makes of an algorithm, use originally developed quantify to as-
peels pathological quality deKrom, Speech Res. of voice [G. J. Hear. 36,
254-266 (1993)],whichcomputes harmonics-to-noise (HNR). The a ratio algorithm calculates harmonics-to-noise usinga combfilter dethe ratio finedin the cepstrum domainto separate harmonics the from the noise. Performance the algorithmwas testedon three speakers rnale, 1 of (2
improvementstotreatment dothetraditional due than produres. Several

factorsare identifiedwhich might lead to the limitationin agreement. A new procedure which overcomes some of the problemsidentifiedwas devised applied a groupof stuttering and to children beforeandafterthey received 2-weekintensive a therapy course. The newprocedure produced substantially higherlevelsof agreement than thosereported the literain ture. This procedureis usedto measure benefit each individual child the achievedafter treatment.Clinical review data on thesehildren were then
female) Javanese 6f producing wordlist of 31 minimal a breathy/clear

word pairs. Resultsshowedthat the algorithmreliably distinguished breathyfrom clear tokensfor all threespeakers, with higherHNRs for clearthanfor breathy tokens. Moreover, accurate performance obwas tainedfor nearlyall frequency ranges investigated (60-2000 Hz, 20003000 Hz, 3000-5000 Hz). A comparison othermethods to (such HIas H2) will alsohe presented. Finally,'perceptual ratingexperiments he will conducted determine thealgorithm's to if performance correlates with perceived degreeof breathiness.
employed seewhether aspect the interview to any of couldhavepredicted the child'sresponse treatment. to The child'sgeneralhealthand cognitive skillsappear he reliableindications to treatment to as prognosis. [Work supported MRC.] by 4aSC17.Acousticand perceptualeffectsof endoscopic nasalsurgery.
MarilynY. Chen (Res.Lab.of Electron. Dept.of HealthSci. and and

Technol., MIT, Rm. 36-511, Cambridge, 02139) and RalphMetson MA (Massachusetts andEar Infirmary, Eye Boston, 02114) MA
4aSC20. Modeling pathologic vocal quality. Part I. Jody Kreimau andBruceR. Gettart (Div. of HeadandNeckSurgery, UCLA School of Medicine, 31-24 Rehab Ctr.,LosAngeles, 90024-1794) CA Previous studies pathologic of vocalqualityhavenot yieldeda standardset of scales describing for disordered voices, possibly due to the limitednumber voices of studied. preent The study uged largegetg = go) (n of maleandfemalevoices, representingbroadrangeof diagnoses a and
vocal severities. Eight expertsjudged the dissimilarityof each pair of voices,and responses were analyzedusing nonmetricindividualdifferences multidimensionalscaling. Resultsindicate that differencesbetween
The aim of thispaper to determine effects surgical is the of alterations of nasal anatomy thespectral on characteristics perceptual and attributes of speech. Five patiems who underwent endoscopic nasalsurgery were recordedprior to surgery, and i week and i monthafter surgery. The utteranceswere six vowel types adjacentto nasalconsonants stopconsoand nants.In additionto endonasal surgery enlargingthe sinusopenings, some patientshad a correction deviatedsepturn, of resection a turbinate, of or removalof polyps. Acoustic analysis wascarriedout for nasalized vowels, non-nasalized vowels, and the nasalconsonants Im/and/n/. Significant differences spectralproperties in were observedin the consonants and
listeners perceptual in strategy so greatthat the fundamental are assumption of a commonperceptual spacemust be questioned. Group spaces
revealed single a "feature" (severity pathology). of Spaces individual for

listeners were characterized clusters voiceswhich seemed by of structured by "family resemblances": Each voice in a clusterresembled otherswith rspectto someproperty, the sameproperty not constitute rebut did the
nasalized vowelsrecorded beforeandaftersurgery. example, For changes were found in the prominence extra peaksdue to nasalization the of and
first formant bandwidth was narrower for the nasal consonants and nasal-
izedvowels. except All onepatient perceived change theirspeech a in
semblance allvoice for pairs. Further, voices notappear did consistently in thesame clusters across listeners. theabsence a common In of perceptual
3364
3364
space-of shared a sense howvoices of sound similar--valid perceptual

scalescannot be defined. The results lead to the conclusion that standard-
Velotrace datafor a number differentutterance of types,including those with stressed versus unstressed syllables thosewith syllable-initial and
izatJon perceptual of labels voice for quality theoretically is impossible.

4aSC21. EMMA and x-ray microbeamcomparison. Dani Byrd (Haskins Labs., 270 Crown St., New Haven, CT 06511-6695),
Catherine Browman (HaskinsLabs.), Louis Goldstein, P. and Douglas Honorof (HaskinsLabs.and Yale Univ.)
versus syllable-final nasals. consistent One observationthatvelum is low-
ering bequite can extensive before acoustic effects observed. are [Work
supportedpartby NIH.] in
4aSC24.Use of a spikingneural modelto simulatelip motor unit activityand movements speech. Michael McClean John in D. and L. Clay (Audiol. Speech Walter and Ctr., Reed ArmyMed.Ctr.,Washington,
DC 20307-5001)
In thepast, much articulatory movement have data been obtained using thex-raymicrobeam. Currently, however, magnetometer systems as such EMMA arebecoming predominant. A unique set, data addressing concerns of consistency between these instrumentsreported. single is A speaker was recordedwith both instruments readingthe same utterances: "It's a
[pV'CVp]again." Datafromtwo x-raymicrobeam (XRMB) runs were

collected thesame (pellets on day re-placed thesecond for run);27 months latertheparallel EMMA datawerecollected. Vertical movement the of lowerlip, tongue andtongue tip, bodyduringthe VCV's wasanalyzed. Extmmapositions (amplitudes) distance time between and and thesepositions (gestural displacements durations) and wereobtained. results The
demonstrate that the correlationbetweenEMMA and XRMB runs is very
In order clarify nature EMG-kinematic to the of relationships involved in speech production, a rudimentary computer model thelower asa of lip neuromechanical system was developed. modelconsists three The of
muscles having forcing functions actona common that point. Each muscle is treated a setof single as motor unitswithassociated moroneuron spike activityandmuscle-unit twitchforces. The temporal patterns moroneuof ronspike trains, which serve thesystem as input, based single are on motor unitEMG recordings obtained during syllable repetition McClean [M. and
J. Clay,Society Neuroscience for Abstracts 229.15(1993)].System 19,

output evaluated terms lower-lip is in of movement through midsagittal the plane.Simulations produce realistic movement patterns whentheyare constrained reasonable by assumptions aboutmotorunit intrinsic properties,muscle forceangles, relativetimingof moroneuron and spiketrains. Initial applications the modelhavefocused the mechanisms of on of speech control. rate Different rates syllable of production established are bytheoverall temporal patterns moroneuron trains, theeffects of spike and of varyingsystem parameters evaluated eachrate. are at
4aSC25.Clarity versuseffort in speech production:Initial resultsof a pilot study. Joseph Perkell,MelanieMatthies, Mario Svirsky, and Reiner Wilhelms-Tricarico (SpeechCommun.Group, Res. Lab. of Electron., Rm. 36-511,MIT, Cambridge, 02139) MA
high, almostas high as that between two XRMB runs. the
r values (p<0.0001)
XRMB-1
XRMB-2
amplitudedisplacement duration
0.9898
0.9852
& EMMA
& EMMA
0.8615
0.8948
0.7570
0.7210
XRMB-1
& XRMB-2
0.9901
0.9107
0.7933
Usingfurther analyses variance wasconcluded of it confidently the that results obtained using EMMA for articulatory collection notdiffer data do substantially from thoseobtained similardata collected different for at
timewiththex-raymicrobeam. [Work supported NIH.] by

4aSC22. An acousticand articulatory study of anticipatory labial
coarticulation. Marlos Foumkis Ying Xu (Dept.of Speech and and

Hear. Sci., Ohio State Univ., ll0 PresseyHall, 1070 CarmackRd.,
Columbus,OH 43210)
The acoustic articulatory and aspects anticipatory of labialcoarticulationwereexamined. Onefemalenativespeaker American of English read a list containing repetitions nonsense ten of V1CV2 sequences whereVI
Thegoalof thisresearch to testthehypothesis there a trading is that is relation between clarityandeffortin speech production. Midsagittal-plane articulatory movements points thetongue of on body, tongue blade, lips andmandible (withanEMMA system) theacoustic and signal froma male talkerin five speaking conditions: normal, clear, clearplusfast,fast,and
slow, were recorded.Different CVC wordswere embeddedin two posi-
was always C was of [s],[J],[z], [3], andV2 wasoneof [i], [u],or [i], one
[a]. The movement upperandlowerlip andjaw wererecorded of usingthe straingaugeapparatus developed Barlow and colleagues, by and the acoustic signalwas alsorecorded. Shortterm spectra were takenof the fricativenoiseat thebeginning at intervals and spaced 0.25, 0.50, and at 0.75 of theduration thefricative. of Two spectral peaks wereidentified at
tionsin a carrierphrase. Analyses wereperformed a function speakas of ingcondition position thephrase. anexample, movements and in As CV of
a point thetongue on bodyfor theword"cab"havethefollowing characteristics. Movementduration wasshorter position for two; in bothpositions, it followed the order: slow>clear>normal>clearplus fast>fast.
eachpoint.It waspredicted thefrequencies those that of peaks wouldbe affected thenature thefollowing by of vowelandthatthecoarse spectral trackwouldshowa downward movement whenthe followingvowelwas [u]. Neither these of predictions obtained. result in agreement This is with
Therange distance of traveled greater slowandfor clear, was for than the other conditions. velocity higher fastandclearplusfastthan Peak was for theother conditions. Midsagittal plane location movement wasless at end
variatle the with longer duration movements word position ofthe in one.
Effortwas higher clear, for clear plus andfast, fast than normal slow, for or
theEMGdata Geller al. [J.Acoust. Am.86,2443-2445 of et Soc. (1989)] butnotwiththeacoustic of, among data others. Sereno al. [J. Acoust. et
Soc.Am. 81, 512-519 (1987)]. Results from a second speaker from and theanalysis thelip movement will alsobe presented. of data
in both word positions. supportedN.I.D.C.D.] [Work by

4aSC26.The gesturaland temporalorganization assimilation. of Sidney J.Wood (Dept. Linguistics, A. of Helgonabacken22362 12, Lurid,
Sweden)
4aSC23. Correlating movement and acoustic measures of

nasalization. SharonY. Manuel (Res. Lab. of Electron.,Rm. 36-511,
MIT, Cambridge, 02139)and RenaA. Krakow (Temple MA Univ., Philadelphia, 19122 Haskins PA and Labs., NewHaven, CT)
Previous research using physiological instrumentation Velotrace) (e.g., hasshown systematic effects syllable of structure stress velum and on
movements [Krakow,in Phonetics Phonology (Nasals,NasalJzation, and V
Eversince andFillmore Speech Res. 130(1961)] Wang [J. Hear. 4,

phoneticions distinguished have between nonpredictable language-specific speech habits predictable and universal articulatory constraints, former the being cortical extrinsic thevocaltract,thelatterintrinsic the and to to
vocaltractand the consequence articulation of mechanics. Assimilation
cameto be seenas an intrinsic vocal tractprocess, explained termsof in
andthe Velum, edited Huffmann Krakow(Academic, Diego, by and San 1993), 87-113].However, has been pp. what not investigated previously is thecorrespondence between time-varying the position thevelum such of in
dataand the timing and magnitude acoustically of detectable nasalization.
hman'smodel coarticulation Acoust. of [J. Soc.Am. 39, 151(1966)]. Thiscontrasts classical with phonetics whereassimilation theresult is of pmplanned reorganizationarticulation. workreported thispaper of The in
favors the classical view. Gestures involved in an assimilation are initiated
A newtechnique developed Chen[J.Acoust. Am.96, 3283(A) by Soc. (1994)]for identifying spectral the effects nasal of coupling found was to provide valuable of linking acoustic articulatory a way the and changes related velopharyngeal aperture. paper to port This reports acoustic-toon articulatory mapping usingacoustic data collected concert in with
earlier, delayed, areheldlonger, or thanin nonassimilated situations. is It argued thisrevision gesture that of timing relation adjacent in to activity is an expression preplanning motor of of commands takes that place the in cortexwherethemis access larger to portions the utterance subof (the
corticalmotor structures have limited access and cannotadvanceor delay
3365
d.Acoust. Am., 97,No.5, Pt.2, May1995 Soc. Vol.
3365
gestures). Examples palatalization Bulgarian of of apico-alveolar and stops

Swedish palatovelar stops presented. dataare analyzed are The from x-ray
motion filmsby procedures described Wood Phon. 281 (1991)]. by [J. 19,
4aSC27.Modeling pathologic vocalquality. Part IL BraceR. Gerratt and$odyKreiman (Div. of Headand Neck Surgery, IJCLA School of
Medicine, 31-24 Rehab Ctr.,LosAngeles, 90024-1794) CA

The utilityof acoustic measures pathologie of voicedepends their on consistent correspondence physiological to states to what listeners or hear.
UnfortUnately, consistent such patterns association never of have emerged, despite manyyears' reseach. Attempts mapfromacoustics physiology to to may neverproduce uniqueassociations. because manyphysiological configurations may produceequivalentacoustic signals.Similarly, studies
seeking correlations between acoustic perceptual and measures never will produce consistent, replicahie associations, because individual differences in perceptual strategy so greatthat uniquemappings not exist,as are do argued PartI. It is believed thedifficulties establishing in that in acousticperceptual relations voiceresearch be solvedonly by modeling in can quality aninteraction as between particular a listener voice, and rather than asa property thevoices of themselves. analysis-by-synthesis An method is described whichlisteners in construct synthetic a signalto matcha particularnatural voice.In thisway,listeners' perceptions defined are objectively by the valuesof the synthesizer parameters they select.This approachexplicitly links acoustic representations perceived to qualities,thus reducingconcerns aboututility and validity in both domains.
FRIDAY MORNING,
2 JUNE 1995
GRAND BALLROOM
Session 4aUW
SOUTH, 7:55 A.M. TO 12:05 P.M.
Underwater Acoustics:Transient Sounds:Their Measurement and Description

Charles R. Greene, Chair
Greeneridge Sciences, Inc., 4512 Via Hueno, SantaBarbara,California93110

Invited Papers
4aUWl. Acoustictransients researchat the Naval ResearchLaboratory. StevenFinette, Peter C. Mignerey,RobertL. Field, andEdwardR. Franchi (Naval Res.Lab., Washington, 20375 and Stennis DC Space Center, MS 39529) From 1988to 1992the Naval Research Laboratory conducted basicresearch acoustic in transients. This paperwill summarize the key resultsof that research. First, the time-domain parabolic equation model was developed predictthe effectsof the ocean to
environmentcoustic on transient signals. Comparisons between modeled measured impulse and ocean responses bereviewed will and
theability themodel predict of 'to signal feature distortion 'beshown data will for from Atlantic, an downward refracting, rangedependent envh'onment. Second, development a multi-sensor the of aleconvolution estimator which makes use anarray full of aperture will be discussed. of the full arrayaperture Use ensures no part of the impulseresponse that spectrum dropsout due to poor
illumination. Multi-sensor deeonvolution processors based thisprinciple on haveproduced stable reconstructionssource of time-series.
Data beshown illustrate will that successful nulti-sensor deconvolution obtained a large, that was by vertical, line-arraya deep in
Pacificenvironment source-receiver for separations 1-2 convergence of zones.Third, time-domain higher-order correlators were developed the detection time-delay for and estimation short-time/broadband of transients. signaland environmental The conditions requiredfor higher-order processors outperform to conventional cross-correlators be shown. will
8:20
4aUW2.Transient signals-based sonarsystems.Jaraes Barget (BBN Systems Technologies, Fawcett Cambridge, E. and 70 St.,
MA 02138)
Thedetectability signals of (echoes) depends upon energy bandwidth thesignals, a widevariety different only the and of in of
interference backgrounds. factis represented a sonar This in equatioc is bothwrittenin terms these that of quantities, thatalso and differs fromthemoretraditional formthatincorporated signal power timespan. and Beyond this,fluctuations thetransient in signal's arrivaltimes, time spreads, arrivalangles, anglespreads; affecttargetlocalization and all processing. Sincea transient signal a has shorter s[an does longer time than a waveform equal with energy, effects propagation-induced the of fluctuations between successive
transient signalscan b different than betweensuccessive long-waveformsignals. The potentialfor thesedifferences discussed is for four differentcauses fluctuation; of multipath, refraction, direct-path fluctuation, and reflected pathfluctuation.
8:40
4aUW3.Quantitative calibration characterization marineseismic and of sources.J. Robert Fricke (Dept.Ocean Eng.,Rm.
5-218, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139)
In the mid '80s theoffshore seismic exploration industry needed standard a procinrefor describing transient seismic source signatures. need motivated several The was by issues including need specify a to performance criterion theoperations a need to crew,
toevaluate source one versug another a particular for seismic program, theneed determine and to performancenewseismic fo3 source designs. to thattime,seismic Prior source signatures usually were described thetimedomain' terms peak-to-peak in in of pressure (bar-m) peak-to-bubble Spectral and ratio. characterization,exisl, wasrelative thepeak if it to value, which usually to0 dB. was set 3366 J. Acoust. Soc.Am.,VoL97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995 129thMeeting: Acoustical Society America of 3366
These measures notprovide do quantitative descriptions source of energy spectral or energy density, hence quantitative a standard was needed developed. standard and The focused a spectral, on rather thana temporal, description theseismic of signature allowed and for a detailed analysis the totalsource of energy andthedistribution thatenergy a function frequency. approach of as of This opened the way for a consistent quantifiable and description thesource of signature. Usingthisdescription, abovementioned the needs regarding
performance evaluation and couldbe addressed.
9:00
4aUW4. Metrics and standardsfor acoustic environmental assessments. Raymond Cavanagh JohnS. Hanna (Science C. and Applications Int'l. Corp.,McLean, 22102) VA Because stringent of legalrequirements growing and publicinterest, researchers win government must approval any seatest for involving acoustic emissions whichcouldinjureor harass marine animals. approval The process requires extensive documentation on theanimals thetestareaandlikely impact thetest.This documentation in of (Environmental Assessment Environmental or Impact Statement) includes then predictions shock of waveandacoustic characteristics field in terms relevant animal to harassment injury and metrics. present, At thereis no "standard" approach developing EA or an ElS; eachresearch to an program provides own format, its metrics, This presentation etc. considers issues standardization theEA andElS processes. particular, of for In literature animal on effects provides variety empirical a of thresholds various in units(e.g.,peakpressure, impulse), whilesource metrics havetheirown
particular (e.g.,energy units density range, at intensily). Finally, signal must estimated a model correctly be with that propagates the
quantityof interestin complexenvironments. None of thesestepshas a standard approach. Examples given of problems are encountered recommendations for standardization. and made Special attention givento measurement is techniques marine for animal response sound. to
9:20
4aUW5.Fourierand directtime-marching methods transient for signals. Michael Porter Zoi-Hcleni B. and Michalopoulou (Ctr. for Appl. Math. andStat.,New Jersey Inst.of Technol., Newark,NJ 07102) Theocean normally vibrates harmony in withthehumof a narrow-band sound source. Thus,for modeling such signals, can time be removed fromthewaveequation reducing to thesimpler it Helmhohz equation whichin essence governs theintensity the only of hum.Computational ocean acoustics most has oftenfocused thislatter on case. Broadband signals such pings, as clicks, chirps, and gurgles require morework.For researchers far accustomed narrow-band to models fastest the approach usually simplyadda is to frequency to theirnarrow-band loop codes. course, mn timegoes in accordance thenumber frequencies (Of the up with of required.) Others haveadvocated development newmodels solve waveequation the of that the directly thetimedomain. in These options are surveyed illustrative and examples provided are using bothidealized cases measured froma recent test and data experiment theGulf in
of Mexico.
9:40-9:50
Break
Contributed Papers
9:50
portent theAcoustic of Thermometry Ocean of Climate (ATOC)Program.

Preliminary results presented. are Three-minute averaged spectra wereobtainedevery5 rain;only the relativenoiselevel asa function frequency of
4aUW6. Transient sounds in marine seismology. R. A. Stephen (Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst.,Woods Hole, MA 02543)
In marine seismology lypesof transient two sound sources used. are Controlled sources suchas airguns explosions usedin seismic or are refleetionand refractionsurveysto study geologicalstructure below the seafloor. Naturally occurring earthquakes also observed are and they are
usedto studytectonicand regional and whole earth structureproblems.In both casesthree-component particle motion, either velocity or acceleration, is measured on or within the seafloor. However controlled source
is presented because thistime)unknown (at offsets prevent determination of absolute levels. Oneimportant statistic estimated theprobability a is as function frequency thenoise of that levelexceeds specified a spectral level. [Worksupported the Strategic by Environmental Research Developand ment Program through ARPA.]
10:20
studies work in the VLF band(l.0-100 Hz) andearthquake studies generallyrun in the lowerULF band(0.001-5 Hz}. A majoradvantage of
transient sources versusharmonicsources that multi-pathing is can be distinguished the time separation phases. fact, manyschemes by of In for inferringgeological structure from transient seismicdata are basedsolely
4a[iW8. Are ANSI standards for describing airborne impulses
applicable underwater to transienls?Charles Greene (Greeneridge R.

Sciences, Inc., 4512 Via Huerto, Santa Barbara,CA 93110-2324) and FrankT. Awbrey (SanDiego StateUniv., San Diego, CA 92187-4614) ANSI standards exist for measuring assessing and airborneimpulsive sounds. This paperreviews those standards considers applicabiland their ity and utility in measuring assessing and underwater transient sounds.
10:35
on thearrival times certain of phases. timespread Also (coda signalor generated noise) beobserved can directly reverberation thecoheras after
ent arrivals. The polarization the separated of phases be usedto study can propagation effects. Examples quantitative of bothcontrolled of data and earthquake sources will be shownand discussed.
10:05
4aUW7. Low-frequency ambient noise: Long time series and statistics. KeithR. Curtis,BruceM. Howe,andShaun Leach (Appl. Phys. Lab.,Univ.of Washington, Seattle, 98105) WA Low-frequency oceanambientnoisespectra have beencollected at U.S. Navy PacificSOS[IS sitesduringthe lastyearas a background com-
4a[iW9. The Bragg condition limitation on inversion of normal incidence reflectiondata, Kenneth Gilbertand TimothyJ. Kulbago E. (Appl. Res.Lab. andthe Graduate Program Acoust., in PennStateUniv., P.O.Box 30, StateCollege,PA 16804)
A simple analytic expression derived theimpulse is for response a of

continuously stratified sediment. The expression, which neglects multiple
scattering, allowsa straightforward calculation boththe forward of and
3367
d. Acoust.Sec. Am., Vol. 97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995
3367
inverse problem, but moreimportantly, clearlyestablishes "Bragg it the

condition" as a fundamental limitation on the inversion of acoustic data
11:05
dominated singlescattering. normalincidence by (For backscatter, the

Braggcondition states anacoustic that probe signal wavelength senses of k or "filtersout" only theFouriercomponent the impedance of profilehav-
4aUW11. Timespread modeling propagating of pulsedand transient

underwater signals. Ellen M. Daley, Ruth E. Keenan,and AnthonyI.
Eller (Ocean Group, Sci. SAIC, 1710 Goodridge McLean, 22102) Dr., VA
Many Navy standard otherwidelyused and underwater acoustic propagationmodelswere developed through evolutionary an process address to applications featuring narrow-band single-frequency signals. conor cw A sequence this development of process that, althoughthe modelsmay is handlethe originally intendedproblemvery well, they are not necessarily able to describethe propagation high resolution of pulsesor transients, wheretime-domain multi-frequency or FF'r approaches seemcalled for. This paper presents resultsof an evaluationof severalpropagation the models characterize to shortduration signals. models The tested represent a varietyof physics-based approaches: parabolic equation, andGaussrays ian beams, modes, hybridapproaches. evaluation and The criteriainclude
ing wavelength i.e., Xmeaium=h. M2, ammtic/2.) validityof theanalytic The

expression demonstrated comparing with exactnumerical is by it calculations for both the forward and inverseproblem.In particular,it is shown that to obtaintrendsin impedance that occurover meters,requiresa probe signalwith wavelengths approximately of twice the desired trenddistance. Many high-frequency inversions reported the literature in showtrends with wavelengths areorders magnitude that of largerthanany wavelength the in probe signal. Consequently,is worthwhile askwhether longwaveit to the lengthtrends, whichcannot acoustically be sensed the shortwavelength by
probesignals, physically are meaningful, whether or theyareartifacts of
arbitrary underlying assumptions signal in the processing method. [Work supported NRL andONR.] by
an abilityof themodeling system accommodate to real-world, in-situ environments, accuracy the results the context intended of in of applications,
and reasonable execution time.
11:20
10:50
4aUW10. Localization of sources of acoustic transients using a
broadbandmatched-field processing technique. F. D. Tappert (Appl. Marine Phys.,Univ. Miami, RSMAS, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy.,Miami, FL 33149) and L. Nghiem-Phu (MAC Systems Corp., Miami, FL
33155}
4aUW12. Theory and experiment of pulse propagation in shallow water. RenheZhang (StateKey Lab. of Acoust.,Chinese Acad.of Sci., Beijing 100080, People'sRepublicof China and Schoolof Mech. Eng., GeorgiaInst. of Technol., Atlanta, GA 30332) and Ye Zhu (StateKey Lab. of Acoust.,Chinese Acad.of Sci., Beijing 100080,People's Republic
of China)
By matching, correlating, complex-demodulated or a (envelope) time seriesmeasured a single hydrophone at receiverto predictedenvelope response functionsobtainedby back propagation using a full-physics broadband model,it is possible removemultipathdistortion PE to effects
and to determine the location of the source of an acoustic transient with
An experimentwas conducted shallow water with strong therin mocline,locatedbetweenthe depthsfrom II to 15 m. Explosivesources
were detonated at 7 and 25 m, with receivers also at 7 and 25 m. Band-
limited signalswith 1/3 oct bandwidthfor differentcenterfrequencies and
good resolution and high processing gain. This "semi-coherent" broad-
bandmatched-field processing (BMFP) technique demonstrated sevis in
eraldeepwater shallow and water situations. [Worksupported ONR by

andARPA.]
ranges wereanalyzed. waveform The structures strongly are dependent on source receiver and depths. centerfrequency, range. ray-mode and A theory includingbeam displacement was usedto calculatethe waveformstructures to invertfor thebottom-loss and versus grazing angle. The calculated
waveform structures are consistent with the measured ones well.
11:35-12:05
PANEL
DISCUSSION
3368
3368
MEETING ROOM 17, ROOM, 8:30 A.M.
Meeting of AccreditedStandardsCommitteeS12 on Noise

to be heldjointly with the
U.S. Technical AdvisoryGroup for Isofrc 43/SC1Noiseand Isofrc 94/SC12Hearing Protection

D. L. Johnson,Chair S 12
EG& G Special Projects, Albuquerque Operations, Albuquerque, Mexico87119-9024 New
P.D. Schemer, Chair, Technical US Advisory Group (TAG)for ISO/TC43/SC1, Noise(andViceChairS12)

U.S. CERL, P.O. Box 4005, Champaign, Illinois 61820
H. E. vonGierke, ViceChair,U.S. Technical Advisory Group (TAG) for ISO/TC43/SC1,Noise

1325 Meadow Lane, Yellow, Springs,Ohio 45387
ElliottH. Berger, Chairman, U.S. Technical Advisory Group(TAG) for ISO/TC 94/SC12,HearingProtection CabotSafetyCorporation,7911ZionsvilleRoad,Indianapolis, Indiana 46268-1657
StandardsCommitteeS12 on Noise,Workinggroupchairswill reporton their progress the production noisestandards. for of The
interaction with ISOfFC 43/SC1 and ISO/TC 94/SC12 activities will also be discussed, with reference to the international standards
under preparation. Chairs therespective Technical The of U.S. Advisory Groups E. vonGierkeandE. H. Berger) (H. will report on
current activities of these International Technical Subcommittees under ISO.
Scopeof S12: Standards, specifications terminology the field of acoustical and in noisepertaining methods measurement, to of evaluation control;including and biological safety,tolerance comfortand physical and acoustics relatedto environmental as and occupational noise.
FRIDAY AFrFERNOON, 2 JUNE 1995
MEETING
ROOM 3, 1:00 TO 5:00 P.M.
Session 4pAB
Animal Bioacoustics: Recognition Animal Sounds: of Methodsand Applications

David K. Mellinger,Chair CornellBioacoustics Research Program, Sapsucker 159 Woods Road,Ithaca,New York14850-1999
Invited Papers
1:05
4pAB1. Marineanimal sound classification. M. Fristrup William Watkins Kurt and A. (Woods Oceanogr. Woods Hole Inst., Hole,
MA 02543)
Software developed measure was to characteristics of marine animal sounds (AcouStat). These measurements included aggregate bandwidth, duration, amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, frequency, interactions some these center and among of variables. These measurements effective describing classifying proved for and sounds several in contexts: identifying species, quantifying the repertoirea single of species, identifying and individuals. experience development Our during suggests removal noise that of energy and ofrobust use statistical measures necessaryensure are to repeatable results open with water recordingsmarine of mammal species.
3369
J. Acoust. Am.,Vol.97, No.5, Pt. 2, May1995 Sec.
3369
1:30
4pAB2.Quantihative analysis dolphinsounds.Peter Tyack (Dept.of Biol.,Woods of L. HoleOceanogr. Woods Inst., Hole,MA
02543)
Most analyses acoustic of communication animals in lumpsounds qualitative into categories. Theseare usually based uponaural impressions humanlisteners visualinspection spectrograms. for or of Quantitative analysis acoustic of features from belugawhale sounds raiseserious questions abouthow discrete and robustthe traditional categories belugacalls are. Othercategories, of suchas thecontour a dolphin of whistle, features neednotrelatedirectlyto absolute use that measure time andfrequency. of Studies vocal of development vocalimitation and oftenbenefit from a quantitative measure similarity of between sounds putative and models. Several different methods compared analyze are to whistle contours, including multivariate analysis time-frequency of features, dynamic time warping, a signal and compression approach. Ultimately, suchtechniques all needto be validated studies howeachspecies by of perceives own signals. its
1:55
4pAB3.Comparison the whistle of structure six species dolphin. WilliamE. Evans (Texas of of Inst.of Oceanogr., Texas A&M Univ.,P.O.Box 1675,Galveston, 77553), WangDing (Inst.of Hydrobiol., TX Chinese Acad.of Sci.,People's Republic China), of and BemdWfirsig (Texas A&M Univ., Galveston, 77553) TX
Spectral statistical and analyses wereused compare whistle to the structure six species dolphin; of of Stencils 1ongirostris, Stencils frontalis,Stenellaattenuata, Lagenorhynchus obscurus, Tursiops truncatus. Sotaliafiuviatilis.A consistent and pattemexistedin the various coefficients variation of calculated the different for species. general, frequency In the variables the lowestcoefficients had of
variation (cv).The values cv for maximum of frequency wereusually lowest. the Compared otherspecies to Tursiops relatively had largecoefficients variation thefrequency of of variables indicating thefrequencies Tursiops that of whistles weremorediverse. The otherfivespecies similar had frequency ranges whichhadhigher upper frequencies Tursiops. results discriminate than The of analysis indicated hereweresignificant that differences between whistlestructures the differenlspecies, thatthese the of and differences were related taxonomic to relations, bodysize,andhabitat. The magnitude thedifferences whistle of in structure correlated with taxonomic relationships the various of species studied. The pelagicspecies emittedwhistles a relativelyhigherfrequency in rangeandgreater frequency modulation thecoastal rivefinespecies. than or
2:20
4pAB4.Automaticdetection and classification nocturnalmigrant bird calls. HaroldMills (CornellLab. of Ornitbol.,159 of Sapsucker Woods Rd.,Ithaca,NY 14850)
Computer software was developed detectthe nocturnal to flight calls of nine species migratingwarblers digitizedfield of in recordings, to classifythe callsby species. and The callsare frequency-modulated in the 5- to 9-kHz frequency tones band,and between and 100msin duration. 50 Detection accompanied locating was by temporal peaks call bandenergy. in Somefalsedetections of insect callswereprevented rejecting by certain typesof peaks. Classification approached tracking frequencies thecalls is by the of over time and classifying frequency the trackswith an artificialneuralnetwork.
ContributedPapers
2:45
3:00
4pABS. Bird flight call discrimination using machine learning.
AndrewTaylor (Comp.Sci. andEng., Univ. of NSW, Sydney 2052,

Australia) The development a software of system whichcan detectand identify the flightcallsof migratingbirdsis reported. The systemfirst produces a spectrogram usinga DFT. Calls are detectedin the spectrogram usingan ad hoc combination local peak-finding of and a connectedness measure. Attributesare extractedboth globally from the call and from a window moved incrementallythroughthe call. Decision trees are then used to determinethe bird species. Thesedecisiontreesare inducedfrom a training set using Quialan's (24.5 system [J. R. Quinlan, C4.5: Programsfor
4pAB6. Vocal learning in Budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) usingfoodreward. Kazuchika Manabe Robert Dooling (Psych. and J. Dept.,Univ.of Maryland, College Park,MD 20742)
Budgefigars (parakeets) small,highlysocial, are Australian parrots capableof vocallearning throughout adulthood. Thesebirdsreadilyproduce
short(200 ms),whistled, frequency-modulated callswhensepacontact

ratedfrom one another. thisexperiment, In birdswere trainedtwice daily in 10 rain sessions produceor modify contact-call-like to vocalizations usingfoodreward.Callswereanalyzed real time usingserialFb-'Fs in and
each production compared a digitally was to stored "template." proCall

ductionswhich exeeetleda predetermined criterionof similarity were re-
MachineLearning, MorganKanffman(1993)]. The system beentested has
on a setof 138 nocturnal flightcallsfrom nine species birds[W. R. of Evans, personal communication]. callsarefaint,andinterfering Some insectnoiseis present others. in Tenfold resampling used classify was to the
calls unseen. Seventy-eight percentof calls were identifiedcorrectly, 4%
incorrectly and 18% were placedin an "uncertain" category. Neural

network-based classifiers commonlyusedin this generaldomainand are wouldlikely produce similaraccuracy, useof symbolic but machine learning offerstwo important advantages: Training time is linearin thenumber
warded, while those belowcriterion werenot. Results showthatbudgerigars canlearnto modifytheintensity spectro-temporal and pattern their of species-typical withinseveral calls days. Asidefromhuman language, bird vocalizations provided onlyother have the clearexample learning the of in acquisition maintenance a vocalrepertoire. and of While song learning in birdshasled to a number important of insights into the neurobiology of learning,suchlearningtypically occursover a time frame of monthsto years.The present resultsdemonstrating learningover a periodof call several daysmoreclosely parallelthe time course othermorecommon of
of examples theresulting and classifier less is opaque. Bothsignificantly

ease classifier constmction.
forms vertebrate of learning. [Worksupported NIH Grants by DC00198 andMH00982.]
3370
J. Acoust. Am., 97, No.5, Pt.2, May1995 Soc. Vol.
3370
3:15-3:30 3:30
Break
evolved oticorgan bothequilibrium vibration eachfunction an for and and wasnot separated jawed vertebrates. the primitiveformsas in until In livinglampreys, brainmustinhibittheear function the whendetection of
movementand gravity is needed.
4pAB7. Detectionof sinusoidalspectral envelopes budgerigars by (Melopsittacus undulatus). Satoshi Amagai,RobertJ. Dooling,Tracy
L. Kidd (Psych. Dept., Univ.of Mary]and, College Park, MD 20742), and

Shihab Shamma (Univ. of Maryland, CollegePark.MD 20742)
4:15
Previous psychoacoustic measures bothcriticalratiosandcritical of bands budgerigars in indicate that the sizeof the auditoryfiltersaround 2-4 kHz approach areevensmaller or thanthose humans. of Accordingly, budgerigars should excelat spectral discrimination tasksinvolving channels around3 kHz. This studyexaminedthe ability of budgerigars to discriminate spectrally rich sounds usingripplednoisestimuli.Three by budgerigars were trainedin a repeating background procedure usingoperant conditioning discriminate to betweena complexstimulus with a flat spectrum and one that had a sinusoidal ripple imposedon its spectrum. Each stimuluswas composed 201 spectra] of components logarithmically spaced from 500 Hz to 10 kHz, 100msin duration sampled and at40 kHz. Ripple frequencies between0.5 and 12 cycles/oct were testedusingripple amplitude steps 1/2 to 2 dB. Overall levelsof the stimuliwere varied of randomlyfrom 55 dB to 65 dB SPL to remove intensitycues. Ripple amplitude detection thresholds budgerigars similarto those for were measured humans for with budgerigars slightlybetterat higherripplefrequen-
4pAB10.Dynamicmodelof the goldfish peripheralauditorysystem. James Finneran Mardi C. Hastings (Dept.of Mech. Eng.,Ohio J. and
StateUniv., 206 W. 18thAve., Columbus,OH 43210)
In thisstudy, dynamic, a lumped parameter mathematical modelwas
developed the peripheral for auditory system the goldfish of (Carassius

auratus). This modelexpands uponand couples existingmodels the for swimbladder (anteriorchamber)and saccular otolith by includingthe
swimbladder tunlea internaand tunlea externa,along with the Weberian apparatus. The viscoe]astic properties the tunicaexternaare basedon of
datafromAlexander Exp. Biol. 38, 747-757 (1961)].Model predic[J.

tions correlate well with experimentaldata for swimbladderresonance frequencyand dampingand with audiograms obtainedfrom behavioral conditioning experiments. Model resultsindicatethat the WeberJan apparatus has a major affect on auditorysensitivitythroughout audible the frequency rangeof the goldfish. addition, In specific phase relationships
between the WeberJan,direct, and indirect contributionsto saccularoto]ith
cies. [Worksupported NIH Grants by DC00198 MH00982.] and

3:45
motionare observed changing for source location. [Work supported by

ONR GrantNo. N00014-94-1-0337.]
4pAB8. The use of very low and very high frequencies in the developmentof an acousticaldeterrent for bird-aircraft collisions. M. Lenhardt, Ochs (Biomed.Eng. Prog., Virginia Commonwealth A. Univ., Richmond, 23298-0168), J. Genova,N. Castiglia (Raven, VA
4:30
4pABll. A computer model for simulation of underseanoise from marine mammals. Thomas J. Hayward and Richard M. Heitmeyer
Inc.,Alexandria, 22312),and M. Kelley (Wright-Patterson OH VA AFB,

45433) Bird strikeshave becomean increasing problemat commercial and militaryairports. With thedemand reduced for aircraft noise increased and speed,birdsare presented with reducedauditorycuesand lessreaction time when confrontedwith planes.The major drawback to the use of acoustic deterrents the rapid habituation. is Cagedsparrowhawks readily detectedsignalsbetween 5 and 40 Hz with thresholds detectability of rangingfrom 76 to 64 dB SPL. No flying inducedstartles were noted, althoughthe birds did try to localize the source.Habituationto lowfrequencystimuli occurredwith as little as three presentations. Freeranging geese werepresented with the samefrequencies substrate as vi-
(NavalRes.Lab.,Washington, 20375-5350) DC
A computer modelfor the simulation the spatialand temporal of distributionof acoustic signals generated marinemammals presented. by is The modelincorporates information fromexisting references the geoon graphicdistribution marine mammalspecies. of Spatial distributions of individuals eachspecies may be present a siteare generated of that at using a random pointprocess modelthatincorporates statistical a representation of the spatialclusteringcharacteristics each species. of Individual vocalizations for each speciesare simulatedby randomly selectingsampled acousticsourcesignatures from either the Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution's SOUND database or from the NRL Dual Use Acoustics Cen-
bration alongwithsound pressure stimulation. a limitedsample In (three geese) avoidance noted.The application low-frequency was of sound as substrate vibrationon runwaysis promising. Alternatively,microwaves produce auditory an stimulus the ear thatcanbe altered changes to by in frequency, pulsewidth,andoverallpower.Pulsed microwaves microor wavesmodulated 1ow4frequency by soundare potentialsources alerting birdsfrom a flying planealreadycarryingnavigation radar.
4:00
ter (DUAC) database. The acousticsourcesignatures generated are in randomtime patterns that emulateknownvocalization repetition characteristics each species. for Soundpropagation effectsare incorporated by generating acoustic transfer functions usingpropagation models appropri-
ateto thefrequency band eachacoustic of signature. potential of The use

the model in the validationof marinemammalacoustic surveytechniques
is discussed. [Worksupported ONR.] by
4:45
4pAB9. Low-frequencyauditory behavior in sea lampreys,primitive
fish,and marineturtles. M.L. Lenhardt(Biomed. Eng.Prog., Virginia Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, 23298-0168and VirginiaInst. of VA
Marine Sci., Gloucester Point,VA 23062)
4pAB12. Study of sound transmission various types of stored in grain for acoustic detection of insects. Robert Hickling, Wei Wei
(Natl.Ctr.for Phys. Acoust., Univ.of Mississippi, University, 38677), MS and DavidW. Hagstrum (U.S. GrainMarketing Res.Lab.,Manhattan,
KS 66502)
Sealampreys (Petromyzon marinus) oneof only two species are of livingjawless fish.The brains earsof lampreys remarkably and are similar to thatof fossilOstracodrms, groupof fishthatexisted a over 500 millions yearsago. Jawedfish are derivedfrom jawlessfish which in turn
In detecting insectinfestations bulk-stored in grainusingan array of acoustic sensors, is important knowtherange sound it to of transmission in
grain. Preliminary [R.Hickling W.Wei,Appl. tests and Acoust. (1995)] 44

haveshownthat graincan be highly absorbing, depending frequency, on and this may limit the rangeat which insects be detected. can Testswere conducted with six differenttypesof grain: hard and soft wheat,brown
rice, soybeans,corn, and sorghum. The results were analyzed using sound-
radiated primitive into bonyfishasgars (Lepisosteus) teleosts into and and the line leading development tetrapods. to of Marineturtles (Carettac.
caretta;Lepidochelys kempi)are considered primitive in that they share
many characteristicswith stem reptilian stock from which birds and mam-
malsalsoradiated. The threespecies responded behaviorally electroand physiologically very low frequencies a similarfashion to in despite their obvious morphological differences. appear share abilityto detect All to an substrate vibrations, suggesting theprimitive that vertebrate wasalsoa ear
transmission theory in porousmedia. Transmission characteristics were determined related grainsizeandshape. and to Tests wereconducted the of effect of grain depth.Data analysis provides measure the average a of spacing betweengrains.The relationof grain spacing insectsize is to
discussed.
low-frequency vibration sensor. is hypothesized thefirstvertebrates It that
3371
3371
FRIDAY AFTERNOON, JUNE 1995 2

Session 4pEA
MEETING ROOM 2, 1:00TO 5:35P.M.
Engineering Acoustics: Laboratoryand IndustrialApplications Ultrasound of

GeraldV. Blessing, Chair
National Institute Standards Technology, of and Sound Building, Room A147,Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-0001
Invited Papers
1:05
4pEA1.Application Green'sfunctionmodeling ultrasonic of to probingof a planar interface. Nelson Hsu (NIST, N.

Gaithersburg, 20899) MD
Theuse plane-wave of ultrasoundprobe to interface properties onangular based spectrum analysescommon thenondestrucis in
tivetesting materials. of Space-time domain Green's function modelinganalternative is approachfrequency to domain modeling. it is better suited theimplementation for of short duration pulses, small aperture transducers, time-resolved and pulse-echo methods. However,computation ontheGreen's a based function, though conceptually simple, more is involved a computation onthe than based
model a planewaveof fixedfrequency. of Recently, explicit an Green's function layered for media beenderived. has Efficient computer programs also have been developed cases for which beeasily can tested experimentally have and immediate applications. Asexamples, comparison between results theory experiment reported forthree configurations: solid and are here test (1) a plate a on half-space different with interface conditions, a point with step-function and point source a detector located topof theplate; a on (2) liquid/solid interface, both point with the source point and detector theliquid; (3) a linefocus in and transducer probingliquid/solid a interface. Practical applicationslaser to ultrasound, simulated acoustic emission, theacoustic and microscope illustrated. are
1:30
4pEA2. Laser ultrasonic monitoring steel of microstructure at elevated temperatures. James Spicer(Dept. Mater. and B. of Sci.
Eng.,Johns Hopkins Univ.,Rm. 102 Maryland Hall, Baltimore, MD 21218)
Laser ultrasonicsa remote, as noncontacting ultrasonic testing method been has used extensively materials for characterization. However, unique the characterthelaser of source notbeen has exploited This fully. work steel elevated on at temperaturesmade has
use relationships exist the of which for thermoelasticsourcemonitoring laser in microstructural insteel. changes Ultrasonic monitoring
of microstructural evolution solids performed making in is by measurementsultrasonic of velocity attenuation. elevated and At temperatures, the ultrasonic both velocity andthe attenuation affected are independently the material of microstructure. Thermal
expansion sample ofthe complicatesdetermination the of velocity ultrasonic since independent from data an measurement of sample
length needed. is Contacting transducers onlyintermittent allow determinationvelocity attenuation continuous of and since contact might adversely affect either transducer thematerial. thisstudy, laser-ultrasonic characteristics used address the or In the source are to
these issues related thetesting materialselevated to of at temperatures. obtained thetesting austenitie martensitie Results for of and stainless totemperatures steels in excess 1273 indicate characteristic of K that microstructural may detected analysis changes be by of thelaser ultrasonic Thisanalysis data. permits real-time, continuous monitoring microstructural of evolution.
1:55
4pEA3. Ultrasonic resonance techniques materials for characterization external and stress measurementcylinders in and
spheres.WardJohnson G. A. Alers (NIST,MS 853,325 Broadway, and Boulder, 80303) CO
Several applications been have explored ultrasonic for resonance measurements electromagnetic-acoustic using transduction on
cylinders spheres. the and Since transduction isnoncontacting, velocities damping bedetermined great acoustic and can with accuracy, and small changesrelated in material propertiesthesample or environment bedetected. resonant can The frequencies of certain "axial-shear" in induction-hardened have modes steel rods been found behighly to correlated case with depth, providing a nondestructive measuredepth of comparable inaccuracydestructive Applied onanaluminum to tests. stress cylinder been has measured with
automatic temperature compensation the using resonant frequencies axial-shear and torsional thus ofan mode a mode, demonstrating thebasis anacoustic cell Elastic for load anisotropyaluminum been in has measured therelative from frequency splitting of axial-shear that modes would degenerate be in isotropic material. electromagnetic-acoustic has Also, transduction been incorporated in a system toobtain data theelastic used basic on constants damping metallic and of sphereselevated at temperatures.
3372
ContributedPapers
2:20
4pEA4. Ultrasonic evaluation of dynamic strain, crack nucleation,
and growth. D. Hazony, Welsch, Hailu (CaseWestern G. S. Reserve Univ.,Cleveland, 44106), and G. Halford (NASA LewisRes.Ctr., OH
Cleveland, OH 44135)
account the effectsof particlesize,shape for factor,orientation, well as as concentration the soundfrequency. and Theoreticalpredictions sound of speed attenuation and coefficient spectra compared are with several avail-
ableexperimental measurementsa variety colloids on of including aqueous suspensions polystyrene of latex,TiO2 or kaolin pigment,as well as a
toluene wateremulsion an oleicacidin nitrogen in and aerosol. The UCPC approach successfully can predictthe attenuation spectra concentrated of colloidscoveringa wide rangeof relative magnitudes viscousversus of thermalcontributions. applications particlesize and shape Its for characterization will be discussed.
The methodproposed a further development an earlier work is of
described Hazony al. ["Ultrasonic by et monitoring tensile, of fatigue, or creepspecimens situ,"J. Acoust. in Soc.Am. 93, 2279(A) (1993)]. Two
transducers imbedded the front and back facesof the specimens are at alongthe principalaxis.Thesetransmit receivearbitrarilysharp and stress pulses that probeboth the volumeand the surfaceof the specimen. The respective timesof flightare sufficient the monitoring longitudinal for of andtransversal strains. Moreover,intensity trackingof the variousreceived acousticsignalsalso serveswell for monitoringonset and growth of cracks. Sensitivity calibration and issues bediscussed experimenwill and tal dataon high-strength low-alloysteelandotheralloyspecimens be will presented. method The lendsitselfto highprecision measurements maof
3:05
4pEA7. Liquid-borne sub-micron particle detection through acoustic coaxing. SameerI. Madanshetty (Aerosp. and Mech. Eng., Boston Univ., ll0 CummingtonSt., Boston,MA 02215)
A novelapproach thedetection liquid-borne to of submicron particles in ultraclean liquids (used semiconductor in manufacture)described. is The
key concept to coaxthe submicron is particles softcavitate to detect to and the ensuing transient bubbleactivityacoustically ratherthanthe particle itself.The method, therefore, relieson facilitating acoustic microcavitation through acoustic coaxing.Liquid-borne microparticles not, ordinarily, do cause cavitation any whenexposed strong to sound fields(of I MHz). If, however, very weak, high-frequency a auxiliaryacoustic field (e.g., 30 MHz) is addedto this soundfield, cavitationby the microparticles is readily facilitated.This techniqueof facilitating cavitation is termed "acoustic coaxing." Results preliminary of experiments indicate even that smoothsphericalmicroparticles can be coaxed to cause cavitation.An explanation the "acoustic of coaxing effect" is offered.This novelmethod based the acoustic on coaxing microcavitation of promises be a good to basisfor an on-line, real-timemonitorof liquid-borne submicronic particulatepresence. This methodis not limited to small sensing volumes, and, unlike opticalmethods, has an intrinsic,location-specific, it signal enhancement the sourceparticle. at
3:20
terialdeformation damage maybe used hightemperatures and and at and in aggressive environments. [Worksupported ONR andTecSonics, by Inc. of Twinsburg, Ohio.]
2:35
4pEA5. Effect of particle shapeon viscous attenuationof ultrasound in concentratedclay suspensions. Wei Han and Hemant P. Pendse (Dept. of Chem. Eng., 5737 Jenness Hall, Univ. of Maine, Orono,ME
04469-5737)
Acoustic wave propagation concentrated in suspensions analyzed is usinga modifiedcoupled-phase modeling approach. The particle,size, shape, orientation takenintoaccount estimation viscous and are for of drag coefficient spheroid of particles overwideranges frequency particle of and concentration. The study deals with frequency-dependent and concentration-dependent ultrasound attenuation coefficient clay suspenof sions,with particularattentionto the effect of particle size and shape distributions. clay suspensions, majorlossof acoustic For the energyresultsfrom the viscous dissipation arisingfrom the relativeparticle-fluid motion.Predicted results sound-speed attenuation of and coefficient based on consideration particleshapefactorsagreewell with the measureof ments available literature frequencies 0.10-5.0 MHz and solid in for of concentrations to 40 vol%. Experimental up results attenuation of spectra of plate-shaped kaolinclay slurties with solidconcentrations 0.6 to 16.9 of vol% over 3 to 60 MHz axeobtained usinga newlydeveloped AcoustoPhor System8000. Theseattenuation spectra interpreted termsof are in realistic particle sizeandshape distributions. effects nonsphericity The of
becomedominantas particleconcentrations operating and frequencies are increased. Realisticsize-dependent shape factors shownto explainthe are measured spectra.
4pEA8. Investigation of accuracy of sound-speed measurements in solids: A novel method. Thomas M. Proctor (T-PROsic, 22901 Old HundredRd., Barnesville,MD 20838) Speedof soundin solidshasbeenmeasured a numberof different by techniques over the past5 decades. Unfortunately, consistent repeatability andaccuracy havebeena rareoccurrence. Many error-producing problems of a fundamental nature havekeptthisexperimental finding suspect best. at In liquids,the definition, dl/dt, for speed soundcan be usedto check of the accuracyof the methodbut, for solids,such incremental changesin path length are not possible.In the case of a plate, a combination of modifications the procedure the normalon-axis-plane to for wave experiment are possible. Over the past 15 years,a numberof improvements and innovations have enhanced field of acoustic the emission. The development of a point contactreceivingtransducer and a repetitiveimpulsive point source conjunction in with developed Green'sfunctiontheoryfor the plategeometry haveallowedfor a new way of doingthe ultrasonic velocity measurement. new approach be discussed errorproblems This will and inherentin this techniquewill be examined.Resultsof changein length versus changein time of flight will be analyzed. [Work performed by contract NIST] to
3:35
2:50
4pEA6. Unified coupled-phase formulation for estimating complex wave-number spectra associated with ultrasound propagation through concentrated colloidal dispersions. Hemant P. Pendseand Wei Han (Dept. of Chem. Eng., 5737 Jenness Hall, Univ. of Maine,
Orono, ME 04469-5737)
The unifiedcoupled phase continuum (UCPC) approach utilizedto is

analyze sound propagationthrough colloidal dispersions consistingof solidparticles liquid dropletssuspended a fluid. Attentionis focused or in
4pEA9. Determination of the elastic properties of composite plates
on thecaseof submicron particles moderate high(5% to 50%) volat to

ume fractions under ultrasonic frequencies. The governing equations in-
usinggas-coupled ultrasorties. MichaelJ. Anderson (Dept.of Mech. Eng., Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843-1030), ChristopherM.
Fortunko (NIST, Boulder. CO 80303). and Edwin M Odom (Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, ID)
volve equations state,continuity, of momentum, and energyfor the discontinuous continuous and phases, respectively. The viscous(thermal) coupling between two phases accounted the is through matching termsin theequations momentum of (energy) formulated separately eachphase. for Expressions the viscousand thermalcouplingcoefficients for explicitly
A nonintrusive technique beendeveloped measurement the has for of elastic toodull of reinforcedpolymercomposite plates.Two ultrasonic transducers placedin a transmission configuration air as the coupling use mediumto exciteA0 Lamb wavesin the platesample. The phasespeed of
3373
129th Meeting:AcousticalSociety of America
3373
theplatewaves a givenfrequency inferred at is fromtheangle incidence of for maximumtransmission. of a low-impedance Use couplantgivesseveral advantages beyond nonintrusive the nature thetechnique. of First,the influence the gasmediumis entirelydecoupled of from the determination of stiffnessmoduli. Second,a low-impedance couplantgives a highqualityfactor, whichenhances potential the precision thetechnique. of Gas coupled measurements stiffness of toodullon unidirectionaily reinforced gmphitedepoxy glass/epoxy and plates thickness Ihe range 1-6 mm of in arepresented. Platewaveswereexcitedoverthe frequency range100-200 kHz. Stiffness moduli Ell, E:2,Gi2, andPoisson's v23 ratio (fibers the in "1" direction)were obtainedfrom the phase-speed/frequency using data
4:35
4pEAl3. Effects of structure nsitivity of linear and nonlinear elastic toodull in built-of-eontact systems. V. Yu. Zaitsev (Inst. of Appi. Phys.,46 Uljanovastr.,NizhnyNovgorod 603600,Russia) Acoustical properties built-of-contact of systems ratherinteresting are both from the viewpointof generalphysicalacoustics appliedproband lems.Suchstructures oftendemonstrate can ratherunusual acoustic propeftties thissense (in theyaresimilarto such popular a object acoustics in as bubblyliquid).On the otherhand,built-of-contact systems correspond to real physical structures, grainymediaandroughcontacting e.g., interfaces. Manifestations their structural of changes linearand nonlinear in acoustic properties are importantfor the creationof new methodsof acoustical diagnostics. results numerical The of simulation nonlinear of harmonic generation underthe actionof an externalsinusoidal drive in a model built-of-contact system with differentinitial compression presented. is The modelhasallowedexperimental explanation observed of "unusual" nonlinearelastic properties realgrainymaterials, of whichcannot explained be by knowntheoretical models,whichdo not take into account nonideality of packing, i.e., the presence intergrain of contacts with significantly differentinitialcompression. wasrevealed higher-order It that elastic parameters are much more sensitiveto the material structurechangesthan the liner modulus.This fact is rather encouraging the creationof new for nonlinear acoustic structure diagnostics methods.
leastsquares. Properties determined the gascoupled with technique are compared with staticmeasurements, with modelpredictions and based upontheproperties theconstituents fiher-volume of and ratio.
3:50
4pEA10. The ultrasonicreflectionfrom a fiat-bottom hole. Martin
ManIcy (Sound Bldg.,Rm.A-147,NIST,Gaithersburg, 20899) MD

The reference calibration ultrasonic for of measuring equipment used
to detect flaws in metal is the reflection from a set of fiat-bottom holes in
metalblocks. Earlyexperimental observation well as an earlyanalysis as usinga far-fieldassumption suggested theresponse that should vary linearly with the areaof the hole.Recently, validityof this linearresult the hasbeen calledintoquestion newanalyses well asexperiment. by as This paperpresents new analysis the reflected a of signaland evaluates the
block set which is usedfor ASTM recommended practiceE-127 in light of this analysis.
4:05
4:50
4pEA14. Nonlinear combinational sound scattering by discontinuity-like defects in solids and its possible usage for crack diagnostics.I. Yu. Belyaeva V. Yu. Zaitsev (Inst.of Appi.Phys., and 46 Uljanovastr.,NizhnyNovgorod, 603600,Russia) One of Ihe importantproblemsin structural controlof solidsis the problemof discontinuity-like defectsdiagnostics. main drawbackof The conventional linear diagnostic methods the complicmed is differentiation between weak "useful"signaloriginated to a crackandthe waves a due scattered otherinhomogeneities the material,whichare not interestby of
4pEAll. Lamb wave measurementsfor rapid monitoring of sheet metal. George Alers (NIST, MS 853, 325 Broadway, A. Boulder, CO 80303)
Lambwaves represent verynatural a choice interrogating of energy for problems involving ultrasonic inspection sheet of andplateshaped materials. Theyhavenotenjoyed wideusein nondestructive evaluation because their excitation detection piezoelectric and by transducers requirespecial mechanical supports corrections theacoustic and for loading thesheet of by thecoupling medium mustbe made.By usingproperly designed electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs),the transducer supports be can simplified, corrections leakywaves beeliminated, veryspecific for can and
modescan be usedto optimize a particularinspection process. Several examples usingspecial of Lamb wavemodes inspect to pipesand tubesin industrial environments be presented, theirusefor materials will and characterization ferromagnetic in metalswill be emphasized.
4:20
ing from the viewpoint flaw detection. view of this problem, of In new acoustic diagnostic methods based measuring on nonlinear acoustic characteristics haverecently begun attract attention researchers. to the of The
effect of acoustic wavesscattering nonlinearly from a thin discontinuitylike defectin a solidis analyzed. The defectis considered the interface as betweentwo surfaces coveredwith bulgescharacterized differentinitial by deformation. is shownthat the nonlinearscattering It into combinationalfrequencywavesis much more sensitive the loadingof the interface to contacts compared with the scattering into the wave of fundamental frequency.The observation nonlinearscattering crack-typedefects of by shouldallow one to distinguish cracksfrom other scatterers can be and usedfor creation new methods crackdetection positioning. of of and
4pEAl2. Ultrasonic power output measurementby pulsed radiation
5:05
pressure. Steven Fick (NIST, Gaithersburg, 20899) E. MD

Direct measurements time-average of spaticily integrated outputpower radiatedinto reflectionless water loadscan be madewith high accuracy by exploitingthe radiationpressure which causes absorptive an targetinterceptingthe entiretyof an ultrasound beamto experience force propora tional to the total beampower,which, in turn, is readily determinable as
accurately as the racliauon force can be measured in isolation [rom con-
4pEAl5. Theoretical analysis of dynamic characteristics of piezoceramic polymer composites with 2-2 connectivity. Q.M. Zhang and XuecangGeng (Intercoliege Mater. Res. Lab., Penn State Univ., UniversityPark, PA 16802)
A dynamic modelof piezoceramic polymer composites 2-2 conwith

nectivity is presented. can be usedto evaluatethe dispersion It curvesfor
founding forces arising fromsuch effects buoyancy, as surface tension, and vibration. radiation A forcebalance (RFB) constructed NBS in 1974is at
the first and only RFB known to be designed employ simultaneous to mechanical electrical and signalprocessing based temporal on modulation of the incident ultrasound a frequency at well abovethosecharacteristic of confounding phenomena. Equippedwith purpose-built electronics, the RFB is operatedby manually equalizingthe radiation force and a counterforcegenerated an actuator by calibrated against referencemasses using dc currentas the transfervariable.Improvements made to the RFB during its one overhaul in 1988 have nearly halved its overall measurements uncertainty, extended capabilities includemeasuring output and its to the of ultrasonic systems with arbitrarypulsewaveforms.
the thickness resonance the stopbandedgeresonance, effective and the

velocity of the longitudinalwave, as well as the distributions strain, of stress, and the electricfield in a composite. Basedon theseresults,the electromechanical coupling factors are determinedusing two different methodsaccordingto the IEEE recommendation. is shown that the It thicknessmode coupling factor k, obtained from the difference of the effectivelongitudinal velocities the constant at electricfield and constam
electric displacement in goodagreement theexperimental is with values. It

is also shownthat, due to the composite structure, piezoelectric the shear coefficienles has a strongeffect on both the effective velocity of the
longitudinal uD and even thelimitwhere composite wave k at the thickness muchlarger is thantheperiod. theother On hand, calculated k from
3374
d. Acoust. Soc.Am., VoL97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995
3374
theenergy consideration muchhigher is thantheexperimental values and cannot account correctly the effectof e5 on kt . Fromthe model,the for evolution thethickness of mode andthestop band edgeresonance the with thickness a composite the modes of and coupling between two canalso the
be elucidated.
studyinvestigate effectof the lengthon the acoustic the attenuation performance concentric of expansion chambers. Three approaches emare
ployed here to determinethe transmission loss: (1) a two-dimensional,
axisymmetric analytical solution; a three-dimensional (2) computational solution based theboundary on element method; (3) experiments an and on
extended impedance tube setupwith nine expansion chambers fabricated with the fixedinlet and outletduct,andchamber diameters, varying and chamber lengthto diameter ratiosfrom 1/d=0.2-3.5. The results from all threeapproaches shownto agreewell. The effectof multidimensional are propagation discussed comparison is in with the classical treatment the for breakdownof planar waves. The study also providesa simple relation between l/d ratioof the expansion the chamber the number repeatand of ing attenuation domes prior to the domination higher-order of modes.
5:20
4pEA16. The effect of length on the acoustic attenuation performance of concentric expansion chambers. A. Selamet and P. M. Radavich (Dept. of Mech. Eng. and Appl. Mech., 120 W. E. Lay
Automotive Lab., Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2121)
Following an earlier analyticaland computational work of Sahas-
rabudhe al. [NoiseControl et Eng.J. 38(1), 27-38 (1992)],thepresent
FRIDAY AFTERNOON,
2 JUNE 1995
AUDITORIUM,
1:00 TO 5:00 P.M.
Session 4pPA
PhysicalAcoustics:Nonlinear Acoustics
Murray S. Korman, Chair Departmentof Physics,U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis,Maryland 21402
ContributedPapers
1:00
4pPAI. The Tait equationand its connection with B/A: An historical note. RobertT. Bcyer (Dept. of Phys.,Brown Univ., Providence, RI
01912)
Copenhagen Science Technology, (IPC and London, 1974),or interaction withrealsources I. Westervelt, [P. Virtual Sources thePresence Real in of Sources Nonlinear in Acoustics, editedby T. G. Muir (Proc.of Univ. of Texasat AustinConference, Nov. 1969)].
1:30
In the 1880s,the Scottish physicist G. Tait set up an empirical R equation tit pressure-volume for freshandsaltwater, to data gathered a on
research expedition theH. M. S. Challenger of ["Physics Chemistry" and of theVoyage ofH. M. S. Challenger, II, partIV (1888)].ThisequaVol. tion,together with two or threevariants it, wasthe starting of pointof a
number researches thenext70 years. the 1950s, wasputto use of over In it in stillanother form,andbecame ancestor thequadratic the of relationship of pressure and densityusedin nonlinearacoustics. The historyof this development the connection and betweenthe Tait equationand the ratio
B/A is set forth.
4pPA3. Scattering of sound by sound within the interaction zone:
Approximate solutions. PeterJ. Westervelt (Dept. of Phys.,Brown

Univ., Box 1843,Providence, 02912) RI
The exact second-order transient solution to the interaction of an arbi-
trarywavewith a planewaveis givenby Westervelt J. Westervelt, [P. J.
Acoust. Am.96,3320(1994)]. thearbitrary beX(x-.r), Soc. Let wave a plane wave traveling theh direction. this in In case (1-fl. n) lX and o-= the solution to Eckart's equation becomes psc E2 = +(I-fi4h)-(A+2fi4h)=cos0V2, which identical Eq. (10) of is to
Westervelt J. Westervelt, Acoust. [R J. Soc. Am. 29, 934 (1957)]provided
1:15
the substitutions p (w}w2)-W_ fi4h=cosare = and 0 made.isasIt

sertedthat this exact solutionservesas an approximatesolutionto the
4pPA2. General proof of the nonscatteringof sound by sound in the
lossless dispersionless case. PeterJ. Westervelt (Dept.of Phys., Brown

Univ., Box 1843, Providence, 02912) RI
far-field interaction arbitrary of sources. is done allowing andfi This by fn

to be space dependent. an example,the exactsolution the cardioid As for
Introducing variable pcq- q- V into (14)ofWestervelt the rr: L A Eq. [P.J. Westervelt,Acoust. Am. 29, 200 (1957)], equivalent J. Soc. two dissipationless equations obtained the wave are for scattered variable pc02:
waveX=(4rr)-l[fi4h(G,o+Gr )-G.0] interactions a plane with wave obtained rr=-(4rrr)-IG.0, where is from G=G(x-r) and
=rr . In the field the far of cardioid source, rr=(1-fi-)-iX, asinthe
planewave-planewaveinteraction, demonstrating assertion. thus the
1:45
Eq. (1) is El2[ + 2().00]= FV,00 and Eq. (2) is r U]2[z--A(q).00]=FT. which 00in ff12=Land F=-(2+A). Outside
theregion interaction of r=pcgsothesource psccanbeeither for FV.o orFT.o and o 0 since, general, V,pcg in T: must zero be (except for
unidirectional waves when T= V in which case the well-known solution is
4pPA4. Nonlinear bubble oscillationsand Bjerknes forces. Sean M.
still restricted the interaction to zone).As an example, consider coltwo lidingwavesfor whichthe interaction energies satisfyTi2= - Vi2 requir-
ingpsCo 2 fromEq. (1) to be thenegative thatfromEq. (2) which of

demands pc6= 0. Wtthmthe interaction that regionthe solution either to
Cotdry (Dept. of Phys.,Univ. of Mississippi, University, MS 38677), Lawrence Crum,andRonaldA. Roy (Appl. Phys.Lab., Seattle, A. WA 98105) The acoustic levitation bubbles standing of in waveshasbeenconsidered by many authors. Calculations the equilibriumlevitationposition of
equation is
Psc=(A-2)(b* ,0o+qqb*.0o-2qb*,0qb where b b ,0),
p=,;b*+b- sumof rightandleft traveling the waves. scattered The pres-
havefollowedthe example Eller [A. Eller, J. Acoust. of Soc.Am. 43,
sure = pc+ A V. Forscatteringoccur p to outside interaction the region,

theremustexist losses, witnessed the parametric as in array,or dispersion
170-171 (1968)] consideri..ng radial by linear pulsations amplitude whose

is given by a linearizedRayleigh-Plesset equation. This procedure begins to fail as the bubblestartsbehavingin a nonlinearfashion.For bubbles
[see,e.g.,P.J. Westervelt,"ScatteringSound Sound,"in FiniteAmof by plitude WaveEffectsin Fluids, editedby L. Bj6m6, Proc. 1973 Symp. 3375 d. Acoust.Soc. Am., Vol. 97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995
experiencing nonlinear behavior, radiation the pressure (primary Bjerknes 129th Meeting:AcousticalSociety of America 3375
fome)mustbe numerically calculated fromthe product the instantaof

neous bubblevolumeandthe pressure gradient the sound of field. Bubbles
differential-integral equation nonlinear for wavepropagation whendiffusivemotions be neglected. processesdissipation viscous can The of (e.g.,
smaller resonance are than size normally 9ttractedthe to pressure antinode, butwhen nonlinear effects considered,bubbles berepulsed are the can by
the pressure antinode drivingpressures for abovea certainthreshold amplitude.Results our calculations be presented of will alongwith the im-
and thermal), chemical relaxation, nonlinear and equation state of response

influence waveprofile. the Approximations, as low-frequency such and high-frequency expansionsEngelbrecht, Motion 65 (1979)] [J. Wave 1, are examined. low-frequency The results the classical in Burgers' equation.
Applications with calculations informationavailablein the literature use
plications single for bubble sonoluminescence. supported the [Work by

officeof Naval Research.]
2:00
forocean electrolytic environments. ofslightly and solution The case inhomogeneous mediawill alsobe discussed.
2:45-3:00 Break
4pPA5. Nonlinear elasticwave propagationalong free surfacesof a thick plate. M. E Hamilton,Yu. A. ll'inskii, and E. A. Zabolotskaya (Dept.of Mech.Eng.,Univ.of Texas, Austin, 78712-1063) TX Nonlinear elasticwavepropagation alongfree surfaces a thickisoof tropicplateis investigated theoretically. finite thickness the plate The of introduces dispersion. the linearapproximation solution a superIn the is
positionof symmetricand antisymmetric modes,and the wave field undulatesalong the surfaces the plate. Nonlinearityis taken into account of with the Hamiltonianformalismusedto model Rayleighwavesof finite
3:00
4pPA8. An acoustic device for Prandtl number measurements in
gases. KeithA. Gillis,MichaelR. Moldover (NIST,Thermophys. Div.,

Bldg. 221/Rm. ALII, Gaithersburg, MD 20899), and JamesB. Mehl (Univ. of Delaware, Newark,DE 19716-2570) An acoustic methodis beingdeveloped measurements both the for of thermal viscous and diffusivities gases of using different of resonances sets of a singlecavity.The ratio of the diffusivities, i.e., the Prandtlnumber, is a key parameter determining heattransfer in the froma solidto a moving
amplitude [Zabolotskaya,Acoust. Am. 91, 2569-2575(1992)].The J. Soc. resulting coupled spectral equations wereintegrated numerically investo tigateharmonic generation waveform and distortion an initially monoin chromatic wave generated one sideof the plate.Two differentplate on thicknesses were considered, and 100 shearwavelengths. 20 For the thickerplate, and with a shockformationdistance muchsmallerthan the dispersion length,the solutions resemble thosefor nonlinearRayleigh waves a half-space. thethinner in For plate,andwith thetwo length scales
fluid.Honeycomb inserts placed nearthecenter = L/2) of a cylindrical (z
cavity (length provide large L) a surface withminimal area blockage of

longitudinal acoustic flow. Odd-order longitudinal modes,whichhave a velocityantinode z = L/2, have a strongvmcous at interaction with the insert. even-order For modes. whichhavetemperature antinodes z = L/ at
of thesame order, propagation forthesecond curves harmonic component

exhibitthe "growth-decay cycles" havebeenmeasured experiments that in and discussed a previous in article[Shull et aL, J. Acoust. Soc.Am. 94,
2. thethermal interaction dominates Measurementstheresonance of parameters bothtypes modes analyzed of of are using modelwhichenables a the viscousdiffusivity to be determinedfrom the odd modesand the thermaldiffusivityfrom the even modes.Because sameinsertis used the
for both the even and the odd modes. the ratio of the diffusivities is not
418-427 (1993)]. [Work supported NSF,Schlumberger, theOffice by and

of Naval Research.]
2:15
sensitive details the geometry the insert: to of of thus.the Prandtl number
canbedetermined accurately either more than diffusivity. [Wo-supported by ONR.I

3:15
4pPA6. Acoustic streaming at high Reynoldsnumbers in focused soundbeams. M. F. Hamilton, A. ll'inskii, andE. A. Zabolotskaya Yu. (Dept.of Mech.Eng.,Univ.of Texas, Austin, 78712-1063) TX In experiments reportedrecentlyon acoustic streaming focused in sound beams [Starrittet aL, Ultrasound Med. Biol. 15, 363 (1989), and Matsuda al., Advances Nonlinear et in Acoustics: 1SNA, 13th edited H. by
4pPA9.Ab initio calculations helium,acoustics, metrology. for and Michael R. Moldover (NIST. Thermophys. Div.. Gaithersburg, MD
20899)
Hobaek (WorldScientific, Singapore, 1993),pp. 595-600], theReynolds

numbers the streaming of order 100.To modelsuchexperiments, for are nonlinearity themomentum in equation thestreaming for velocity should be taken intoaccount. Previous comparisons theory of withmeasurements
Lossy, gas-filled resonators now beingdeveloped NIST to meaare at surethe viscous and thermaldiffusivifies gases. theseresonators of If
of acoustic streaming focused in beams based linear am on equations for the streaming velocity, whichare normally valid only for Stokes flows characterized Reynolds by numbers thanunity[Lighthill,J. Sound less Vib. 61,391 (1978)].The numerical results presented wereobtained here with nonlinear inertia terms the streaming for velocity retained equain tionsthatdescribe paraxial the region the beam. of The primarywaveis assumed be a focused to Gaussian beam, withparameters corresponding to theexperiments above. cited Inclusion nonlinearity of yields predictions of
streaming patterns aremorelocalized thefo4alregion, that in andin closer agreement experiment, predictions with than based linearized on equations
become well understood thelow-loss as as spherical resonators already developed NIST. the uncertainty the measured at in viscosity a dilute of gas become than will less 0.1%.possibly limited thedifficulty meaby of suring dimensionsa double-Helmholtz the of resonator a Greenspan (i.e..
viscometerl The accuracy thedatafromtheacoustic of viscometer be will tested comparing by experimental results heliumwith the recent for ab inttioresultfrom quantum mechanical calculations: r/=119.800_+0.010) /Pa s at 298.15 K. Similarly, the resultsfor the Prandtlobtainedfrom
cylindrical acoustic resonators inserts be tested comparison with will by
with abinitio the result: (Cprl/XM)=0.66419. Pt= Helium-based thergas

mometry (both traditional and acoustic will benefit from the theoretical
for theflow.[Worksupported Schlumberger, andtheOfficeof by NSF,

Naval Research.]
2:30
results thesecond for virialcoefficient helium. of Perhaps pressure measurements the1- to 10-MPa in region could improved combining be by the
ab initio resultswith highly accuratemeagurements the dielectric conof
stant of helium.
3:30
4pPA7. Nonlinear waves through multicomponent fluid media with chemical reactions. Timothy Marguiles (Natl.Ctr.for Phys. S. Acoust.,
Univ. of Mississippi,Oxford, MS 58677)
4pPA10.Recentprogress problems studyof forcedstanding and on solirons generated Faraday waveexperiment. Rongjue in Wei (Inst. of Acoust.. Nanjing Univ..Nanjing 210008. People's Republic China) of
Finite-amplitude propagation been wave has investigated balance using andconstitutive equations derived continuum via mixture theoryfor a
multicomponent systemsuch that simultaneous chemicalreactionscan occur. multiple-time A scaleperturbation approach Tanuitiand C.-C. IT.
Fromthesimple Faraday waveexperiment rectangular of with tanks variable length width. withinsection partitions. standing and or of the or
nonpropagating solirons manifest number interesting will a of nonlinear
Wei, J. Phys.Soc.Jpn.24 (4), 941 (1968)]wasusedto develop a

3376
phenomena. include These parameters governing generation. stability, collisiondynamics. reflection symmetry, chaotic behaviors. of oneor etc..
moresoiltons. Someof the not well-solved problems the physics of and
mathematical formulations be presented. brief summary the will [A of

workby the Nonlinear Acoustics GroupI of Nanjing,supported Chiby
nese Nonlinear Foundation.] Sc.

3:45
Lorentzforces dueto the eddycurrents induced the diskaccelerate in the diskawayfromthecoil.Thediskacceleration producesshock a wavein a liquid-filled cavity. convergent A reflector focuses waveontoa nozzle. the The reflection the shock of wavefrom the water-air interface produces a
discrete water A theoretical jet. analysis theelectrical of characteristics of

thetransducer presented. finite-element is A package used optimize was to theconvergent reflector. Experimental results froma prototype generator aregivenincluding pressure measurements a needle from hydrophone and
4pPAll. Capillary bridge stability in an acousticstanding wave: Linearized analysisof passivestabilizationwith radiation pressure. PhilipL. Marston (Dept.of Phys., Washington StateUniv.,Pullman, WA
99164-2814)
schlieren photographsthewater [Worksupported FRD.] of jet. by
A liquid bridgebetween two solid surfaces, knownas a capillary

bridge, applications low gravitysuchasthe solidification floating has in of zones.Long bridges naturallyunstable a symmetric are to modewherea region adjacentto one end bulgeswhile the oppositeend thins. For a cylindrical bridge radius andlength the slenderness of R L, S=L/2R has a natural(Rayleigh)limit of r beyondwhich the bridgebreaks.It is proposed to stabilize here dense bridges a velocity at antinode a standof
4:30
4pPA14. Coherent enhancement ofreflected ina parametric signals

echo-sounder. Dimitri M. Donskoy (Davidson Lab., Stevens Inst. of
Technol.,711 HudsonSt., Hoboken,NJ 07030), AlexanderM. Sutin,
andAndrew Potapov (Inst.of Appl.Phys., I. NizhniiNovgorod, Russia)

A parametric echo-sounder usedfor seasub-bottom is profilingand target (cables,mines, etc.) finding. It generates modulatedhigha frequency signal (pump signal). Due to thenonlinearity water, of partof the pumpenergyis converted into a low-frequency wave namedthe secondary signal.The high-frequency pump signal reflectsmostlyfrom a bottomsurface and hashighsignal-to-noise ratio.The low-frequency secondarysignalpenetrates deeper underthe bottomand reflects from subbottomlayersand buried objects.However,the level of thesereflected signals low, oftenbelownoiselevel.In orderto enhance signal-tois the noise ratiofor these reflected secondary signals, coherent the average tech-
ing acoustic waveperpendicular the bridgeaxis.Let (Pt) denote to the

angular average the radiation of pres.sure the surface a cylindrical over of
bridge.It is necessary selectthe acoustic to frequency suchthat (Pr)

increases with R so thata bulgeis automatically squeezed the increased by radiation pressure. Linearized analysis the stabilityindicates may be of S
extended beyond Smx r: dependsq= (R2/'y)d(pr)/dR, 7 isthe on where

surface tension and Stoa diverges q approaches as unity.The analysis Supports possibilityof passiveacousticstabilization capillary the of breakup low gravity. in The one-dimensional inviscid sliceapproximation
isused theanalysis axisymmetric in of deformations. supported [Work by

NASA.]
4:00
nique beemployed theuse thereflected can with of pump (high-frequency)

pulses reference as signals. feasibility thisapproach based the The of is on followingconsiderations. The pump and the secondary (1) signals are always correlated. Average (2) fromonepulse another to doesnotdepend
on deviationin distance betweenthe transducer the bottom(due to the and
4pPA12. Capillary bridge modes driven with modulated acoustic radiation pressure. Scot E Morse, David B. Thiessen,and Philip L. Marston (Dept. of Phys., Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA 99164-2814) A liquid bridgebetweentwo solid surfaces known as a capillary is bridge. theexperiments bedescribed, bridge In to the liquidis a mixture of PDMS with a dense organic liquid.The bridgehasthe samedensity the as surrounding water bath suchthat its equilibriumshapebetweencircular posts a circular is cylinder length andradius Low-frequency of L R. modes of sucha bridgeare knownto existwheresurface tension provides the restoring force.Even neglecting viscosity, modalcharacteristic the equation is complicated the boundary by conditions. is demonstrated It that low-frequency modulation an ultrasonic of standing wavein thesurround. ing bathcanbe usedto excitespecific axisymmetric nonaxisymmetric or capillary modes. Coupling eachmodedepends the location the to on of bridge the standing in wave.The coupling a consequence the spaceis of timemodulation theradiation of pressure discussed as previously drops for
pitching, drifting,etc.) because reference the signal(reflected from the bottom pumpsignal) always followsthisdeviation. The frontof the (3) pumpsignalis muchsharper compared as with thefrontof the secondary
signal.Therefore coherent averaging the secondary of signals be done can
precisely. For the "frozen"sub-bottom (4) structure delays time between the firstreflected signaland the all followingreflected signals fixed; are therefore coherent the accumulation takeplacefor all of these will signals. The proposed method proved was during feasibility fieldtestperformed at
Barents Sea.
4:45
andbubbles L. Martson, Acoust. Am. 67, 15-26 (1980)].The [P. 1. Soc.

predicted decrease modefrequncy-with of increasing slenderness= L/ S 2R is confirmed is the vanishing the frequency the mostunstable as of of
4pPA15, Nonlinear vibro-acoustic method for diagnostics cracks of in constructionmaterials. Aleksey S. Korotkovand AlexanderM. Sutin (Inst.of Appl.Phys., Russian Academy Sciences, Uljanov of 46 St., 603600NizhnyNovgorod, Russia) New methods the diagnostics defects objects for of in madeof constrnction materials, primarily metals, proposed. basic of are The concept of theproposed methods simple: is Materials containing defects havea much larger nonlinear response materials than with nodefects. materials For with
integrity,the nonlinear responses up to severalorderslessas compared are with the caseof defectedmaterialswith defects.It is noteworthyto stress
that these nonlinear effects are noticeable even at small strains far from a
mode S approaches [Worksupported NASA.] as '. by

4:15
4pPA13. An electromagnetic liquid shock wave generator for the
production a pulsed of waterjet. Bruce J.P. Mortimer (School Elec. of
Eng., Cape Technikon, Box652,Cape P.O Town, 8000,South Africa)and

BericW. Skews (Univ. of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa)
material damage threshold, makingit ratherattractive nondestructhus for tive testing.The first experiments were performed employingsamples shaped rodsmade steel as of used fabricating for parts nuclear of reactors.
Water canbe eithercontinuous pulsed. jets or Pulsed discrete or water jetshave many advantages continuous in certain over jets applications. The production discrete hasmostlybeendue to a momentum of jets transfer froma mass impacting compression a chamber. thisstudy feasibility In the of using novel a adaptation anelectromagnetic (EMAS)for the of source production a pulsed of water is investigated. device jet This consists a of high-voltage F, 20-kV capacitor 4-8 whichis discharged through flat a pancake An insulated coil. metaldiskis in close proximity with thecoil.
Thesamples exposed static were to stretchingorder introduce in to defects.

Acoustic field modulation measured low-frequency was by vibrations and
its increase(more than 30 dB) in stretchedsampleswas observed.The
nonlinear interaction the impact-produced of vibrations with the acoustic fieldin steelsamples with a crackwasinvestigated. wasshown the It that modulation sound suchvibration be usedfor cracks of by can detection. The method was alsousedto testa welded joint fin a largepipe line for a
nuclearpower station.
3377
3377
FRIDAY AFTERNOON, 2 JUNE 1995
GRAND BALLROOM CENTRAL, 1:00 TO 5:00 P.M.
Session 4pPP
Psychological Physiological and Acoustics: Harvey FletcherMemorial Session H

Jont B. Allen, Cochair
AT&T Bell Laboratories,Room2D-553, 600 MountainAvenue,P.O. Box 636, Murray Hill, New Jersey07974-0636 Roy D. Patterson, Cochair
MRC Applied Psychology 15Chaucer Cambridge, 2EEUnited Unit, Road, CB2 Kingdom
Larry E. Humes,Cochair Department Speech of and Hearing Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405 Invited Papers
1:00
4pPPLCochlcar modeling since Fletcher.William Siebert M. '(Res. Lab.of Electron., 36r825, Rm. MIT, Cambridge, 0:2139) MA
In 1951,HarveyFletcher published comprehensive a analysis themacromechanical of dynamic behavior thecochlear of partition in response sound. to Althoughnot the first to derivethe now-familiarone<limensional long-wavedifferentialequation, Fletcher's discussion so clear and so carefulthat it had considerable is impactat the time and remainstodaya modelof elegantbiophysical
thinking. results, His moreover, matched observations available the then (primarily those yonBekesy). last44 years, of The however, haveseenthe introduction a varietyof newexperimental of observations casting serious doubts whether cochlea usefully on the can be considered linear passive a system Fletcherand his contemporaries as assumed. And new analyticaltools,notablythe wide availabilityof extensive computational facilities,have substantially alteredour idea of what constitutes workablemathematical a model.This paperwill reviewthe placeof models the Fletcher of typein our current understanding cochlear of behavior.
1:30
4pPP2. The auditory filterbank: Fletcher's functional model hearing. RoyD. Patterson of (MRCAppl.Psych. Unit,15Chaucer
Rd., Cambridge CB2 2EF, IIK)
Fletcher [Rev. Mad.Phys. 47-65 (1940)]summarized observationspitch, 12, his on loudness, masking terms "auditory and in of
pattemsspiral linesrepresenting cochlea the withshaded regions showing neural responses sinusolds. auditory to The filterbank was a setof overlapping auditory patterns spanning frequency the rangeof hearing--aconcept hasserved a functional that as modelof
auditory frequency analysis since. has main ever It four components:filter the shape, bandwidth, distributionfilters its the of across
frequency, thedetection and criterion the filteroutput. at Fletcher identified these components focused and attention themwith his on famous "band-widening" experiment whicha toneis masked a variable in by widthnoise centered thetone.The current on paper reviewsfour areasof research spawned the components Fletcber'sfilterbankconcept. by of The research has shownthat the band-widening experiment actuallyratherinsensitive, subject a confounding is and to whichled to underestimation filter bandwidth of and overestimation the detection of criterion.But the more important assumptions aboutfilter shape and distribution were proven essentially correct. a result, As current, computational, auditory filterbanks surprisingly are similarto Fletcber's original conception.
2:00
4pPP3.The excitation-pattern modelaccording Fletcher. Sren Buus (Commun. Digital SignalProcess. Dept.of to and Ctr., Elec. andCornput. Eng. (409 DA), Northeastern Univ., 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115-5096) This talk reviews howFletcher used excitation patterns understand to auditory processing. the 1930's, In Fletcher suggested that
the relationbetween placeof maximalexcitation the basilarmembrane on couldbe derivedfrom measurements criticalbandwidths of
and frequency difference Healso limens. showed loudnessmasking closely and loudness arbitrary that and were related that foran
sound could calculated thebasis patterns excitation be on of of integrated along basilar the membrane. Likewise, suggested he that
discrimination level differences of between sounds couldbe understood thebasis theirexcitation on of patterns. Theseconcepts remain valid 60 yearslater.
2:30
4pPP4.Fletcherand the powerspectrum modelof hearing. Robert Carlyon (MRC Appl. Psych. P. Ilnit, 15 Chaucer Rd.,
Cambridge CB2 2EF, England) Fletcber's famous band-widening experiment demonstrated themasking a puretoneby a continuous that of broadband' toise was
determined by those only components the noise of close the signal to frequeucy. formed basis the pervasive This the of "power spectrum" model hearing, of according whichthethreshold a signal a givenfrequency determined theamount masker to of of is by of
energy passing through audito filtercentered thatfrequency. rigorous an on This prediction aidedthe identification additional has of formsof auditory processing, whichhavebeenrevealed exceptions the powerspectrum by to made/.The interpretation such of
3378
3378
findings, which include CMR, profile analysis, informational masking, theovershoot and effect, greatly is facilitated theexistence by of a "default" model which accounts a large for amount other of data. addition reviewing In to these developments, evidence new will
bepresented demonstrating shape a masker's that the of excitation pattern also affected theshape its(temporal') can be by of envelope.
2:45
4pPP5. Evaluatinghuman neural tuning curvesfrom a mechanical modelof the cochleaby relating them to psychophysicai maskingdata. P.A. Gerbes J. B. Allen (Acoust. and Res.Dept.,Rm. 2D553,AT&T Bell Labs,Murray Hill, NJ 07974)
Human neural threshold tuning curves estimated scaling parameters Allen's[J. Acoust. are by the of Soc.Am. 68, 1660-1670 (1980)]resonant tectorial membrane model thecatcochlea. wayto evaluate derived of A the tuning curves using psychophysical data is developed, based a psychophysical on detection mode] which relates physiological the tuning curves psychophysical to masking data. detection A criterion, defined a relationship by among bandwidth thefrequency the of tuning curves, expressed anequivalent as
rectangular bandwidth (ERB),thewidth theexcitation of patterns, expressed an equivalent as rectangular spread (ERS), the and
psychophysical critical ratio,is explored verified and using data. cat Thedetection criterion thenused testthederived is to human curves making by predictions psychophysical of masking comparing predictions experimental The detection and the to data. model
mayalsoprovide deeper a understanding the frequency of resolving properties the cochlea. of
3:00-3:15
Break
3:15
4pPP6. Fletcher loudness. and Larry Humes(Dept. Speech Hear. E. of & Sci.,Indiana Univ., Bloomington,47405) IN
In thispresentation, of thepioneering some workperformed HarveyFletcher colleagues the loudness simple by and on of and
complex sounds bereviewed. focus beplaced themodel data will The will on and presentedFletcher Munson Fletcher by and [H. and
W. A. Munson, Acoust. J. Soc.Am. 5, 82-108 (1933)].In thisclassic paper, authors a solidfoundation theunderstanding the lay for of loudness whichremains remarkably intacttodayin light of contemporary psychophysical physiological and knowledge. They provide thorough descriptionsseveral of loudness phenomena, including loudness growth, tooneural loudness additivity, binaural and loudness summation. Among other things, theydemonstrate loudness a single that for tonegrows a function thecuberootof as of
stimulus intensity, loudnessadditive stimulus that is for components in separate auditory filters in separate andthatloudness or ears, of partially masked stimulus componentsalsoadditive is onceadjustments partial for masking havebeenmade. Fletcher and colleagues also were interestedapplying model loudnesshearing-impaired in their of to listeners. prior Their efforts thisarea in will beupdated thereview contemporary onloudness by of data growth summation thehearing and in impaired.
3:45
4pPP7. Fletcher's contributions loudness to measurement theory. Rhona Hellman(Aud. and P. Percept. Lab.,Northeastern
Univ.,360 Huntington Ave.,Boston, 02115) MA
Morethan years Fletcher hiscolleaguesBellTelephone 70 ago, and at Laboratories initiated first the comprehensive investigations of loudness. Fletcher recognized toimprove quality efficiency speech that the and of communication systems, must one know howthe ultimate receiver, human the auditory system, processes perceives and sound. hispioneering In loudness studies, Fletcher devised innovative techniques themeasurement for of loudness, uncovered keyparameters modify the that loudness, developedmodel and a
relating loudness tobasic properties hearing ofthe mechanism. achievements The ofFletcher his and group demonstratedloudness that measurementsdisclose therelation can (1) between spectral the selectivity hearing sound of and intensity, theeffects masking (2) of onloudness, theprinciples loudness (3) of additivity, thedependence (4) of loudness spectral on bandwidth,wellas(5) the as functional integrity the of auditory system. These seminal discoveries only not inspired subsequent loudness studies, also they provided the empirical theoretical and foundationcontemporary of loudness research models. and [Work supported byNIH Grant in part ROI
DC00084-18.]
4:00
4pPPS. Multichannel auditoryperspectives,historical a viewof HarveyFletcher's forgotten contributions their and ramifications. FrederickAmpel(Technol. 1. Visions 9512 93rd Overland KS66212) Ted S.A., W. St., Park, and Uzzle (Sound
& VideoContractor Magazine, Overland Park,KS 66212)
Thehistory sound of transmission, recording reproduction, thenumber channels technologies employ, and and of those may is complex convolute& proceeded numerous and and It has down paths, found dead Beginning the many ends. with work Bell, of Edison,
andClement Ader,the technical achievements insights and needed produce to successful aurallyaccurate and reproduction required
much invention enormous and amounts insight. of How manychannels? Sonic accuracy artistic or effect? Loudspeakersheador
phones? or recorded? Fletcher Live When began investigations his in 1931, oneknew answers. no the Regrettably, significant his
contributions been have either to timeor ignored. lost Without Fletcher much whatis known of today about perception sound and
would have not been possible. paper examine contributions, one theanswers found, This will his remind of he show where led, they
andbringthemonceagainto the forefront.
3379
3379
4:30
4pPP9.Harvey Fletcherand musical acoustics.WilliamJ. Strong, Irvin G. Bassett (Dept.of Phys. Astron., and Brigham Young Univ., Provo,D-T84602), and William M. Hartmann (MichiganStateUniv., EastLansing, 48824) MI Although bulkof hisworkwasconcerned various the with aspects speech hearing communication, of and in HarveyFletcher had a longtime interest musical in acoustics. interest evidenced his papers perceptual This is in on aspects musical of tones, whichstressed thecomplex interdependences percepts loudness, of the of pitch,andtimbreon thephysical parameters intensity, of frequency, and spectrum. However,his activeinvolvement musicalacoustics in research cameto fruitiononly after he was released from other research, administrative, teaching and responsibilities. conjunction In with others,he exploredperceptual aspects piano,organ, of violin, andpercussion tones.His approach that of analysis naturaltones,followedby synthesis thesetonesbased the was of of on analysis results. Realandsynthetic tones werepresented listeners wereasked judgethetones beingrealor synthetic. to who to as When listeners wereunable distinguish to between two,thesynthetic the tones wereconsidered contain of theessential to all ingredients of thereal tones. Fletcher's papers whichthiswork wasdescribed be reviewed in will andsamples his real andsynthetic of tones will be presented.
FRIDAY AFTERNOON,
2 JUNE 1995
MEETING
ROOMS 12, 13, 14, 1:15 TO 2:45 P.M.
Session4pSAa
Structural Acoustics and Vibration: Radiation Transmission and Coatings

J. Smart Bolton, Chair
PurdueUniversity, 1077 Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, WestLafayette, Indiana 47907-1077 Contributed Papers
1:15
4pSAal. Estimating acousticradiation from a Bernoulli-Euler beam using shaped polyvinylidenefluoride film. Brian L. Scott and Scott D. Sommerfeldt(Grad.Prog.in Acoust. Appl. Res.Lab., PennState and
thereby eliminating needfor far-field the acoustic sensor(s). radiation The of the structure estimated is fromthis information, eitherdirectlyor from
a modelof the radiatingstructure. The directapproach the advantage has of not beingdependent the accuracy any model.A new sensing on of strategy hereinpresented, bothdirect-and model-based is in approaches, where the estimation acoustic of radiationinvolvesmonitoring strain the field of the structure. Suchinformation directlygivenby fiberoptics is sensors, example, thatsignificant is expected thislevel.Two for so gain at approaches presented are usingstraininformation. firstformulation The is obtained integrating partsthe Rayleigh's by by formula.Dependence on boundary conditions then appears and has to he dealt with. The second
formulation utilizes a finiteqdifference schemein order to estimate,from
Univ.,P.O.Box 30, StateCollege, 16804) PA

A numberof methods exist for determining far-field soundradiation
from structures. Amongsuchprediction techniques purelyanalytical are

models useof discrete and sensors placeddirectlyon the structure in the or surrounding media. fluid Analytical methods suffer froma lackof abilityto modelthe structure completelyand adaptto unforeseen systemchanges. Discretesensors the beammay requirea largenumber transducers on of to obtain an accurate estimateof the radiationand may also suffer from aliasingproblems. Far-fieldsensors often not suitable are due to environmentalconstraints. alternative An methodis the useof shaped distributed sensors the structure, on which act as low-pass filtersin the wave-number
the strain information, displacement in Rayleigh's the field formula.Simulations performed are usinga givendisplacement andthetwo formufield lationsare compared order to evaluatetheir effectiveness use in in for
active control schemes.
domain. useof thistypeof sensor The helps isolate radiating to the portion of thewave-number spectrum is also and beneficial reducing number in the of sensors requffed avoidaliasing. to This workpresents numerical results of usingshaped polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF) film to predictthe farfield radiated sound. Theseresults compared the theoretical are to results
and to the results obtained when discrete sensors mounted to the structure
are used.
1:45
4pSAa3. The acoustic characterization of a new reverberant water
tank. Richard Weyer, DeanCapone (Appl.Res.Lab.,PennState Univ.,

P.O. Box 30, StateCollege,PA), and RichardSzwerc (PennStateUniv., StateCollege,PA 16802)
1:30
4pSAa2. Strategies for using strain sensing in active control of acoustic radiation. PatriceMasson,Alain Berry, and Jean Nicolas (G.A.U.S.,Mech. Eng. Dept., Univ. of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1K PQ 2Rl, Canada)
A reverberant water tank has been constructed the Pennsylvania at StateUniversity. The background noise,diffusivityof the sound field, and
the reverberation time in the tank have been measured as a function of
frequencyin one-third octave bands,from 80 Hz to 63 kHz. The techq
Sensing approaches in activestructural used acoustic control(ASAC) are mainlyconcerned monitoring with acceleration, velocityor displacement of the structure, typically by meansof aceelerometers PVDF, or
niques usedto characterize tank are presented. characteristics the The of the tank are compared otherknownwatertanks.It is demonstrated to that the tank is suitable the experimental for determination the radiation of efficiency a structure comparing of by data obtained this ta0k in with
previously presented for a fiatplate. data [Worksupported ONR.] by
3380
3380
2:00
4pSAa4.Shapeoptimizationof foam liners in doublepanel systems. Y. J. KangandJ. S. Bolton (1077RayW. Herrick Labs., School Mech. of Eng.,Purdue Univ.,W. Lafayette, 47907-1077) IN
Althoughelasticporous materials suchas foamsare widely usedfor passive controlof aircraftand automobile interiornoisetreatments, nu-
drivenon the sideopposite blanket an incident the by acoustic wave.The modelis used compute spatial to the distribution thepressure thetop of on surface theblanket. totalacoustic of The radiated power, normalized the to magnitude the pressure of incidenton the plate, is computed from the surface pressure. Examples the effectiveness homogeneous nonof of and homogeneous blankets reducingacoustic in radiationare presented. The effectsof dampingin the blanketare alsoexamined.
merical models these of materials onlyrecently have became available [Y. J. KangandJ. S. Bolton, Acoust. J. Soc.Am. (1995)].In the workdescribed heretheprocedures optimaldesign of werecombined with elastic
porous materialfinite elements optimizethe shapeof the foam liners. to Specially, surface the contour the foam liningwasadjusted minimize of to thesound transmission through foam-lined a double panelstructure system in a waveguide. This model is a simplerepresentation an aircraftfuseof lage segment. The foam finite element was basedon a completeelastic porous materialtheorythataccounts the threewavetypesknownto be for significant foams.The procedures couplingthe foam finite element in for with adjacent acoustical structural and elements alsobe presented. will In theexample problems, planewaveis assumed impinge theincident a to on surface thedouble of panelstructure. shape material The and parameters of thefoam linerswereusedas design variables, the performance and measurewasthefrequency-averaged transmission in thefrequency sound loss bands interest, of e.g., the speech interference range.
2:15
2:30
4pSAa6. The use of structural coatings to attenuate transmitted flexural wave-inducedvibration. RichardF. Keltie (Ctr. for Soundand Vib., Dept. of Mech. andAerospace Eng.,Box 7910, North CarolinaState Univ., Raleigh,NC 27695)
This studyexamined usedof a compliant the coatingon a plate to

attenuate the transmitted structure-borne sound at the interface between the
coating theambient and acoustic medium. orderto gainphysical In insight into the problem, layerwas modeled a fluid with dissipation. the as Althoughrealisticlayersare likely to be visco-elastic materials, fluid the layerapproach been has used provide a tractable useful to for and analytical model. The performance thelayermodelwasevaluated calcuof by latingthe displacement field at the layer/medium interfacein response to structural excitation. 3-D wave-number-frequency The response amplitude spectrum the dynamic of compliance examined. was This provided the for
identification the dominantprocesses of determining layer response. the A simplephysicalinterpretation theseresultswas shownto involvethe of dispersive characteristics plate wavesand acoustic of waveguides. was It shownthat the structural effectsof the plate could be eliminatedfrom the analysis, resultingin a model involvingonly the layer itself. The subse-
4pSAa5. Tailoring material properties of acoustic blankets for reducing radiated noise. CourtneyB. Burroughs (Grad. Prog. in Acoust., PennStateUniv., StateCollege,PA 16804) The development application a mathematical and of modelthat considers reduction acoustic the in radiation produced varyingthe material by properties a viscoelastic of blanket thedirection in parallelto thesurface of the blanketare presented. blanketcoversan elasticplate which is The
quent performance thelayerasa displacement velocity acceleraof (or or tion)attenuator amplifier or wasthenexamined. [Worksupported part in by NavalUndersea Warfare Center, New London, CT.]
MEETING ROOMS 12, 13, 14, 3:15 TO 5:15 P.M.
Session 4pSAb
Structural
Acoustics and Vibration:
Plates and Shells I
JerryH. Ginsberg, Chair School Mechanical of Engineering, Georgia Institute Technology, of Atlanta,Georgia 30332-0405
ContributedPapers
3:15 3:30
4pSAbl. Vibration and soundradiationof Mindlin platesincluding in-planemotion,stiflenedby thin walledbeams. C. Locqueteau and A. Berry (GAUS,Dept.of Mech.Eng.,Univ.of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec JIK 2RI, Canada)
Stiflened panelssuchas thoseencountered marinestructures in may exhibitin-plane motion the paneldueto thecoupling in with the deformation thestiffeners. of Mostof thepublished papers Mindlinstiflened on
4pSAb2.A modal/spectral analysis massdistributioneffectsin a of fluid-loaded plate. John Babish Jerry Ginsberg and H. (School Mech. of Eng.,Georgia Inst.of Technol., Atlanta, 30332-0405) GA
Feltand Johnson Acoust. Am.90,2309(A) [J. Soc. (1991)] showed that

thesignal scattered a plateis greatly by affected thespatial by distribution
plates nottake account in-plane do into the motion thepanel. of Thispaper presentsvibroacoustic of finite,stiflened a model panel including flexion, shear, in-plane and motion thepanel, flexion, of and torsion, warping and
of thethin-walled beamstiflenets. vibration The problem solved is through
properties an attached of mass. Ginsberg el. [ASMEProc., et paper 93WA/NCA-20 (1993)]used surface the variational principle (SVP),which
describes surface the pressure displacement a set of interacting and as
waves,to examinea fluid-loaded plate with attached point massin an infinitebaffle.In their analysis massdistribution the wasrepresented a as
Fourier seriesin an effort to determine how coarsethe model could be, and
a Rayleigh-Ritz approach, for the fluid-coupled theuncoupled both and

cases.The numericalresultsare comparedto recently publisheddata. Tle
still accurately represent directpoint ma olution.Their conclusion the
effectsof sheardeformation in-planedeformation the panelare and of systematically investigated termsof the panelresponse sound in and radiation,and the results compared a simplermodelretaining are to only
pure flexural deformation panel stiflenets. of the and [Work supported by

Defense Research Establishment Atlantic,Contract OSC92-01908.]
wasthata series length eightterms adequate describe system of is to the behavior thefrequency in range kL<3,buta series fewerthansixterms of is substantially inaccurate. current The workuses in-vacuo the modes of thespectrally smoothed mass-plate system Ritzfunctions displaceas for
ment.The solutionin termsof thesemodesis compared the results to
3381
3381
obtained from the Fourierseries representation, orderto identifywhy a in critical numberof termsis requiredfor the spectral description mass of
distribution.
attaintsis obtained usingthe neuralnetwork;third, the sensitivities by of
theplate eigenvalue design to parameters c)fb9Ri) (i.e., around point the of

original geometric design obtained using trained are by the neural network. Finally,the sensitivities design of parameters eigenvalue to (i.e., cR/cfi ) are also obtainedby usingthe trainedneural network.The influence of frequency geometric on parameters, well as the influence geometric as of parameters frequency, alsodiscussed. on is
4pSAb3. Attenuation of waves in plates and bars using a graded impedance interface. Chandrasekar Vemula, AndrewN. Norris (Dept.
of Mech. Eng.,Rutgers Univ.,Piscataway, 08855), George N]' Cory, andGerryV. Storch (Exxon Res.andEng.,Annandale, 08801) NJ
4:30
A new method proposed attenuation reflected is for of energy the at edges plates bars,using graded of and a impedance interface. standard A approach toembed plate is the edges sand. in However, hasbeen it verified thata graded impedance interface the edges far moreeffective at is in damping radiating the structural energy. is well knownthatimpedance It mismateh causes complete reflection energy thefreeedgeof a plate. of at
Hence,it seems reasonable expecta reduction reflected to in energywhen
4pSAb6. Experiments on
structure/sound interactions
turbulent
in accelerated
boundary layer/flexible
motion. L. Maestrello
(NASALangley Ctr.,Mail Stop Res. 463,Hampton, 23681-0001) VA

Measurements made of the response are and acoustic radiationof a
impedance variedgradually. is Experimental results l-in. platesindifor

catethatat most30% of theenergyis damped frequencies for above2 kHz whensandis used, whereas muchas60%-80% of theenergyis damped as between and l0 kHz usinga graded 2 impedance. Experiments barsalso on give similar results. theoretical A formulationfor a bar with gradedimpedance interface the edges presented, at is usingboththe Kirehhoffand Mindlin theories. The Mindlin theorypredicts level of energydamping the thatis observed experiments, in whilethe Kirchhoff theorypredicts much lesser energydamping. The shear effectsare modeled moreaccurately in the Mindlin theoryandtheyseemto be important thisproblem. in
4:00
panel structure mounted a windtunnel forced a subsonic in and by turbulent boundary layerandpure-tone sound. Measurements madeat acare
celerated speed because resultant the response exhibitsa varietyof behaviorsdifferentfrom dataat constant speed. The structure exhibitsbroadband response superimposed toneand its harmonics with pure overthe band,a nonlinear,nonstationary, non-Gaussian and process. The mechanism by which harmonics generated are becomes clear as the amplitudes the of fundamental and low-frequency bandreducewith increasing level of the harmonics--amanifestation energytransfer. of Active controlof the panel response usinga time-invariant system recovers losses relativestability in as it regains partialreduction the harmonics. of
4pSAb4.A perturbation solutionfor foi'cedresponse systems of

displaying eigenvalueveering and mode localization. Hoang Pham
4:45
andJerryH. Ginsberg(School Mech.Eng.,Georgia of Inst.of Technol.,

GA 30332)
4pSAb7. Observations of vibration-induced fatigue in steel using modal analysis. Scrag H. Arzoumanian, DouglasP. Kcehn, and David
Variousaspects associated with eigenvalue veering,suchas extreme parameter sensitivity localization response, of paramount and of are importance predicting dynamic for the response lightlycoupled of systems having nearly periodiccomponents. This paper presents perturbation a solution that simplifies analysis forcedresponse continuous of of systems whosefree vibrationeigensolutions displayeigenvalue veeringand mode localization. this investigation, classic In the two-span beamwith a strong torsional restraint the intermediate support at pin provides prototype a for
developingthe perturbationsolution.Offset of the pin from the center position destroys periodicity the two-span of system, whereas strength the of the torsional springrelatesthe extentof interspan decoupling. study A
C. Swanson (Appl. Res. Lab., PennStateUniv., P.O. Box 30, State College,PA 16804)
The acceleration to force transfer functions across a shaker-excited thin
band under tension witha deepnotch through center examined cut its is up to thepointof fatigue-indueed failure. analytical An modelis developed to
trackthechanges modalproperties in evidentin theexperimental results as a functionof band parameters. The progression the structure of toward failureis documented plotsof rotational by stiffness cracklengthasa and functionof fatiguetime.
by Chenand Ginsberg Vib. Acoust.114, 141 (1992)] established [J. a relationship between eigenfunctions the eigenvalues different the and for
valuesof the pin offset. The previousfindingsare mergedwith a Ritz expansion formulate forced to the response. adequacy the solution The of is determined comparisons resultsof baseline"Starm-Liouvilleby to type" analyses. Flexibility of the perturbation solution assessed variis in ous casestudiesof lightly coupledtwo-spansystems.
4:15
5:00
4pSAb8.Vibration analysisof triangular platesusingthe ray-tracing technique. R. Gunda,S. M. Vijayakar,and R. Singh (Acoust.and Dynam.Lab., Dept. of Mech. Eng., Ohio StateUniv., 206 W. 18thAve., Columbus, OH 43210-1107)
4pSAb5. Sensitivity analysis of structural eigenfrequencyto plate
designparametersby usingneural network. Z. Q. Yu, L. H. Yam, andT. P. Leung (Dept. of Mech. & Marine Eng., Hong KongPolytech. Univ.,HungHem, Kowloon, HongKong)
The dynamic characteristics plate structure of can be improvedby m'ranging naturalfrequencies the system specified the of in ranges. The sensitivities structural of dynamic response design to parameters procan vide the essential gradientinformation derivingefficientoptimization for
procedures. They are usedto form an approximate problemfor solvingthe originalstructural optimization problem, while the sensitivity geometric of
A newray-tracing technique proposed the dynamic is for analysis of thin platesin flexure. This approach based the fundamental is on solution to theplatebiharmonic equation suitably and placed imagesources which simulate waves reflected from theplateedges. thispaper, method In this is applied specifically a class triangular to of plates withcertain aspect ratios.
iince exact egensolutions some plates with simply supportedboundfor
ary conditions known,thesecasesare analyzedfirst. The methodof are images alsobeingextended arbitrary is or polygonal plateswhereall the imagesources may not be seenby all pointsinsidethe plate unlikethe
previous cases. Consequently, imagesources the haveto be selectively chosen depending the excitation observation on and points. Preliminary
results,when compared with exact solutions and nite-elementcalculations, indicatethat this methodis capableof accurately predictingharmonicresponse. Anotheradvantage this technique that the solution of is can be obtained within a spectral bandwidth. Convergence studies show that the error normsrapidlydecrease with an increase frequency in and
parameters frequency provide essential to can the gradient information for derivingefficientdesign procedures. thispaper, In firstthe trainingsetof
neural network is generatedby the finite-elementmethod; second,the
originaldesign a cantilever of rectangular platewith multifrequency con-
damping. Hence,this methodis computationally efficientin the highfrequency regime. [Worksupported theArmyResearch by Office.]
3382
3382
FRIDAY AFTERNOON,
2 JUNE 1995
MEETING
ROOM 16, 2:30 TO 4:45 P.M.
Session4pSC
Speech Communication: Prosody

Sally G. Revoile, Chair Center Auditoryand Speech for Sciences, GallaudetUniversity, Washington, 20002 DC ContributedPapers
2:30
3:00
4pSCI. Some phrase-level influences on the glottal waveform. Kenneth Stevens (Res. Lab. of Elec. and Dept. of Elec. Eng. and N. Camput.Sci., MIT, Cambridge, 02139) MA
The prosody an utterance often described termsof the locations of is in of attributes suchas pitch accents, boundarytones,and vowel reduction. These prosodic descriptions are usually representedin the sound by
4pSC3. Global durational patterns in spontaneous speech. Douglas
O'Shaughnessy (INRS-Telecommun., Placedu Commerce, 16 Verdun,

PQ H3E lH6, Canada)
changes fundamental in frequency duration, other and temporal specand

tral attributes the segments. of This paperpresents data showing that the amplitude and spectrum the glottal pulses, well as their frequency, of as undergo modification depending locations pitchaccents boundon of and ary tonesand depending vowel reduction. on The followingresults were
obtained: Reduced (1) vowels tend have to significantly loweramplitude (7 to 13dB) thannonreduced vowels, together anincreased with first-formant bandwidth an increased in thesource and tilt spectrum; a nonreduced (2) vowelhasa somewhat reduced amplitude about dB) whenit follows (by 6 a nuclear pitchaccent; (3) a nonreduced and vowelin utterance-final positionin a declarative sentence showsa decreased amplitude the firstof formantpeak,an increased openquotient, and an increased spectrum tilt. Production mechanisms that could accountfor these changesinclude modifications subglottal in pressure, adjustments the glottalconfiguraof
Most analysisof speechexaminescarefully read texts. Natural spontaneousspeechdiffers in severalways, having interruptions and large changes speaking in rate. The acoustic phenomena studiedhere concern the global speakingrate of spontaneous speech,how it varies for both fluentand disfluentspeech. Sucha modelshouldfind application autoin maticspeech synthesis recognition. and Thereis a tendency speakers for to adopta specificarticulation rate in fluent speech, especially brief for monosyllabic functionwords;stressed contentwordsshow greatervariability,especially prepausal in situations. greatest The variability, however, occurs disfluent in speech, whichhaveextremes slowandfastspeech. in A
large amount thevariability of among word durations beaccounted can for

by: the number phonemes word, whether is a functionwordor a of per it
content and word, whether word part acommon iiae forms of sequence of
words.Wordsat the startof a syntactic tended be shorter unit to thanthose
at the end of the unit. The first time a content word was introduced into a
discourse, was stressed; it repeatedoccurrences sucha word in the of
tion,andinfluences constrictionsthesupraglottal of in airway. [Worksupported partby a grant in fromNIDCD.]
ensuing discourse shortened had durations. [Worksupported NSERCby Canada.]
3:15 2:45
4pSC4. Acoustic and kinematic evidence for difference in language
4pSC2. Effects of stress,vowel duration, and vowel height on the timing of pitch peaks in Czech. ChristineBartels (Linguist.Dept.,
timing structure. Margaret Dunn (Haskins H. Labs.,270 CrownSt.,

New Haven, CT 06511)
South College, Univ.of Massachusetts, Amherst, 01003) MA

Czech is described havingword stress as fixed on the first syllable, independent vowelquantity. pitchpeakof a wordgenerally of The fallson thatfirst,stressed syllable. However,in some environments, pitchpeak the shiftsto a latersyllable,leadingto the perception this latersyllableis that moreprominent. This studyinvestigated phonetic the factors conditioning such divergent placement stress pitchpeak in Czech.Native speakof and
ersproduced contextually embedded trisyllabicnonsense wordswi:h highpitch accents. Vowel heightand quantityin the first and second syllable were independently variedto assess their effecton syllablepitchand the timingof the pitch peak.Whethera syllablewas stressed constituted the third independent variable in the analysis.To determinewhether stress
Proposed differences the timingorganization ItalianandFinnish in of are examined fromthe perspectives simultaneous of acoustic duration and
bilabial movement (selspot tracked) collected fromfournative speakers of each language. utterances disyllabic, All were shaped CVC(C)V for Italian andCV(V)C(C)V(V) for Finnish. Italian,generally believed be syllableto
timed, showsregularacoustic intervals betweenvowelsimplemented by shortening the initial vowel in closedsyllables. of Movementdata shows that shortening achievedby early initiationof clusters is and geminate consonants, truncatingthe initial vowel. Finnish, generallydescribed as moro-timed, showsincrements acoustic of durationof disyllabicutterances
with the addition of moros, either to vowels or to medial consonants. An
apparent constraint syllableduration on leadsto acoustic shortening of
bothinitialvowels intervocalic and consonantsthelonges[,utterances. in

Movementdatashowthat increases quantityaffectbothmedialconsoin nant and precedingvowel portion of utteranceg. ig propogedthat It syllable-timing worksdirectlyfrom vowel to vowel, while mora-timing allowsincrease duration disyllabic in of utterances, adjusting bothvowel and consonant durations fill out or limit the possible to intervals between
remained the firstsyllable, timingof stress-related on the properties, i.e., amplitude gyllable and lengthening. examined. wa Regultg howedthat a highvowelin eithersyllable tended raisethepitch,butthe second to vowel couldonly attractthe pitch peak if the first vowel was shortand low. A longfirstvowelprevented accent shiftto thesecond syllable. Stress-related properties remained largelyconfined the first syllable, to although the amplitude maximum occasionally shifted the second to syllable, long. if
vowels. [Worksupported NIH GrantDC 00121to Haskins by Laboratories.]
3383
J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995
3383
3:30-3:45
' Break
3:45
4pSC5. Importance of tonal envelopecues in Chinese speech

recognition. Qian-JieFu (Dept. of Biomed.Eng., Univ. of Southern California and HouseEar Inst., 2100 WestThird St., Los Angeles, CA
phrase-, sentence-initial havecumulatively and /n/'s morecontact than medial finalones. is proposed greater and It that initialcontact contributes to marking prosodic boundaries enhancing consonant-vowel by the contrast. Alsoenhancing CV contrast themore the is open position phrasefor final/o/'s.As a result. finaledges domains marked a greater of are by articulatory distance fromfinal/n/to/o/, andinitialedges domains of are
marked a greater by articulatory distance from final/o/to initial/n/.
4:15
90057), Fan-Gang Zeng, Robert Shannon, Sigfrid Soli (House V. and D. Ear Inst.,LosAngeles, 90057) CA
Temporal envelopeprovide waveform cues significant information 4pSC7. for Intelligibility ofArab's production of English intonation. English speech recognition, when and, combined lip reading, with could
produce near-perfect consonant identification performance [Van Tasell et al., J. Acoust.Soc.Am. 82, 1152-1161 (1987)]. Tonalpatterns are important Chinese for speech recognition canbe effectively and conveyed by temporal envelope cues H. WhalenandY. Xu, Phonetics 25-47 [D. 49, listeners envelope use cuesmoreeffectively thanEnglish listeners. The
Fares Mitleb (Dept.of English. Yarmouk Univ.. Irbid. Jordan)
Thispaper wasintended testtheintelligibility English to of intonation spoken Arabslearning by English a foreign as language. nativeBritish Two
speakers heard English sentences produced twonative by British speakers

tune. Findings indicated most that Arabs confused twoEnglish the tunes to a significant level.They showed insensitivity the two intonation to patterns. situation mighthaveresulted a that from the prioritygivento the teaching segmental of thetarget of units language. Therefore. question the of priorityto at leastthe incorporation intonational of information and othersuprasegmentals teaching in the process right from the outsetis
(1992)]. study This investigates tones help whether can Chinese-speakingandsixArabs decide to whether sentence said a is witha fallingor rising
speech envelope extracted broad was from frequency bands used and to
modulatea noise of the samebandwidth.Mandarin vowels, 'consonants,
tones, sentences identified tennative and were by Chinese-speaking listeners with l, 2,3, and4 noise bands channels). results (or The showed
that recognition vowels,consonants sentences of and increases dramati-
callywith the number channels, pattern of a similar thatobserved to in English speech recognition. However, tones wereconsistently recognized
at about80% correct level independent the number channels. of of This
reconsidered. [Research supported Yarmouk by University.]

4:30
highlevelof tone recognition producedsignificant a difference open-set in sentence recognition between Chinese (11%) andEnglish (1%, p < 0.0 ! )
for the onechannel condition whereno spectral information available. is
4:00
4pSC8.Acoustic phonetic characteristics internalopenjuncture of by MexicanSpanish readers. HelenE. Karn (Dept.of Linguist,
Georgetown Univ.. Washington,DC 20057-1068) and Grace H.
Yeni-Komshian (Univ.of Maryland, College Park,MD) Internal open juncture refers a setof two or morephrases to which contain same the sequence phoneroes, differin theirprosody, of but meaning,andorthography. thisstudy, adultnative In ten speakers Mexican of
4pSC6. Demarcatingprosodicgroups with articulation. Cecile Fougeron(Phon.Lab, Dept. of Linguist., UCLA, Los Angeles CA
90095-i and dePhonet., Sorbonne 543 Inst. Paris Nouvelle, France), Paris,
Patricia Keating (UCLA, LosAngeles, A. CA)
Spanish threesetsof phrases. read Eachsetof phrases contained two

wordsand three syllables with the sequence (la)g(sa), (las)g(a), and (las)$(sa), in thephrases sabes as la "youknowit." lasaves"thebirds," andlassabes "you knowthem."The phrases werereadbothin isolation andembedded sentences m (initial.medial. andfinalpositions). Acoustic phonetic measurements madeof: (1) theduration pauses were of (when present) between firstorthographic andthesecond. thedurathe word (2)
It ishypothesized position articulation, that phrasal affects and that

whatlooks overall like declination articulatory of displacement arise could fromlocalenhancementsreductions particular or at phrasal positions. To testthishypothesis, lifiguopalatal contact wasmeasured boththeconfor sonant/n/andthe vowel/o/in reiterant speech. Utterances werebased on arithmetic statements "(1+ 1)x(1 + 1)" [reiterant like "(nono no) no (no
nono)"],where stress phrasing varied choice numerals and were by of and

location parentheses. theonespeaker of For analyzed, there wasnooverall
tionof (s)and(ss), (3) theaverage and duration, fundamental frequency, andamplitude thefirstsyllable of versus second. the Preliminary results
suggest internal that open juncture Mexican in Spanish moresalient is in
phrasesread in isolation than embeddedin sentencecontextsand that
downtrendcontact in of/n/through sentence when syllables-any type all stressed, word-initial, phrase-initial--were or compared. Instead, word-,
pause duration themost is consistent indicator internal of open juncture.
3384
GRAND BALLROOM SOUTH, 1:00 TO 4:50 P.M.
Session 4pUW
Underwater Acoustics: Bottom Scattering

Peter M. Ogden, Chair
Naval Research Laboratory,Code 7142, 4555 OverlookAvenue,S.W., Washington, 20375-5350 DC

Contributed Papers
1:05
Soc. Am.96, 3329(A)(1994)]. was It found prominent that returns register

with extended scarps facingthe source and receivingarray.Thesescarps typicallyextendfor lengths greaterthan 1 km andhavewidthsthat are less than I kin. However,the hydrosweep bathymetryis not of sufficientresolutionto determine fine-scale the geomorphology the scarps, leads of and
4pUW1. Bottom backscatteringstrengths at low grazing angles using adaptive beamforming. Peter M. Ogden and Fred T. Erskine
(NavalRes.Lab.,Code7142,4555Overlook Ave.,SW,Washington, DC
20375-5350)
to slope estimates to 30)thatarea severe (20 underestimate. Fine-scale

bathymetry 5-m resolution of recentlyobtained the sameridgeshows for that the scarps returning prominent reverberation generally containcliff faceswith slopesbetween60 to 90. However,the separation between these cliff facesis typically lessthantheroughly 500-mcross-range resolutionof the towed-array imagingsystem. attemptis madeto resolve An individual cliff faceswith remote returns measured 1/2 CZ by exploiting at the much higher range resolution the towed-arrayimaging system of
Bouombackscattering strengths have beenmeasured between and 70 1000 Hz usingbroadband, omnidirectional SUS charges sources a as and
horizontal arrayasa receiver theCriticalSeaTest(CST) series line in of

at-sea tests. Whenconventional beamforming usedto formbeams this is in geometry, bottom fathometer returns oftencontaminate backscattering the results grazinganglesbelow about30 deg. The use of an adaptive for beamformer (ABF) combined with examination near-endfire of' beamsallows scattering strengths be reliably determined to down to considerably lower grazinganglesin manycases, over the entirerangeof frequencies measured. The ABF technique and its parameters and limitationswill be discussed briefly.Examples low-grazing-angle of backscattering-strengths results be shown a varietyof sitesvisitedduringvarious will for CST tests.
(whichapproaches roughly10 m) andexamining differently oriented bistatic measurements of the same sites.
1:50
[Worksupported ONR.] by
1:20
4pUW4. Backscatter from midfrequency (325-1375
Hz) LFM
4pUW2.
Shallow water
bottom scattering strength at
low
signals the Mid-Atlanticridge. J.R. Preston(Appl.Res.Lab.,Penn at State Univ.,P.O. Box 30, State College, 16804) PA
In July 1993 SACLANTCEN participatedin an experimentfor the
frequencies. Peter G. Cable (BBN Systems and Technol.,Union Station, New London, CT 06320-6147), Mike Steele, and James O'Connor (BBN Systems Technol., and Arlington, 22209) VA
Determinations acousticscattering of strengthfor sandbottomshave
Acoustic Reverberation Special Research Program (ARSRP). primary The

objectivewas to take high-resolution measurements shedlight on the to detailedphysicalprocesses dominatingthe low-frequency scattering from roughtopographic features and from deep sediment pond areas.A very detailed set of monostatic and bistaticscattering experiments were con-
been made several at shallow watersites under downward refracting sound propagation conditions the frequency in band50 Hz to 1 kHz. The measurements havebeenmadeusingexplosive sources detonated mid-water at depthand receivedon two collocated, bottom-mounted hydrophone line arrays,with one array in verticaland the other in horizontal orientation. The majorfocusof thiswork hasbeenthe variation scattering of strength with frequency with bottom and grazing angle.For the scattering strength measurements, presence multipaths shallowwater preventsa the of in directpathscattering geometry from beingusedat low frequencies and, consequently, scattering strength mustbe extracted fromthefull reverberation field.Two techniques obtaining for scattering strength integrated over
grazing angle and for using the vertical array to examine the angular dependence the scattering of strength be described. results will The will be
ducted (using lowerfrequencies from 200-375 Hz) just westof the MidAtlanticRidgenear26 N and 47 W. New results presented are which show higherfrequencymonostatic scattering from selected bathymetric features usingLFM signals. The receivers were horizontalarraysof 128 elements spaced 0.5, 1, and2 m. Source/receiver at depths were130 and 450 m, respectively. Received reverberation levelsare presented funcas tionsof the estimated scatterer position area bathymetry on maps.Inferencesfor monostatic bottomscattering mechanisms given usingtwoare
way FEPE parabolic equation propagation modelsfrom Collinsto interpret the data. Some comparisons measured of and modeledreverberation are also presented.
compared other with determinations of scattering strength shallow for water sandbottomsand will be discussed terms of the role of scattering in
from structure within the bottom sediment. 2:05
1:35
4pUW5. Pulselength dependence the CST bottom reverberation in measurements.SeanM. Reilly (TracorAppl. Sci., Inc., Anal. and
4pUW3. Preliminary comparisonsbetween bistatic reverberation from an oceanridge and wavelength-scale geomorphology. Nicholas C. Makris. Lilimar Avelino, and Richard Menis (Naval Res. Lab.. Washington, 20375) DC
Bistatic reverberation measuredfrom a highly lineated ridge in the
Simul. Dept., 35 ThomasGriffin Rd., New London,CT 06320), Raymond Christian, J. JohnB. Chester, Mark J. Vaccaro (Naval and
Undersea WarfareCtr., New London, CT) The Critical Sea Test (CST) is an empiricalNavy programwhich collects low-frequency (100-1000 Hz) environmental acoustics measurementsin orderto providea diverse,high-quality database sonarperfor formance prediction. During the courseof its experiments directpath in bottomreverberation, CST has observed frequency, grazing angle, and
mid-Atlantic duringtheARSRPMain Acoustics Experiment 1993was of compared with bottom slope orientation determined from 200-m resolution Hydrosweep bathymetry a previous in abstract [Makriset al., J. Acoust.
3385
d. Acoust. Soc.Am., Vol. 97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995
3385
waveform behaviors whichdiffer significantly from those assumed comin monly availablebottomscattering strength models.For empiricalprograms, deviations from standard models significant are because theylimit the ability to extrapolate surveymeasurements sonarperformance into
2:50-3:05
Break
3:05
scenarios. mostcontroversial The aspect the coherent of source experiments beenthe observation a pulselengthdependence the seathas of in teringstrength measurements beyond lineartermnormally the associated with ensonified area.Thispaper discusses CST'sbottomscattering strength measurement technique summarizes pulse and the length"anomaly" results a variety geographic for of areas. Because these results counter run to standard modeling assumptitns, paper this will alsodiscuss dataqualthe
4pUWg. Further results from modeling deep-oceanreverberation from the Mid-Atlantic ridge, Stanley Chin-Bing (NavalRes.Lab., A.
Stennis Space Center, 39529-5004) MS and Joseph Murphy (Univ.of E.

New Orleans, New Orleans, 70148) LA Results cornparing computer modelsimulations reverberation and data
[Chin-Bing Murphy, Acoust. and J. Soc.Am. 96, 3328(A}(1994)]have

beenreported previously. reverberation weretakenfromtheMidThe data Atlanticridgeregionduringthe 1993Acoustics Experiment part of the as
ity procedurts usedto reachtheseconclusions. [Work supported by

SPAWAR.]
ONRAcoustic Reverberation Special Research Prograte (ARSRP). repA

resentation the rough,range-dependent of oceansediment sub-bottom and
bathymetry theregion obtained of was fromgetmorphological models (the

Webb-lordan 2:20 sediment distribution model and the Golf-Jordan fractal
seafloor/basement model). A modifiedversionof the Collins P2WA modelwasusedfor the long-range reverberation predictions. model Our
4pUW6. Preliminary study of the semi-empirical getacoustic (SEGA) model for bottom reverberation. SennM. Reilly (Tracor Appi. Sci., Inc., Anal. and Simul. Dept., 35 ThomasGriffin Rd., New London,CT 06320)
Standard bottomreverberation modelssuchas Lainbert'srule and perturbation theoryassume scattering that from the roughwater/bottom interface is the dominant mechanism all sonarfrequencies. at However,direct
simulations compared favorably 210-to 290-Hzbandwidth with reverberation datagathered from "siteA, seg076." In thiscontinuing study site of A, seg 076, the FFRAME SAFE and modelsare being used to study the influence heavily sedimented of regionson reverberation. New modeling
resultswill be presented and comparedwith the measured reverberation.
[Work supported Office of Naval Research, by Acoustic Reverberation

SRP, and a High Performance ComputingDoD SharedResource Center
grant.]
path bottomscattering strength measurements the Critical Sea Test by
(CST)program the 100-to 1000-Hz in frequency range suggest volthat

umescattering fromwithinthesediments be thedominant may reverbera-
3:20
tion mechanism applications. program been inmany The CST has actively
investigatingnumber newbottom a of reverberation models whichinclude scattering fromwithinthesediments [Mourad al., APL/UVTech.Rep. et
4pUW9. Effects of azimuthal coupling on bistatic reverberation.
KevinB. Smith (Dept.of Phys., CodePH/Sk,NavalPostgrad. School, Monterey, CA93943), WilliaraS.Hodgkiss(Scrippslnst. Oceanogr., of
No. 9107(1991);Holland el., J.Acoust. Am.96, 3247(A)(1994)]. et Soc.

Using a combination elements of from theseprior techniques, Semithe
]aJolla, andFrederickTappert CA), D. (Univ. Miami, of Miami, FL)

The University Miami PE (UMPE) model[K. B. SmithandF. D. of Tappert, MPL Tech.Memo.432 (1993)] hasbeenupgraded include to
azimuthal coupling, makingit a fully three-dimensional forwardpropagationmodel. B/incorporating Tappert's reverberation PE (PEREV)model
Empirical Geoacoasti6 (SEGA}modelfor bottom reverberation used is to

extrapolate getacoustic surveymeasurements general-purpose into reverberation predictions. presentation This summarizes results a prelimithe of nary3-monthstudywhichexplored viabilityof thisnew modelusing the
iF. D. Tappert, Acoust. Am. Suppl. 88, S84(1990)],theeffects J. Soc. 1 of
directpathbottom reverberation measurements CST-5.[Worksupfrom
azimuthal coupling bottom on reverberation beexamined. can Duririg the

July 1993ONR-ARSRPmainacoustics cruise, extensive bistatie datawere recorded. usingbathymetrie data from the ARSRP Natural Laboratory, predictions bistaticreverberation madewith and withoutazimuthal of are coupling. Differences between these calculationS'provide two quantitative evidence azimuthal of coupling effects. Comparisons measured with data
ported SPAWAR.] by
will alsobe presented. [Worksupported ONR, Code321OA.] by

2:35
4pUW7. Bottom loss measurements and analysis in the eastern
Mediterranean sea. Dmitry Chizhik (Naval Undersea WarfareCtr., New London,CT 06320)
Wideband bottom loss measurements were conducted at two sites in
3:35
4pUWI0. The influenceof sedimentscatteringand variability on

acoustic intensity including data comparisons. Keith J. Howell,
Melvin J. Jacobson, WilliamL. Siegmann (Rensselaer Polytech. last.,
theeastern Mediterranean. datawereprocessed The incoherently deterto
Troy, 12180-3590), William Carey(Adv. NY md M. Res. Projects

Agency, Arlington, 22203-1714) VA
mine bottom-loss octave inbne bands center at frequencies from ranging

200 to 4000 Hz andspanning grazing anglerangeof 10-90.Geological literature indicated the bottomat Herodotus that abyssal plainlocation was a "fast" turbiditcbottom,while the Nile conesitewas characterized a by
Previous [Howell el.,J.Acoust. Am.95,2928(1994)] work et Soc. has
shown statistics multimodal that of intensity be matched a could using

three-layerisospeed model that includedeffectsof scattering. more To aecurately estimate scattering effectson intensity over a brOad frequency range,additional bottominformation mustbe included. this paper,an In analytic treatment a shallow of channel consisting n isospeed of layersis developed a wide-angle propagation for PE model.A scattering layer is
introduced at a horizontal water-bottom interface to model effects of at-
"slow" silty-clay bottom. bottom model fornulatedeach ['he loss was for
site and was foundto be in goodagreement with the data.A geometricray
model often is used bottom prediction includes refracted for loss which the
(diving) arrival theproper wave at grazing angle. Thispproach works

well at high frequencies and high grazingangles,but gives erroneously low bottom loss valuesat low frequencies and low grazing angles.A hybridray/planewave modelwasdeveloped account the additional to for loss due to penetration the wave into the sediment excessof that of in predicted thegeometric theory. by ray Thiscorrection mostimportant is for "slow" bottoms low grazinganglesand low frequencies, demonat as strated comparison data. by to
tenuation to interface due and sediment scattering. local meanof The

intensity letermined its sensitivity parameters is and to suchasthe number
of layers; frequency, scattering thickness, correlation of layer and length

inhomogeneities is investigated. standard The deviation intensity also of is examined. Comparisons made betweenintensitystatistics the are for
multilayer models depth-dependent models and profile consistent?ith data

129thMeeting: Acoustical Society America of 3386
3386
froma New Jersey Shelfexperiment. Additional emphasis directed is towardthenumber isospeed of layers needed match to experimental intensity overa range frequencies. of [Worksupported ONR.] by
3:50
4:20
4pUWI3, Effects of bottom type variability on modeled backscattered levels of a high-frequency sonar. Kristen D. Savage and Roger W. Meredith (Naval Res. Lab., Code 7174, StennisSpace
Center, MS 39529)
4pUWll. New multiple scatter model of the oceansediment, Dennis J. Yeltonand NicholasP. Chotiros (Appl. Res. Labs.,Univ. of Texas,
Austin, TX 78713-8029)
Reflection, transmission, scattering and properties an inhomogeof

neous Blot medium were studied via numerical simulation. The inhomo-
Resultsinvestigating effectsof variable bottomcomposition the on modeledhigh-frequency backscattered levels are presented a typical for shallowwater,range-dependent environment. The modeledenvironment consisted a singlesound-speed of profile,a flat seabottomwith range-
geneous medium wasbounded a semi-infinite by watermedium the on source side,anda semi-infinite Blot medium equivalent of average propertieson the otherside.The inhomogeneous mediumwassimulated a as randomly layered Blotmaterial. Eachlayerrepresentedgranular a material of particular grainsize.By setting thickness eachlayerequalto a the of random grainsize,a randomly stratified granular medium wassimulated. Lateralvariations grainsizeweresimulated performing coherent in by a ensemble average resultsfrom severalrealizations the randomly of of
stratified medium. The free parameters were the grainsizemeanandstandarddeviation. Otherparameters chosen represent were to water-saturated sand.Reflected and transmitted signals were computed a 1-MHz norfor
dependent bottom composition, a benign surface. and sea Coarse fine and grainsandy areas werepartitioned rangeto create in rangedependence. Bottom backscattering reflection for eachpartition and loss wereobtained fromthe recent University Texashigh-frequency of ocean bottom backscatter modelIN. P. Chotiros and E A. Boyle,J. Acoust.Soc.Am. 96, 3264(A) (1994)]. Differences 5 dB werediscernible of between finethe coarse-finesandbottomand a range-independent sandbottomfor fine ranges <500 m. The trendandstructure thebackscattered were of levels nearlyidentical bothbottom for types.Differences 42 dB for ranges of
coarse-fine sand bottom and the coarse-fine-coarse
<500 m were visible in the modeled backscattered level of the finesand bottom. The
trend and structure of the backscattered levels were also different. In all
mallyincident planewave.Coherent random and components the reof flected signal werecalculated. random The component related the was to scattering strength themedium. wasfound increase boththe of It to with
meanandthe standard deviation the grain-size of distribution. results The
cases, surface reverberation a strong had impacton the backscattered levels, trends, and structures. [Work supported MCM TacticalEnvironby
mental Systems Data (MTEDS) under Program Element 62435N.]

4:35
areconsistent previous with experimental results [Nolle,J. Acoust. Soc. Am.35, 1394-1408 (1963)]. [Worksupported ONRcode1125OA.] by
4:05
4pUW14.Acoustic scattering marinesediments irregularities by with of differenttypes. Anatoliy Ivakin (N. N. Andreev N. Acoustics Inst.,
Shvernika4, Moscow 117036, Russia)
4pUW12. High-frequency acoustic penetration into seafloor

sediments at subcritical grazing angles due to roughnessat the
water-sediment interface. EricI. Thorsos(Appl.Phys. Lab.,Univ.of Washington, NE 40thSt.,Seattle, 98195) 1013 WA
Therearetwo different types irregularities of givingthemaincontributions bottom to scattering: volume inhomogeneities sediment of the and roughness its surface interfaces. problem distinguishing of and The of and/or separating contributionsconsidered differences these is using in
Acoustic penetration sedimentslowgrazing into at angles of interest is forburied minedetection. sandy For sediments critical the angle bein can the25-30 range, which suggests penetrationlower that at grazing angles might quitelimited. will beshown, be It however, when sediment that the roughnessmodeled beconsistent theoccurrence sand is to with of waves, thensignificant penetration thesediment occur subcritical into can at grazing angles to scattering the roughinterface. integral due at An equation
method is used to obtain acoustic fields near the surface to illustrate the
frequency-angular dependencies scattering of the coefficient analysis and of thespatial autocorrelation function thescattered Thevolume of field. inhomogeneities sediment turncanbeconsideredoneof two of the in as types: spatial fluctuations ofdensity fluctuationssound and of velocity. For
water-saturated sediments (withoutgas),densityfluctuations usually are
stronger theircontributionthetotalvolume and to scatteringmuch is more thanthatdueto sound velocity fluctuations. evenlow concentrations But
degree penetration. 1-D surface of A model used, thesediment is and is

modeled a fluid.For a givensurface as profile,the acoustic penetration is
found increase thefrequency to as increases. Whenthe frequency reis duced bringtheroughness theperturbation to into theory region, acoustic
of gasbubbles alteracoustic can properties sediments of considerably, reducing effective the (average) sound velocity enhancing and fluctuations of sound velocity, virtually effect thedensity. a result, with no on As some specific features appear sound in scattering, these be used and can for
remote acoustic characterizationof sedimentsand determinationof the
penetration is much reduced. [Work supportedONR.] by
type bottom of irregularities. partially [Work supportedONR.] by
3387
MEETING ROOM 17, 1:30 P.M.
Meeting of Accredited StandardsCommittee S3 on Bioacoustics
to be heldjointly with the
U.S. Technical AdvisoryGroup (TAG) Meetings ISO/TC 43 Acoustics, for IEC/TC 29 Electroacoustics, and
ISOfYC 108/SC4 Human Exposure to Mechanical Vibration and Shock
T. A. Frank, Chair S3
Penn State UniversitySpeech& Hearing Clinic, 110 Moore Building, Universit),Park, Pennsylvania 16802
R. F. Burkard, Vice Chair S3
BostonUniversityDept. of Communication Disorders,635 Commonwealth Avenue,Boston,Massachusetts 02215
P. D. Schomer, ChairU.S. Technical Advisory Group(TAG) for ISO/TC 43, Acoustics

U.S. CERL, P.O. Box 4005, Champaign,Illinois 61820
H. E. vonGierke,Vice ChairU.S. Technical Advisory Group(TAG) for ISO/TC 43, Acoustics ISO/TC 108/SC4, and
Human Exposureto MechanicalVibrationand Shock
1325 MeadowLane, Yellow Springs, Ohio45387 V. Nedzelnitsky, U.S. Technical Advisor(TA) for IEC/TC 29, Electroacoustics National Institute Standards Technology of and (NIST),Building 233, Room A149,Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
Standards Committee on Bioacousfics. current S3 The status standards of under preparation bediscussed. addition those will In to topics interest, of including heating conservation, dosimeters, noise, hearing aids, etc.,consideration be givento newstandards will whichmightbe needed overthe nextfew years. Opendiscussion committee of reports encouraged. is The international activities ISO/TC 43 Acoustics, IECFI'C29 Electroacoustics, ISO/TC 1081SC4 in and and Human Exposure to Mechanical Vibration Shock, alsobediscussed. Chairs theU.S.Technical and will The of Advisory Groups ISOFFC (H. E. yon for 43 Gierke), IEC/TC 29 (V. Nedzelnitsky), report current and will on activities these of Technical Committees Subcommittees. and Scope S3: Standards, of specifications, methods measurement test,andterminology the fieldsof mechanical of and in shock and physiological acoustics, including aspects general of acoustics, shock, vibralion and which pertain biological to safety, tolerance, and
coror[.
3388
3388
MEETING ROOM 17, 3:00 P.M.
Meeting of AccreditedStandardsCommittee S1 on Acoustics

to be held jointly with the
U.S. TechnicalAdvisory Group for ISO/TC 43 Acoustics and IEC/TC 29 Electroacoustics

G. S. K. Wong,ChairSI, Institute National for Measurement Standards (INMS)
National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario KIA OR6, Canada
R. W. Krug, Vice Chair S1

Cirrus Research, Inc., 6423 West North Avenue, Suite 170, Wauwatosa, Wisconsin 53213 P. D. Schomer, Chair U.S. Technical for ISO/TC 43, Acoustics
U.S. CERL, P.O. Box 4005, Champaign, Illinois 61820
H. E. yonGierke,Vice ChairU.S. Technical Advisory Group(TAG) for ISO/'I'C43, Acoustics 1325 MeadowLane, Yellow Springs, Ohio 45387
V. Nedzelnitsky, U.S. Technical Advisor(TA) for IEC/TC 29, Electroacoustics NationalInstitute Standards Technology of and (NIST), Building233, Room A149, Gaithersburg, Maryland20899 Standards
Standards Committee on Acoustics. SI Working group chairs report theirpreparation standards methods measurewill on of on of mentandtesting, terminology, physical and in acoustics, electroacoustics, sonics, ultrasonics, underwater and sound. Workin progress includes measurement noise of sources, noise dosimeters, integrating sound-level meters, revision extension sound and and of level meterspecifications. Opendiscussion committee of reports encouraged. is
The international activities in ISO/'rc 43 Acoustics, and IEC/TC 29 Electroacoustics.will also be discussed.The chairs of the
respective Technical U.S. Advisory Groups ISO/TC43 (H. E. yonGierke), IEC/TC29 (V. Nedzelnitsky), report current for and will on
activities of these Technical Committees.
Scope SI: Standards, of specifications, methodq measurement testandterminology thefieldof physical of and in acoustics including architectural acoustics, electroacoustics, sonics ultrasonics, underwater and and sound, excluding but those aspects whichpertain to
biologicalsafety,toleranceand comfort.
SATURDAY
MORNING,
3 JUNE 1995
MEETING
Session 5aMU
ROOM 3, 8:25 A.M. TO 12:00 NOON
Musical Acoustics: General Topics

Uwe J. Hansen, Chair Departmentof Physics, Indiana State University,TerreHaute, Indiana 47809
Chair's Introductions8:25
Invited Papers
8:30
5aMU1. Interactionof lips and mouthpiece a brassinstrument. GabrielWeinrcich Fang-Chu in and Chen (Randall Lab, of
Phys.,Univ. of Michigan.Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1120)
Thedifference between frequency a played ona brass the of note instrument thefrequency theresonator and of (defined the as
location themaximum itsinputimpedance themouthpiece) been of of at has experimentally investigated. avoid complexity To the of thelipsinteracting simultaneously many with modes, Helmhoitz a resonator anattached with "mouthpiece" whose diameter that is of a trumpet used. having loudspeakeroneof thewalls theresonator, driving witha signal was By a as of and it derived fromanattached
3389
d. Acoust.Soc.Am., Vol. 97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995
12thMeeting: Acoustical Societyof Arner/ca
3389
microphone, possible adjust theresonant it was to both frequency theQ. Theinput and impedancemeasured is (without player's the
lipsleaving mouthpiece) comparing passive the by the response theresonator andwithout known of with a increase volume. the in In considerable majority cases, playing of the frequency higher is thantheresonator frequency, indicating thelips "beatoutwards." that
Possible sources bediscussed. error will [Worksupported NSE] by

9:00
5aMU2. Acoustics a bell with a tube on [Is head. TongChen (Inst.of Acoustics, of Aced.Siniea,100080Beijing,People's Republic China) of
Temple bellsin Koreaarequitespecial compared as with bellsin othercountries. bell hasa tubeon itsheadanda pit or cavity The ("rumbling structure") under The acoustical it. behavior thebell anditspit hasbeenmodeled a cylindrical of as cavitywith an air gap. The air gapchanges modefrequencies damping the and factors the cavity;the damping of factorincreases sharply with increase in lengthof the air gap,especially somemodes. real cases, air gap between bell andthe rumbling for In the the structure limitedto is 0.3-0.4 m. The tubeon the bell is effectivefor radiation sound of only whenits lengthis nearlyan integertimesthe half-wavelength of a cavitymode.It is reasonable adjustthe tubelengthfor themostprominent to partialin the bell sound, whichdetermines strike the note.The acoustic modefrequencies be tunedby adjusting depthof the pit andthe lengthof the tubeto improve timbre can the the
of the bell sound.
9:30
5aMU3. Musical pitchness evaluationthroughpitch extraction. Alexandra Galembo (47 Furstadtskaia #17, 191123St. St., Petersburg, Russia)
lmbreandpitchare different properties sound of according theASA definition, theyare closely to but connected the sounds in
frommusical instruments. interesting An property the "pitehness" "pitchstrength") is (or which refers thedistinctivehess to of pitch
in thesound. Thisproperty investigated pianonotes, particular thebass treble.In these was for in in and ranges, degree pitchness the of is an important factorin determining instrument quality.Pitchextraction methods wereusedto calculate noisefactorin the treble, a andan inharmonicity factorin the bass. New methods judgingthe sound for qualityin the treble,andfor measuring evaluating and
inharmonicity bass of strings proposed. are [Worksupported "RedOctober" by piano factory, Petersburg, St. Russia, Swedish and
Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.]
Contributed Papers
10:00
5aMU4. An efficient time-domain model for the piano using
conunuted elements. Julius SmithandScott VanDuyne (Ctr.for O. A. Comput. Res.in MusicandAcoust. (CCRMA), Deptof Music,Stanford Univ., Stanford, 94305) CA
A new time-domain model for the piano is proposed which is extremelyefficientfor synthesizing piano sounds hardwareor software. in The modelincludes multiplecoupled strings, nonlinear a damped-spring
hammermodel, and a linear soundboard enclosure and component which
was observed that the forcepulseof a hammerstrikingan infinite string was qualitativelysimilar to the impulseresponse a second-order of filter with two real poles.Hence, goodsecondand higher-order filter designs based physical on datawerepossible. However,multiplehumps may appear in the hammerforce pulseon a terminated stringdue to returning
stringwaves.It was observed the magnitude that spectra the single of humpspectrum and the multiplehumpspectrum were similarin bandwidth,differingonly in a slightringingin the lowerspectrum to the due lowpassed combing effectof the returning stringwaves.Therefore, an equalization filterwasdesigned summarize combing to this effectby fitting
a bank of parallel second-order sections the complexratio spoctrum. to Excellent linearpianohammer simulations wereproduced.
can havearbitrarily largeorderat very low cost.Simplifications based on the commutativity linear,time-invariant of systems greatlyreduce compu-
tational complexity IComput. Music$. 74-91 (Winter1992); Proc. International Computer MusicConference, Tokyo,pp. 56-71 ]. The hahnnetstringinteraction highlynonlinear therefore is and doesnot commute with othercomponents, principle. in However, introducing very mild apby a proximationhavinglittle or no impacton the sound,commutativity can be achieved, leadingto the enormous computational savings. This presentation will review the derivation the pianosynthesis of modelwith special emphasis the nonlinear on hammer component. its present In form, a complete,two-keypianocan be synthesized real time on a singleMotorola in DSP56001 signal processing chip with 8K wordsof staticRAM and a
clock rate of 25 MHz.
10:30
5aMU6. A passive nonlinear digital filter design which facilitates
physics-based sound synthesis of highly nonlinear musical instruments. Scott VanDuyneandIohn R. Pierce (Ctr.for Cornput. A. Res.in MusicandAcoust., Dept.of Music, Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA
94305)
Nonlinearifies, small or large,favorablyaffect the sounds many of
musical instruments. gongs cymbals, In and nonlinearities thepascause

10:15
sive trmsfcrof energy from lower frequency modes to higher frequency
5aMU5. A linear filter approximation to the hammer/string

interaction for use in a commuted synthesispiano model. ScottA.
modes after the instrument beenstruck. has While manyspectral modificationscan be achieved the inclusion memoryless by of nonlinearities
(such square-law table as or look-up) within resonant of physicsthe loops

based digitalsound synthesis algorithms, energy conservation cannot be achieved without compensating amplitude scaling. fact,thegreater In the nonlinear effect desired, moredifficult is to maintain the it passivity. Yet, for gongs andcymbals, very largenonlinear a effectis required. comA putationally efficient nonlinear digitalfilterhasbeendesigned based a on physical system constructed passive from lossless elements only.Thisfilter may be incorporated into any physicalmodelingalgorithm(such as
Karplus-Strong, digitalwaveguide, 2D digitalwaveguide or mesh)where
VanDuyneandJulius Smith,III (Ctr.for Cornput. O. Res.in Musicand Acoust., Dept.of Music,Stanford Univ., Stanford, 94305) CA
In commutedsynthesis string instruments, soundboard/body of the resonator commuted the excitation is to point and replaced its own by impulseresponse [Smith and Van Duyne, elsewhere this session]. in Hence,the highlynonlinear hammer/string interaction mustbe replaced by a cornmutable linear filter.Using the wave digital hammercomputational modelof the pianohammer Acoust. [J. Soc.Am. 96, 3300(A) (1994)], it
traveling waves beingcomputed. are System lossis decoupled from the
3390
d. Acoust. Soc.Am.,Vol.97, No.5, Pt. 2, May1995
3390
nonlinear effect,andmaybe designed independently. Further, system energyspreads locallyin the spectrum, is foundin real musical as instruments; rate and spectral the regionof energyspreading controllable. is Promising gongsounds havebeenproduced.
10:45
cam sections were produced, pressure and spectra, correlation dimensions
5aMU7. Horn reflectanceupdate. David Berners and1uliusO. Smith, III (Ctr. for Cornput. Res.MusicandAcoust., Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA 94305-8180) The flaredhornis modeled according Webster's to equation. change A of variables transforms equation the into the form of the one-dimensional Schr'odinger equation. Schr6dinger wave The formfacilitates specification
D, and Lyapunov exponents were calculated. The multiphonic spectra were biperiodic phase-locked. singletonesD=I.0-1.1, and for and For multiphonics D=2.2-2.5. The largest exponent bothsingle for tones and multiphonics smallandpositive; example, information was for the loss was1 bit per44 periods thewrittennoteE and1 bit per68 periods for for E5. The slightlypositive Lyapunov exponent the valuesD>I for and singletones, andD>2 for multiphonics, be interpreted the informay as mationlossdue to slight fluctuations a performer of who maintains a steady tone. Thisresult represents a significant difference between human performance physical and modeling musical of toneproduction.
11:30
of arbitrary axisymmetric wavefronts the acoustic for disturbance within the horn.To providea physically motivated choiceof wavefront shape, Poisson's equation solved is insidethe hornsubject the boundary to condition that the normalcomponent the potentialgradientis 2ero at the of boundary the hortl.Sincethe disturbance of within the hornmustsatisfy thewaveequation, velocity the potential satisfies Poisson's equation when viscous effects losses ignored. and are Physical datafrombrass instrument bells are used to model musicalhornsusingthe Poissonsolution,and
5aMU10. Sound spectra from air-driven American organ reeds. James Cottingham, L. Colson, P. Ben Scott Wilson (Phys. T Dept.,Coe
College, CedarRapids, 52402),and KeelynW. Quigley (Coe IA

College, CedarRapids, 52402) IA
The "American" reed organ is distinguished from the "European"
results compared those are to obtained traditional by models which assume spherical wavefronts. Results also are compared acoustic to measurements.
11:00
harmonlure theuseof a partial by vacuum drawair pastthefreereeds to rather thantheuseof a pressure bellows drivecompressed through to air them.A sample reeds of from threeinstruments beenstudied the has in
laboratory using specially a constructed windchest. Spectral analyses of nearfield sound produced air-driven by reedvibrations wereobtained.
Measurements madeof the variation were with pressure thefrequency of and amplitude the fundamental well as the spectral of as components.
SaMUS. Equivalence finite differenceapproximation of and digital waveguide modelingfor lossless, nondispersive media in one to three dimensions.Julius SmithandScott VanDuyne (Ctr.for Cornput. O. A. Res. in Music and Acoust.(CCRMA), Dept. of Music, Stanford Univ.,
Stanford,CA 94305) The finite differenceapproximation methodis commonlyusedto con-
Relationships between certain aspects reeddesign thespectrum of and of theresulting sound be compared some"conventional can with wisdom"
foundin the literatureon the instrument. Results alsocompared are with
vert a differential equationinto a recursirecomputation computer for simulation an acoustic of medium.Lesswell known is the digital waveguidemodeling approach the same to problem, whichis based simuon latingthe propagation sampled of traveling wavesin the medium, and
spectra obtained whenthese reeds played the instruments with are in and averaged sound spectra fromtheinstruments.is foundthatthefrequency It remains essentially constant overa verywide pressure range, andthatthe sound spectrum from a givenreed,although modified somewhat its by surroundings the actualinstrument, recognizably maindetermiin is the nantof the sound spectrum radiated from the instrument.
11:45
which implements losses dispersion digital and using filters applied the to traveling waves [Comput. Music. 74-91 (Winter J., 1992)]. turns the It out
twomethods equivalent rectilinear are in coordinates one,two,andthree in dimensions, thelossless, in nondispersive provided spatial case, the sam-
pling interval chosen bea specific is to constant in theone-dimensional (c

case)timesthe temporal sampling interval. Sincethe digitalwaveguide
$aMUll. Discrimination of musical chord components. BarbaraE. AckerandRichard Pastore (Dept.of Psych., E. SUNY, Binghamton, NY ! 3902)
simulation technique requires less far computational it can used effort, be to both accelerate increase accuracy numerical and the of simulations of
acoustic media.
The current study uses accuracy an version theGamerparadigm of to evaluate nature therolesplayed theE andG frequencies the the of by in
11:15
pemeption rootposition major of C triads. Triads differed theE and/or in G frequencies, relative anequal-tempered (prototype,P set) to triad or or an out-of-tune (nonprototype,NP set).Thus,theP stimuli triad or were more representative of major chords theNP stimuli. than Significant re-
5aMU9. Qualitativeand quantitative nonlineardynamics clarinet of tonesand multiphonics. TeresaD. Wilson and DouglasH. Keefe (Systematic Musicol. Program, Schoolof Music DN-10, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195) Nonlinear dynamics offersa nontraditional useful but viewpoint from whichto study toneproduction theclarinet, itsapplications not in and have
dundancy and gains interference were for frequencies effects found both in
bothcontexts, demonstrating componentsbe integral, might thus the to as be expected tuning for based uponintervals. amount redundancy The of gainfound wasdependent thetypeof correlation, thenegatively on with correlated stimuli experiencinggreater a redundancy thantheposigain tively correlated stimuli. Finally, better overall discrimination found was in theP context, thusreplicating previous work[Acker, Pastore, Hall, and Percept. Psychophys.press)] & (in showing a prototype that functions a as perceptual anchor. addition, In major chord prototypes appear belocated to in thephysiologically motivated of justtemperament, opposed area as to
been fullyexplored. qualitative quantitative A and analysis using nonlinear dynamics done pressure series single was on time for (monophonic) and multiphonic tones performed a professional by clarinetist. pressure The wasmeasured a piezoresistive by pressure transducer inserted flush with
themore experientially defined of equal area temperament. sup[Work

ported AFOSR.] by
the inner mouthpiece cm wall 4.5 from tip. the Phase portraits Poinand
3391
3391
SATURDAY MORNING, 3 JUNE 1995

Session 5aNS
Noise:CommunityNoiseand Flow Noise

Louis C. Sutherland, Chair
27803 LonghillDrive, RanchoPalos Verdes, California 90274

Contributed Papers
8:05
8:35
5aNSI. Modeling urban noisepollutionas an architecturalacoustics
SANS3.Texas highway noise barriersThe good, the bad, and the
problem. Gregory Miller (Mech.Eng.Dept., A. TheCooper Unionfor

the Advancedof Scienceand Art, Cooper Square,New York, NY 10003-7183) and Daniel R. Raichel (The Cooper Union and the Graduate Center theCity University New York) of of
The problemof urbannoisepollutioncan almostbe considered an as architectural acoustics problem.City blocksare treatedin a mannermath-
ugly. IlencBusch-Vishniac, Ho (Dept.of Mech.Eng.,Univ.of Steve Texas, Austin, 78712), RonPeron, MichaelMcNerney (Univ.of TX and
Texas,Austin,TX) Until recently, Texashasmanaged avoid extensive of highway to use noisebarriersfor roadway noisemitigationin residentialareas.In recognition of the growing noiseproblem,particularlyin the urban areasof
Texas, Texas the Department Transportation of (TxDOT) is supporting a

3-year project aimed at producinga highway barrier designguide. In additionto acoustical performance, designguidewill consider the issues suchas barrier supportand aesthetics. This talk will review the barrier project,concentrating the first phaseof the work which hasbeento on
ematically analogous theaoustics rooms. New Yorkcity blocks to of Six wereselected--chosen theirvaryinggeometries, for materials, traffic and
patterns--and measurements weretaken of Lq during one-hour periods

usinga type I sound level meter. This is an experiment progress in with evenmoredatato be accumulated further for refinement thetheory. of The soundlevelsproduced varioussources theseblocksare foundby by in measuring average traffic flow, pedestrian traffic, etc. Predicative noise
document evaluate existing and the barriers Texas. in [Worksupported by TxDOT.]

8:50
level equations onthesound from point (based level a source) being are
generated the basisof the physicalcharacteristics each block, and on of will be reconciledwith experimental datato formulatecharacteristic equationsthat should accurately predictthe soundpressure levelswhich observers subjected It is anticipated the alteration the absorpare to. that of tioncoefficients thestructures of liningtheblocks constitute major will the
SANS4. Sonic boom as possiblemechanismof the-low-frequency hum. Victor V. Krylov (Ctr. for Res. into the Built Environment, Nottingham TrentUniv.,Burton Nottingham St., NG1 4BU, UK)
factor within reconciliation. results thisexperiment in time the The of can

beused encourage to wisermaterials choices more and careful plhnning in
future urbandevelopment.
The problemof disturbing low-frequency noise,also called low~ frequency hum, has beenknownfor at leasttwo decades. However,in many aspects natureof low-frequency the hum still remainsa mystery (see, e.g., "TheIndependent" 22 June1994).It maybe possible in of that somecasesthe sources this hum are underground or petrol pipes of gs whereturbulent flows of gasor liquid generate soundwavesof high amplitude propagating a pipeline as in a waveguide.The velocitiesof in sound o inside pipes C the (450 m/sfor methane) sometimes behigher may than the velocities RayleighsurfacewavesCn in the groundat the of
frequencies interest of (5-50 Hz). Typical values Cn are300-600 mls. of

5aNS2, Noise barriers with random edge profiles. SteveHo, Ilene J. If so, i.e., if Co>C n , then groundRayleighwavesmight be effectively generated soundwave propagating by insidethe pipes,the mechanism of
Busch-Vishniac, David T. Blackstock (Dtpt. of Mech. Eng., and University Texas, of Austin, 78712-1063) TX
In normal design topedgeof a noise the barrieris straight. a result, As noise diffractedfrom the barrier edge seemsto come from a string of
highly correlatedpoint sourca, that i, a alxalghtlinc aource.Th coherence of the diffracted sound therefore limits the effectiveness of the barrier.
generation similar thatof a sonic being to boom fromsupersonic jets.

Preliminary calculations showthatcentral frequencies generated of Rayleighwaveground vibration spectra depend depth thepipeandarein on of the low-frequency range.The amplitudes generated of ground vibration
velocity to sound due waves propagating pipes in gas buried a dept of at h
2 m can around dB(relative 10 m/s). may enough be 70' to -9 This be to

annoy some people both because direct of impact vibrations dueto of and
generated structure-borne noise.
One way to spoilthe coherence the diffractedsound, of andthusincrease the barrier'sinsertion loss,is to vary the barrierheightby makingthe top edgeirregular instead straight. radiations of The from the pointsources at the edge then are not well correlated.We have conducted preliminary experiments usingphysicalscale modelswith randomedge profiles.The spacingbetweenheight transitions and the height variationmaxima are
9:05
$aN$5. Environmentalvibrations associated with high-speed trains. Victor. Kxylov (Ctr. for Res.intothe Built Environment, Nottingham TrentUniv., BurtonSt., Nottingham NG1 4BLI, UK)
The dramatic revival of railwaysin Europeto become one of the most advanced fastdeveloping and branches transportation of technology may be compared with the spacetechnology breakthrough the 1960s.The of
reasonis high speedsachievableby the most advancedmodernrailway
scaled thewavelength which sound to at the source spark) a peak (a has in itsspectrum. Results date to show significant improvement riB)fora (3-8
barrier with a randomedge profile comparedto one of the sameaverage
height with a straight edge. [Worksupported TxDOT.] by
3392
J. Acoust.Soc. Am., VoL97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995
129thMeeting:Acoustical Societyof America
3392
trains, e.g.,French TGV trainsfor whicha maximum speed morethan of 515km/hwasrecorded May 1990. in Unfortunately, increased the speed of
railwaycommunications likely to raiselevelsof associated is environmental noiseand vibrationfar beyondthosesignificant even for conventional railways. reviewis givenof recentprogress the theoretical A in investigation of groundvibrationsgenerated high-speed by railway traffic, with emphasis problems on associated superfast with trains,i.e., trainstraveling at speeds closeto or greater than300 km/h. Significant increase ground in
gusts Naumann H. Yeh,ASME 1. Eng. Power12, 1-10]. The [H. and

strengths these of gusts determined are from the Fouriercoefficients the of wake profiles.The soundwas then determined from the unsteady force
usinga concentrated radiation force mechanism Curie,Proc.R. Soc. [N. London A 231, 451-460 (1955)].The second Set. method used incoman
pressible Navier-Stokes equationto predictthe mean flow and unsteady pressure to thepassage the wakepastan airfoil. The resulting due of sound was then determinedwith a Kirchhoff solver. The pressureand sound results from bothof thesemethods were compared with experimental data.
vibration levels(morethan70 dB) is predicted superfast for trainsif they travelat speeds higher thanRayleigh wavevelocity theground V. in [V.
Kry!ov, Phys. C5 4, 769-772 (1994)]. J. IV, Attention paidto establishis ingrelations between parameters theproblem, geometrical of e.g., dimensions trackandtrain,layered of structure the ground, of trainspeed, etc., that couldresultin direct reduction groundvibrationgeneration in efficiency.
9:20
[H. FujitaandL. S. G. Kovfisznay, J. 12, 1216-1221 AIAA (1974).]
9:50
5aNS6. Application of computationalfluid dynamics (CFD) to

automobilewind noisesourceminimization. Keng D. Hseuh,Sanjay
5aNS8. Sound due to flow through a nozzle with time-dependent throat area, Paul R. Moran and David Swanson (Acoust.Program,
Appl.Res.Lab.,Penn State Univ.,P.O.Box 30, State College, 16804) PA An unsteady compressible code Euler wasdeveloped flowthrough for
a nozzle.Methodof characteristic boundary conditions were usedto per-
Abhyankar, Sanjeeva Addala,AnantKamat,ChunWu, and Mike P.

Haffey (Vehicle Wind Noise& RoadNVH Dept., Core & Adv. Veh.
System Eng.,MD 45-Adv.Eng. Ctr., FordMotor Co., 20000 Rotunda Dr., Dearborn, 48121-2053) MI Wind noiseis becoming critical comfortrequirement customers a to due to greatly reduced powertrainand road noise,particularly highat speed drivingconditions. physical The phenomenon generally be catcan
mirtheunsteady pressure be nonzero to downstream theexitboundary. of The flow is perturbed modulating cross-sectional in the midby the area
section the nozzle.The far-fieldunsteady of pressure was determined for both steady and unsteady inlet velocities and compared experimental to
results.
egorized into:sources (A-pillarvortexandmirrorwake)andpath(door/

window weatherstrip leakage). Two different vehicle greenhouse geometries produce that attached- vortex-flow, and respectively, used were in thisA-pillarvortexminimization study correlate CFD precase to the
dicted A-pillar vortex andsidegls size pressure distribution with (Cp)

measurements windtunneltesting. from A-pillar vortexandpressure distribution havebeenshown bekeyfactors to affecting windnoise excitation on sideglass and shape-induced aerodynamic suctionforce on door/
10:05
5aNS9. experimental An and computational fundamenta study of

reactive silencersin the induction system of firing spark-ignition
window (which required designing is in door/weatherstrip to prevent aspiration leaksthrough weatherstrip under high-speed condition), respectively. Results demonstrate the CFD can successfully that predictthe effects geometry of changes A-pillarvortex on sizeandCp within>80% accuracy under various speeds/yaw angles. Thisstudy confirms CFD that
canbe applied with confidence an upfront as engineering to optimize tool
engines.A. Selamet(Dept.of Mech.Eng.andAppl.Mech.,120W. E. LayAutomotive Univ.ofMichigan, Arbor, 48109-2121) Lab., Ann MI and J. M. Novak (FordMotorCompany, Dearborn, 48121) MI
Thepresent study investigates performance fundamental the of reactive silencers suchas expansion chambers Helmholtzresonators the and in presence bothhigh-amplitude of pressure waves oscillating flow. and fluid The silencers installed the induction are in system a Ford3.0-LiterV6 of
vehicle greenhouse forminimum noise geometry wind excitation cost ina

and time effective manner.
9:35
SANS7.Numerical and analytical investigation unsteadylift and of

sound due to airfoil-wake interaction. Paul R. Moran, Donald' E.
Thompson, David and Swanson (Acoust. Program, Res. Appl. Lab., Penn
StateUniv., P.O.Box 30, StateCollege,PA 16804)
Vulcan engine a dynamometer facility. in test The experiments the with firingengine have been conducted speeds with ranging from10013 5500 to rpm.Measurements including meanflowrate,thetemperatures, the and the absolute dynamic pressures the induction beforeandafterthe of air silencer fast-response, with piezoresistive transducers facilitate calcuthe lationof acoustic flow performance these and of elements. nonlinear A
Thepassage anairfoilthrough wake a dominant of a is source noise of

in low Mach numberflows. In order to examine this phenomenon, two
computational fluid dynamics isthen method employed time inthe domain

for theprediction noise of reduction insertion and loss'characteristics of these silencers. study concluded comparisons these The is with of predictions theexperimental to results fromtheengine dynamometer facility.
prediction schemes used. firstwasa thinairfoilanalysis were The used to predict unsteady response sinusoidal the lift to transverse longitudinal and
3393
3393
SATURDAY
MORNING,
3 JUNE 1995
Session 5aPA
RENAISSANCE
WEST A, 7:45 TO 11:50 A.M.
Physical Acoustics: Surface Waves and Inhomogeneous Media

Donald W. Brill, Chair
Physics Department,U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland 21402

ContributedPapers
7:50
5aPAI. Surface acoustic wave investigation of phase transitions in
YBa2CuaO?_films..!. Feller,C. Hucho,R. Gaffhey,M. J. McKenna, s B. K. Sarma, and M. Levy (Dept. of Phys., Univ. of Wisconsin, Milwaukee,WI 53201) Pulsed surface acoustic waves(SAW's)at 165MHz areusedto study the superconducting transition an apparent and structural phase transition
Significant variations the phasevelocitywere found for valuesof the of roughness which are smallcompared the shortest the wavelengths to of involved in the scattering. Similarly, the dispersion relationsshowedconsiderable sensitivity changes mechanical to in properties typicalof materialsof engineering interest. thelow-frequency In range,on theotherhand, simulationsillustratedthe dispersion Rayleigh waves to be rather inof
sensitive thespectral to content theprofile. of [Workperformed withinthe LINK Project CharacterizationSurface Sub-Surface on of and Damage.]
8:35
in filmsof YBa2Cu307_ (YBCO).The structural phase transition occurs

in the temperature range 200-230 K andis evidenced largechanges by in SAW attenuation velocity.Smallchanges alsoseenat the superand are conducting transition temperature. Thesechanges markedly are different whena conventional conductor (e.g.,copper) brought is intocloseproximity to theYBCO film. The results thisinvestigation in agreement of are with the hypothesis YBCO is piezoelectric that belowthe 200 K transition. [Thisworkwassupported theOfficeof NavalResearch, C. Hucho by with
5aPA4. Relation between the damping coefficientand the excitation coefficientof leaking Lamb waves. M. Ech Cherif El Kettani, F.
Luppr,J. M. Conoir, J. Ripoche (L.A.U.E.,U.R.A.C.N.R.S.1373, and Univ.du Havre,pl. R. Schuman, 76610Le Havre,France)
The relationbetweenthe leakingability and the excitationcoefficient of a propagating Lambwaveonan immersed plateis studied. morethe The Lamb wave radiatesduring its propagation, more stronglyit is exthe pectedto be excited from the incidenceof an ultrasonicbeam at the appropriate angle.The excitationcoefficient a given Lamb wave at a of givenfrequency-thickness product obtained is from a residue calculation.
It is numerically achieved from the exact formulationof the reflection
supported Deutsche by Forschungsgemeinschaft.]

8:05
5sPA2.
Acoustic resonances in
square
cross-sectional rods
(prelindnaryresults). Jerome BeigeandMichel De Billy (G. P.S.

Univ. Pads VI and VH, Tour 23, 2 Place Jussieu, 75251 Pads Cedex 05,
France)
As it wasobserved, is shown for particular it that frequencies,square a crosssectionnormally insonifiedgives rise to resonance phenomenon. This is illustrated usingtwo differentacoustic by approaches: dynamic a visualization the pressure of scattered a square anda measurement by bar of the reradiated acoustic pressure a planenormallyoriented the axis in to of a square rod. Different structures the angularpatterns observed of are according thenature theexcited to of guided mode. The experiments were performed specimens differentmaterials on of suchthatthe valueof the productof the frequency timesthe width of the rod is lessthan 28 MHz
coefficient, and analyticallyperformed with the help of the resonance scauering theory approximations. methods Both exhibitclearlytheproportionalityof the excitation coefficient with the normalized damping coefficient.The directmeasurement theexcitation of coefficient not possible is
because the interference of phenomenon the Lamb wave radiationwith of
the specu!arly reflected beam.Consequently, measurements perthe are formedfar away from the interference area.The linearityof the pressure amplitude dB) withthepropagation (in distance allows direct the determination thedamping of coefficient, well as theextension theexperias of
mental data to the interference area. The excitation coefficient is herefrom
min.A theoretical approach based theFraser's on work[W. B. Fraser, lnt. J. Solids Structures 379-397(1969)]will beproposed. 5,
8:20
deduced. results The confirm theoretical the ones. [Worksupported D. by R. E. T., France.]
8:50
5aPA3, Acousticmicroscopyand dispersionof leaky Rayleigh waves on randomly rough surfaces:A theoretical study. Claudio Pecorari
5aPA5. Geometrical theory of diffraction applied to Scholte wave diffraction. H. Duflo, A. Tinel, and J. Duelos (Lab. d'Acoustique Ultrasonoreet d'Electronique,U_R_A. C.NI.R.g_ 1373, Unlversit du
Havre, Place R. Schuman,76610 Le Havre, France)
andG. A.D. Briggs (Dept.of Mater.,OxfordUniv.,OxfordOX1 3PH,

UK)
The geometrical theoryof diffraction (GTD) hasbeenestablished by

Keller in order to describe the interaction of a bulk wave with a dihedral
A theoretical investigation the dispersion leaky Rayleighwaves of of propagating alongone-dimensional, rough,fluid-solidinterfaces carwas tied out by simulatingthe measurement process a line-focusacoustic of microscope. interface The profiles were described termsof their rms, in also knownas the roughness the profile,autocorrelation of length,and
autocorrelation function. Theoretical V(Z) curves were obtained and ana-
edge. It was experimentallyverified that Keller's laws were also valid to
describe interaction a Scholtewave with the edge of an elastic the of dihedral. WhentheScholte wavemetthedihedral oblique at incidence, the
diffracted energy actually Keller's was on cone axisandgeneratrix the of

it were respectively dihedraledge and the directionof the incident the
lyzedto y!eldvalue thephase of velocity theRayleigh of waves. The

reflectivity the interfaces calculated usinga second-order of was by perturbation approach the profileroughness. dependence the Rayin The of leighwavevelocityon the profileandmaterial parameters examined. was
Scholte wave.It wasassumed incident that energy preadamong bulk a

wave in the direction of the incident Scholte wave as well as reflected and
transmitted surface waves (Scholte Rayleigh and waves). direction The of

emission of these waves was calculated as a function of dihedral and
3394
3394
incidence angles. Thiscalculus showed Rayleigh that waves notexist did if the incidence anglewashigher thantheRayleigh angle.Experimental results wereobtained duraluminum for dihedrals various of angles ranging from 30 to 90 deg andfor incidence directions between and45 deg. 0 Diffracted energy wasonly noted Keller'scone.[Worksupported on by
D.R.E.'E]
9:05
numerically drawthedispersion to curves. The low- andhigh-frequency

limits are calculated analytically. Specialattention devoted the deteris to mination thecut-offfrequencies. asymptotic of An analysis shows that,in mostcases, doubling the classical a of Lamb waveshappens. small The deviation thecut-offfrequencies of from the classical oneshasbeenevaluated. An additional,single mode is also outlined;its cut-off frequencyis smaller thantheLambwaves onesanddepends heavilyon the waterfilm thickness. experiments The have beenperformed 3- and 5-mm alumion num platesinsonated normalincidence shortpulses. at by The reflected signalis then FFF-processed; depending whetherthe specular on echois removed not, a resonance a backscattered or or spectrum obtained. is The doublingof the Lamb waves, and the existence an additionallowof frequency mode,havebeenthusconfirmed. a structure For composed of threealuminum plates, experiment the now outlines familiesof threemodels, eachfamily beingcloselyrelatedto one classical lamb wave.
9:50-10:05 Break
5aPA6. Acousticscatteringfrom finite length cylinder boundedby
twospherical endcaps. Carnet,J. Dujardin, Dcultot, G. J. a} D. and

Maze (LAUE URA CNRS 1373, Universitddu Havre, Place Robert
Schuman,76610 Le Havre, France)
The acoustic scattering from finite cylindrical objects endcapped by

two hemispheres studied. explainthe experimental is To resonance spectra whenthe objectis parallellyinsonified the axis, a condition phase to of matching writtenon the meridiancircumference. apply this condiis To tion, it is necessary know the phasevelocityof surface to wavesalongthe differentpartsof the object.To verify this hypothesis, resonance identifications realized.The identification are diagrams not easyto interpret. are The lobe numberis not equal to the antinodenumber,and theselobesdo not havethe sameamplitude. integralmethodwill permitthe knowlAn edgeof the acoustic pressure the far field if the profileof the vibration in statealong the meridianline is sinusoidal. good agreement obtained A is between theoretical experimental the and studies. confirmthis hypothTo esis,a finiteelement method developed. 2-D problem considered. is A is A meridianplaneandthe wateraroundthe objectis meshed. sinusold A burst with severalperiods insonifies object.The vibrationamplitude the the of surfaceof the object is determinedin every way. The resultsconfirm the hypothesis usedin the integralmethodand allows the validationof the
10:05
5aPA9. Acoustics of fluid conveying elastic structures. Michael A.
Grinreid and Andrew N. Norris (Dept. of Mech. and Aerosp.Eng., Rutgers Univ,,Piscataway, 08855-0909) NJ
Acoustic wavesare considered are propagating a layeredstructhat in tureconsisting elasticlayerswith ideal fluid movingbetweenthem.This of is a simplemodelof a fluid-filledporous medium.First discussed the is dependence the dispersion of curveson the relative velocity of the fluid and on the materialand geometrical parameters the constituents. of Dispersion relationsfor a periodiclayeringare derivedexplicitly.Different asymptotic limits can be obtained, which reduceto known solutions for interfacial acoustical wavemotionin the presence flow.The mainfocus of of thistalk is thepossibility instabilities of triggered the movingfluid in by the layeredsystem. The role of suchacoustical instabilities nonlinear in
phase-matching condition. memory J.Carnet a)ln to deceasedJune in 1994.

9:20
5aPA7, Acoustic scattering from a circular cylindrical shell excited by a short pulse in oblique incidence:Helical waves. G. Maze, J. M.
dynamics poroelastic of fluid-filled mediais discussed. effectcanbe This viewedas a generalized flutterphenomenon, madepossible the permeby abilityof theporespace. [Worksupported ONR.] by
10:20
Conoir,E Lon, andD. Dcultot (Laboratoire d'Acoustiqu Ultrasonore
ctd'llectroniquc CNRS URA 1373, Univcrsit Havre, du Place Robert

Schuman,76610 Le Havre, France)
The theoreticaland experimentalspectra,obtainedfrom an infinite pipe insonified with a plane wave in obliqueincidence,showresonances whicharerelated threetypesof helicalwaves: circumferential to the waves
5aPAI0. Observation of seismic wave propagation in particulate compositematerial with various inclusionsizes and concentrations.
(Ai or Si waves), transversal the guided waves waves), the$cholte (T and

wave (A wave). The resonances the $cholte wave are detectedin a of
Seiji Nakagawa, Neville G. W. Cook (Dept.of Mater.Sci. & Mineral Eng., Univ. of California,Berkeley, 94720), K.T. Nihei, and L. R. CA Myer (Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, 94720) CA
frequency windowand their frequency slowly increases whenthe incidenceangle increases, whereas onesof the other wavesincrease the towardsinfinitywhenthe incidence angletendstowards transversal the critical angle. oblique At incidence, experimental the results obtained with the MIIR showresonances which are relatedto the helicalwavesSO, TO, T, andA. This methoduses long pulsewith manysinusoid a periods, steady a statetakesplacein a part of the infiniteshell.In this presentation, the excitation a shortpulseand the scattered is echoes detected arc whenthe
helical wave emission is in front of the receiver. Between each echo, the
Two-phase particulate composite samples with inclusions varying of

size and concentration were madewith cementand sandor pebbles. The
velocities P-wave(60-kHz)andS-wave(150-kHz)pulses the atof and

tenuationof S-wave pulseswere examined.The resultsof the testssuggested thevelocities that wereconsistent theresults effective with of media modelswhich were inclusion size independent. However,the frequencydependent attenuation the S wavewasstrongly of affected the sizeof by the inclusions. inclusions For sizedon the orderof 1/10 of the wavelength, the wavesshoweddecreasing attenuation with increasing concentration, while for the sizesof about 1/4 and 1/1 of the wavelength, waves the
showed maximum attenuation at volumetric concentrations of about 30%
helicalwave hascovered one stepof the helix (L=2'a/cos % a is the outerradius cylinder, is theangle thehelix).Thismethod of y of allowsus
to calculatethe groupvelocityof the helical waves.
9:35
and70%, respectively. Many aspects the observed of wavebehavior for

moderate concentrations were similar to numerical simulations of I-D
5aPA8. Lamb waves of two elastic plates coupled by a thin water film. M. Rousseau, Coulouvrat (Laboratoirede Mod61isation E en
wavepropagation a layered in media,wherethe matrixand inclusions wererepresented alternating by layers withdifferent seismic properties and stochastically thicknesses. varied [Worksupported NSF.] by
10:35
M6canique, Universit Pierre MarieCurieet C.N.RS. (URA 229) Case et 162,4, placeJussieu, F-75252 ParisCedex05, France), O. Lenoir,H.
Khelil, andJ. L. Izbicki (Univcrsitfi Havre andC.N.R.S. (URA 1373) du
F-76610 Le Havre, France)
5aPAll, Flow resistance fibrousmaterials, ViggoTamow (Dept.of of
Appl.Eng.Design Production, and Danish Technical Univ.,Bygning 358,

DK 2800, Denmark)
Thisexperimental theoretical and studyinvestigates guided the waves thatpropagate alonga multilayered structure, composed two identical, of infinite, aluminum plates coupled a thinwaterfilm.The related by dispersion equation writtenundera closedform. Solutions calculated is are
It is of interest be able to compute acoustical to the properties of fibrous materials from the fiberdensityandthickness materials of suchas
glass wool.These properties mainlydetermined theair flowresisare by
3395
3395
tance of the fibrousmaterial. Theoretical calculationsof air flow resistance
will be presented compared measurementsglass and with on wool.

10:50
thechoice a setof dependent of variables hydrodynamic in equations for describing wave field. An implication the FRT on wave action the of
conservation cw soundin movingfluid is considered. for Somepossible
FRTapplications indicated. are [Worksupported NRC.] by

11:20
5aPA12. Guided sound propagation in three-dimensional inhomogeneous moving nonstationary fluid. OlegA. Godin (NOAA/ Atlantic Oceanogr. Meteorol. and Lab.,4301Rickenbacker Cswy., Miami,
FL 33149)
5aPA14. Measurements of Blot type I and type lI waves in an air-filled packing of sand. Craig J. Hickey and JamesM. Sabatier
(Natl.Ctr.for Phys. Acoust., Univ.of Mississippi, University, 38677) MS

The interpretationof acousticand seismic measurements porous in materialsare usuallycarriedout usingthe Blot theory.This theorypredicts
Soundpropagation a multicomponent in fluid, passmeters which of includingflow velocityas well as shapeof boundaries smooth are and slowlyvarying functions time andtwo horizontal of coordinates, conis sidered. limitations imposed the Mach numberand the fluid No are on parameters dependence the vertical on coordinate otherthantheassumptionthatsound/flow synchronism points absent. theprocessesthe axe All in fluid are assumed be adiabatic. to The methodof two-scale expansions is used construct to asymptotic development solutions thesetof hydroof of dynamicequations linearized with respect the wave'samplitude. to The well-known"verticalmodes-horizontal rays" approach generalized is to coveracoustic wavesin nonstationary movingmedia. adiabatic An invariant is foundthatgoverns amplitude the variation a normalmodealong of thecorresponding space-time horizontal Physical ray. meaning theadiaof baticinvariant analyzed. is Results compared those recent are to of studies
theexistence two P waves of (referred hereas typeI andtypeII) and to

one S wave.The type I P wave is predicted have small dispersion to and attenuation. type IIP wave is predicted .be dispersive highly The to and attenuating. experiment carriedout whereby bornesound inAn is air is cidentuponan air-filledpacking sand. such configuration,large of For a a proportion the transmitted of energyis partitioned the type II P wave. to However,due to the high attenuation the type rl p wave this energy of should decayrapidlynearthe surface. Measurements usinga probemicrophoneapparatus, in-situmicrophones, in-situgeophones obtained and are in the frequencyrange of 500-3000 Hz. The in-situ microphones and geopbones extendto a depthof 40 cm belowthe surface an attempt in to detect TypeI P wave.Attenuation phase the and velocityof the air-filled packing sand determined a function depthfromthese of is as of measure-
of guided propagation moving in time-independentA. Godin, [O. DAN SSSR320, 204-208 (1991)] and unstationary motionless fluid [A. V. Aref'evandV. S. Buldyrev, Akust. 40, 205-211(1994)]. imporZh. The
tance a consistent of account medium's of motion andits timedependence
ments. [Worksupported USDA.] by

11:35
is demonstrated. supported RBRF NRC.] [Work by and

11:05
5aPAI5. Simulation of wave propagationthrough an inhomogeneous turbulent medium with the aid of an integral formulation.
Hirobumi Kaneko (130COlde DerbyRd., Norwood, MA 02062)

5aPA13. Reciprocity-type relations for waves in a moving inhomogeneous fluid. Oleg A. Godin (NOAA/AfiamicOceanogr. and
Meteorol. Lab.,4301 Rickenbacker Cswy.,Miami, FL 33149)

The reciprocity principle knownto be invalidfor acoustic is wavesin a movingfluid due to differences up- and down-flowwavepropagation in velocities. variationof the reciprocity A principle,a flow reversal theorem (FRT), whichstates symmetry somefield quantity of with respect into terchange thesource receiver of and positions thesimultaneous and reversal of flow, wasconsidered manyauthors by duringthe lastfour decades. It wasproven underthator otherspecific assumptions aboutfluid parametersand/orflow velocityspace dependence in a framework some or of asymptotic representations the acoustic of field.A simplebutrathergeneral proofof the FRT will be presented which is valid for soundas well as acoustic-gravity wavesin an arbitrary three-dimensional inhomogeneous movingfluidwithtime-independent parameters provided divergence the of flow velocity is zero. The fluid may be unbounded have pressureor release, rigid, or impedance boundaries. key pointin the approach The is
A propagation simulation algorithm described is whereby, the beat ginning of step n, the pressure associated with a progressive wave is
specified a function timeandlateral as of position alonga planar surface,

x=x.. The algorithmfor stepn yieldsthe pressure a functionof time as and lateralpositionat x=x.+ . The basicmathematical formulation employsan integralequation that predicts waveforms arbitrary the at posi-
tions theright thefirstsurface. medium to of The between point the the and
surface, x=x, is turbulent. The integralover the surfaceinvolvesthe Green's function a pointsource the actualmedium. for in Although the exactGreeu's function extremely is difficultto compute, is argued a it that
good approximation moderate sizes, for step Ix-I-Xnl, results the if

Grcen'sfunctionis takento be that which resultsfrom a ray-aooustics approximation. Moreover,because first caustic a point source the for Green's function notencountered a distance is for considerably longer than the distance between successive caustics a nominally for parallelgroupof rays within a ray tube, the difficulties explicitlytakingcaustics of into account circumvented this algorithm. is with
3396
J. Acoust. Soc,Am.,VoL97, No.5, Pt. 2, May1995
3396

Session 5aPP
AUDITORIUM, 8:30A.M. TO 12:10P.M.
Psychological Physiological and Acoustics: CorticalRepresentation Processing AuditoryStimuli and of

Eric D. Young,Chair Johns Hopkins School Medicine, Traylor of 505 BuiMing, Rutland 720 Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
Chair's
introduction-8:30
Invited Papers
8:35
5aPP1. Functional organization reorganization primaryauditory and of cortex. Christoph Schrcincr E. (Coleman Mem.Lab.,
W. M. KcckCtr. for Integrafive Neurosci., Dept.of Otolaryngol., Univ. of California, SanFrancisco, 94143-0732) CA
Neurons primary in auditory cortex (AI) of cats andmonkeys a widerange functional have of properties arerelated the that to coding basicattributes simpleandcomplex of of signals. particular, In cortical neurons havebeenfoundto be sensitive the to bandwidth thesignal, spectral of the energy distribution broadband of stimuli, overallintensity the signal, the of andthetemporal sequence signal of elements, addition theirfrequency in to selectivity sound and localization sensitivity. These response properties appear be nonuniformly to distributed across and,thus,create AI spatially functionally and distinct subregions mayconstitute that parallel auditory processing streams. Studies behaviorally with trained animals suggest these that functional cortical organizations are notfixedbutcanundergo changes. representational This plasticity results moredetailed in representations of portions theanimal's of acoustic environment havehighbehavioral that relevance. understanding thecreation, An of relationships, interconnections and of these different coding properties essential thecomprehension neural is for of the code communication of sounds asspeech. such [Work supported the Officeof Naval Research, HumanFrontier by the Science Project, andthe Coleman Fund.]
9:15
5aPP2.Representation the acoustic of spectrum the primaryauditorycortex. Shihab Shamma(Elec.Eng.Dept.andInst. in A. for Systems Res.,Univ.of Maryland, College Park,MD 20742) A fundamental in auditory goal cortical physiology been understand thespectral has to how profile represented thefiringrate is in of cortical cells. Recent experimental findings shed lighton twobasic properties thisrepresentation (1) Responses sounds of in AI: to withbroadband spectra (such speech most as and environmental sounds) superimpose linearly. Thusif a complex arbitrary spectral profile viewed composed elementary is as of spectral profiles, AI responses such profile be reconstructed thesum then to a can from of theresponses these to simpler elementary profiles. This seems be truebothfor stationary dynamic to and spectra. AI unitsare (2)
ratherselective the spectral to and temporalparameters the acoustic of profile. Specifically, when testedwith elementary spectral profiles aresinusoidally that shaped against logarithmic the frequency (or socalledrippled axis spectra), thatslideagainst axis and this at variousvelocities, unitsare foundto be tunedaround AI differentrippledensities, ripplephases, ripplevelocities. and The above two findings suggest AI performs Fourier-like that a analysis the spectral of profileinto a composite weighted of sinusoidally shaped
spectra (ripples). Such analysis analogous thatof visualscenes an is to foundin theprimary visual cortex (VI).
9:55
5aPP3.Processing complex of sounds rhesus in monkeyauditorycortex. loserP. Rauschecker (Lab.of Neuropsych., NIMH,
Bldg. 49, Rm. lB80, Bethesda, MD 20892-4415)
Several auditory fields surrounding primary auditory cortex (AI) havebeendescribed therhesus in monkey. Mostrecently, three areas have been identified theso-called in auditory region thelateral belt on surface thesuperior of temporal gyrus [Rauschecker al., et Science (1995)(in press)]. Functional identification these of lateral areas (AL, ML, andCL) wasbased single on unitresponses to bandpassed (BPN)bursts, noise which constituteclass superior a of stimuli neurons thisregion. for in Bestcenter frequency (BFc)of
the BPN burstsvaries systematically along a rostro-caudal axis, revealing three cochleotopicmaps. Neurons in the lateral areasalso
display tuningto a "bestbandwidth" the noisebursts, of whichvariesalonga roerio-lateral axis,orthogonal theBFc axis.Digitized to vocalizations from the rhesusmonkeys'own repertoirewere finally usedfor presentation during single-unit recording. many In instances, neurons responded evenbetterto the monkey callsthanto noisebursts othersynthetic or stimuli.It appears the lateral that belt areas macaque of auditory cortexcouldform an important stepin the preprocessing species-specific of communication sounds, somewhat equivalent superior to temporal areasin humans that havebeenimplicated phonological in processing.
3397
3397
10:35-10:50
Break
10:50
5aPP4. Elevationsensitivity the cat's thalamo-cortical in auditory system:Role of monaural spectraland binaural disparity cues. Thomas lmig, PierrePokier,andFrankK. Samson (Dept.of Physiol., J. Kansas Univ.Med. Ctr.,3901 Rainbow Blvd.,Kansas City, KS 66160-7401)
High-frequency neurons auditory in cortex(AI) androedial geniculate (MGB) of anesthetized aredifferentially cats sensitive to monaural binaural and directional present broad-band cues in noise. Binaural directional (BD) cellsdepend upon binaural stimuli for
azimuth sensitivity, whereas monoaural directional (MD) cellsaresensitive thedirection monaural to of stimuli.In theMGB, neurons'
spatial receptive fields (SRFs) wereobtained using noise bursts presented throughout frontal the henrifield sound and pressure levels
thatvariedoveran 80-dBrange. cellswerebroadly BD tunedto elevation. Thosethatreceived excitatory inputfrom oneear and exhibited binaural inhibition mixedinteractions SRFsthatextended or had throughout lateral one hemifield. Predominantly binaural
cells exhibitedstrongbinauralfacilitationand had SRFs that formed a verticalband in front of the head. MD cells' SRFs varied
considerably, werefocalareas some restricted azimuth elevation. in and Others consisted multiple of areas in some that cases showed level-dependent changes location. elevation in The sensitivity MD cellswasnearlyidentical of under monaural binaural and conditions showing it derived that frommonaural spectral cues. units AI showed similar response properties. [Worksupported NIDCD.] by
11:30
5aPP5.Cortical codes soundlocation. JohnC. Middlebrooks(Depts. Neurosci. Otolaryngol., 100244,Univ. of for of and Box Florida, Gainesville, 32610), AnnClockEddins (Indiana FL Univ.,Bloomington, 47405), Li Xu, andDavidM. Green (Univ. IN of Florida,Gainesville, 32611) FL
Theresponsesauditory of cortical neurons carry information in thenumber spikes both of within burst in thetiming those a and of
spikes.The capacityof singleneurons encodesoundlocationswas studiedin areasAI and AES of a-chloralose-anestbetized to cats.
The spikecounts abouthalf of studied of neurons weremodulated morethan50% as a noisesource by was variedin azimuth. Nevertheless, "bestareas" mostunits,usinga 50%-of-maximum-response the of criterion, werelargerthan 180 Temporal . spike
patterns singleneurons of couldbe classified according sound to source azimuth,usingan artificialneuron network.The classification
of temporal patterns consistently surpassed a maximum-likelihood classificationspike of counts. spike The patterns single of neurons could successfully encode locations throughout of azimuth. localization 360 The performance anysingle of neuron substantially was worse thanthatof an awake, behaving Whenresponses averaged cat. were across multiple trials,however, performance improved monotonically increases the number trials,suggesting theinformation with in of that carried by thetemporal out spike patterns of
multiple neurons could accountfor a cat's localizationbehavior.
SATURDAY
MORNING,
3 JUNE 1995
Session 5aSA
MEETING
ROOM 16, 9:00 TO 11:30 A.M.
Structural Acoustics and Vibration:
Plates and Shells II
CourtneyB. Burroughs, Chair
Applied Research Laboratory, Pennsylvania University, State P.O. Box30, StateCollege, Pennsylvania 16801
ContributedPapers
9:00
ticitysolution theaxisymmetric for responsecylindrical of shells. Results

arepresented steel-like rubber-like materials compared for and wall and
with results from thin shelltheory.
9:15
5aSA1.Transmission turbulentboundarylayer pressures of through thin and thickshells. JackCole (Cambridge Acoust. Assoc., Inc.,200
BostonAve., Ste. 2500, Medford, MA 02155-4243)
Turbulent flow alonga structural boundary as a source noiseto acts of

the interior space.Characteristics the transmitted of noise are determined not only by the turbulentflow field but also by the transmission charac-
5aSA2. Frequencydomain assessment the doubly asymptotic of approximation.Jerry Ginsberg(School Mech.Eng.,Georgia H. of Inst.
of Technol.,Atlanta, GA 30332-0405)
terisfics the bounding of structure. low-speed In flow applications, the

spatial scale of the turbulence can be smaller than the structural wall
thickness. Underthiscircumstance, thickness effects important modare in elingthewall transmissibility. effects examined These are using elasthe
The mostwidelyimplemented technique modeling for fluid-structure interaction effects associated shock with responsethedoubly is asymptotic approximation (DAA),which been has developed a variety versions. in of Analytical validations thismethod of havethus onlybeen far performed
3398
for spherical infinitelylongcylindrical and shells. The present work uses
10:00
Nicholas-Vuillierme's derivation [Numerical TechniquesAcoustic in Radiation,editedby R. J. Bernhard R. E Keltie (ASME-NCA, Vol. 6, and
5aSAS. The acousticalbackgroundfor elastic shellsof nonspherical
7-13 1989)]of the frequency-domain version DAA as the basis of for examining accuracy limitations DAA for a slender the and of hemi-capped cylindrica{ shell.The basicconcept to useDAA to determine wet is the surface impedance matrix relating surface pressure velocity and variables, whose vilues compared those are to obtained from the surface variational
objects. M. F. Werby (Naval Res. Lab., Stennis SpaceCenter,MS

39529) and N.A. Sidorovskaia (Univ. of New Orleans,New Orleans, LA 70148)
principle (SVP)using same of basis the set functions. such After comparisonis made, alternative surface the wet impedances used predict are to the
structural response thehemi-capped o cylindrical to a ringforce. shell

Assessments frequencies therange for in ka<10 for a shellwhose length to diameter ratiois L/2a =6 indicate thatDAA fails to recognize effects associated with transition from supersonic subsonic to structural waves. The implications thisshortcoming structural of for response discussed. are
The acoustical background elastic for shells whichallows to isolate one elastic shellresonance's firstpresented anASA conference 1989 was at in for spherical shells. formulation beendeveloped is based the A has that on T-matrixmethod general nonspherical for shells. outlineof the formuAn lationis presented it's usein isolating and resonance's elasticspheroifor dal shells presented. is [Worksponsored NRL andtheOfficeof Naval by Research.]
[Workcupported theOfficeof NavalResearch, by Code1222.]

10:15-10:30 Break
9:30
10:30
5aSA3. Spiked volleyballs, dribbled basketballs, and kicked footballs: Excitation of the fundamental breathing mode in inflated sportballs. DavidG. Browning (Browning Biotech, Old NorthRd., 139 Kingston, 02881), RobertH. Mellen (KildareCorp.,New London, RI CT 06320), Robert Schneck, Stephanie J. and Milbradt (Univ.of Rhode Island,Kingston, 02881) RI
5aSA6. A new analytical approach for radiation problem from finite cylindrical piezoceramicshell. Victor T. Grinchenko (Dept. of Hydrodyn.Acoust.,Inst. of Hydromech., Natl. Acad. of Sci., Kiev, 252057, Ukraine)
The o,bjective thispaperis to present complete of a analytical solution The analyses the sound of from a hand-struck "spiked"volleyball, or a "dribbled" basketball, a place-kicked and football showthatin eachcase thefundamental "breathing" vibrational modeis excited these in inflated
fora finit' piezoelectric radiation cylinder problem. aspectsthe Three of

problem discussed. Development a theory thinpiezoceramic are (1) of of
shellswith hypotheses electricfield components are equivalent for that to
sport 0nder balls. regulation conditions the resonant frequency volofa

leyball was foundto be approximately Hz; a basketball, 150 which is largerbut has a higherinflationpressure, foundto havea slightly was
theclassical Love's mechanical (2) Explanation a newanalytical ones. of

approach solve a coupledelastic-electric-fluid to interaction problem.
The exact solutionfor the acoustic potentialfunctionis given in termsof an infiniteseriesof partial solutions the Helmholtzequation cylinof in dricalandspherical coordinate systems. associated The coefficients the are solution an infinitelinearsystem. new approach truncation this of A to of
higher frequency. to theshellmaterial Due these vibration quickly are

damped. The results support theoretical the work [P.M. MorseandH.
Feshbach, Methods Theoretical of Physics (McGraw-Hill,,' York, New

1953), 1469] a hollow, p. for flexible sphere. wasfound "good" It that hits
strongly excitethismode,"poor" onesdo not.Acoustic analysis maybe an important in determining tool optimum performance.
system whichtakesinto account sharp the edgeeffects, developed. is An estimation the calculation of accuracy the methodis presented. of (3)
Numericalimplementation theanalytical of solution differentvalues for of key parameters givesa ground elucidate complex to a exchange energy of betweenelectricgenerator, elasticstructure, and surrounding fluid. Modificationof eigenforms the shelldue to radiationin water is described. of
9:45
5aSA4. An approximation to the local acoustic impedance of a cylindrical shell with hemisphericalendcaps. Michael J. Utschig,Jan D. Achenbach, TakeruIgusa (Dept. of Civil Eng., Northwestern and Univ., Evanston, 60208) IL
10:45
5aSA7. Dispersion of longitudinal waves in periodic septate
liquid-elastic waveguides. L. Sbeiba (EG&G WASC, Inc., 1396 Piecard Dr., Rockville,MD 20850)
The propagation longitudinal of wavesm a composite liquid-elastic waveguide analyzed. waveguide a periodic is The is structure consisting of alternating liquid-elastic cylinders joinedby rigid septa. The elastic material(Lam6constants: p,,3.,Poisson relation 0.5) andtheliquidmaterial (/x=0, 0'=0.5) are assumed havelow compressibility, the to and septaare rigid and weightless. Consequently, boundary the betweenthe cylinder and the septum'sradial displacement absent,and the axial is
A method beendeveloped approximate localradiation has to the impedance a cylindricalshell with hemispherical of endcaps. This approximation greatlyreduces effortrequired calculate acoustic the to the impedance as comparedto an approachusing a variational method. The approximate methodusesthe exactacoustic impedances severalsepaof rablegeometric shapes approximate acoustic to the impedance a comof plex structure is a composite thoseshapes. shellis brokeninto that of The three components: two hemispheres and a finite cylinder.These componentsare partsof regionsthat are separable an orthogonalcoordinate in system. is assumed the acoustic It that impedance the components the of is same as the acousticimpedance calculatedexactly for the separable
shapes. Furthermore,it is assumed that the local acousticimpedanceof the
displacements areplanar. fidmittance Y of theunit The matrix cylinder is

initially constructed within a frameworkof the hypothesis plane cross of sections,neglecting strains induced by hydrostaticstress.Hydrostatic
stress waves approximat!y are included adding the unitcylinder by to admittance matrix correction associated thestrains hydrostatic Y with of
stress the cylinder. in The transfermatrixof the liquid-elasticwaveguide andits elements, expressed through waveguide the sections elastic param-
original complex shape the same thatof corresponding is as points the on simplecomponents. accuracy improved The is whenthe interaction betweenneighboring components considered. acoustic is The impedance and surface pressure generated a lead appliedin the centerof the complex by shape compared is with thatcalculated usinga variational formulation.
eters, havebeen obtained. hasbeen It shown iamping a waveguide that in with a perigdicstructure muchgreaterin comparison is with a regular
waveguide,even when the latter is made with a high-lossmaterial.
3399
J. Acoust.Sec. Am., Vol. 97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995
3399
11:00
11:15
5aSAS. Electroelastic modeling the motions ceramic of of barsunder

large driving voltages. M.C. D6kmeci (Istanbul Tech.Univ.--Tcknik
5aSA9. Investigation of the vibroacoustical characteristics of
Oniversite, 9, Taksim, P.K. 80191, Istanbul, Turkey) and G. Akar

Altay (BoaziqiUniv.,Bebek, Istanbul)
In relationto electroceramic mediasubjectto large driving voltages, thispaperpresents one-dimen3ional the nonlinear equations a cylindriof cal ceramic The fieldvariables theceramic areall expanded bar. of bar in thepowerseries expansions itscross-sectional of coordinates. means By of a unifiedvariational principle, whichis formulated through Hamilton's
cylindrical shells. Rostislav Dudnik Andrei Kolpakov (Dept. A. and B.

of Phys.,Inst.Arch. Civil Eng., 65 II'inskayaSt., 603600 N.-Novgorod, Russia) Experimental theoretical and investigations the influence inhoof of mogeneity upontheoscillations radiation thincylindrical and of shells are executed. inhomogeneity presented eitheroneadditional The is by mass (m0) fastened =180 ) on the shellsurface, two identical (at or inertia
principle and Legendre's transformation [e.g., M. C. D6kmeci,IEEE Trans. UFFC35, 775-787(1988)]together theseries with expansions of fieldvariables, one-dimensional the electroelastic equations systematiare callyderived bothdifferential variational in and forms. Theyarecapable of
predicting extensional, the flexural,and torsional well as coupled as motionsof a ceramic at low andhighfrequenciesl a proper bar By truncation of the series expansions, electroelastic the equations incorporate many as higher-order effectsas deemeddesirablein any case.Specialcasesare investigated M. C. Di3kmeci, J. Solids [cf. Int. Stmct.10, 401-409 (1974) and Proceedings the 40th Annual Symposium Frequency of on Control (IEEE, New York, 1986),pp. 168-178]. The uniqueness examined is in
masses I = m2= m0/2 which fastened (1) _+ l. Theimpact (m ) are at = (I) of such division a unitinhomogeneityoscillating of on velocity distribution
aswell asonthepressure radiated levels directionality and diagrams the of relevant shellmodels analyzed different is for quantities summary of mass (m0).The execution analysis limitedby the investigation azimuth is of
lower-frequency modes. wasshown theconsidered It that distribution of

inhomogeneity makesit possible controlthe radiationlevel of the shell to in certainfrequency ranges. The investigation a structure nearandfar of of acoustical fields radiatedby these shellsat variousdistances from the radiatingsurfaces was conducted also. It was shownthat as this distance
increases, number themode the of providing largest the contribution tothe

complete field decreases. Corresponding experimental resultsare presented.
solutions thelineadzed of electroelastic equations. [Worksupported part in by The Scientific Technical and Research Council Turkey.] of
SATURDAY
MORNING,
3 JUNE 1995
RENAISSANCE WEST B, 9:00 A.M. TO 12:00 NOON

Session 5aSC
Speech Communication: ArticulatoryModelsand Measurements

Maureen L. Stone, Chair
Divisionof Otolaryngology, HNS, Department Surgery, of University Maryland,School Medicine, of of Baltimore,

Maryland 21201
ContributedPapers
9:00 9:15
5aSC1.Is intra-articulator speech coarticulation planned? David1. Ostry (McGill Univ.,Montreal, H3A 1BI, Canada) PQ and Vincent L. Gracco (Haskins Labs.,New Haven,CT 06511)
Doesthe nervous system takeaccount upcoming of phonetic context whenplanning successive movements a speech of articulator? kineThe matics intra-articulator of coarticulation readilymeasurable empiriare in cal studies and may appearto be centrallycontrolled the basisof on kinematic changes which arisein response upcoming to phonetic segments. However, withoutexplicitmodels speech of articulaters, measured
kinematiceffectscorrectlyattributable centralplanningcannotbe disto
5aSC2. Recoveryof task-dynamic parameters with a mismatched articulatory model. Richard McGowan MindyLee (Haskins S. and
Labs.,270 CrownSt., New Haven,CT 06511)
A method recovering for task-dynamic parameters speech from acoustics has beenproposed McGowan, [see Speech Commun. 19-48 14, (1994)].In theseries tests be described of to here,thereweremismatches imposed between task the dynamics produced speech andthe that the data taskdynamics in theanalysis-by-synthesis used procedure recovery. for
Oneof themismatcbes in thearticulator was weights in specifying used

how muchof eacharticulator usein attaining to construction goals.Another mismatch was in the allowed relation between activation interval and
tinguished thekinematic from patterns which,ac ducit, dynamic me and notrepresented theunderlying in control. thepresent In paper, questhis
tion is addressed comparing results empirical modeling by the of and

studies jaw motion.The simulated of kinematics sagittal of planejaw
thenatural frequency the of constriction dynamics (natural frequency constraint). Bilabial velar and places articulation of (constriction) tested, were
andthe firstthreeformant trajectories wereusedas data.Whentherewas articulator weightmismatching, wasfoundthatarticulaters it Would compensate thattherecovered so constriction trajectories similar those were to of thedataproducing trajectories. appeared be moredifficult overIt to to
rotation horizontal translation comparedempirical 'and jaw are to studies in

whichsubjects produce CVC sequences a normal andvolume. at rate The jaw motion simulations showthatevenwhencontrol signals underlying
theinitialCV transition fixed,"anticipatory" are kinematic patterns vary in amplitude duration a function upcoming and as of context. suggests This
that unplanned effectsdue to articulator dynamics mustbe accounted fo3 before drawing conclusions about the role of central control in intra-
come mismatches natural inthe frequency constraint. thenonuniqueAlso,

ness therecovered dynamics exhibited of task is whenthereis not suffi-
cient acoustic [Thisworkwas data. supported NINDCDGrant by 01247to

Haskins Laboratories.]
articulator coarticulation. supported NIH Grant [Work by CD-00594.]
3400
d.Acoust. Am., 97,No.5, Pt.2, May Sec. Vol. 1995
9:30
5aSC3,Influences stopconsonant of voicing tongue, andjaw on lip,

movement kinematics. Anders Lfqvist and Vincent L. Gracco (Haskins Labs.,270 CrownSt., New Haven,CT 06511-6695)
responding acoustics thancoefficients from ellherthe nonorthogonal twofactorsolution theorthogonally or constrained three-factor solution. These
three factors correspond also qualitatively thethreenonorthogonal to factorsextracted fromIcelandic x-rayfilm voweldata[Jackson, Acoust. J.
Soc. Am.84, 124-1430988)]. Thus current the English solution contradiets Jackson's distinction (based Harshman al.'s two-factor on et English vowel solution)betweenlanguage-independent language-specific and vowel articulationprimes. This low-dimensional, potentiallycrosslinguistic representation couldbenefit speech recognition, coding, synor thesis applications whichanacoustically in correlated voweltongue shape
parameterization required. is
Lip closing movements bilabialstops for havebeenreported be to fasterand of shorter durationfor voiceless than for voicedstops. The experimental evidence conflicting, is however, recordings mostly and have beenlimited lip andjaw movements a single to in dimension. present The
study examines articulatorykinematicsin laCY1 sequences, where the consonant oneof the set/p,b.t,d,k.g/and second is the voweloneof/i,a,u/. A magnetometer systemwas usedto track vertical,lindhorizontalmovements receivers of placed the lipsandthejaw, andon fourpoints the on on
tongue. Tangential velocitywasusedto definemovement onsets offand sets. Movement amplitude calculated thepathof the receiver was as from movement onsetto offset.Preliminary results from two subjects suggest the possibility that the effectsof consonant voicingon movement kinematicsvary for differentarticulators. Tonguebody movements towards consonantal closure hadconsistently highervelocity.largeramplitude and longer duration voicedthanfor voiceless for velarstops. Tongue andlip tip andjaw closing movements showed robust less differences between voiced
10:15-10:30
Break
10:30
and voiceless alveoir labial and stops. [Work supported byNIH.]

5aSC6. Evaluating a topographicalmapping from speechacoustics to tonguepositions. JohnHogdenand Michelle Heard (Los Alamos
Natl. Lab., MS B256, Los Alamos, NM 87545)
9:45
5aSC4. Articulatory activity and aerodynamic variation during
voiceless consonant production. LauraL. Koenig,Anders 1.3fqvist,

Vincent Gracco, Richard McGowan (Haskins L. and S. Labs.,270 Crown
St., New Haven, CT 06511)
The production voiceless of consonants associated is with changes in oral air pressure which reflectthe time courseand coordination the of requisitelaryngealand supralaryngeal articulations. The present experiments wereconducted orderto characterize in moreprecisely relationthe shipsamongglottal and supraglottal activitiesand the resultingaerodynamic changesin the vocal tract. In the firsl experiment,simultaneous
recordings were madeof glottalarticulation (obtained transilluminavia tion),two-dimensional andjaw movements, air pressure lip and variation duringtheproduction voiceless of labialconsonants. the second In experiment, two-dimensional motion of the jaw and multiple points on the tongue wereobtained alongwith air pressure duringthe production of voicelesslingual consonants. Analysis focused on the time-varying changes thepressure in waveform theaccompanying and articulatory motion. The'datasuggest the overalltime course pressure that of variation depends largely thetimingof thelaryngeal on alevoicing gesture. However, detailsin the pressure waveforms showed closecorrespondence the a to time course supraglottal of articulations. Takentogether, results suggest that laryngeal supralaryngeal and timingis highlyconstrained, that and different aniculators contribute uniquely producing to pressure variations
The continuity mapping algorithm--a procedure learning recover for to therelative positions thearticulators of fromspeech signalsis evaluated using human speech data. Theadvantage continuity of mapping thatit is is an unsupervised algorithm; is, it canpotentially trained makea that be to mapping from speech acoustics speech to articulation withoutarticulator measurements. procedure The starts vector by quantizing short windows of a speech signal thateachwindow represented so is (encoded) a single by number. Next, multidimensional scaling usedto mapquantization is codes that were temporally closein the encoded speech nearbypointsin a to continuity map.Sincespeech sounds produced sufficiently closetogether in time musthavebeenproduced similararticulator by configurations, and speech sounds produced closetogether time are closeto eachother in in the continuitymap, soundsproduced similar articulator by posilions should mapped similarpositions the continuity be to in map.The dataset usedfor evaluating continuity the mappingalgorithmis comprised siof multaneously collected articulator acoustic and measurements using made an electromagnetic midsagittal articulometer a human on subject. Compailsons between measured articulator positions those and recovered using continuity mapping will be presented.
10:45
withinthevocal tract. [Worksupported N1H.] by
5aSC7. Across sessiontemporal stability of the lip-jaw complex in bilabial closure. Peter Alfonso (Dept.of Speech Hear.Sci.,Univ. J. and
of Illinoisat Urbana-Champaign, South 901 SixthSt., Champaign, 1L

06510)
10:00
Movementsthetongue, and wertransdueed of lips, jaw byelectromagnetic midsagittal articulography. singlesession A included repeti20
tionsof/pap/,/tat/, and/sas/imbeddedin a carrierphrase normal,slow, at
5aSC5. Three acoustically predictable factors underlying vowel
tongueshapes. DavidA. Nix andGeorge Paprun (LosAlamos .L Natl.

Lab., CIC-3, MS B265, Los Alamos. NM 87545)
To obtain low-dimensional, a speaker-independent parameterization of voweltongue shapes, three-mode the factor analysis procedure RAFAC Ea,
and fast speech rates.Seventalkerscompleted threesessions I week at intervals. Reported hereareacross session comparisons temporal of ordering andrelativetimingof the movement the lips andjaw for labial of closure normalrates.The predominant at sequence paRems thosein are
[Harshmanel.,J.Acoust. Am.62,693-707(1977)] applied et Soc. was to

x-raymicrobeam tongue measurementstenEnglish of vowels spoken by two male and two female subjects sevendifferent/CVC/ contexts. in PARAF^Creliably extracts three speaker-independent, nonorthogonal factors. resulting The speaker-independent coefficients factor cluster vowel by in three-dimensional articulatory space. two-dimensional In projections, theyqualitatively reflect traditional the vowelqualitychart. multi-layer A perception (neural network) independently corroborates solution: this these tongue shape coefficients significantly are morepredictable thecorfrom
which either upper lowerlip movement or occurs and first jaw movement
occurs Across-subject last. comparisons showthateitherlip leadsequence
isequally likelytooccur. Within-subject across-session comparisons show no clearpreference eitherlip leadsequence somesubjects, for for and reversals dominate leadsequences other in lip for subjects. Across-session stability temporal of orderis related interarticulator to relative time:Subjectswhodemonstrate coupling the upper tight of andlowerlipshavea
higher probability producing of bothlip-leadsequences, whereas subjects who demonstrate longerinterarticulator relativetimingproduce consistent
3401
129thMeeting: Acoustical Society Arnedca of
3401
sequence across patterns sessions. measures Temporal representing the

central tendencies complete of session of the set closure gestures most are stable across sessions. [Work supported NIH DC-00121 Haskins by to
Laboratories University Illinoisresearch and of grant.]
11:00
11:30
5aSC10. Orofacial finger and force control normal in subjects.

Michele Gentil (INSERMU 318,CHU,Clinique Neurologique, 217, BP
38043 GrenobleCedex 9, France), Abdelkader Rezali, Claire Lise Toumier (CliniqueNeurologique, Grenoble,France), Pierre Pollak, and Alim L. Benabid (Univ. Joseph Fourier,38043 Grenoble Cedex9,
France) The relationship amongseveral parameters theramp-and-hold of force
5aSC8. Three-dimensional visualization humlnjaw motion of in

speech.Thierry Guiard-Martigny dela Commun. (Inst. Par16e, Grenoble
Cedex9, France) and David J. Ostry (McGill Univ., Montreal, H3A PQ
lB1, Canada)
contraction target level quantified theupper lower and force was for lip,
lip, andtongue theonehand,andrightandleft indexon theotherhand, on in 12 normalsubjects malesand6 females). (6 Usingvisualfeedback,
subjectsproduced ramp-and-holdcompressionlip, tongue, and index
With thedevelopment precise motion of 3-D measurement systems and powerfulcomputers 3-D graphical for visualization, is possible record it to and fully reconstruct motions. this paper,a videodemonstration jaw In of
forces raiidly accurately possible end-point as and as to target levels ranging from 0.25 to 2 newtons, thesefine force occurring within physiologic
a visualization for;:lisplaying jawmovements system 3-D in speech be will presented. Kinematic recordsjawmotion the of and corresponding speech signal recorded anoptoelectronic are using measuremqnt The System. three
orientation angles three and positions whichdescribe motion thejaw the of as a rigid skeletal structure derived and from theempirical measurements. Thesesix kinematic variables, whichaccount fully for jaw motionkinematics, usedto drive a real-time3-D animation a skeletal are of jaw and upperskull.The visualization software enables userto view jaw mothe
levels presumably involved speech in production. Giventhespecial artatomicand physiologic characteristics the orofacialsystem, purpose of the of thisstudywasto compare tongue, fingerforcecontrol order lip, and in
todetermine vhether motor the control uniform both is in systems, of that

the speech production and that of the limb, and within subsystems of speech production. Consequently, be pathophysiology a movement can of disorder its stereotypic in form be considered across limb and speech systems? seems It likely that measures orofacial of forcecontrolprovide usefulinsights into the fundamental motorcontrolproblemof any individual with dysarthria.
tion any from orientation and change in course to vigwpoint ihe ofan
of the visualdisplaymay be varied.The usermay alsodisplay, alongwith the audiotrack,individualkinematicdegrees freedomor severaldegrees of of freedomin combination. system now beingintegrated The is into a 3-D
utterance. portions Selected 9fan.utterance m-played the may be and speed
audio-visual articulatoq speech synthesizer. [Work supported NIH by

GrantDC-00594.]
11:45 11:15
5aSCll. computational using A model formant planning space of

arficulator movements for vowel production. Frank H. Guenther
5aSC9.Functional data analyses lip motion. J.O. Ramsay (Dept. of
ofPsych., McGill Univ., Dr.Penfield Montreal, H3AIB1, 1205 Ave., PQ

Canada), K. G. Munhall (Queens Udiversity, Kingston, ON, Canada), V. L. Gracco (Haskins Labs.,New Haven,CT 06511),and D.J. Ostry (Montreal, H3A IB1, Canada) PQ
(Dept.of Cognitive NeuralSystems, and Boston Univ.,I 11 Cummington

St., Rm. 244, Boston,MA 02215) and Dave Iohnson (BostonUniv., Boston,MA)
Itisoften hyp'thesized that articulator are movements within planned

a coordinate framewhosevariables correspond key vocaltractconstricto
movement ofmany different articulators according tomany different time

functions. Centralissues the accurate are description the shapeof the of
The tract's.motion isacomplex ofthe ;vocal during speech patterning
vocal and tract determining each how articulator contributes shape. tothis
Techniques aredescribed provide that useful f>r tools describing multivariate functional such themeasurementspeech data as of movements. The
choice of data analysisprocedures has been motivated by the need to
tions[e.g., E. Saltzman K. G, Munh. Ecol. Psych.1, 333-382 and all, (1989)].However, recent evidence suggests speakers utilizea that may moreacoustic-like space planning for vowelmovements Perkellet al., [J. J. Acoust. Soc.Am. 93, 2948-2961 (1993)].Previous workhasverified
the capacity a computational of speech production modelcalledDIVA to
explain widerange experimental using constriction a of data a planning
partitionthe articulator movement various in ways:movement start-and
space. current extends model allow The work the to formant space planningof vowelmovements. modellearns The target regions F1 andF2 for
end-effects separated shape from effects, effects to due different syllables,

and the splittingof within-sensorvariation from between-sensor overall
foreach vowel during babbling A mapping a cycle. between desired formantchanges articulator and movements achieve that these changes also is
variation. techniquesfunctional analysis admirably The of data seem suited to the .analyses phenomena asthese. of such Familiar multivariate proceduressuchas analysis varianceandprincipalcomponents of analysis have their functionalcounterparts, thesereveal in a way more suitedto the and data the importantsources variation in lip motion. Finally, it is found of that the analyses acceleration of were especiallyrevealingin considering
learned. babbling, model After the successfully reaches vowel all targets
from any initial vocal tract configuration, even in the presenceof constraintssuch as a blockedjaw, and the resultingsynthesized vowels are
the character possible of control mechanisms. [Work supported NIH by GrantDC-00594.]
easilyrecognizable. Althoughvowel targets specifyonly formantranges with no articulatoryinformation,articulatorconfigurations usedby the model produce to vowels similar human are to configurations. [Worksupported AFOSRF49620-92-1-0499.] by
3402
J. Acoust. Am.,Vol.97, Nol5, Pt.2, May1995 Soc.
3402
GRAND BALLROOM SOUTH, 8:30 TO 11:35 A.M.

Session 5aUW
Underwater Acoustics: Sea-SurfaceScattering

Guillermo C. Gaunaurd, Chair
Naval Surface WarfareCenter, Code684, WhiteOak, SilverSpring, Maryland20903-5640

Chair's IntroductionS:30
Contributed Papers
8:35 9:05
5aUW1. Shallowwater propagation the presence a rough sea in of surfaceand the associated bubbleclouds. Guy V. Norton (NavalRes. Lab., StcnnisSpace Center, MS 39529-5004). Jorge C. Novarini (PlanningSystems, Inc., Slidell, LA 70458), and RichardS. Keiffer (NavalRes.Lab.,Stennis Space Center, 39529-5004) MS
Propagation modelsin underwater acoustics usuallyincorporate the
5aUW3, Sound scatteringby a singleair bubble and by a cloud of air bubbles neartheseasurface. G.C. Gaunaurd H. Huang (Naval and SurfaceWarfare Ctr.. White Oak Detachment, Silver Spring, MD 20903-5640)
Soundscattering an air bubblein a boundless by fluid is an old clas-
sicalproblem [i.e., R. Y. Nishi,Acustica 65-74 0975)]. If the air 33,

bubbleis near,and strongly interacting with the surface a liquidhalfof
sea-surface roughnessa perturbation, a loss as (i.e., mechanism through an additional attenuation factor) based coherent in thespecular on loss direction.In addition, scattering kernels generally are derived assuming hoa
mogenous medium underlying seasurface, assumption the an incompatible with a realistic environment. Usinga numerical model[Nortonet al., J.
space, thenthescattering cross section (SCS)of thebubble quitedifis

ferentfrom its valuefar awayfrmn the boundary. exactsolution The for this scattering problemis givenwhichis valid for any incidence direction of the (plane)sound waves, andfor any bubble depth,obtained the by methodof images. This benchmark solutionis foundby meansof the addition theorems the spherical for wavefunctions. resulting The SCS contains contributions the interface, bubble, from the andfrom its image, andit is expressible terms coupling in of coefficients containing products of Wigher symbols. formulation illustrated many 3-j The is with computed plotsand it is finally extended the caseof a round,low-concentration to cloudof equalsizebubbles, beneath seasurface. just the Thisgeneralizationis possible replacing individual by the bubble properties those an by of "effectivemedium"describing bubblecloudjust as we foundthem the
Acoust. Am.95, 3018(A) Soc. 0994)] thatcombineshigh-fidelity a parabolicequation propagation modelwith the conformal mapping technique to handle surface roughness a marching in algorithm developed Dozier by
[L. B. Dozier, Acoust. Am.75, 1415-1432 J. Soc. (1984)], forward propagationunder roughsurface be modeled a mathematically a can in consistentway.Thetechnique applied theproblem shallow is to of water propagation thepresence an inhomogeneous in of bubble distribution. ocean The
environment consists bubble of plumes different in stages development. of The effectof the bubbles introduced are through complex the indexof refraction. model exercised frequencies The is for between and40 kHz. 20
The combined effectthatthe roughsurface the inhomogeneous and environmenthason amplitudeand phasefluctuations on transmission and loss
earlier J.Acoust. Am.85,541-554(1989)]. [i.e., Soc. [Work supported by

NSWC'sIR Program.]
is examined. [Worksupported ONR.] by
9:20 8:50
5aUW2. The influence of bubble clouds on surface scattering strengths. Michael Nicholas, Peter M. Odgen, and Fred T. Erskine (NavalRes.Lab.,Code7142,4555 Overlook Ave.S.W.,Washington, DC
20375-5350)
5aUW4. Deriving scatteringstrengthsfrom nonstationarytime-series data: A comparison of low-frequency surface-backscattering strengthsusing both impulsive and coherent sources. Roger C.
Gauss, Peter Ogden (NavalRes.Lab.,Washington, 20375-5350), M. DC

JohnB. Chester (Naval Undersea WarfareCtr., New LondonDetachment,
New London, 06320),and Joseph Fialkowsi (Planning CT M. Systems,

Inc., McLean, VA 22102)
One of the mostcomprehensive of surfacescattering sets strength measurements made during the CST experiments was betweenAugust
1988 and May 1993, coveringa frequency rangefrom --70 to --1500 Hz.
An extensive of environmental set measurements (including bubble cloud measurements) collected several theseexperiments on of make this a
uniquedata set for examining effectof sub-surface the bubblecloudson surface backscattering strength. Analysisof thesedata have shownthat windspeed, whilethemostimportant environmental descriptor, cannot by
The derivation scattering of strengths from acoustic field datainvolves applying activesonar the equation the measured to reverberation response. However,due to the typical nonstationarity observed the direct-path in reverberation series time (e.g., 10 dB/s),the choiceof appropriate correspondinggrazinganglesbecomes more problematical the durationof as the transmittedsignal increases.Direct-path measurements lowof
itself explain some important differences thesurface in scattering strengths measured the different for CST experiments. Thesedifferences appear to
be linked to the sub-surface bubble clouds which, in turn, are influenced by
frequency (200-1000 Hz) acoustic surface scattering weremadein the Gulf of Alaskain theFebruary 1992usinginterleaved of SUS andpulsed
waveforms FM). Backscattering (cw, strengths werederived pulse for

lengthsvarying between30 ms and 2.4 s. A comparison resultsrevealed of that scattering strengths have a nontrivialdependence signaltype and on pulselength,andon the signal-processing methodology usedin their derivation.Generalimplications derivingscattering for strengths from nonsta-
the dynamicsof the upper layers of the ocean. Latest resultsfrom the continuinganalysisof the surfacescattering and bubblecloud data will be presented which illustratethe influenceof the bubble clouds and indicate how the stabilityof the upperlayersof the oceanplay a role in distributing
tionarytime-series data will be discussed. [Work supported ONR by

(NRL).]
those bubble clouds. [Worksupported ONR.] by
3403
J. Acoust.Soc. Am., VoL 97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995
3403
9:35
10:35
5aUWS. Low-frequency sea surface scatter and horizontal bistatic
5aUW8.
Effect of surface height distributions on underwater
angle dependenceutilizing short coherent pulses. John B. Chester
and RaymondI. Christian (NUWC Div. Newport, New London

Detachment, New London,CT 06320)
acoustic backscattering statistics. Kyle M. Becker (Graduate Program in Acoust., PennStateUniv.,Appl. Res.Lab., Student Area,P.O.Box 30, StateCollege,PA 16804)
A problemof interestto oceanenvironmental acousticians underis standing relationship the between ocean surface characteristics acousand tic backscattering statistics. Recent experimental workhasfocused deon termining surface properties whichcause hackscattering strength statistics to deviate fromexponential. Usingthenomenclature Ogilvy(Theory of of Wave Scattering from Random Rough Surfaces, 1991) several scattering surfaces have been fabricated. Surfaces were modeled usinga moving averagetechnique with prescribed distribution functionsand correlation functions C(R). Representing surface elevation, asa continuous h, random process, the moving average process of order N is given as
A comprehensive low-frequency (<1000-Hz) low grazing angle (<30 sea surface ) acoustic scatter experiment was conducted during
Febmary/March 1992 in the Gulf of Alaska.Duringdatacollection, wind speeds ranged from 3-17.5 m/s and seastates from 2-6. cw waveforms lessthan500 ms in lengthat 250, 380, 900, and935 Hz weretransmitted by threecollinearverticaltowedsource arrays.Surface scattered energy wasreceived 17 cosine-spaced in beams a horizontal by source-ship-towed line array.This experimental geometry allowedmeasurement surface of scattering strength a functionof mean grazingangle, frequency, as and horizontal bistaticangle.Analysis thesemeasurements termsof these of in dependencies presented is alongwith comparison currentsurface to scatteringstrength modelpredictions.
hn= t=owun_ . Statistical properties are ofh determined random bythe

uncorrelated variables,u,, and the choiceof weights,w. Weightsare
determined the choice C(R) andcorresponding by of correlation length, X0, or distance which over C(R) decays 1/e.Isotropic anisotropic hy and
9:50
5aL76. On the correlation of ambient noise levels and other
surfaces have been constructed for both Gaussian and non-Gaussian sur-
parameters with backscattering strengths observed during the
acoustic surface reverberation experiment (ASREX).
Nell J.
Williams, Hien B. Nguyen, Charles L. Monjo, and Harry A. Deferraft
(Appl.MarinePhys., RSMAS, Univ.of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy., Miami, FL 33149) Preliminary results froma surface reverberation experiment performed in the North Atlantic duringthe winter of 1993-94 indicatethat ambient
face heightdistributions. Acousticbackscattering results presented are for threecases: caseI---log-normal heightdistribution x andy, equalcorin relationlengths; caseHaussian heightdistribution, correlation length in y equalto ten timesthatof x; caseIlI---Gaussian heightdistribution in x, log4normal distribution y, equalcorrelation in lengths.
noise levels mayprove bea convenient accurate to and indicator surface of backscattering strengths. Backscattered energy from coherentsources
rangingin frequencyfrom 100 to 800 Hz were observed over a three monthperiod.Both the backscattered returnsand ambientnoisewere recordedby a 64-elementverticalarray while simultaneous measurements were made of a variety of environmental parameters, including:wind speedand direction,wave spectra, and sea temperature current air and fields,bubbleplumes,etc., by investigators from SIO, WHOI, and IOS/ BC, Canada. The natureof the datasetlendsitself to time series analysis techniques. Multivariateanalysis backscattering of strengths a function as of ambient noiseandvarious otherenvironmental parameters be prewill
10:50
5aUW9, Numerical studiesof the small slope approximationfor rough surface scattering using a Pierson-Moskowitz spectrum. ShiraL. Broschat(School Elec.Eng.andCornput. Washington of Sci., StateUniv., Pullman,WA 99164-2752)and Eric I. Thorsos (Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105) Thesmall slope approximation (SSA),introduced Voronovich the by in mid-1980s G. Voronovich, Phys.JETP62, 65-70 (1985)], has [A. Sov. beenshown be a very promising to method modeling for wavescattering from roughsurfaces. theorygivesa systematic The series whichis manifestlyreciprocal eachorder, at reduction perturbation to theory intrinsic is to the formulation, and reduction the Kirchoff approximation to occurs underthe appropriate conditions whenthe firsttwo terms the series of are retained I. Thorsos S. L. Broschat, Acoust. [E. and J. Soc. Am. 97, 2082-
sented discussed. and [Worksupported ONR.] by
10:05-10:20
Break
2093(1995)]. thispaper In numerical results presented scattering are for

10:20
5aUW7. Backscatteringfrom the ocean surface: Observationsfrom the acousticsurface reverberationexperiment (ASREX) December
'93-March '94. Charles Monjo,Hien B. Nguyen, L. Nell J. Williams, andHarryA. Deferrari (Appl.MarinePhys., RSMAS, Univ. of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy.,Miami, FL 33149)
strengths one-dimensional, for pressure releasesurfaces satisfying a Pierson-Moskowitz powerlaw spectrum. Results givenfor incident are angles varyingfrom grazing normalover the full angular to rangeof scattering. Comparisons Monte Carlointegralequation with results show thattheSSAis extremely accurate overa largerange scattering of angles including forward low grazing angles.
Preliminary results froma surface reverberation experiment was that

performed the NorthAtlanticOceanduringthe winterof 1993-94 will in
be presented.Observationsof acoustic backscatterfrom the ocean surface
11:05
weremadefrom a moored verticalarrayat frequencies ranging from 100

to 800 Hz at 12-rain intervals during a 3-month period. Simultaneous measurements were made by other investigators (from SIO, WTtOI, and
5aUW10. A physically motivated model for sea surface backscattering the low to moderatefrequencyregime. Richard$. in
IOS-BC, Canada)of a varietyof environmental parameters, including

wind speedand direction,wave spectra, and seatemperature curair and rent fields,and the presence and natureof bubblecloudswere observed with devices thatdetected anomalies the nearsurface in sound speed and
Keiffer (NavalRes.Lab.,Code7181,Stennis Space Center, 39529) MS and Jorge Novarini (Planning C. Systems, Inc., Slidell,LA 70458)
Basedon the refractive properties the bubblecloudsand the backof
ground (uniform) bubble layer resonant and scatteringthesea at surface, a

simple modelis presented estimate backscattering the ocean to the from surface frequencies for below1 kHz.Thisnewmodel yields dependence a
using high-frequency side scan sonars.Variationof backscattering strengths changes theenvironment bepresented compariwith in will and
sons withresults fromother recent observations [P.M. Ogden F. T. and

Erskine, Acoust. J. Soc.Am. 95, 746-761 (1994)] will be made.[Work supported ONR.] by
on thethree fundamental variables, windspeed, grazing angle, freand

quency, is in general that agreement trends with observed reverberationin
derived hackscattering [Worksupported ONR.] data. by
3404
3404
11:20
5aUWI1. Modeling sea surfacescatteringwith a finite difference method. R.A. Stephen(Woods HoleOceanogr. Woods Inst., Hole,MA
02543)
A numerical scattering chamber based the finitedifference on solution
of thetwo-way elastic wave equation applied theseasurface is to scatteringproblem. a reference For model, method the gives excellent agreement in amplitude phase and withthesolution obtained an integral by equation
strates number issues numerical a of in modeling wavescattering: of (1) the spreading Gaussian of beams (evenin homogeneous media)hasimplications (i) defining surface for the footprint scattering and() for or area generating approximate Gaussian beams tapered by vertical arrays; the (b) treatment a rough,free, fluid surface a Cartesian of in grid scheme; (c) solving continuous (cw)problems thetimedomain; diffraction wave in (d) of waves fromroughness elements scale with lengths the orderof a on
wavelength; multiple (e) scattering effects between roughness elements; and(t')omni-directional scattering including angle low backscatter. [Work
supported Officeof Naval Research.] by
method Thorsos, [Eric personal communications]. problem This demon-
SATURDAY AFTERNOON, 3 JUNE 1995
Session 5pBV
Bioresponse Vibration and to Ultrasoundand Physical to Acoustics: Biomolecular Acoustics

Armen Sarvazyan, Chair
Department Chemistry, of Rutgers University, P.O. Box939,Piscataway, Jersey New 08855

Invited Papers
1:05
5pBV1. UItrasonic studies phase of transitions lipidmembranes protein in and molecules. DmitriP. Kharakoz (lnst. Theoret. of
andExp.Biophys., Russian Acad.Sci,, 142292 Pushchino, Moscow, Russia)
This paper reviews transitions lipid phase in the membranes protein and molecules studied means ultrasonic velocity by of (sound andabsorption) related and methods (calorimetric, volumetric, others). and Peculiaritiesphase of transitionssmall-dimension in systemsanaqueous in environment (afinite width thetransition probabilitycritical of zone, of nuclei formation, hysteresis, hydration changes, arediscussed. etc.) A comparison of ultrasonic calorimetric and methods showing complementarity studies their in the of kinetics phase of transitions ispresented. Ultrasonic onthemelting lipidvesicles aqueous data of in dispersionsreviewed. are Recent achievements ultrasonic ofthekinetic inthe study mechanism ofcreation growth gelnuclei and of within parent the liquid-crystalline
phase reported. are Ultrasonic studies theprotein/lipid of interactions reviewed perspectives outlined. are and are Native molten to globule state transition globular in proteins considered is (volume compressibility and changes, acoustic relaxation, protein interior hydration). differences thebehavior thephase The in of transitions membranes in protein in and molecules discussed. are New
questions furtherultrasonic for studies the phase of transitions formulated. are
1:35
5pBV2.Molecular acoustics thermodynamic in characterization proteins.Tigran Chalikian(Dept. Chemistry, of V. of Rutgers

Univ., Piscataway, 08855) NJ
Processes asconformational transitions, such phase ligand binding events, enzymatic and catalysis thestructure proteins alter of aswellasthenature theirsolvent of accessible surface. Consequently, processes in corresponding these result changes thesound in velocity theprotein of solution. isshown theexample twotypical As by of globular proteins, cytochrome a-chymotrypsinogen c and A, thetransition thenative from state themolten to globule state accompanied an increase sound is by in velocity, whilethenative state-unfolded transition accompanieda decrease sound state is by in velocity. interpretationthemacroscopic velocity The of sound datafor thedifferent phase states proteins terms microscopic of in of structural hydrational and differencesa verysophisticated is problem. of thewaysof attempting solve problem distinguishing One to the of between contributions protein the of structure and hydration thesound to velocity to search correlations is for between structural the crystallographic of a large data number globular of
proteins and their ultrasonic velocimetric characteristics.
2:05
5pBV3. Macromolecular absorption:The rolesof molecularsize,structure,solvation,and soluteinteractions. Frederick W. Kremkau (Ctr.for Med. Ultrasound, Bowman GraySchool Medicine, of WakeForest Univ.,Winston-Salem, 27157-1039) NC
Altenualion of ultrasoundin tissuesis due primarily to macromolecular absorption. Biomacromoleculesaavetiglaerabsorpttons
thantheconstituent molecules whichtheyaremade W. Kremkau W. Cowgill,J. Acoust. of [F. and Soc. Am. 76, 1330-1335(1984)]. Absorption dependencies structure W Kremkau R. W Cowgill,J. Acoust. on [F. and Soc.Am. 77, 1217-1221(1985)]andsolration [E W. Kremkau, Acoust. Am.83, 2410-2415(1988)]areprobably J. Soc. interrelated. Underlying absorption processes enhanced are or newprocesses added are under conditions highconcentration, of aggregation, cross or linking W. Kremkau al., J.Acoust. [F. et Soc. Am. 53, 1448-1451(1973)].
3405
3I
2:35-2:50
Break
2:50
5pBV4. Majoraccomplishments in development of acoustic instrumentationbiomolecular for studies. Armen Sarvazyan P. I

(Dept.of Chem., Rutgers Univ.,New Brunswick, 08903) NJ
A greatpotential acoustics thethermodynamic of in characterization biomolecular of systems, studies conformational of transitions and hydration proteins of and nucleicacidsand drug-biopolimer interactions beenrevealed the last decade has in mainlydue to advances the instrumentation ultrasonic in for measurements smallvolumes liquids.The methods in of and devices reviewedin this talk arebased upon fixedpathinterferometer the method, knownasa "resonator also method." is theonlymethod It whichcanprovide measurements ultrasound of velocityandattenuation the sample in volumeof the orderof 10-100 microliters with sufficient precision. The requirement small samplevolume is a major precondition applicabilityof the methodto the most of the problemsin of for biomolecular studies. Different typesof resonators will be described detail includinga new type of micro-volume in cylindrical standing waveresonators with a chamber volumeof about3 microliters. The electronic circuitsfor highprecision measurement using acoustical resonators usuallybased the phase-locked are on loop whichprovides oscillation the system the chosen the in at resonance.
Fields applications prospects of and offuture development ofinstrumentation reviewed. willbe a/Permanent address: ofTheoret. Inst.
and Exp. Biophys.,RussianAced. of Sci.
ContributedPapers
3:20
5pBV5. Passive acoustic fetal heart rate monitoring with a parallel redundance approach. Stephen A. Zahorian, Zongyao Zhou, and
Charles Brewton (Dept.of Elec.Eng.,Old Dominion Univ.,Norfolk,VA 23529)

Acousticmethods monitoringfetal heartrate are potentiallyadvanfor tageousover ultrasound methods,since, eventually,long-termlow-cost monitoring wouldbe possible high risk mothers, for with no concern for fetal damagedue to the monitoring device.However,sensor designand signalprocessing requirements very demanding this low signal-toare in noise ratio environment.The presentapproachis patternedafter that by
E.coli bacteriathat have beengenetically engineered emit visiblelight to whensubjected physical chemical to or stress. Genetic cloningtechniques allow the placementof the lux gene, derived from luminescent marine microorganisms, specificlocations bacterialDNA. Each placement at in locationyields light production proportion the repair mechanism in to
employed thebacteria response specific by in to kindsof stress (oxidative

damage, DNA damage, membrane damage, proteindamage, thermaldam-
age,etc.).A 20-MHz passive acoustic detector [abstract, Huertas al., J. et Acoust. Soc.Am. 95, 2856 (1994)]wasused quantify to cavitational activity whenbacteriawere exposed 1-MHz pulsedultrasound. comto By paringa measure cavitational of activitywith light outputfrom exposed bacteriathat were presensitized differentkindsof damage, to cavitational
effects on both bacteria and mammalian
3:50
Zuckewar el. [IEEE Trans. et Biomed. Eng.40-9, 963-969 (1993)]using

a third-generation sensorbelt, and enhanced signal processing strategies. In the new method,each of sevendifferentialsensorsignalsis scanned continuously processed parallelwith a PC-hosted and in DSP system. The processing eachchannel of includes FIR bandpass filtering,Teagetenergy
cells can be better understood.
5pBV7. Intestinal hemorrhage produced by pulsed ultrasound or lithotripter fields. Diane Dalecki, Sally Z. Child, Carol H. Raeman,
calculations, autocorrelation, and "intelligent" peak picking. "Candidates"for fetal heartrate are computed every0.5 s andevaluated with a figure of merit which incorporates both measures peak quality and of continuity constraints. Clinical testingindicates that the new methodof signalprocessing able to reliablytrack fetal heartrate for mostfetuses is with a gestation of at least30 weeks. age The multiple-channel approach results a significant in improvement over a single-channel method.
3:35
andEdwinL. Carstensen (Dept.of Elec.Eng.andtheRochester for Ctr.

Biomed.Ultrasound, Univ. of Rochester, Rochester, 14627) NY The threshold intestinal for hemorrhage micewasdetermined in using a piezoelectric lithotripter. Mice wereexposed 200 lithotripter to pulses witha PRFof 1 Hz. Theamplitude exposure determined either of was by varyingthe position the animalrelativeto the focusor by varyingthe of voltage used charge lithotripter. to the Threshold intestinal for hemorrhage
occurred a peakacoustic at pressure 1-2 MPa. At threshold, lithotof the ripter waveform was nearly sinusoidal. Thresholdsfor intestinalhemor-
5pBV6. Effects of acoustic cavitation on luminescent bacteria.
E.
Carr Everbach, lnder R. S. Makin, and Amy ChengVollmer (Dept. of Eng. and Biol., Swarthmore College,Swarthmore, 19081-1397) PA The interaction intense of ultrasound bacteria implications with has for improving fundamental understanding biologyandbioacoustics, well in as as providingpossible applications water purification in and medicine. An investigation will be presented the effectsof acousticcavitationon of
rhage werealsodetermined exposure pulsed for to ultrasound frequenat ciesof 0.7, I. 1, 2.4, and3.6 MHz. Intestines wereexposed 3-4 sites at for
5 rain per site usingfocused sources operating with a 10-/aspulselength
and 100 Hz PRE The threshold at 1.1 MHz was --1.5 MPa and thresholds
increased with increasing frequency. Temperature risesof 1 -2 C were measured the intestine in duringexposure the highestexposure at condi-
tions.Both the frequency dependence intestinal of hemorrhage the and

limited heatingare consistent with a cavitationmechanism action. of
3406
3406
SATURDAY AFTERNOON,3 JUNE 1995 Session 5pMU
MEETING ROOM 2, 12:55TO 3:45 P.M.
MusicalAcoustics Noise:Acoustic and Ecology

Fred Lipsett,Chair
37 Oriole Drive, Gloucester,Ontario K1J 7E8, Canada
Invited Papers
1:00
5pMUI. Soundin context: Acoustic communication soundscape and research SimonFraserUniversity. BarryTruax at (School Commun. School theContemporary Simon of & for Arts, Fraser Univ., Burnaby, VSA1S6, BC Canada)
Research activities Simon at Fraser University thepast years bridge over 25 that environmental acoustics music summaand are
rized, including souidscapd acoustic studies, communication, composition, granulation soundscape and the ofsampled Gaps sound. in
traditional disciplinary approaches dealing in withenvironmental sound identified, an acoustic are and communicational is model
proposed an interdisciplinary as alternative. Sound examples drawn fromtheauthor's compositions, thework R. Murray and of
Schafer, Hildegard Westerkamp theWorldSoundscape and Project be included. will
1:30
5pMU2.Community noise: mainstream The approach. Kenneth Plotkin(Wyle J. Labs., 2001Jefferson Hgwy., 701, Davis Ste.
Arlington,VA 22202)
Community noise analysis control been concern centuries. introductionjet commercial and has a for The of aircraft the 1950s in escalated to a widespread it practice withwidelyaccepted quantitative rules. The rules havetheirtechnical basis scientific in studies ranging fromlaboratory psychoacoustic experiments through social attitudinal surveys. Implementationin theformof landuse is planning noise and control regulations.review presented thecurrent A is of practice, successes, itslimitations. its and
2:00
5pMU3. Acoustic hygiene:The importanceof protecting ears, lungs,and other organsfrom acoustic insult. MichaelA. Zagorski (Dept.of Psych., Memorial Univ.of Newfoundland, John's, Canada) St. NF,
Whiletheimportance controlling of noise widelyaccepted, major is the concern been has withannoyance. public not The is
generally of thepotential aware severity even fewnoise of a exposures. people notrealize extent which use Most do the to they
acoustic in dailylife,northeextent debilitation cues of associated recruitment loss binaural with or of abilities. Similarly, most not do realize a flyover that producing short-term measurement littleover130dBAcanhave same noise of a the effect thelung 2 lbs. on as of TNT explodingmeter twofromthebody. is argued thatto promote a or h here acoustic hygiene public the must made be aware thathearing is a complex serious loss and handicap is notgenerally that corrected hearing To dothisemphasis be with aids. must placed theimportance acoustic in everyday on of cues activities without even speech, handicap the produced notbeing by ableto localize, difficulty hearing crowds, theannoyanceshearing the of in and of aids. number methods illustrating effects A of for the of hearing andthevalue normal loss of hearing bepresented demonstrated. partially will and [Work supported theNational by Research
Councilof Canada.]
2:30
5pMU4. From a "soundobservatory" a "soundcity" masterplan. Andres to Bosshard(Wildbachstr. CH 8008 ZiJrich, 62,
Switzerland)
"Sound sculptures," "sound installations," "telematic and media network links" beconsideredobservatories can as assoon they as lookfor resonances, reverberations, otherspatial and qualities the actual of siteandif theyare composed lookfor possible to interaction theongoing with stream sounds therealenvironment. structures human of of Time of perception behavior to find and help a basis "sound for perspectives" "territorial and sound fields"and "tidalsound spheres," whichcanbe stimulated, simulated, and
modifiedadvanced by electroacoustic The networks. "langturm" Plten, inSt. Austria the and "Adi Srvya" gallery New sound in
Delhi, India are two house-sized musical instruments underconstruction; will be opened fall 1996. Field research the both in of
indigenous "Sanfal" population West in Bengal,India, showsvery sophisticated complex "natural" soundarchitectures entire and for towns.The acoustic tuningof the "Santal" villagesis a basicmodelfor an acoustic electronic and studyto prepare "soundcity" a masterplan.
3407
34
ContributedPapers
3:00
5pMUS. Understanding individual differences in response to environmental noise: An essentialstep in determining health risk. SusanL. Staples (58 Spong]a Rd., StoneRidge, NY 124841
m modelparameters, suchas latin hypercube MonteCarlo sampling and by adjoint methods, well asdecision-making as approaches including statistical hypothesis testing will be discussed comparing for alternatives to
control unwanted sounds.
Evidence reviewed is indicating thatpsychological socialfactors and renderpeoplemoreor lesssusceptible stress-related to healtheffectsfrom
3:30
nmse. Factors asappraised such meaning, personality and.prceived traits,

controlare considered termsof their relationship physiological in to vanables and in terms of the mechanisms underlying adverseeffects. The limitations epidemiological dose-response of and methods determining for
5pMU7. Characterization of the sound quality of vacuum cleaners.
Guyot Fr6d6rique, Piron Christine. Castellengo Michele. and Fabre

Benoit (Lab. d'Acoust. Musicale. Univ. Pierre et Marie Curie. Tour 66
andunderstanding healtheffects discussed. are Modifications these in approaches suggested clarify the role of intervening are to psychological factors,to understand physiological the mechanisms mplica,ted, to and delineate publichealthrisks. ,-
3:15
Case 161, 4 placeIussieu,75252 ParisCodex05, Francel
5pMU6. Acoustical ecological risk. Timothy S. Marguiles IJohns HopkinsUniv., Baltimore,MD 212181 Risk-based prioritization and decision making hasbeen implemented by the U.S. EPA in severalareasto assure qualityandconsistency risk of and environmental assessment to identifyareasto reduceuncertainty. and This talk will reviewtheelements risk assessment risk management of and andwill compare paradigms considering the for primarilytonizingradiation and mechanicalradiationto assess existingand projectedrisks to humanhealthand the environment. Treatment uncertainty of propagation
The intensity level is not the only parameter responsible noise for disturbance. basis theperceived The of world thecategorization is process whichpermits recognition qualitative and appreciation. study based This is on Rosch's categorization concept. Rosch,Cognitive [E. Psychol. 7, 573.605 (1975)].In order estimate pleasantness to the features a setof of 23 vacuum cleaner noises to characterize prototype "thepleasand the of ant aspirator noise,"a freecategorization method wasadopted. subThe
jects are asked group,in a free number categories, noises to of the according to the corafortsensation they evoke.By analyzing results role the the playedby the typicalityand the gradation phenomenon the structures in relativeto thesenoises qualitycanbe estimated. Finally,the organization of thesecategories analyzedby estimatingon one hand the relative s
importance parameters of coming exclusively from noises physical content,andon another hand.the significance gvento the stimuliby each
subject.
SATURDAY
AFTERNOON,
3 JUNE 1995
RENAISSANCE
WEST A, 12:30 TO 2:30 P.M.
Session5pPAa
PhysicalAcoustics:Photoacoustics
W. Patrick Arnott, Chair
Atmospheric and Energy Environmental and Engineering Desert Centers, Research Institute, UniverSity ofNevada,
P.O. Box 60220, Reno, Nevada 89506
Invited Papers
12:30
5pPAal. Resonant photoacoustic measurements opticalabsorption solids. Wei-liLin (Dept.of Phys., of in PennState Univ.,
University Park,PA 16802)
For glasses crystals optical and the absorption the infrared much near is lowerthanthatin the visible. Whiletheprevious noncontact resonant photoacoustic measurement (PA) isseveral orders magnitude sensitive that conventional in the of more than of PA
visible a piezoelectric for sample, wasfurther it developed applyto nonpiezoelectric to materials thenearinfrared. noncontact in The
interdigital capacitor transducers replaced lithiu niobate were by m disks PVDFfilms. supporting sample and By the between trans-
ducers atitscomers, quality has improved iscomparable ofa noncontact while separate only the factor been and tothat system, the
supports theprecise and positioningthesample avoided. optical of are An absorption coefficient theorder 10-7 cm ] at 1.06/.an on of
has measured a 20signal-to-noiseRecent been with ratio. results single on crystalsquartz calcium of and fluoride, different using
piezoelectric transducers, bediscussed. supportedNSFGrant DMR-9000549 bytheOffice Naval will [Work by No. and of Research.]
12:55
5pPAa2. Resonant photoacoustic measurements absorption Wayne ofoptical ingases.' M.Wright ofPhys., (Dept. Kalamazoo
College,Kalamazoo, 49006) MI
The ofthe use photoacoustic (oroptoacoustic) in spectroscopy a valuable forexamining optical effect gives tool weak absorption featuresgases.isinherently of It a more sensitive detectorlight of absorption other than techniques, attempt measure which to a small
attenuation an intense of beam. Instead, absorption thegasof periodically by interrupted optical energy, fromeither tunable a or fixed-wavelength results theproduction sound thesame laser, in of at frequency. Device optimization followed number has a of
3408
J.Acoust. Am., 97, 5,Pt. May Sc; Vol. No. 2, 1995
different paths. particular The approach emphasized uses cylindrical cell,driven its 1st here a gas at azimuthal acoustic resonance, to increase amplitude. signal Experimental concerns include enhancement signal ofthe relative acoustic electronic Examples to and noise. arepresentedwhat belearned of can through application thistechnique. of These include results theabsorptionvisible for of lightby nitrogen dioxide aerosol and particles, wellasfroma study theprofiles oxygen as of of absorption in theinfrared lines region.
1:20
5pPAa3. Transient grating studiesof nonlinear photoacoustic effectsin particulate solutions. G.J. Diebol, H. X. Chen, Y. N. Cao, and M. B. Zimmt (Dept. of Chem.,Brown Univ., Providence, 02912) RI
Experiments where transient grating signals recorded are fromirradiation particulate or matter reported. relatively power, are A low picosecond produces laser transient grating signals reverse in miceliar solutions havea unique that timedependence, whichcan and be explained heatdiffusion by fromtheinterior themicelieto a surrounding of organic solvent. 16-ns-long, A high-power pulse from a Q-switched ND:YAG laserirradiating gold sol produces diffracted a a light signalthat is explainable termsof a thermally in generated photoacoustic effect. Particulate carbon, theother on hand, gives transient grating signals appear possess overtone that to an
of the usual thermally generated fundamental frequency. effectis nonlinear its dependence the laserintensity, is The in on and dependent thetimeof irradiation thesolution. second on of A characteristictheeffectis thata pronounced isgenerated the of noise by
solution firingthe laser. is believed theeffects beattributed endothermic on It that can to chemical reactions the surface thecarbon at of that act to unbalance thermaland acoustic the modes producing acoustic an densitythat oscillates aboutthe ambient. Sincethe diffracted lightsignal proportional thesquare theacoustic is to of density, whatappears theeyeasanovertone seen therecorded to is in signal.
Contributed Papers
1:45
5pPAa4. Forward and backward projection of transient acoustic field functions obtained from schlieren and fiber-optic measurements. Jie Sun, Peter R. Stepanishen(Dept. of OceanEng., Univ. of Rhode Island. Kingston, RI 02881), Gregory Clement,
behavior the opticalpathunderthis flexureis studied of usingthe beam propagation method. Predictions theopticalsensitivity of (depth moduof lationversus membrane displacement), opticalinsertion are thus and loss
obtained. Third the signal-to-noise performance the deviceis evaluated of by representing noisesources equivalent all as acoustic noisefieldsat the microphone input.Applications thismethodology opticalmicrophone of to designs underconsideration described. are
2:15
Ruiming Liu, andStephen Letchef (Univ.of Rhode V. Island, Kingston,

RI 02881)
A combination a schlierensystemand a polarimetricfiber-optic of detection system usedto obtainline integrals transient is of acoustic fields a distance in frontof a planarsource. x,y dependence obtained z The is from a tomographic reconstruction algorithm. The signalis thenforward projected awayfromthesource back-projected or toward source the using wave vector/time domainand frequency methods. Numericalresults will be presented illustrate projection to the methods a number different for of transientsignalsfrom planar sources with separable and nonseparable space/time velocitydistributions. Experimental results selected for source distributions pulsed from ultrasonic transducers thenbe presented will and
discussed.
5pPAa6. Signal-to-noise ratio of thermoacoustic enhanced photoacoustic spectrometers. W. Patrick Arnott, Hans Moosmiiller, RobertE. Abbott,and MichaelOssofsky (Atmospheric Energy& and Environmental Eng. Ctrs., DesertRes. Inst., Univ. of Nevada,P.O. Box 60220, Reno,NV 89506) The quality factor,Q, of plane or radial wave resonators be incan creased and controlled usingthermoacoustics. When sucha resonator is
Used photoacoustics, beam in a laser passes through andsound proit is

duced whenlightabsorption occurs. Sound amplitude proportional the is to coefficient light absorption, the resonator and to the laserbeam for to Q, power.Traditionally,resonator dimensions have determined both the couplingstrength the laserbeamto a particular of modeandthequalityfactor. High coupling strength desirable, impliesuseof a narrowresonator is but wheremostof the interioris filled with laser.On the otherhand,highQ
2:00
5pPAaS. Modeling of optical microphone performance. Nykolai
Bilaniukand Andr6Delfige (Inst. for Microstructural Natl. Res. Sci.,

Councilof Canada, OttawaON K1A 0R6, Canada) A number modulation of principles an evenlargervarietyof speand
traditionally implied fora Wide need resonator. Thermoacoustics can be

usedto increase Q of the narrowresonator optimizethe acoustic the to signal. Our theory and measurements show that the thermoacoustically enhanced photoacoustic spectrometer be viewedas an analognarrowcan bandamplifierfor soundwherethe resonance frequency f0, the bandis width is fo/Q, the gain is Q, and the signal-to-noise ratio for discrimina-
cificimplementationsbeconsidered all-optical may for microphones. The

procedures designing for opticalmicrophones described this paperinin cludethreeprincipalsteps. Firstthe mechanical response a membrane of to
an acoustic is modeled an analytical field by technique Hu et al., 1. [A. Acoust. Soc.Am. 91, 3049-3056(1992)],andis used obtain magto the
nitudeof the membrane deformation its frequency and response. Next the
tionagainst Gaussian acoustic noise theresonator Q/2. [Work in is

supported theEPA,ONR.] by
3409
SATURDAY
AFTERNOON,
3 ,JUNE 1995
RENAISSANCE
WEST A, 2:45 TO 4:45 P.M.
Session 5pPAb
Physical Acoustics: Thermoacoustics, Bubbles, Droplets and
Paul E. Barbone, Chair
Department Aerospace Mechanical of and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
Contributed Papers
2:45
thewaveequation. analysis presented An is including termto study this
5pPAbl. Numerical study of a simplified model of nonlinear
processes thermoacoustic in engines. A. Prosperetti M. Watanabe and (Dept.of Mech.Eng.,Johns Hopkins Univ.,Baltimore, 21218) MD
A simplified one-dimensional model of thermoacoustic devices,obtainedby integrating governingequations the over the tube crosssection,
two important questions: isthe What optimal and more slope, even basic, which (hot cold) side or should thegreater separation? have plate [This
workwassupported theOfficeof NavalResearch.] by
3:30
wasdescribed earlier.Here the results a numerical of exploration the of modelas applied a primemoveraredescribed. effects temperato The of
ture distribution,wall drag, heat transfer,and cross-sectional area variationsare explored compared and with available experimental results. Some
5pPAb4.The effectof phaseof the acoustic waveon the efficiency of thermoacoustic refrigerators. JamesBrewsterand RichardRespet (Dept. of Phys and Astron., Natl Ctr. for Phys. Acoust..Univ. of
Mississippi,University,MS 38677)
initial results theheat for pump configuration also presented. will be [Work
supported the Officeof Naval Research.] by
An analytic approach the study thermoacoustics application to of and
ofthis techniquetheoptimizationa refrigerator byanarbitrary to of driven acoustic will bepresented.will beshown althoughstanding wave It that a
wavedriven cooler close optimum has to efficiency, efficiency be the can mproved theaddition a traveling by of component thewavefieldflowto mg m the direction negative of temperature gradient. The valueof the acoustic impedance thegasbordering coldendof thestack fixed in the is toanarbitrary value. Application thecontinuity pressure velocity of of and scombined thewave with equation yieldthevalue thepressure to of wave
function and its first two derivatives at the cold end of the stack. Knowl-
3:00
5pPAb2.Visualization oscillating of temperatureand flow fields in the stackregionof a thermoacoustic refrigerator model. C. Herman,
M. Wetzel, M. Volejnik (Dept.of Mech.Eng.,Johns and Hopkins Univ.,

Baltimore,MD 21218-2686)
In orderto studythe oscillating temperature flow fieldsin the stack and region,a modelof a thermoacoustic refrigerator built. The modelallows is
edge these of allows direct the calculation theefficiency refrigeration of of andthesecond derivative thetemperature of distribution. [Worksupported
m part by Office of Naval Reseamh.]
3:45
theapplication visualization of techniques asholographic such interferometry, thermochromatic liquid crystals, and smokeinjection. the first In experiments, correct the operation the thermoacoustic of refrigerator is
verified. Using Kundt's tube the dust method, propagationlongituthe of

dinal plane-wave frontsis analyzed. Furthermore, distortion to the the due presence higherharmonics the resonance is kept small.This is of in tube
5pPAbS.Numericalsimulationof gas cavity response shock to waves. Zhong DingandS.M. Gracewski (Dept. Mech.Eng.,Univ.of of
Rochester.Rochester.NY 14627)
verified applying Fourier by the transform a pressure to signal several at positions withintheresonance The focus current tube. of investigations is to apply the abovevisualization techniques the stackregionand its in neighborhood. These measurements provideinformation which can be usedto determine requirements the design heatexchangers. for of An improved design theheatexchangers a betterunderstanding heat of and of
transfer processes flow phenomena key issues improve and are to the efficiency thermoacoustic of refrigerators. [Worksupported theOffice by of NavalResearch; MartinWetzel alsosupported a scholarship is by from
An understanding of cavitation omena phen, including response a the of gascavityin liquidto a time-dependent pressure wavetsimportant a in large range situations. thepaper, response a gas of In the of cavity water in to shock waves analyzed is using arbitrary the Lagrangian-Eulerian techtoque. axisymmetric An model used thenumerical is in simulation a gas of cavityresponse bothweakshocks to (P/Pc <300.withp0=0.1 MPa) and strong shocks (plporanges 5000to20000).An artificial from viscosity to capture shock developed. simple, the was A stable. adaptive and mesh generation technique designed generate meshes higher was to finer at pressure gradients. shock The propagation. rarefaction, transmission and were analyzed theentire over computational domain. When impacted a weak by
3:15
shock, gas a cavity collapse will almost spherically creatinglarge a pressure within gas thesurrounding due therapid the and liquid to compression
of thegas.Whenimpacted a strong by shock, gascavitywill collapse a withajet penetrating opposite of theinterface a speed high the side with as
as 2000 m/s.
4:00
5pPAb3. Plane- and radial wave thermoacousticengines with variableplate separation. JayA. Lightfoot, Richard Raspet, HenryE.
Bass (Dept.of Phys. Astron., and Univ.of Mississippi, University, MS 38677),and W. Patrick Amott (Univ.of Nevada, Reno, 89506) NV
Rott developed theoryof thermallydriven acoustic the oscillations in tubeswith variable crosssection.Bennett,in her dissertation, considered
5pPAb6.A new kind of multiple-droplet levitator. YnrenTian and Robert Apfel (Ctr.for Ultrason(cs Son(cs, Univ.,New Haven, E. and Yale
CT 06520-8286)
plane-wave thermoacoustic refrigerators variable separation with plate and

foundthemto havehigherCOP'sthanthose with parallel plates. This
principle application theworkin radialwavethermoacoustics, has to since
Manydifferent kinds levitators used study of are to liquid drops. In

mostof them,only a singledropcanbe leviteted. Undersomecircum-
variable plate separationa natural is product radial of vertical-plate engines

withconstant platethickness. Bennett appears haveoverlooked termin to a
stances, however,isdesired levitate it to multiple drops simultaneously. An acoustical levitator been has modified thepurpose multiple-droplet for of
3410
J.Acoust. Am., 97,No.5, Pt.2, May1995 Sec. Vol.
3410
levitation. During experiments, the a liquid poured thesurface the is on of acoustic transducer is ultrasonically and atomizer. applying static By a
electric fieldon thesurface theliquid, atomized of the drops electriare
callycharged, After the drops dispersed the levitutor. are into theycanbe contained together levirated acoustic and by radiation force.Coalescence amongthe dropsis prevented the forcesof electricrepulsion. by The separation distance between drops. choplet the Ibe size.andthenumber of levitated drops be controlled theintensity theacoustic deccan by of and lric fields. Preliminary experimental results be reported, will including the
withtherelated nonlinear waveequation. high-andlow-frequency The

limitsarethenanalyzed, traveling and wavesolutions sought each are in case.Comparison madewith existingresults nonlinear is for wavesin
bubblymedia.
4:0
observation mass of transfer among leviteled the drops. [Worksupported by NASAthrough contract JPL. 958722.]
4:15
5pPAb8. Feasibility of low-frequency single-bubble sonoluminescence. Robert E. Apfel, Tan Shi, Joseph Jankovsky,Jeffrey Ketterling, and Xiaohui Chen (Dept. of Mech. Eng., Yale Univ., New
Haven, CT 06520-8286)
5pPAb7. Nonlinear acoustics bubbly liquids: Traveling wavesin a of quadratic approximation. Daniel Goldman,All Nadim, and Paul E. Barbone (Dept. of Aerosp. and Mech. Eng., Boston Univ., 110
The potential perform to single-bubble sonolumineseence (SBSL)at low frequencies motivated the payoff of greatlyenhanced is by energy concentration duringcollapse. it is alsoknownthatbubbles Yet undergoing suchcatastrophic collapse tendto be unstable. Experimental apparatus has
beendesigned and computersimulations have been performedto test the feasibility low-frequency, of single-bubble sonoluminescence. experiThe
Cummington Boston, 02215) St., MA An important aspect underwater of acoustics theeffectof trapped is clouds air bubbles. of Recently, approach wavepropagation dilute an to in bubbly liquids wasdescribed whichthe Rayleigh-Plesset in equation is usedto derive a nonlinear equation statefor the gas bubble-liquid of
mental apparatus consists a cylindrical thatis driven an alumiof cell by num,half-wavelength resonator with fundamental resonance lessthan of 15kHz. The cellis designed bepressurized to 5 atmospheresallow to up to levitation withoutsignificant spurious cavitation theliquid.To complein mentthisexperimental work,ourcomputer simulations thisphenomena of
mixture [Nadimet el., Bull.Am. Phys. Soc.39, 1976(1994)].In this

formulation, pressure themixture the in depends a highlynonlinear in way on the localdensity its firstandsecond and time derivatives. Linearization leadsto the standard acoustic equation bubblyliquids.Here the quafor draticapproximation thenonlinear to equation state examined, of is along
arecontinuing ShiandR. Apfel,]. Acoust. Am. 96, 3253(1994)] IT. Soc.

in orderto follow the shape distortion collapsing of bubbles varying for
parameters, including acoustic frequency. basic The characteristicsour of low-frequency resonator the results experimental and of work and computersimulations be reported. will
SATURDAY AFTERNOON, 3 JUNE 1995
AUDITORIUM,
1:15 TO 5:45 P.M.
Sexton 5pPP Psychological Physiological and Acoustics: Binaural and Spatial Hearing; Cochlearand Auditory
Nerve Function
Kim S. Abouchacra,Chair
U.S.ArmyResearch Laboratory, AMSRL-SD-HR, Building 520, Room39, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland21005-5425 Contributed Papers
1:15 1:30
5pPPI. A dynamic, psychophysical model of adaptation in localizationexperiments. BarbaraShinn-Cunningham (Res. Lab. of Electron., MIT, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139)
5pPP2. Model simulationsof maskedthresholds tonesin dichotic for noisemaskers. !nga Holube,H. StevenColburn (Dept. of Biotaed.
Eng.,Boston Univ.,44 Cummington Boston, 02215), Steven St., MA

van de Par, and Armin Kohlrauseh (Inst. for Perception Res. (IPO), Eindhoven, The Netherlands} The study masked of thresholds dichotic in noise maskers important is for understanding processing binaural the in hearing. simulate To these
Previous psychophysical modelshave described how resolution depends upon range physical the of stimuliemployed a givenexperiment; in however, these models generally assume subject that performance stable is over time.The currentwork extends context-coding the modelof Duriach
andBraida Acoust. Am.46, 372-383(1969);Braida Duriaeh, [I. Soc. and J.Acoust. Am. 51,483-502 (1970)]to account changes subject Soc. for in
performance occurwhenfeedback usedto retrainsubjects that is during the courseof an experimental session. the currentmodel,observed In changes performance accounted by assuming single in are for a exponentialadaptation process. process, This which describes adaptive the state of thesubject, determines decision the criteria context and (effective stimulus range)usedin the modelat a given point in time. From the dynamic decisioncriteria and effectiverange, and knowledgeof the underlying sensitivity localization to cues,the modelpredicts meanresponse, bias, andresolution. modelpredictions in goodagreement The are with results from a relativelylage body of experiments, including experiments in whichthe numberand rangeof stimuliwere varied.
thresholds a psychoacoustically perception was motivated model used IT.

Dau et al. (1995). "A quantitative modelof the "effective" signalprocessing theauditory in system: Modelstructure," I. submitted L Acoust. to Soc.Am.]. This model,whichhasbeensuccessfully applied several to monaural psycboacoustical experiments, extended an additional was by binaural processing It consists a filterbank, unit. of half-wave rectifier, low-pass filter,andadaptation loops, whichmodelthetemporal processing. The binaural processing detects interaural unit the correlation and
makes decisions based on Ihe difference between the signals from both
ears.Maskedthresholds the NoSr andNrSoconfigurations, in obtained as a function noisemasker of frequency bandwidth, and weresimulated and compared new expedmerttal to measurements. dependence The on interaural delayandinteraural decorrelation the noisemasker of wasalso modeled compared datain theliterature. general, and to In model simula-
3411
J. Acoust.SOC. Am., Vol. 97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995
1291hMeeting: Acoustical Societyof America
3411
tions agree with main well the features inthe seen measurements. [Work supported byDFG 1627/1-1) byNIDCD (Ho and (Grant DC00100).]
1:45
modulation (250Hz), a single rate image wasperceived. Observers were sensitive theinteraural to modulation phase with nearperfect discriminationof homophasic antiphasic from conditions. Results discussed are in terms an FM-to-AM transduction of mechanism. [Worksupported NIH by
andAFOSR.]
5pPP3.The indexof interauralenvelope correlation: Normalized

cross-covariance or normalized cross correlation? Leslie R.
2:30
Bernsteinand Constantine Trahiotis (Ct. for NeurologicalSci. and
Surgical Res.Ctr., Dept.of Surgery, Univ. of Connecticut HealthCtr., Farmington, 06030) CT
5pPP6. The segregation SAM 4-kHz targets from SAM 2-kHz of

distractors on the basis of interaural envelope delay, R. H. Dye
Thisstudy principally evaluated whether normalized covarithe cross ance (Pearson product-moment correlation)thenormalized cormor cross lation describes discriminabilitychanges interaural of in disparities conveyed thestimulus by enveloped. a four-interval, alternative In two task,
listeners detected which intervalcontained 4-kHz toneaddedantiphasia
(ParmlyHear.Inst.,LoyolaUniv.,6525 N. Sheridan Rd., Chicago, IL

60626)
A stimulus-classification paradigm used examine extent was to the to
which judgments thelaterality 4-kHztargets, of of sinusoidally amplitude

modulated 200 Hz, were influenced 2-kHz distractors at by that were modulated rates at ranging from50 to400 Hz. Oneach trial,thetarget was
callyto diotic,200-Hz-wide, noise(NoSr). The "nonsignal" intervals contained toneadded the homophasically (NoSo). Discriminability (d')
was measured as a function of S/N for values between -30 and +30 dB
presented one tenenvelope with of delays (ranging -250 to +250 from

in 50-/ssteps), wasthedistractor. testinterval preceded a as Each was by dioticpresentation thetarget of alone. The duration thesignals 200 of was ms. Duringa blockof 100 trials,eachcombination target-distractor of delaywaspresented once.The relativesalience the envelope of delays carded thetarget thedistractor assessed theslope thebest by and was by of linearboundary between andrightresponses. listeners left Two gaveincreasing weightto the targetas the difference between targetand the distractor modulation frequencies increased, weighedthat targetand but distractor equally when bothweremodulated 200 Hz. Twoother at listenersgaveincreasing weight the2-kHzdistractor modulation to as frequency increased, thoughits relativesalience as increased with "numberof looks."Thesedatawill be compared measures binaural to of interference thathavebeen obtained similar for stimuli. [Worksupported NIH.] by
2:45
(really!). all S/N's,overall For levelwas70 dB SPL.Listeners' performance verywell accounted by thenormalized was for cross correlation but
not the normalized crosscovariance. Additionally, listeners were testedin
a "direct" discrimination where task changes envelope in correlations (Ap) wereproduced "mixing"twoindependent by Gaussian noises. Although Ap'sat threshold (d'=l.0} obtained fromthetwo tasks weresimilar, the psychometric functions obtained thedirect with discrimination were task more steep. Discussion include thenormalized correlation will how cross of the envelope accounts classic for dataconcerning discriminability of interaural time differences highfrequencies a function depthof at as of modulation. [Worksupported NIH DC02103.] by
2:00
5pPP4.Precedence plausibility.WilliamA. YostandSandra and I. Guzman (Parmly Hear.Inst.,LoyolaUniv. Chicago, 6525 N. Sheridan
Rd., Chicago, 60626} IL
5pPP7.Precision sound of localization measured a reaching by task.

Daniel H. Ashmead,Xuefung Yang, Robert Wall, and Kiara Ebinger
The "Cliftoneffect"JR. K. Clifton,J. Acoust. Soc.Am. 82, 18341835 (1987)] wasstudied a sound-deadened with seven in room loudspeakers. loud One speaker produced a source while click other loudspeak-
(Dept.of Hear.& Speech Vanderbilt Sci., Univ.Med.Ctr.,Nashville, TN 37232-8700)

Thisstudy validates reaching a measure sound of localization subfor
ersproduced delayed copies simulating echoes (delays: 2-30 ms).Each

combination sourceand echoes one click event and was presented of is as a train of click events(1-20 click events}. train waspresented listenA to
sequent applicationchildren. to Seven adults reached broadband for sound

sources while handposition wasmeasured within2 min. Sounds to came from 18 regions frontalreaching in space, with the loudspeaker moved awayjust afterstimulus offset.In the "visual"condition subjects watched until the soundended,then closedtheir eyesand reached. the "audiIn tory" condition subjects were blindfolded. Precision sound of localization wasestimated comparing by variability thevisualandauditory in condi-
erswhomade judgments theLAST clickevent two for presented: The (1) number loudspeakers of whichproduced sounds the lastclick event, for and(2) theloudspeaker location each for perceived source. "Catchtrials"
were introduced make sure listeners to used all possible responses and were able to locatethe loudspeaker sources. When more than 10 click
tions:= sx/-v. s Estimates computed were forhorizontal verangle,

tical angle,anddistance eachtargetlocation. for Results agreed reasonably well with conventional measures. targets For straight aheadat ear level, horizontal s=2.6 , vertical s=5.0 , and distances=9.5%. Systematic variations occurred across targetlocations. This reachingtask is a rapid,
events werepresented,switch conditions introduced a in was between the

10thand 11thclick event.If the switchwasplausible a natural for source
andits echoes, responses indicated listeners that processed delayed clicks asechoes. thechange iraplausible, responses theswitch If was then after changed indicating listeners processed clicksas if theyweresources all rather than echoes. [Worksupported NIH andAFOSR.] by
2:15
naturalistic of measuring way three-dimensional localization. sound [Work supported DOEandNIH.] by

3:00
5pPPS.Lateralizationof high-frequency tonesand frequency FM

sweeps. Kourosh Saberi (Psychoacoust. Dept. of Psychol., Lab., Univ. of Florida,Gainesville, 32611) FL
Lateralization thresholds were measured threeexperiments. exin In
5pPP8. Virtual auditory reality reduced to the bare essentials. William Morris Hartmannand Andrew Wittenberg (MichiganState
Univ.,Dept.of Phys., EastLansing, 48824) MI

Successful imagingof real soundsources headphones be done by can
periment thresholds I, measured sinusoidal withcarriers 3 or 4 for FM of

kHz and modulation ratesfrom 50 to 800 Hz were comparable those to measured sinusoidal for AM stimuli.Lowestthresholds 71% correct) (at were about100/.s, obtained modulation at ratesof 300-350 Hz. In ex-
bymeasuring free-field head-related transfer functions (HRTF)using small

microphones theear canals theninverse in and filteringby theheadphone response. simpleralternative this standard A to procedure described is wherea listener, with smallmicrophones the ear canals, in wearsopen-air headphones throughout experiment. synthesized the A vowel is played, first from a loudspeaker then from the headphones. headphone and The signal is adjustedso that the amplitudes and phasesof the harmonics
measured with the small microphones the sameas thosefound when are the loudspeaker sounding. is The technique successful that listeners is in cannotdistinguish between real andvirtual sources. lacksthe flexibility It
periment a 300-mstonewaslinearlysweptin frequency II, from 2 to 5 kHz. The slope intercept thetime-frequency and of function wererandomizedby 10%on eachobservation. Lateralization thresholds wereabout50 /s. Unequaltime-frequency slopes the two earsproduced sense at a of
motion.In experiment a sinusoidal waspresented oneear anda III, FM to
sinusoidal AM to the other ear. When the FM and AM had the same
3412
J. Aoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995
3412
of theHRTFtechnique, it allows experimenterstudy most but an to the

interesting psychoacoustical questions about sound localization exterand
thatADP fine structure largelygenerated the overlapareaof the is in

travelingwavesfor the primary tones,and the effectsof reemissions from
nalization using expermeotal an technique is simpler probably that and more reliable. [Work supported theNIDCDandbytheNSFResearch by Participation Undergraduates for Program.]
3:15-3:30 Break
the2fl -f2 areaareminimal. largevariance observed thebest A was in L 1/L2 ratio, ranging from-7.5 to 20 dB both across within and subjects. [Worksupported NIDCD.] by
4:15
5pPPI2. Pure-tone thresholds and cubic distortion product otoaconsllc emissionsin the chinchilla following carboplatin 5pPP9. Cochlearacousticreflectance and traveling wave delay. BarryP. Kimberley(Dept.of Surgery, Univ.of Calgary, 3330Hospital
Dr. N. W., Calgary, AlbertaT2N 4NI, Canada), Greg Shaw (Univ. of treatment. BrendaM. Jock, Kristeo-LynPetriclio,Lori G. Aldrich, Ann R. Johnson, RogerP. Hamernik. WilliamA. Ahroon (Auditory and Res.Lab.,StateUniv.of New York,Plattsburgh, 12901) NY In the chinchilla, carboplatin an unusual has ototoxiceffect on the sensory epithelium the cochlea of [Takono aL, Hear.Res.75, 93-102 et
Calgary), Christopher Sbera (EatonPeabody Labs.),and Jont B.

Allen (Bell Labs.)
Inner ear acousticimpedance and reflectance, SFOAEs, DPEs, and PTIsweremeasured with a calibrated probesituated the ear canalof in normal-hearing subjects. useof a calibrated The probeallowedfor the conversion the SFOAE recordings of into reflectance. a numberof In subjects, stimulus low levelsresults ripplingof the reflectance. in The phaseslopeof the acoustic reflectance foundto be a linearover a was narrow range frequencies. slopeis takenasequivalent thetravof This to elingwavedelayto thecorresponding frequency(ies). Traveling wavedelay estimates (reflectance phase slope) however notchange stimulus did as
level ranged from 50 to l0 dB SPL. This is in contrast previous to traveling wave delayestimates usingDPEs wheredelay increased with a decrease in
(1994)]. Twelve chinchillas treated a single or IV injection were with IP (50 or 75 mg/kg) carboplatin. of Baseline auditory evoked potential audiograms cubicdistortion and product otoacoustic emissions (3DPE)were
obtained on each animal. Threshold and 3DPE functions were also ac-
quired regular at intervals between hourand30 dayspost-injection. one

The sensory epitheliumof the cochleawas evaluatedusingthe surface preparation method.Anatomicalanalysisindicatedthat the carboplatin caused relativelyseverebut scattered losses inner hair cells (IHC) of throughout most of the cochlea.The outer sensory cell population was intactand the cells appeared normal at the level of the light microscope. Despitethe IHC pathology, whichalsoincluded vacuolization the area in of the IHCs, evoked potential thresholds, measuredat the level of the inferiorcolliculus werevery nearnormaland3DPE functions showed very
stimulus level [Kimberleyet aL, J. Acoust.Sue. Am. 94, 1343-1350
(1993}]. discrepancy The between DPE-based SFOAE-bascd and estimates

of travelingwave delay is discussed.
3:45
littlechange. [Worksupported Bristol-Myers by Oneology Division and SUNY-Plattsburgh.]

4:30
5pPP10. Modeling distortion product otoacousfic emission fine structure in humans. Carrick L. Talmadge,Arnold Tubis, Pawal
Piskorski(Dept.of Phys., Purdue Univ.,WestLafayette, 47907),and IN Glenis Long (Purdue R. Univ.,WestLafayette, 47907) IN
The presence fine structure distortion of in product otoacoustic emis-
sions (DPOAEs)in humans otherspecies and provides important clues concerning underlying the mechanisms whichgive rise to this structure. Recent experimental findings our groupindicate of that (i) synchronous
evokedemissions, hearing threshold microstructure, the fine structure and
5pPP13. Spontaneous and click-evokedotoacoustic emissions the of frog inner ear: Spectral characteristics and temperature dependence.BertMaat,PimvanDijk, andHeroP.Wit (Inst.of Audiol., ENT Dept. Univ. Hospital Groningen,P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands)
Spontaneous otoacoustic emission (SOAE)andclick-evoked otoacoustic emission (CEOAE)measurements performed frogs were in (Ranaesculenta).The SOAE and CEOAE measurements followedeachotherrepeareally, while the frog's body temperature was changed a rate of at approximately C/min.in somesessions, 0.1 only SOAE measurements wereperformed. SOAE andCEOAE spectra The wereclosely related: The spectraof CEOAE containedthe samepeaksas thoseobserved the in related SOAE spectrum. seems click evoked It that emissions the frog in are synclxronized spontaneous emissions. The click-evokedresponses showa nonlinear compressire amplitude growthwith the stimulus intensity. As functionof temperature, variousemissionmodes,and complex amplitude patterns wereobserved bothtypesof emissions. for
4:45
of DPOAESin eachear appear correspond, the fine structure to (ii) of higher-order DPOAEs, i.e., fl-n(F2-fl), n>2 dependson the DPOAE frequency, (iii) DPOAEswith n<-1 do not have welland
formedfine structure. Thesedatawill be used contrast compare to and two distinct modelsof DPOAE generation,one in which the fine structure arises from the interactions the strong in overlapregionof thefl andf2
activity patterus (near f2 tonotopic the place), onein which fine and the
structure arises fromreflections thedistortion of product nearits tonotopic location. The datastrongly favor the later model.
4:00
5pPP11.Fine structureof 2f-f2 acoustic distortionproduct:Effect of LIIL2 ratio. Ning-ji He and RichardA. Schmiedt (Dept. of Otolaryngol. Commun.Sci., Medical Univ. of SouthCarolina,171 and AshleyAve.,Charleston, 29425-2242) SC The fine structure the 2f,-f2 acoustic of distortion product (ADP) wasmeasured a groupof normal-hearing in subjects with different combinationsof primary levels (LI and L2). The frequencyratio
5pPP14. Enhanced cochlear responsesafter sound exposure. Yvonne Szymko M. and JozefJ. Zwislocki (Inst. for Sensory Res., Syracuse Univ.,Syracuse, 13244) NY
Hensen's alternating cell potentials wererecorded thegerbilcochlea in by meansof the approach developed previouslyin this laboratory. An
(f21f ,f2>f) was and f2 frequency swept 1781 1.2, the was from to
2300 Hz in octave steps. condition LI wasfixedat 50 dB SPL In 1,
while L2 variedfrom 30 to 75 dB SPL in 5-dB steps. condition L2 In 2,
was fixed at 50 dB SPL and LI was vatned as in condition I. For a fixed
intensity series magnitude phase of and transfer functions (TFs) andcochlearmicrophonic (CM) TFs from 125 Hz to 16 kHz wereobtained at 40-90 dB sound pressure level (SPL) by means frequency of sweeps. Subsequendy, samefrequency the sweeps either80, 90, or 100dB SPL at
were delivered to the ear for 10-40 min. CM, Hensen'scell TFs, and EP
were monitoredperiodicallypost-exposure. Hensen'scell responses

showedenhancement within 40-50 rain post-exposure a phaselead. and Therewasnocorrelation between changes peakresponse changes in and in
L 1, an upward frequency shiftwasevidentin theADP fine structure the as L2 level increased, whereas fixedL2, a downward for frequency shift in the ADP patternwas observable with an increasing 1. These results L
receptor potential EP. The response or enhancement its associated and
support vector a sumcomputer model theADP finestructure for [Sun

et al., J.Acoust. Am.96, 2166-2174,2175-2183(1994)],suggesting Sue. 3413 J. Acoust.Soc. Am., Vol. 97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995
phase is explained thehelp Zwislocki's lead with of cochlear model [Mecltanics Biophysics Hearing, and of edited P. Dallos(Springer-Verlag, by 129th Meeting:Acoustical Societyof America 3413
Berlin,1990)].Since Hensen's cannot cells generate receptor potentials by themselves, theirAC potentials and havebeenshownto be directlyproportional those OHCs,themeasured to of enhancement appears reflect to
first-andsecond4order Wienerkernels werefully calculated, while for the
3rd-to 10th-order kernels onlythediagonals known polynomial (also as correlation functions) werecomputed. datafor fibersabove500 Hz The
could be described a BPNL sandwichmodel. A new least-squares by
method was used to determine both filter functions in the model from the
enhanced responses. supported NIDCD.] OHC [Work by

5:00
Wiener kernels. Preliminary analysisshowedthat response components
5pPPI5. Representationof sinusold "ramps" and "damps" in auditory-nervefibers of the goldfish, R. Fay, M. Chronopoulos
couldbefoundin kernels to theorderof 5. This suggests thedegree up that of the nonlinearity the frog innerear is at most5. of
(ParmlyHear. Inst., Loyola Univ. Chicago,6525 N. Sheridan Rd., Chicago, 60626),and Roy Patterson(MRC Appl. Psychol. [L Unit, Cambridge CB2 2EF,England)
Earlier,behavioral waspresented data showing goldfish that perceive repeated, asymmetrically shaped 400-Hztonebursts (ramps damps) and qualitatively humans Ramps moretonelike damps Fay as do: are than JR. andR. Patterson, Acoust. J. Soc. Am. 95, 2941(A) (1994)].Ramps have
slowrise andrelativelyfast fall envelopes. Dampsare rampsplayedbackward. Single auditory-nerve fiberswere recordedin response the same to ramp and dampstimuli usedin the behavioralstudies. Spike timeswere recorded two presentations six,3-s stimuli:Rampswith 25-, 35-, and for of 45-ms rise timesand 5-ms fall times,and thesestimuliplayedbackward
5:30
5pPP17, Binaural lateralization and discrimination in MS and CVA
patients, VeredAharonson, Miriam Furst (Dept.of Elec.Eng.-Systems, Facultyof Eng.,Tel Aviv Univ., Tel Aviv, Israel69978), and AmosD. Korczyn (SacklerSchoolof Medicine, Tel Aviv Univ., Tel Aviv, Israel
6997S)
(damps), presented several at levels.Tuningwasdescribed usingREVCOR analysis by spike and count functions frequency several of at levels. Responsiveness defined was usingthe coefficient synchronization of (R) overthecarrierperiod,thenumber spikes of evoked (N), andthestatistic
Z where= R21V. most Z For fibers, N, and were R, Z greater ramps for than
for thecorresponding damps. This neural behavior quantitatively is similar to thebehavioral results. differential The perception ramps damps of and is represented withinindividual primary afferents. origins these The of physiological differences be discussed. will [Worksupported theN1DCD.] by
5:15
5pPP16. Polynomial correlation used to estimate the degree of nonlinearity of the frog inner ear system. Pim van Dijk (Inst. of
Audiol.(KNO), Univ. Hospital Groningen, Box 30.001,9700 RB P.O. Groningen, Netherlands) The
The nervefiberresponse Gaussian to noise wasmeasured theAmeriin
canbullfrog (RanaCatesbeiana). cross By correlating stimulus the the and

response, Wienerkemelsof the frog innerear system were obtained. The
Most previous studies MS patients' on binaural performance reported similarperformance according intensity timecues, abnormality to and or onlyfor interaural timedifferences. thisstudy, In combined lateralization and discrimination testson both MS and CVA patients detected other phenomena. Lateraliza6on discrimination and ability weremeasured during thesame session eachpatient, for with clicks,high,andlow narrowbandnoises. Lateralization testsarbitrarily presented interaural time and intensity changes 9 levelsscaleacross head.Adaptive212AFC in the procedure determined jnd's. Ten CVA and 5 MS patients performed abnormally some thetests, canbecrudely in of and dividedintothree groups: The firstgroup performed normally response clicksandlow frequenin to cies,andfailedonly in highfrequencies stimuli,in bothlateralivafion and ind. The second groupperformed abnormally both testsand for all in stimuli.The third grouphad normaljnd's for all stimuli.However,for some stimuli, those patients failed in thelateralizafion tasks, onlyin oneof theinteraural changes--either or intensity. time These results indicate that criteria used jnd tasks notapplicable lateralizafion thattime for are in and andleveldifferences estimated are independently alongthe auditory pathways.
SATURDAY
AFYERNOON,
3 JUNE 1995
MEETING
ROOM 16, 1:00 TO 3:15 P.M.
Session 5pSA
Structural Acoustics and Vibration: Fuzzy Structures

Victor W. Sparrow,Chair Graduate Programin Acoustics, Pennsylvania StateUniversity, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 ContributedPapers
distributed with respect natural to frequency. exactform of the distriThe bution shown be relatively is to unimportant longas it is smooth as and continuous. eftL'cts the system attachments, response The of of in to steady-state excitation themaster of structure whichtheyareattached, to are obtained through analysis the inputmechanical an of impedance. The real partof thisimpedance represents effective the added damping. Two asymptotic limits are investigated. the first limit, the numberof attachIn
5pSAI. An asymptoticanalysisof the added damping effect of a

distribution of fuzzy attachments with steady state excitation.
DanielA. Russell and VictorW. Sparrow (Graduate Prog.in Acoust.,

PennStateUniv., UniversityPark, PA 16802)
In thecurrent state fuzzystructure of theory, is recognized the it that primaryeffectsof a fuzzy substructure a frequency-dependent are effect addeddampingand a frequency-dependent effectiveaddedmass.In this paperthefuzzysubstructuremodeled, accordance current is in with practice, as a systemof independent !-DOF oscillatorswhose masses are
ments becomes large very (N--oo), theimpedance approaches and sum an asymptotic integral. the second In limit, the damping ratioof the attachments becomes small very (--0), andtheasymptotic integral reduces a to simplealgebraic expression. Comparison the impedance andthe of sum asymptotic expression,lightof theproduct suggests thesimple in N, that
3414
d. Acoust. Am.,Vol.97, No.5, Pt.2, May1995 Soc.
3414
asymptotic expression valid for steady-state is excitation, long as as <0.01, andtheproduct N>2. [Work supported ONR.] by
2:00
5pSAS. Coupling between flexural andmembrane wavetypes to due

multi-degrees freedomand rotationalfuzzy attachments. Daniel of
A.Russell Victor Sparr.o,w and W. (Graduate inAcoust., State Prog. Penn

1:15
Univ., University Park,PA 16802)
5pSA2.Averageresponse an infinite plate on a random elastic of foundation.Joseph Turner Richard Weaver (Dept.of Theor. A. and L.
andAppl. Mech., 104S. WrightSt., Univ. of Illinois,Urbana, 61801) IL The average response infinitethinplateswith attached of random iraparlances examined. is The addedimpedance, which represents typical heterogeneities might that occur complex on shells, provides lightcoupling between threepropagation the modes. The problemis formulated terms in of the Dysonequation whichgoverns meanplateresponse. is solved the It withintheassumptions theKeller(smoothing) of approximation whichis valid whenthe heterogeneities weak. Scattering are attenuations deare rived for eachpropagation mode.The specific caseof delta-correlated springs provides simpleintuitiveresultfor a statistically a homogeneous plate.The attenuation one wave type due to couplingto anotheris of shown beproportional the modaldensity theotherwavetype.Thus to to of the attenuation extensional of and shearwavesis predominantly to due mode conversion flexural into waves is proportional thelargemodal and to density flexuralwaves. of The flexuraldegrees freedom of serveas a sink for theenergy themembrane of modes constitute theman effective and for fuzzy structure. similarresultis expected the more complicated A for submerged shellcase.A discussion diffuseenergytransport sucha of on
In current fuzzy stracture theory, fuzzy substructure generally the is

modeledas a systemof independent I-DOF oscillators attached the to master structure. Several assumptions usually are made.Firstly,while the
attachments applied onesideonlyof themaster are to structure (plateor shell),theeffects asymmetric of loading ignored. thispaper, is are In it shownthat the asymmetric loadingmay providea coupling mechanism
betweenflexuralwavesand membrane wavesin platesand shells,thus altering the predictedaddeddampingefict of the fuzzy substructure. Secondly, until now the motionof the attachments usuallyrestricted is to only one translational direction.This paperconsiders possibilityof the couplingbetweenwave typesin platesand shellswhen the fuzzy attachments are allowed to move in three translational directions, as well as
rotational motionabouttheirattachment points. Furthermore, effects the of these new attachmentmotionsare analyzed using a wave impedance/
dispersion relation approach. [Worksupported ONR.] by
2:15
5pSA6. Responseof a fuzzy structure in terms of the impulse
response function. G. Maidanik J. Dickey (CD/NSWC,Code703, and

Bethesda, MD 20084)
platewill also presented. be [Worksupported ONR.] by
A master structure defined terms a knownandproper is in of impulse
response function g(x]x',o), where isthespatial x variable spans that the

1:30
5pSA3. Vibrational responseof a simple oscillator attached to an elastic structure. DouglasM. Photiadis, A. Bucaro,and Brian H. J. Houston (NavalRes.Lab.,Washington, 20375-5350) DC The effect of many internaldegrees freedomon the vibrationof of elasticstructures beenof great recentinterest; has severaltheories have predicted damping effects arising from associated internal resonances. As an initialeffortto explore phenomena this experimentally, behavior the of a single such oscillator attached ribbed to cylindrical shellsection been has measured. singleoscillator beenfoundto give rise to a fairly The has broadband resonance structure, with a bandwidththat paradoxically increases with decreasing frequency. Theseresults, alongwith the physical interpretation modeling, and will be discussed.
master structure ois thefrequency and variable. response The u=(x,oJ) of the master structure the external to drivep(x,o) is stated the form in o(x,o)=J'g(x[x',o}dx' pe(x',oJ}, where isanelemental dx "volume" in
the x domain. ensemble appendages attached the master An of is to structure. The ensembleand its attachmentconfiguresan appendedmaster
structure. response The n(x,o) theappended of master structure stated is in
theformo(x,oJ)=.fgs(XlX',o)dx' ',oJ), pe(x where gs(X[X',O)theimis

pulse response function theappended of master structure it is assumed and thattheexternal driveremains unchanged. the preceding In equation is it
implied gs(x[x',o) properly that is derived; indeed, without propriety this

theequation meaningless. ensemble configurations is An of defines masa ter structure is variously that appendaged. Whentheensemble configuof rations statisticalized,fuzzy structure defined. is a is Usingthis equation anddesignating statistical averaging configurations angular over by brackets, one obtainsthe response (u(x,o))of a fuzzy structure the form in
(o(x,o))=$(gs(xlx',o))dx'pe(x',o,). In (g=s(xlx',o0) statistical only

variations the properties the appendages their attachments in of and are
1:45
involved;proper a g=s(X]X',m)notcommitted o(x,o)and is to pe(x,o).

Thus it is arguedthat the last equationis an acceptable solutionto the
5pSA4. Eigenstatisticsin rectangular membranes with point scatterers. Richard Weaver (Dept.of Theor.andAppl. Mech.,Univ. L.
response (u(x,o)) a fuzzystructure. of
of Illinois,104S. Wright Urbana, 61801) St., IL

Conventional wisdomholdsthat a finite reverberant systemwith cha2:30
otic ray trajectories have,at high frequencies, will eigenvalue statistics identical those theGaussian to of orthogonal ensemble random of matrices {GOE).It alsoholds thata nonchaotic system havesimple will Poissonian
statistics. Recent experiments the eigenvalues elastic blocks with on of
5pSA7. Prediction of scattering cross sectionsusing averaged models. Douglas Photiadis DavidHughes (NavalRes.Lab., M. and Washington, 20375-5350) DC
The presence internal of structure greatlyaltertheacoustic can behavior of elasticstructures. Even in relativelysimplesystems, is necessary it to employ approximate models, effectively averaging unwanted out detail. Somephenomenological aspects be easilyobtained this way procan in videdthe "base"structure not too complicated. example,the locus is For
angled cuts, recent calculations theeigenfrequenciesmembranes of of with staircases jaggedboundaries theeigenfrequenciesa rectangular like and of domainwith a singleisotropic point scatterer have,however, foundGOE statistics evenin these quasi-integrable systemseven though raysin all suchsystems nonchaotic. this work the rectangular are In domainwith isotropic pointscatterers studied is further. is shown thelong-range It that levelrepulsion thissystem not in precise in is accord with the predictions of the CJOE,nor is the long rangespectral rigidity.CJOEdoes,though, correctly describe short the range statistics. quantitative A prediction for therange whichGOE applies advanced in is based uponthelifetime a of rayagainst mixing--i.e., based upon cross the section thescatterer. of This
of peaks thescattering section a function frequency angle in cross as of and canoften predicted a deterministic be in manner, estimating. actual but the scattering levelsrequires moresophisticated modeling. One approach to
this modeling problemis to employa "fuzzy" structures paradigm in which a Neumannseriesinvolvingthe randomaspects the internal of structure averaged. more sophisticated is A approach involvesdirectly constructing approximating and equations the desired for averages; employing Dyson Bethe4Salpeter the and equations random of media theory.
prediction corroborated numerical is by calculations theeigenfrequenof cies. [Worksupported NSE] by 3415 J. Acoust. Soc.Am., VoL97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995
3415
These techniques been have applied predict scattering section to the cross fromanirregular fibbed structure. results bediscussed comThe will and
pared.
2:45
3:00
5pSA9.Freevibration liquid-filled of composite shells revolution. of

Z. C. Xi, L. H. Yam,andT. P.Leung (Dept.of Mech.andMarineEng.,
HongKong Polytech. Univ.,HungHom,Kowloon, HongKong)

As composite materials increasingly are usedin aerospace, marine, civil powergenerating, petrochemical, chemical and industries, interthe action fluidandcomposite of shells revolution beenan activesubof has ject in the area of structural dynamics. this paper,a semianalytical In
5pSA8.Electrodynamic reciprocity method vibrationstandards. for Li-FengGe (AnhuiBureau Tech.Supervision, of 30-MaAn ShahRd., Hefei,Anhui230001,People's Republic China) of
In a previous paper, reciprocity a calibration formula different fromthe Levy-Bouche's derived is [L.-F. Ge, Proceedings the XIII IMEKO of WorldCongress, 2606-2610(1994)];the latterhasbeen regarded a as standard method [ISO 5347-0,1987; ISO/DIS5347-20,1990].Thenew
procedure presented predicting vibration was for free characteristics of liquid-filled composite shells revolution. newunaxisymmetric of A conical
frustum element was derived based on the first-order shear deformation
formula S= (gT/jto)112 is (V/ms-2), where is themean then'ansfer T of

admittance ratio, T=M/(Y-Y o) and R is the voltageratio for the typical three-transducer-two-experiment procedure, whichanelectrodyin namictransducer serves reciprocal as one. This methodis suitedto the low- andmid-frequency ranges, mostaccurate 100-1000 Hz. This and at paper reveals a coefficient variation, ratioof standard that of i.e., deviation of T to its meanvalue,canbe viewedas a reciprocity indexof such an electrodynamic calibration system including transducers a solid two and
massmedium.An index smallerthan 0.5% indicates that the systemis
theory. element The considers thedisplacement thecimumferential both in directionand the rotationaroundthe meridianof the shell.The coupling between symmetric antisymmetric and modes taken is intoaccount the in formulation. Reduced integration employed avoid"shear was to locking." Numericalexamples were givenfor free vibrations liquid-filledlamiof
nated shells revolution various ofboundary of with types conditions. Comparisons theresults of predicted thepresent by paperwiththose available
in the literaturewere made.The effectsof the liquid depth,the ratio of
betterreciprocal, can be calibrated and moreaccurately. frequencies At higher than about 3000Hz, nonlinear problems, asstress such waveeffect and resonance, become pronounced, shouldbe considered; better and a way wouldbe to applyothermoreavailable methods, suchas the laser interferometry piezoelectric and reciprocity method.
mass density theliquidto thatof theshell,circumferential of wavenumber,thickness radius to ratio,ply angle,andstacking sequence natural on frequency wetshells of werediscussed. [Worksupported RC, HK Poly by U.]
SATURDAY
AFTERNOON,
3 JUNE 1995
CONGRESSIONAL HALL A} 1:00TO 5:00P.M.

Session 5pSC
Speech Communication: Consonants, Vowels, Voice(Poster and Session)

PeggyB. Nelson,Chair Center Auditoryand Speech for Sciences, GallaudetUniversity, Washington, 20002 DC ContributedPapers
All posters be on display will from 1:00a.m.to 5:00p.m.To allowcontributors opportunity seeotherposters, an to conu'ibutors of odd-numbered papers be at theirposters will from 1:00to 3:00p.m.andcontributors even-numbered of papers be at theirposters will from3:00 p.m. to 5:00p.m.To allowfor extended viewing, posters be on display will beginning 8:00 a.m. at
5pSC1. Interactions between acoustic dimensionscontributing to the perceptionof voicing. Michael D. Hall, KatharineDavis, and Patricia
K. Kuhl (Dept. of Speech and Hear. $ci., WJ-10, Univ. of Washington,

Seattle,WA 98195)
It is well known that several dimensions contribute to the Classification
intensity trade-off between perceptionof VOT and aspiration.The results indicate that F0 and VOT/aspirafion amplitude may contributeto two distinctsetsof pemeptualanalyzers.Implicationsfor phonemeperception
will be discussed. [Work supported NIH.] by
5pSC2. Predictionobstruent of spectra theslope preceding frm of

and following second formant transitions. Gary Weismet, Vidya Guhan,and Ray D. Kent (Dept.Commun. Disoral. Waisman and Ctr.,
Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Ave., Madison, WI
of stopconsonants voicedor voiceless. as ThreeGamerspeeded classification experiments evaluated nature perceptual the of interactions between
such dimensions. Specificaily, experiments the exanUned potential the integralitybetweenpairs of three critical dimensions--voice onsettime
53705-2280)
(VOT), aspiration amplitude, fundamental and frequency at theonset (F0) of voicing. Onlywithin-category syllable (/ks/) stimuli wereused elimito
nate phonetic classification a basis subjects' as for responses. Evidence was found for the asymmetric separability VOT and F0; while variability of
Thereis evidence that the slopeof second formant(F2) transitions

providesan index of the severityof speechmechanism involvementin
along significantly F0 influenced classification VOT speed, variability

alongVOT did not similarlyinfluence classification. similarpattern F0 A of asymmetric separability F0 and aspiration for amplitudewas demonstrated, whereaspiration variabilitydid not interferewith F0 classification. In contrast, VOT and aspirationamplitudewere completelyintegral,with variability along either dimension influencing classification speedalong the otherdimension. Furthermore, performance accuracy reflected timea
motorspeech disorders [Weismet al., J. Acoust. et Soc.Am. 91, 10851098(1992)].Froman articulatory perspective, slope theF2 tranthe of
sitionis an ordinalindex of the rate of changein vocal tractconfiguration. It washypothesized that, for singlewords,theseF2 slopes wouldpredict quantitativespectralcharacteristics adjacentobstments, of under the assumptionthat the rate of changein vocal tract configuration during a
vocalicsegment wouldinfluence articulation a preceding followthe of or ing obstruent. Quantificafion obstment of spectra wasachieved means by 129th Meeting:AcousticalSociety of America 3416
3416
of spectral moments, which were regressed F2 transition on slopes a for group normally of articulating anda group men withamyotrophic lateral
sclerosis, a degenerative motoneuron disease typically associated dyswith arthria. Results partially confirmed hypothesis both the for groups subof jects;the findings be discussed terms separate will in of treatment of
guishing, e.g., Weplay dominoes. from Weplayeddominoes. Moreover. some VOT, CD, andVGD differences havelittle linguistic evenperor ception function. ThusIp,t.k/show dursttonal differences, these but cannot
readily shown affect be to stop place perception. [Worksupported NIH by

GrantNo. HD-01994.] 5pSC6. Measuring speaker normalizationof fricatives using three methods. Keith Johnson, Shuhui Peng,and Elizabeth Strand (Dept.of
Linguistics, Ohio StateUniv., 222 Oxley Hall, 1712 Nell Ave., Columbus, OH 43210-1298)
vocalic obstment and segments model kpeech in a of intelligibility. [Work

supported NIH.] by
5pSC3. Acoustic-to-articulatory mapping of fricatives. Edward L. Riegelsberger Ashok Krishnamurthy and K. (Dept.of Electr. Eng.,Ohio
StateUniv., 2015 Nell Ave., Columbus,OH 43210)
This research considers acoustic-to-articulatory the mappingof fricatire speech. incorporating By additional knowledge aboutfricativeproduction, perception, dynamics and into the mapping scheme, improved performance be achieved may overstandard acoustic-to-articulatory map-
Speakernormalization effectsusingcondnuafrom "sue" to "shoe" and threeexperimental tasks:Identification, goodness ratings,and direct prototype estimation compared. are The continua were formedby concat-
enating synthetic fricalive noises ranging from[s] to with the vowel

portionof "sue" or "shoe"produced a male and a femalespeaker. by Speaker normalization measured the identification asa boundwas in task ary shift betweenresponses the "male" sfmuli and the "female" to stimuli.Comparison category of boundaries alsousedto measure was the
pingtechniques.hybrid A time-frequency domain articulatory synthesizer and numerical optimization techniques appliedto sleady-state, are unvoicedfricatives. The work differs from the fricativeinversemapping experiments Sorokin Sorokin, of IV. Speech Commun. 249-262 14, (1994)]andShirai[K. ShiraiandS. Masaki, Speech Commun. 111-114 2, (1983)] in thata fricative-specific linkedcodebook usedto initialize is optimization amplitude and sensitive distance measures used. are The fricatire codebook produces starting configurations numerical for optimizationbased theirspectral on characteristics theirabilityto matchfricaand tion source characteristics for a given lung pressure and glottal configuration. useof amplitude The sensitive spectral distance measures is necessary account the interaction to for between tractand the ttowthe dependent frication source. Examples acoustic-to-articulatory of mapping
speaker normalization effectin ihe goodness ratingparadigm, wherea

stimulus wasconsidered be in the "s" category to whenthe "goodness as
[s]"rating higher the"goodness [J]"rating. was than as Speaking normalizationin the prototype estimation procedure measured the shiftin was as theaverage estimate the[s] or [J]prototype. of Bothmeasures category of boundary shiftshowed substantial speaker normalization effects, whilethe magnitude theeffect theprototype of in estimation though task, significant, was threeto four timessmaller. However,this smallereffectcloselymirrorsthemagnitude theacoustic of difference usually found between male
andfemale fricative. [Worksupported NIH.] by

5pSC7. Testingthe importanceof talker variability in non-native
speech contrast training. James S. Magnuson,Reiko A. Yamada, Yoh'ichi Tohkura (ATR Human Info. Process.Labs., 2-2 Hikaridai,
aregiventhatcompare fricative articulatory models fricative and spectral distance measuresfor the inverse mapping scheme. Acoustic-toarticulatoryperformance evaluatedin terms of spectraldistanceand is
clustering ability. [Worksupported theAFOSR.] by

5pSC4. Discrimination of synthetic /ba-wa/ by budgerigars
Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto, 619-02, Japan), and Ann R. Bradlow

(IndianaUniv., Bloomington, 47408) IN
(Melopsittaeus undulatus). MichaelL. Dent,Elizabeth Powell,Alisa F. Pierce,and RobertJ. Dooling (Dept. of Psychol., Univ. of Maryland, CollegePark,MD 20742)
The perception speech of sounds animals by provides important comparative forunderstanding perception speech humans. data the of by Using operant conditioning procedures, budgerigars three (Melopsittacus undulatus)weretrained andthentested theirabilityto discriminate on among tokens synthetic/ba-wa/ of speech continua. "short"(120 ms)anda A "long" (320 ms) continuum were constructed, each consisting l0 of
stimuli. For both the long and the short /ba-wa/ stimuli, budgerigars showed marked a improvement discrimination in nearthe humanphonetic boundary. Similarto humans, budgerigars significantly sensitive were less to transition changes the long syllables in compared with the shortsyllables,suggesting they may be susceptible backward that to masking by thesyllable longerlength. of Two of the threebudgerigars showed also a shift in their phoneticboundaries with changes syllablelength.These in
data extend the evidence of similarities between birds and mammals in the
In contrast results trainingwith stimuliproduced 5 talkers, to of by
Livelyet el. [J. Acoust. Soc.Am. 94. 1242-1255(1993)]reported that Japanese adults trained perceive to English/r! and/1/with stimuli produced
by a singletalkerfailed to improvefrom pretest post-test, to generto or alize to novelstimuli.That studywas extended training5 groups by of
subjects with a different each talker, andby examining retention the of learning after3 and6 months. previous The results werepartially replicate&Although subjects all showed significant learning duringtraining, subjects 3 of the 5 groups not showsignificant in did improvement a in pretest-post-test comparison, notgeneralize to newstimuli, did well and didnotshow good retention 3- and6-month in follow-up tests. Subjects in
two of the five groups improved significantly from pretest post-test, to generalized to newstimuli, showed well and retention comparable that to of subjects trained with multiple talkers. The results indicate thatwhile multiple-talker trainingleadsto consistently goodresults, trainingwith stimuliproduced onlyonetalkermayfail to promote by generalization to
new stimuli and talkers under certain conditions.
perception speech of sound contrasts. [Worksupported NIH Grants by

DC00198andMH00982to RJD.] 5pSC5. Measurement for measurement'ssake: Phonologically irrelevant stop voicingdurations. Leigh Lisker (Haskins Labs.,270
Crown St., New Haven,CT 0651I) Durationaldifferences betweenvoicedand voiceless stopshave been regularly reported, phonological and valuehasbeenattributed some to of
5pSCS.Perceptual trainingon Hindi dentaland retroflexconsonants by native Englishand Japanese speakers. JohnS. Pruitt (Dept.of Psych., Univ.of South Florida, Tampa, 33620) FL
Previous research shown has thatbothnativeEnglish nativeJapaand nesespeakers havegreatdifficultydistinguishing dentalandretroflex the
stop-consonants Hindilanguage. of the However, Japanese speakers perform much better than English speakersarticularly on voiced-
them, VOT, closure i.e., duration (CD), andvoicing-gap duration (VGD). ThusEnglish Ip,t,k/and/b,d,g/can sometimes separated all three be by
measures, these thenacoustico-articulatory and are properties the voicof
ingfeature. VOT also But separates subphonemic (allophonic) variants of
/p,t,k/aspiratedth,kh]and [ph, unaspirated and iscustomary [p,t,k], it to

regardthisdifference phonologlcalty as irrelevant. Furthermore, cues CD
unaspirated consonants. differential This performancethought bedue is to to contrastire experience Japanese withId/versusflapped that have Irl. (While English containflapped it isnotcontrasted does a Irl, with/d/.) This research further compared English Japanese and speakers' abilityto distinguish Hindicontrast providing the by laboratory training generaliand
zationtests bothlanguage for groups. Twentynativespeakers from each
voicing state onlywhen accompanied a voicing by gap,when short a VGD is effectively(perceptually?) equivalent one of zero duration, the to so voicing maybe "dismissed" a consequencepressure gap as of equalization ratherthana linguistically motivated laryngeal maneuver. Elsewhere the
valueof CD is more prosodic (morale)than segment-identifying, distin-
unaspirated, voiceless-aspirated, voiceless-unaspirated andretand dental

roflexconsonant-vowel syllables produced 2 nativeHindi speakers 3 by in vowel contexts (/a/, /e/, /o/). Trainingconsisted 12, 30-min sessions of in whichonly voiced-aspirated tokens produced 6 Hindi speakers 2 by in
3417
J. Acoust.Sec. Am., Vol. 97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995
languag group werevo pretes and post on voi

1291h Meeting: Acoustical Societyof America 3417
vowel contexts and/o/) were presented a self-paced, (/a/ in self-selected fashion. While Japanese speakers performed muchhigherlevelsthan at English speakers, groups both improved markedly showed and generalization to new speakers, new vowel contexts, and new voicing/manner contexts. [Work supported NIDCD andAppliedTelecommunications by Research, Kyoto, Japan.]
Eachsyllablewasrepeated timesby eachspeaker. 3 The vowelin the syllable was [i,a,u]andthe consonant [r] or [1] in geminated was and nongeminated form,leadingto 216 syllables. Confirming results a the of previous study Italianstop on consonants Rossetti, Acoust. Am. [R. J. Soc. 95, 2874 I1994)]results thepresent of analysis showed thefirstvowel that
durationwas systematically shortened the geminated in consonants. The dataalso showed that in the present casethe duration the consonant of as well as,in mostcases, theVC andCV transitions of werelengthened the in
5pSC9. Visual feedbacktraining for a nasal/non-nasal distinction.

Anna Marie Schmidt (SchoolOf Speech Pathol.& Audiol., Kent State Univ., P.O. Box 5190, Kent,OH 44242)
Nativespeakers someChinese of dialects not makea distinction do between/n/and/1/. This lackof a phonemic distinction maybe a problem whenthesespeakers learnEnglishandthe distinction oftendifficultto is teach. ThreenativeChinese speakers from Shanghai who hadbeenin the US lessthan 2 yearsparticipated a training in experiment usinga nasometerto provide visualfeedback. Production trained initialposition was in in minimalpairsusinginitial/n/-/1/and/sn/-/sl/pairs. Subjects' perception of thedistinction English in minimalpairswastested priorto training and
geminated form.Spectral analysis showed thereis littleor noeffecton that thespectral properties theconsonants tothepresence gemination. of due of However. in geminated [r] form is in a few cases devoiced. Informal perceptual indicate [r] canbeautomatically tests that generated [1]by from introducingsilent a portion withinthestationary portion [1]. of
5pSC13. A connection between coarticulafion and variable rule application:Codar's in BrooklynEnglish. Kenneth Jong (Dept.of de Linguistics,322 Memorial Hall, Indiana Univ., Bloomington,IN 47403) and Elizabeth Zsiga (Georgetown C. Univ.,Washington, 20057) DC
post-training both using same/different and categorization tasks.

5pSCI0. Effects of perceptual learning on the production of a non-native contrast. ReikoA. Yamada, Yoh'ichiTohkura (ATR Human
Info. Process.Res. LabS., 2-2, Hikaridai, Seika, Soraku, Kyoto, 619-02,
Japan), Ann R. Bradlow, and David B. Pisoni (Indiana Univ., Bloomington, 47408) IN
Previousresearch showna significant has correlation betweenthe per-
Ohala (1975, 1981) has proposed that sound changes caused are by listeners mispereeiving coarticulatory effects.This paperexamines vanable "r-dropping"in BrooklynEnglish.and discusses coarticulatory the exigencies that may encourage speakers toward weakenedforms. It is arguedthat production strategies play a role in driving soundchange do apartfrom creating misperceptions. Recordings were madeof speakers of Brooklynand other dialects partof the development a largermultias of dialect database (Hertzet al., 1994).Analyses nuclear (asin bird,and of r's
burll showthat neighboring bothlower the second l's formantandraisethe thirdformant. obscuring r. Analyses codar's in "r-ful" speakers the of also show following coronalsraise the r's third formant. Analyses of three Brooklyn speakers show one consistently produces coda r's, one never does,and a third doesso variablyas evidentin a bimodaldistribution of
ception production English/r/and/l/by and of Japanese speakers [Yamada et al., Proc.ICSLP94,2023-2026 (1994)].The present study furtherinvestigated this perception-production by examiningthe transferof link trainingin perception production a non-native to of Contrast. Twelve monolingual Japanese speakers weretrainedto perceive English/r/-/ the
contrast using high-variability a training program [Livelyet al., J.Acoust. Soc.Am. 96, 2076-208711 Recordings alsomade thetrainees' were of
productions Englishlff-/l/minimal pairsbeforeandafter the perceptual of training.Thesepretest and post:test recordings were thenevaluated perceptually American by listeners who werepresented with pairsof tokens in
formant patterns. variable The speaker produced r-lesstokens particularly in codas whichcontained coronals, especially This pattern 1. suggests that coarticulatory influences affecttheapplication variable of rules. Thuscoarticulation seems exertpressure to withina speaker towarda changed form. [Worksupported theNIDCD.] by 5pSC14. Time-variation in Mandarin voiceless sibilant spectra. Yi Xu (Res.Lab. of Electron., Rm 36-513.MIT Cambridge, 02139) MA
anA-B testformat. expected, As subjects' accuracy theperceptual on task

improved about16% after45 trainingsessions. by More importantly, subjects'productions pretest at post-test at and weredistinguishable Ameriby canlisteners. More post-test productions werejudgedas "better"tokens of English/r/and/1/thanpretest Productions. Implications thepereeptionfor production link in the acquisition novelphonetic of contrasts be disWill
The threeMandarin sibilant fricatives. [], and[g], werestudied [s],

using a combinationof ume averagingand ensembleaveragingas de-
cussed. [Worksupported NIH andATR.] by

5pSCll. An articulatory and perceptual study of Tamil liquids.
scribed Xu andWilde[J.Acoust. by Soc.Am. 96, 3230(A) (1994)].Ten

nativespeakers BeijingMandarin maleand5 female)produced of (5 these fricativesfollowed by both unrounded and roundedhigh vowels.Timeaveraged spectra were obtained averaging consecunve by 13 8-ms FFr windowsover 20-ms intervals.Token-ensemble-averaged spectrawere thenobtained averaging by over the time-averaged spectra 10 repetiof tionsof eachsentence produced eachspeaker time-normalized by at locationsin the utterances. Furtherensemble-averaging alsoperformed was
bver the male and female speakers separately obtain group-ensembleto averaged spectra. Preliminary examination of both token-ensemble-
Joyce McDonough Keith and Johnson (Dept. Linguistics State of Ohio

Univ., 222 Oxley Hall, 1712Nell Ave., Columbus, 43210-1298) OH
In Tamil thereare 5 liquid consonants. They are the lateral approxi-
mation[1], the retroflex lateralapproximant the alveolar [r], the [0, tap retroflex [[], andanobscure tap segment hasbeen that variously described.
This paper presents electropalatography data from one speakerand perceptualdata from five listenersexploringthe articulatoryand acoustic
dimensions the phonetic of spacefor liquidsin Tamil. The dimensions
averaged group-ensemble-averaged reveals and spectra that (a) Mandarin sibilants havesubstantial time variation their noisespectra, in indicating
whichare explored include duration (distinguishing and approxiflaps mants), dynamic tongue movement (distinguishing retroflex nonretroand
continuous artculatory movement throughoutproduction fricathe of the

tion:and(b) all three sibilants manifest substantial spectral variation to due anticipatory coarticulation thefollowing with vowel.Thiskindof variation is evident fromtheverybeginning thefrication of noise, indicating the that ,xtant of th, anticipatory eoartieulation go bayandtha haginning may of thefrication. [Worksupported NIH.] by
5pSC15. Individual differences in the glottallzation of vowel-initial syllables. Laura Dilley and Stefanie Shattuck-Hufnagel (Speech Conunun.Group,Res. Lab. of Electron.,MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139)
Speakersof American English often glottalize the onset of a vowel-
flex), constriction and location/spectral (distinguishing the shape [1]and obscure liquid). Preliminary analyses suggest theobscure of that liquid
Tamil is an apleopalatal centralapproximant.[-[owever, unlike other seg
ments Tamilwhich in require tongue backing retroflexes) is tip (the there

no evidenceof dynamictonguemovementduringthe closureand some suggestion acoustic of zeros,perhaps from a lateral opening.Additional perception data designed clarify this picture will 'be presented. to
5pSC12.Acousticanalysisof Italian [r] and [1]. Francesca .Argiolas,
Federico Macd, andMaria-Gabriella Benedetto(Dept.INFOCOM, Di ,Universith Studi Roma'La Sapienza', Eudossiana 00184 degli di via 18,
initial sy,,llaale, work shown this particularly to and recent has that is likely
occurwhen the syllableis locatedat prosodically significant locations, such thebeginning an intonational as of phrase, at a pitchaccent or [Pierrehumbert TalkinLabphon 1992:Dilley et al., J. Acoust. and II, Soc.Am.
Rome, Italy)
Acoustic analysis Italian[r] and[1]wascamedout.Speech of materials consisting prestressed of VCV syllables produced 3 male and 3 by femalenativespeakers Italian formedthe basisof the present of study.
95, 2978(A) (1994)]. Analysis speech by4 different of read professional
radio news announcers4 nonprofessional shows theimand speakers (ai
3418
129th Meeting: AcoUStical ofAmerica Society
3418
portartec prosodic of structure determining occurrence glottalizain the of
lionholds across speakers, speakers differentially toglottai(b) are likely

ize overall,and (c} speakers differentially are likely to glottalize in
differentprosodic contexts. For example,the 4 FM radio newscasters showed overallglottalization ratesof 41%, 38%, 22%, and 7%, and some speakers weremorelikely to glottalize reduced vowelsthanothers were. Theimplications these of patterns variation speech of for recognition and synthesis, well as for models speech as of production planning, will be
abouteachtoken:i. What word is the speaker saying? and,it. Doesshe speak same the dialectyoudo?Theirjudgments weregenerally consistent with thediscriminant analysis classifications. 5pSC19. Perceptual assimilation of North German vowels to American English categories. Sonja A. Trent, Brett H. Fitzgerald,
Susan Crouse, M. and WinifredStrange (Dept.of Commun. Sci. & Disord. Psycbol., and Univ.of South Florida, 4202E. Fowler Ave., Tampa,
FL 33620-8150)
discussed. [Supported partby a grant in fromNIDCD.]

5pSC16, Articulatory modeling of so-calledadvancedtongue root vowels. ScanFulop,Ethelbert Karl, and PeterLadefoged (Phon.Lab., Linguistics Dept.,UCLA, LosAngeles, 90024-1543} CA
Many WestAfricanlanguages havetwo setsof vowelsthatare saidto
Perceptual assimilation NG vowelsto AE categories of was assessed with stimuliin whichthe vowelsoccurred in/hVp/syllables spoken in citation formandin thesentence, habe/hVp/gesacht." "Ich Subjects were presented multipletokens 14 NG vowelsproduced 4 maletalkers. of by They selected AE vowel category which the NG vowel was most the to
differby onehaving advanced an tongue [+ATR], andtheother root a retracted tongue [-ATR]. The[+ATR]setmayalso root have enlarged an
pharynx and a loweredlarynx.Words(roots)in theselanguages must
contain vowels that are all of one set or the other. To test whether there is
similar rated goodness-of-fita 7-point and its on scale from"English" (7)

to "foreign-sounding" "Identical"vowels(transcribed the same (1). as across languages) notnecessarily did assimilate thepredicted to category.
"New" front reundedvowelsly, Y, O, oe/assimilated back rounded to AE vowels.Perceptual goodness-of-fit not alwayspredicted was fromthepho-
a constant acticulatory difference betweenthe two setsof vowelsin Degema, a Delta Edoid languagespokenin Nigeria, DAT recordings were madeof 8 speakers. 2 of thespeakers. For frontalandlateralvideos were madeof the lip aperture. The frequencies, amplitudes bandwidths and of the first 3 formants the 5 pairsof vowelswere determined of from LPC analysis. Thesedataweremodeled using articulatory an synthesizer. After an appropriate of vocal tract shapes set had beendetermined the for
neticdescription acoustic or similarity FIIF2 space H. Fitzgerald in lB. eta/., J. Acoust. Soc.Am., thissession]. Differences modal in identification response goodness-of-fit and were notedacross citationversus sentencecontext and across individualspeakers. Assimilation the basisof on intrinsic duration information was moreconsistent syllables for presented in sentences. These results haveimplications studies cross-language for of
[-ATR] setof 5 vowels, articulatory perturbations as tongue such root

advancement, pharynx enlargement, larynx lowering,were appliedto and
similarity which citation-form use stimuli. [Worksupported NIDCD.] by

5pSC20.Acousticspecification North German vowelsproducedin of citation and sentencecontexts. Brett H. Fitzgerald,Sonja A. Trent,
the modeled [--ATR] vocalIractshapes generate [+ATR] set.A to the

varietyof articulatory gestures seemto be needed convertvowelsfrom to
one set into the other.
Janet Stack, W. XiangeLing, andWinifredStrange (Dept.of Commun.

Sci. & Disord.andPsychol., Univ. of SouthFlorida,4202 E. FowlerAve., Tampa, 33620-8 50) FL !
5pSC17. Perception of vowel length in Arabic.
Abdulla A. AI-Ba-
nnai (Dept. English a) of Language Literature, Arab and United Emirates

Univ.,P.O.Box 671612,Al-Ain, U.A.E.)
This studyinvestigates acoustic the correlates distinctive of vowel

lengthin Arabic,andexamines extentto whichthese the cuesmightfigure in the phonological distinction vowel length Arabic.The perceptual of in experiment determines accuracy the with whichvowelduration contrast in spoken Arabiccanbe auditorily represented. method The wasto create sets of stimuliby adding removing variablenumbers the excised or a of vowel pitchperiodin the dataselected. Thesestimuliwerepresented native to speakers Arabicin a wordidentification Theperceptual of task. accuracy of vowel durationas determined from the slopesof the identification curves
revealed that relative vowel duration is the dominant acoustic cue in the
As partof a larger study Iheeffects speech of of styleandconsonantal context the acoustic on specification cross-language and perceptual similarityof vowels, study this examined differences acoustic in parameters of
North German (NG}vowels hVpsyllables in produced citation-form in (as

lists)and in the carriersentence "Ich habe--gesacht." Two instances of eachof 14 vowels produced 4 malespeakers by (Kiel dialect) spoken in eachcontext wereanalyzed. Vowelformant frequencies (measured sylat lablemidpoint) showed someundershoot FI in sentence of context relative to citation context; F2 undershootwas minimal. Duration differences
belwenn spectrally similartense-lax pairsvariedas a funelton vowel of heightin bothcitationand sentence contexts. Overall, tense-lax duration
differences were reduced in sentence context relative to citation form.
phonological distinction vowellengthin Arabic.But spectral of cuessuch assteady-state formant frequency, of intensity a significant level play secondaryrole in the discrimination vowel contrast of whenthe relativedu-
Individual differences across speakers bothFIIF2 targets intrinsic in and durations were noted.Distances FIIF2 space in couldnot account for
ration maximally is ambiguous between versus vowels. short long a)Send

notice P.O.Box 5837, Sharjah, to: U.A.E.
5pSC18. The relation between dialect attribution and vowel
perceptual assimilation patterns AE listeners S. Trentet aL, J. of [see Acoust. Am.,thissession]. So{;. These results have implications confor
ceptions phonetic of prototypes usedto account cross-language for simi-
larity. [Research supported NIDCD.] by

judgments, Alice Faber (Haskins Labs.,270 CrownSt., New Haven,
CT 06511), Lawrence Brancazio (Univ. of Connecticutand Haskins
5pSC21. Acoustic correlates of Deg Xinag/Ingalik Athabaskan vowels. AliceTaff (Dept.of Linguistics, Univ.of Washingtun, GN-40,
Seattle,WA 98195)
Labs.), and Catherine Best (Wesleyan T. Univ.andHaskins Labs.)

A spoken word'sphonetic form provides information only about not the speaker'sintendedmessage but also about the speaker'slanguage and/or dialect background. form[dak]mayreflect The southern dike, U.S. Boston dark, or Chicago dock.Someone who makes incorrect an dialect
Therehasbeencontroversy Jerue al., Deg XinagDindlidik. [A. et

ANLC: Fairbanks1993)]overtheclassification thevowelin thesecond ( of person pluralmorpheme in Deg Xinag/Ingalik eitherIo/or Iol. (2p) as Acoustic measurements undertaken were towards resolving issue. I, the F
F2, F3, and ruralion were measuredfor each of the five vowels in the
attribution misinterpret may statements the[dak]. about Anecdotal reports of such misunderstandings (e.g.,Labov, abound 1994). anexperimental In
investigation,wasassessed it whether listeners' labeling isolated of words is systematically influenced correctversusincorrectattribution by of speaker dialect.Wordsthai are incorrectly assigned their own dialect to shouldbe mislabeled, ways predictable in from the relativepositions of
vowel nucleiin the vowel spaces the two dialects.Stimuli were tokens of of heed, hayed, head, hood, hoed, HUD, produced Utah and by Connecticut women.Discriminant analyses trained theConnecticut on pro-
system,/a,e,o,o,o/. Contexts werelimitedto coronal uvular. and and FI F2 means datafromtwo speakers for indicate 2p is morelike/o/than that /oL Vowellength datasupports claim. this 5pSC22. Waveform dynamicsand the perceptual segregation of
concurrent vowels, Peter Assmann (School of Human Develop.. Univ. of Texas,Box 830688, GR 41, Richardson, 75083) TX
ductions correctly classified heed, hayed, andhead; Utah Utahhoed was

often classifiedas Connecticuthood, and Utah hood and HUD were clas-
Whentwo synthetic vowels presented are concurrently, listeners identify the vowels moreaccurately theydiffer in fundamental if frequency
(F0) or if oneof them preceded/followed gliding is by a (versus static)

formant pattern. Previous experiments shown have thatglidingformants
siftedas Connecticut head.Connection listeners answered questions two
3419
3419
generally nothelplisteners do identify vowel which the to theyarelinked; instead, they makethe vowelwithout transitions easierto identify. One explanation thattheformant is transition region provides briefinterval a during which the competing steady-state vowel is perceptually more prominent. This interpretation supported two computational is by models thatperform filterbankanalysis, a process waveform eachfilter the in channel using sliding a temporal window, determine and which region of the signal provides strongest the evidence eachvowel.ModelA comof putedtheenergy eachchannel successive intervals generate in at time to
running excitation patterns. ModelB useda temporal analysis generate to runningautocorrelation functions, andincluded furtherstage partition a to the channels basedon periodicitycues.Both modelspredicted effectsof Fo and glidingformants, modelB provided but betterpredictions the of patternof listeners' identification responses. Identification concurrent of vowelsappears benefitfrom an analysis the composite to of waveform usinga slidingtemporal window,combined with a form of F0-guided source segregation.
theory contradictedthemagnet is by effect Kuhl,Pemept. [P. Psychophys.

50, 93-107 (1991)]which indicates some that areas thevowelspace of are perceptually shrunken. Experiments with naive adult subjects were executed.Generalization, ABX, and discrimination experiments were performedusingeight cardinalvowelsplus intermediate stepsbetween selected vowels. Results,indicatingboth Shepardand Kuhl are partially
correct, bestrepresented Gluck'sscheme are by [Psych. Sci. 2, 50-55 (1991)]withthedataindicating it is thedistinctive that features vowels of
that are perceivedcategorically. There was little evidenceof languagespecificeffectsfor adults.Pilot work with newborns indicatethat they organize vowel space the like adults.
5pSC26. Psychophysical procedure and the perceptual magnet effect: Comparisons of fixed and roving AX discrimination of /iL
Paul Iversonand PatriciaK. Kuhl (Dept. of Speech and Hear. Sci., WJ-10,Univ.of Washington, Seattle, 98195) WA
5pSC23. Aboutthefourthangleof the "voweltriangle." RentCart6

(ENST.,46 rue Barfault,Paris,France)
Recent experiments Iverson by and Kuhl [J. Acoust. Soc.Am. 97, 553-562 (1995)]have demonstrated theperception that of/i/is influenced
by categorygoodness. Listeners exhibit a perceptualmagneteffectcharacterized highsensitivity acoustic by to differences poorexemplars near of /i/and low sensitivity near excellentexemplars of/i/. The presentstudy examines whether thiseffectis influenced psychophysical by procedures. Listenerswere askedto discriminate pairs of stimuli from an /i/ to /e/ continuum, the taskwasvariedin two ways:(1) Eachblockof trials and
The voweltriangle be derived can fromtheacoustic theory Cart6 JR. et al., J. Acoust. Soc.Am. 95, 2924 (A) (1994)].The areafunction was
deformedin orderto increase decrease or F2. In this new study,the or F1 acoustic criterion to increase decrease) is (or bothF1 andF2 or to increase
F1 (or F2) and decrease (or F1). At the end of the deformation F2
process, area the functions produce most"compact" andF2 close the (F1 asin/a/) or "diffuse"(F1 far fromF2 asin/i/) or "grave"(FI andF2
bothlow asin/u/) sounds. whataboutan "acute"vowel(FI andF2 But
hadeither pairof tokens one (fixeddiscrimination) paris tokens or of from the entirestimulus range(rovingdiscrimination), (2) the acoustic and difference between eachpair of tokenswas either 30 or 60 mels. The
results demonstrated the peakin discrimination the/i/-/e/boundary that at
diminished with fixed discrimination tasks and 30-mel differences between
both high)which could correspondthefourth to angle? canbeautomatiIt

cally converged a patternwhereF1 is around 1000 Hz and F2 at to at
2000 Hz. But in this case the ratio between the maximum value of the
tokens, supporting previous findings [Macmillan al., J.Acoust. Am. et Soc. 84, 1262-1280(1988)].However, magnitude theperceptual the of magnet
effect seemed lessinfluenced thesemanipulations. resultssuggest by The thatdistortions sensitivity boundaries within phonetic of at and categories may arise from different mental processes. 5pSC27. An investigationof the perceptual magnet effect in adults. Susan Renda,JohnW. Hawks,and RichardKlich (School Speech C. of Pathol.and Audiol., Kent State Univ., Kent, OH 44242) Three experiments were undertaken investigatethe validity and to strength the pemeptual of magnet effectin adults. First, the originalper-
cross-sectional divided by the minimumvalue becomes area around80.
This ratio only (between and10cm forthe"compact" is 20 0.5 2) versus

"diffuse" axis(from/a/to/i/). Thusreaching fourth this angle toomuch is
costlyin deformation amplitudeand thuspoorlyefficient.
5pSC24.Doesthe perceptual magneteffecthold for the [] category? Joan Sussman(Dept.of Commun. E. Disord. Sci.,StateUniv.of New and
York at Buffalo, 122 Park Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260) and Brian S. Gekas (SUNY at Buffalo,Buffalo, NY 14260)
Recent speech perception investigations E. Sussman V. J. [J. and

Lauckner-Morano, Acoust. J. Soc.Am. 97, 539-562 (1995); P.Iversonand
ceptual magnet experiment K. Kuhl,Percept. [P. Psychophys. 93-107 50, (1991)]wasdirectly replicated adults, with using Kuhl'sstimulus parameters. Thesesubjects werethentested with theAAXX protocol used test to monkeys Kuhl (1991). Generalization in scores werecomputed subfor jects underboth conditions and compared. second A groupof subjects rated largenumber a of/KY/vowel tokens thenextexperiment. in Average ratings werecomputed a prototype andnonprototype were and (P) (NP) chosenbasedon them. Variantsof each were synthesized in Kuhl as (1991).Subjects rated goodness each the of variant a scale on from 1 to 7. In addition theyassigned 0 to anytoken a perceived notbelonging the as to /i/ category. The subjects thenparticipated the perceptual in magnet experiment. Data from trials containing stimuliassigned were excluded 0 from analysis. the third experiment, large numberof/EH/ vowel In a tokens wereratedandP and NP were chosen. Variants were synthesized and rated and the perceptual magneteffect experiment was againconductedusingthesetokens.Resultsand implications theseexperiments of
will be discussed.
P.K. Kuhl,J.Acoust. Am.97, 563-572 (1995)]support "perceptual Soc. a magnet effect" K. Kuhl,Percept. [P. Psychophys. 93-107 (1991)], 50, i.e.,
poordiscrimination around bestexemplar a compared with discrimination around poorexample thecategory. date,themagnet a of To effecthasbeen
observed usingthe vowel[i] or consonant categories. magnet A effect mightbe expected because range good[i] tokens a of around "best" a
exemplar wouldexist.However,a magnet effectmay not occurfor vowels
with smaller morevariable and categories. Eachof 10 listeners rated[ib] stimuliasthe[i] in "bib" or notthe[i] in "bib." Then,eachlistener heard the tokens he/she had labeledas [] at least50% of the time andchose a "best [x]."Results show [] hasa smaller that range (45-60 reels) around a bestexemplar than[i]. Subjects chose different tokens their "best" as exemplar varied thenumber tokens and in of located their[] categories. in
Finally, resultswere compared two sessions a Change/No-change to of discrimination One with the "best[]" s the fixedstandard, other task: the with a poorerexample of [l] as the fixed standard measurement a for of magneteffect. 5pSC25. Generalization in the vowel space. Michelle Aldridge (Cailler Ctr. for Commun.Disord., Univ. of Texas, 1966 Inwood Rd., Dallas,TX 75235)
SpSC28. Production of highly similar vowels by language-impaired
children. JuneStealy,RachelE. Stark (Dept.of Audiol.and Speech Sci., PurdueUniv., West Lafayette,IN 47907), and John M. Heinz (Kennedy-Krieger Inst.,Baltimore, 21202) MD It hasbeenshown thatlanguage impaired (LI) children havegreater difficulty thanlanguage normal (LN) children identifying synthein the sizedvowels//vs/ce/, but not/o/vs/i/, whenthemembers testpairs of
are of equalduration(240 to 40 ms) [R. E. Stark and J. M. Heinz, J. Acoust.Soc. Am. 91, 2360 (A) (1992)]. It was concluded that, when deprived thedurational of cues present natural in speech, children LI were lesswell able thanLN to rely uponsubtlespectral cues.In the present study,childrenin both groups LI, 9 LN) were askedto imitatethe (11
Vowelsmay be represented a three-dimensional by volumeof space. The axesof the volumemaybe defined articulatory in terms(front-back, high-low,rounded-uurounded) physical or in terms (F1, F2, F3). Shep-
ard[Science 1317 1323(1987)] 237, plotted of Peterson Barney data and [J. Acoust. Soc.Am. 24, 175-184 (1952)]to show thatgeneralization in
the vowel spaceis an instance his universal of law of generalization, an exponentialdecay function with physical measureson the x axis. This
3420
J, Acoust.Soc. Am., Vol. 97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995
3420
synthesized vowels andloci.Theirresponses recorded, I1 were transcribed, submitted spectral and to analysis. Responsesindividual of childrenthatweregivento either/e/orIce/werescored correct, as those that weregiven bothvowels to indiscriminately not.Thescores thetwo were of groupswere not significantly different.However,the LI children's respouses transcribed morevariable, occupied greater were as and a range
vowel informationin the breathsalso favoredone end of the continuumor
within - Fz plots, those theLN children. results F than of The support the
hypothesis LI children that have"fuzzy"phonological categories. [Work supported NIH.] by 5pSC29.Timing effects postvocalic of voicing and distinctive vowel
length. Dawn M. Behne,Bente Moxness (Univ. of Trondheim,7055
theother. Tworesults suggest under that, some circumstances, idenvowel tification wasaffected breath by precursors: Therewere morePJre(1) spouses the "bid-bed"continuum on followingthe femalebreaths; (2) thereweremore/e/responses following maleandfemalea-breath. the Paradoxically, naturalspeech precursors shiftedidentification towardthe opposite gender's formant space. Another suggests these test that vowels identification did notarise shifts postperceptually. 5pSC32.Intersyllabicregulationof F0 and SPL with and without auditory feedback, Jane Wozniak, Harlan Lane, Joyce Manzella, Joseph Perkell, Melanie Matthies,Mario Svirsky,Michael O'Coonefl, andClayMitchell (Res. Lab.of Electron., 36-51 MIT, Cambridge, Rm. I,
MA 02 i 39)
Dragroll,Norway).and PeterE. Czigler (Ume Univ.,901 87 Ume,

Sweden)
Syllable-internal timing be affected a variety factors, can by of including postvocalic voicing anddistinctive vowellength.Bothfactors have been found inversely to affect vowelduration theduration a postvoand of calic consonant, resulting similarrhyme-internal in timingpatterns. Is thereany indication syllable-intcrnal that timinguniquely characterizes distinctive vowellength postvocalic and voicing? Threeexperiments have beencarded investigating out combinations postvocalic of voicing and distinctive vowellengthin English, Norwegian, Swedish. each and For language controlled of CVCs wasselected whichthe finalconsoa set in nancs wereeithervoiced voiceless. addition, or In Norwegian Swedish and CVCs wereselected whichhaddistinctively short longvowels, or andfor English, wordswerechosen whichcontained inherently shortand long
vowels. The targetitemswererecorded carriersentences durations in and
of the initial consonant,the vowel, and final consonantswere measured.
Syllable-to-syllable fluctuation F0 and SPL were measured readof in ingsof a passage 4 post-lingually by deafened adults, recorded before and after they received cochleat implants, and one adult with neurofibromatosis-2 whowasinitiallyprofoundly in oneear (NF2), deaf andhada mild to moderate heating lossin theother(aided). Threeof the 4 cochlear implant users reliablyreduced syllable-to-syllable fluctuation in F0 andSPLfollowing activation theirspeech the of processors. fourth The speaker beganwith and maintained regularity the achieved the others by post-activation. recordings In madefollowingthe onsetof bilateralprofounddeafness, NF2 subjectshowedincreased the syllable-to-syflable
fluctuation F0 andSPL.Results in fromanother experiment A. Svir[M. skyeta!., $.Acoust. Am.92, 1284-13000992)], in which Soc. multiple
repetitions vowelsin an/hVd/contextwereproduced cochlear of by implant userswith their processors turnedoff and on, suggest that some subjects showed lesstoken-to-token variabilityin F0 and SPL with their processors turnedon. The present results indicatethat auditoryfeedback may alsoconstrain syllable-to-syllable the variabilityof F0 andSPL contours. [Worksupported NIDCD.] by
5pSC33. A qualitative study of mechanisms of jitter-induced
Resultsdemonstrated expected the inversetiming relationswithin the rhyme associated postvocalic with voicing distinctive and vowellength. In addition, prevocalic consonant duration wasconsistently distinct confor ditions postvocalic of voicing compared distinctive to vowellength. Findingsfor English, Norwegian, and Swedish will be discussed termsof in syllable-internal timing.
5pSC30.Laxnessof voicequality integrates with FI (usually,but not always,negatively). LauraWalsh, Christine Bartels, JohnKingston (Linguistics Dept., Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst,MA 01003), and Nell A. Macmillan (Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, 11210) NY Bothlax voiceandadvanced tongue typically root concentrate energy
at low frequencies: Laxtugthe voice increases relativeprominence the of
shimmer thevoice. DarrellWong (WJGould in Voice Res. Ctr.,Denver Ctr. for the Performing Arts, 1245 ChampaSt., Denver,CO 80204), RobertLange (WJ Gould Voice Res. Ctr.), lngo R. Titze (Univ. of Iowa), and ChwenGengGuo (WJ GouldVoiceRes.Cu'.)
Measurements jitter and shimmer typicallyappliedto microof are phonesignals discern level of perturbations the oscillatory to the in behaytotof the vocalfolds.Shimmer, average the cycle-to-cycle change in amplitude, knownto linearlyincrease theextentof amplitude is as modulationof tissue displacement increases. Behavior underfrequency modulation(FM), however, nonlinear. is This nonlinearity oftenattributed is to
thefirstharmonic, advancing tongue and the rootlowers Fl. A previous study [Thorburn eL,J.Acoust. Am.95, 2871(A) (1994)]using et Soc. the Garnerparadigm foundthat theseacoustically similareffectsintegrated perceptually vowelsin CVC context. thisstudy, rangeof voice for In the
quality was extendedto include tensor values.Acrossthe entire set of voicequalitiessampled the two experiments, in laxness integrated nega-
timealiasing, superposition the ofjittered impulse responses (assuming the

source-filter modelof phonafion). a consequence, As whenever jitter is present, measurement shimmer any of cannot solelyattributed ambe to plitudemodulation the vocalfold tissue. of The present studyattempts to
characterize other sources FM-induced shimmerby examiningpoints of earlier in the voiceproduction process. interactive An computer simulation of the vocal fold and vocal tract systemis usedunderconditions FM of
tivelywith FI at thelax andtense ends thecontinuum positively of but at intermediate values. This patternof meanintegralilyis distinctfrom the additionalfindingof varianceintegral#y,that is, greateruncertainty in judging voicequality whenFI varied Ihanwhenit did not(andsimilarly
for judgments FI). According a model Durlach aL [Percept. of to of et

Psychophys. 293-296 (1989)], the variance-integrality 46, effects can be
subharmonic modulation tissue ofthe displacement. that, It appears in

additionto time aliasing, shimmer may be generated from FM-induced perturbations mucosal in wavepropagation tissue and displacement. The paperqualitatively describes illustrates and these jitter-induced shimmer
mechanisms.
attributed a sensory to rather thana context-coding source. [Worksupporedby NSFandNIH.]

5pSC31, Perceptualnormalization of synthesized vowelsfollowing natural speechand breath sounds. Sonya M. Sheffertand D. H. Whalen (HaskinsLabs.,270 Crown St., New Haven,CT 0651I}
The identification syntheticvowels relies in part on a precursor of phrase, suggesting normalization takingplace.Breathintakesounds, that is whichcan also precede speech, may also give information. This study
5pSC34. Exit jet part'de velocity in the in vivo canine laryngeal model. Steven Bielamowicz, Gerald S. Berke, Jody Kreiman, and
Bruce Gerratt (UCLA Div. of HeadandNeckSurgery, R. UCLA School of Medicine, CHS 62-132,Los Angeles, 90024) CA
This studyextends previous the work on exitjet particle velocityin an
examines both speech breathprecursors. adultspeakers and Two (one male,one female)produced phrase the "The next one is." They also
produced audiblebreathsountis beforesayingthe words "bead," "bad," or "bud." Two 5-member continua were created, one from "bid" to "bed,"
in vivo canine laryngeal model phonation S. Berke el., J.Voice of [G. et 3, 306-313 (1989)].In boththeprevious thecurrent and study, hot-wire a
anemometer used measure particle was to air velocity themidline the in of glottis anterior, at intermediate, posterior and positions. Simultaneous measurements subglottal of pressure, EGG, andPGG werealsoobtained. In the previous study, these measures wereobtained with constant levelsof recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and superior !aryngeal nerve (SLN)
stimulation.In the current study,exit jet particle velocity profiles were
anotherfrom "bad" to "bud," basedon thesewordsproduced each by
speaker. FormanIs averages were (across twospeakers) thenatural the for

productions; was160,resulting gender F0 in neutral tokens. gender The of precursor speech breathbeforeeachcontinuum and item were varied.The
3421
3421
obtained across multiple levelsof RLN andSLN stimulation. jet Exit particle velocity also was measured midline off-midline at and positions
with constant levelsof RLN and SLN stimulation. time-varying The featuresof exit jet particle velocity a function subglottal as of pressure and glottalvibratory events will be presented.
glottal configuration during pronation thenature theglottal and of pulse. Subjects intotwogroups fell based theacoustic on measurements, 1, group
assumed have abruptglottal closureand group2, assumed have to to nonsimultaneous closure. Results a listening haveshownthatmemof test
bers group areperceived bebreathier members group [H. of 2 to than of I

M. Hanson, Proc.ICASSP-95(in press)]. The current studyextends the
earlierwork in several ways.Physiological measurements beenmade have for four subjects, including inversed filteredairflowrecordings glottal and imagesobtainedby fiberscopy. Also, listeningtestsusing synthesized
5pSC35. GIottal characteristicsof female speakersacoustic, physiological, perceptual and correlates.HelenM. Hanson(Div. of Appl. Sci., HarvardUniv., Cambridge, 02138 and Res. Lab. of MA Electron., 36-579,MIT, Cambridge, 02139) ILm. MA
A previous study vowels of produced femalespeakers by showed substantial individual differences acoustic in parameters related glottalcharto acteristics N. Stevens H. M. Hanson, VocalFold Physiology: [K. and in
Voice Quality Control (Singular, Diego,1995)]. San Based measureon

ments taken thespeech on signal spectrum, or inferences made were about
speech havebeencarried to study roleof glottal out the characteristics in speaker discrimination, the usefulness the acoustic and of measures for guiding synthesis natural the of sounding speech. physiological The and perceptual arefound beconsistent theearlier data to with interpretations of the acoustic measures glottalcharacteristics. of
SATURDAY
AFTERNOON,
3 JUNE 1995
GRAND BALLROOM
SOUTH, 1:00 TO 4:50 P.M.
Session5pUW
Underwater Acoustics: Target Scattering

Christopher Feuillade,Chair Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis SpaceCenter,Mississippi 39529-5004
Chair's Introductionml:00
ContributedPapers
1:05
527-536(1993)]tothediscrete Fourier componentsthetransient of signal,

andassuming linearsupersposition. solution Zimmerman Stem The of and is an analytical series solution. accuracy mainlydetermined comIts is by putation errors theconvergence theseries. incident and of The pulse be can any combination Blot fast and low waves.The theoretical of results for certaincases shown. are They are alsocompared experimental to measure-
5pUWl. Bistaticscatteringof underwatersoundfrom a poroussolid sphere: A comparison of theory and experiment. Marfin E. Pace,
TheodoreW. L. Huskey,Steven R. Baker (Phys. Dept., Naval Postgraduate School,Monterey, CA 93943-5000), StevenG. Kargl
(Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WS 98105), and Raymond Lim (Coastal Systems Station, Panama City, FL 32407-7001)
Measurements were made of the bistatic scatteringof underwater soundfrom a porous solid sphere.Two sample sphereswere employed composed bondedglassbeadsof 100- and 500-micron nominal grain of diameter, respectively. diameter eachsphere The of wasapproximately 6.8
ments. [Work supported Naval Research by Laboratory, Stennis Space Center.]

1:35
5pUW3. Multiple scattering from submergedbodies with dissimilar acoustical properties. Part I. Local impedance models. Gabriella
cm. The scattering the rearward into hemisphere measured was over the
frequencyrange 13 to 150 kHz, corresponding valuesof ka from apto
Turek (MarinePhys.Lab., Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., Jolla,CA La 92093-0238), PeterH. Rogers, and Aldo A. Ferri (Georgia Inst. of
Technol., Atlanta,GA 30332-0405) A numericalsolutionfor a two-bodyacoustical multiplescattering problem based theanalytical on infiniteseries solution thewaveequaof tionwasdeveloped. FORTRAN 77 codes implementing solution this were writtenwhicharecapable simulating case two spheres arbitrary of the of of radius distinct and material properties subject an acoustic to plane waveof arbitrary incidence. Far-fieldsolutions involvingpermutations the two of "degenerate" boundary conditions (pressure release rigid)werecomand pared solutions to obtained thecombined with Helmholtz integral equation formulation problem(CHIEF) program. Surface prcaaurca velocitlea and werealsocalculated. [Worksupported ONR.] by
1:50
proximately to 20. Over this frequency 2 rangethe viscous penetration depthvariesfrom approximately to 1.5 microns, thatthe waterin the 5.0 so
porescan move freely.The experimental resultswere compared numerito
cal computations on a theoretical model G. KarglandR. based Blot [S. Lira,J.Acoust. Am.94, 1527-1550 Soc. (1993)]. physical The parameters
required the modelwereobtained independent by by measurements the on samplespheres and on similar cylindricalsamples. Reasonably good agreement was foundbetween experimental theoretical the and results for the 100-micronsphere,especially the lower frequencies, at exceptfor a consistent deficitin the measured backscatter. Agreement betweenthe resultsfor the 500-micronspherewas poor, probablydue to sampleinhomogeneity.
1:20
5pUW2. Scattering of a transient plane compression wave by a spherical inclusion in a Blot medium. Hans Schantz, Morris Stem,
5pUW4. Multiple scattering from submergedbodies with dissimilar acousticalproperties. Part II. Experimental results. GabriellaTurek
andJustin Beres (Appl.Res.Lab.,Univ.of Texas, P.O.Box8029,Austin,

TX 78713-8029) The scattering an arbitrarytransient of plane wave by a spherical inclusionin a Blot mediumis modeled, applying singlefrequency, by the steady-state solution Zimmerman of and Stem [J. Acoust.Soc.Am. 94,
(MarinePhys. Lab.,Scripps of Oceanogr., Jolla, 92093-0238), Inst. La CA PeterH. Rogers, Aldo A. Ferri, and Gary W. Caille (Georgia Inst. of
Technol.,Atlanta, GA 30332-0405)
In PartI [Turek all a numerical et solution a two-body for acoustical

multiplescattering problem based the analytical on infiniteseries solution of thewaveequation presented. was Surface far-fieldsolutions and involv-
3422
3422
ingpermutationsthetwo "degenerate" of boundary conditions (pressure

release rigid)werecompared solutions and to obtained with thecombined
Helmholtz integral equation formulation problem (CHIEF) program. In this paper case which of thespheres fullyelastic theother the in one is and pressure release modeled theresults is and verified experimentally.
areconfined the thermocline to regionof the watercolumn. The applicabilityof classic swimbladder scattering models describe to these layers is presented addition the spatial in to variability observed volumescatter in
from (Ionian' toshallow deep Sea) {Median ocean Bank) areas.
2:05
3:05
5pUWS. Modeling low frequencyscatteringfrom small schools of fish. C. Feuillade, W. Nero, andR. H. Love (NavalRes.Lab., Stennis R. SpaceCenter,MS 39529-5004)
5pUWS. Predicted target strength analysis using computer techniques.Gerard Gay (Mech.Eng.Dept.,The Cooper P. Union,51 Astor Place, New York, NY 10003) and Daniel R. Raichel (City University New York) of
A low-frequency secReting modelfor smallto moderately sizedfish schools beendeveloped. modelusesa mathematical has The formalism based upon harmonic the solution sets coupled of of differential equations, andincorporatesverified a swimbladder scattering "kernel"for an individual fish.All orders multiplescattering of interactions betweenthe fish are included, and the aggregate scattering field calculated coherent by summation. Application ensembles closelyspaced Io of fish indicates significant deviations fromthe returns expected whenincoherent scattering is dominant. peaktarget The strength reduced theresonance is and frequency is shifted to multiple due scattering. target The strength varies also strongly with frequency a resultof interference as effects.For widely dispersed ensembles, modelreproduces results incoherent the the of scattering. For largerensembles modelpredicts the targetstrength valuesnearthe main resonance whichdiminishsharplywith depth.The effectsof a schoolon the scattering any singleindividualwithin it become of greateras the hool sizeincreases. reducing viscous By the damping thescattering in kernel,the modelcan alsodescribe scattering from smallbubbleclouds.
Target strength predicted various was for geometric objects a comby puterray tracing algorithm. ray tracing The theoryassumes thepropthat erties sound highfrequencies, of at entaillug wavelengths whicharesmall compared with the sizeof the target objects, analogous light propare to erties.This is a preliminary experiment still in progress. Four simpleobjects:Sphere, cylinder, cube,anddisk,andtwo compound objects: Cylinder with spherical ends,I-beam frame structure, were investigated. The
objects werecreated an object-oriented tracingsoftware in ray package and renderedat vaxiousorientationsto describethe reflective properties. A separate programwas writtento decodethe ray tracedimages the obof jectsanddetermine theirtargetstrength. Currentwork will yield results to be comparedwith the empirical high-frequency target strengthanalysis
results obtained at Naval Surface Warfare Center for Naval Research Labs
andat CooperUnion's Acoustical Research Center.
3:20
2:20
5pUW6. Acousticwave scatteringfrom infinite cylindricalclad rods. Farhang Honervat (Dept. of Mech. Eng., Univ. of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S IA4, Canada) and Anthony Sinclair (Univ.of Toronto, N.
Toronto,Ontario M5S IA4, Canada)
5pUW9. A generalizedwave-numbermethod for solving waveguide scatteringproblems. JohnA. Fawcett (SACLANT Undersea Res.Ctr., Viale SanBartolomeo, 400, 19038La Spezia, Italy)
This paperconsiders scattering an infiniteplaneacoustic the of wave obliquely incident an infinite on cladrod.Comparing formfunctions the of the scattered pressure the clad rod and a simplerod madeof the for cladding material, is observed thepresence thecorewill affectthe it that of lowermoderesonances while the highermodes not affected. are The ratio
a/b, wherea andb are the radii of the core and the clad rod, respectively, is an indicationof the boundarybetween the lower and higher modes. Additional resonances thiscaseare due to the surface for wavespropagating on the core/cladding interface. Theseresonances highlydependent axe on the qualityof the bondbetween coreand the cladding. the Hencethey
A general plane-wave decomposition method solvingscattering for problems objects a possibly for in range-dependent oceanic waveguide is presented. waveguide's The interfaces objects and within the waveguide arecharacterized plane-wave by scattedng matrices. totalresponse The of the mediumcan be computed combining by thesematrices usingan invariantembedding approach. This operatorformalismis independenl of the method used solvetheindividual to free-space objector interface scatteringproblems. The methodis derivedfrom the theoryof generalized
reflection operators L. N. Kennett, lB. WaveMotion6, 419-429 (1984)]
andisalso closely related some to T-matrix formulations Kristensson [G.

andS. Strm, J. Acoust. Soc.Am. 64, 917-936 0978)]. The generalized wave-number methodis usedto computescattering from a cylinder in perfect penetrable and waveguides. case a bottom The of sloping interface is alsoconsidered. someof the examples, comparison madewith For a is the results from othercomputational techniques.
couldbe usedas key parameters 8valuation the interfacial in of bond quality. finitevalueof bondrigidityis usedin orderto modelthe core/ A cladding boundary. Usingthisapproach qualityof the interfacial the bond in themodel range perfect can for bonding complete to debond depending on the valuesof the boundary stiffness constants.
2:35-2:50 Break
3:35
5pUWI0. Soundscattering a fluid-filledcylindrical by shellin water. Gregory Kaduchak Charles Loeffler (Appl.Res.Labs., and M. Univ.of
Texas, P.O. Box 8029, Austin, TX 78713-8029)
2:50
5pUW7. Low-frequency volume scattering measurementfrom the central Mediterranean. Mark J. Vaccaro (Naval Undersea WarfareCtr.,
New London, CT 06320}
Previous calculations observations backscattering cylindrical and of by shellsin waterusuallyinvolveshellswhichare eitheremptyor subject to extremely light interiorloadingconditions suchas air. Typicalechosig-
Broadband (200-1500 Hz) measurements directpathvolumescatof teringweremadein May of 1991in thecentralMediterranean's IonianSea andadjacent MedinaBank.Acoustic sources usedin thesemeasurements wcrc explosive charges detonated severalhundred metersbelow a vertical line array(VLA) receiver. Reverberation processed was from the upward lookingend-firebeamof the VLA yieldinghighly resolved scattering strengths depth frequency theupper in and for 400 m of thewatercolumn. Analysis the spectral of characteristics the volumescatter of datareveals thatthedominant scattering emanates fromdiffuse, broadband strata which 3423 J. Acoust.Soc. Am., Vol. 97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995
natures display distinct contributions described specular by reflection and guidedwaveslaunched alongthe shellstructure. present The research analyzes backscattering the effects a consequence fillingthe interior as of cavitywitha higher impedance such water. fluid as Energy transferred into thecavitycouples radiation into mechanisms whichdrastically increase the
fine stmcture in the backscattering form function. Dispersioncurves de-
display complicated a mode structure whichis a combinalion theguided of

wavesfoundon a cylindricalshell in vacuumand the normalmodesof a fluid-filledcylindricalcavity satisfying rigid boundary conditions. raThe
rived mI from fullWat 3-Dtra elastic theor via the

diation damping theassociated of curves yieldsinsight mechanisms into of
3423
energy transfer andfromtheinternal to cavity through guided the Lamb

waves traveling alongtheshell.The cylindrical shells studied excited are by plane waves normal at incidence have and radius thickness to ratios of
5% and 10%.
4:20
5pUW13. Modeling of backscattering by bottom volumetric inhomogeneities. Dajun Tang (Dept. of Appl. Ocean Phys. & Eng., WoodsHole Oceanogr. Inst.. WoodsHole. MA 02543)
It has been recognized that when a soundwave encounters ocean the bottom. partof theenergy will be scattered volumetric by inhomogeneities in the bottom. simplifythe mathematics. To previous effortsin modeling the volumetric scattering process invokesomeformsof plane-wave approximation eitheror both of the forwardand backward to propagating fields:Sincetheocean bottom differentacoustic has properties from thatof the watercolumn,particularly sinceit oftenhasa morecomplicated structure. introductionof the plane-wave approximationcastsclouds on the validity of the modelingresults.Here an approach presented is that uses the exactforwardandbackwardpropagating fieldsandcalculates backthe scatteringstrengthnumericallyin the spatial domain. The bottom is assumedto be generallylayeredwith superimposed randomscatterers which have given correlation functions.Finally the validity of this model and its rangeof applicability will be discussed.
4:35
3:50
5pUWI1. A perturbative techniqueto compute scatteringof interfacewavesfrom pointlikeobstacles.Eric Smith (Appl. Res.
Labs.,Univ. of Texas,P.O. Box 8029, Austin,TX 78713-8029)
A technique presented compute scattering is to a amplitude waves for from a pointlikeinhomogeneity an elastic in mediumwith boundary, into interfaceas well as bulk modes.The particularsystemconsidered a is half-space fluid overlyinga half-space a liner elasticsolid,with the of of obstacleplaced in the solid very near the boundary. The object of the calculation to construct perturbation is a theoryin layeredmediain which
the scattered wave respects boundaryconditionsat each perturbative the order. This can then be used to estimate and qualitatively analyze the
significant features suchscattering, to produce well-defined of and a yet
simple algorithm approximating solutions. for exact [Worksupported by
theU.S.Navy, Office Naval of Research.]

4:05
5pUW14, Using matched-field processingtechnique to map the forward-scatteredsignal. Yung P. Lee (Sci. Applications Int'l. Corp.,
1710 GoodridgeDr., MS T1-3-5. McLean. VA)
5pUW12. Extraction of target characteristicsfrom the response a of ribbed cylindrical shell in a shallow water environment. Angie
Matched-field processing combines acoustic an propagation model

with matched-filterprocessing localize a sourcen three-dimensional to space.It hasbeen shownto be effective in discriminating passivesources
Sarkissian, DavidH. Hughes, LouisR. Dragonette(NavalRes.Lab., and Washington, 20375-5350) DC

Bistaticand monostatic targetstrength valuesof a ribbedcylindrical shellcontainvarious scattering phenomena suchasBlochwaves,rib resonances, specular reflections othereffectsdueto wavestraveling the and on surface the shell.Whenthe target placed a shallow of is in waterenvironment, the response further clutteredby the presence the various is of multipaths that a signaltravelsin a bounded medium.By usinga vertical line arrayof sources receivers, targetresponse be extracted. and the may A Vertical arrayof sOUrces used suppress is to certain shallow watermodes in the incidentfield. A receiverarray is usedto removecertainshallowwater modesfrom the scattered field. Timeffrequency analysis a final filter for is selecting modesof interest which the targetresponse extracted. the for is The extractedtarget responseis correlatedagainst the free field target
bothn rangeand depthby exploiting verticalstructure the signal. the of Reverberation. especially surface-scattered the energy, the primaryconis cern for activesystems. Surfacescattering occurs nearthe oceansurface. Sincematched-field processing discriminate depth,it may potencan in tially providesignificant cluttersuppression activesystems. a sea for In test, a verticalarray was deployedand a cw sourcewas mooredfrom a stationaryplatform approximately18.6 km away from the array. The forward-scattered energy was spectrallyseparated from the carrier and thenMFP was performedto examinethe spatialdistribution the scatof teredenergy. MFP successfully mapsthe scattered energynearthe surface.
Simulationswas done by generating realizationof an oceansurfacewith randomly distributedsurfacewaves and a modified FEPE was used to propagate signalsto a vertical array.Resultsof this simulationshow that MFP also successfully mapsthe simulated scattered energynear the sur-
characteristics previously determined time-frequency by synthesis techniques.
face.[Worksupported U.S. Navy.] by
3424
3424

Pitch Perception Physiology

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Pitch Perception Physiology

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

PROGRAM

The 129thMeetingof the Acoustical Society America of

Renaissance Washington, HotelWashington, 30 May-3 June 1995 DC DC

TUESDAY MORNING, 30 MAY 1995

RENAISSANCE WEST A, 8:00 A.M. TO 12:00 NOON

Scripps Institution Oceanography, of University California, Diego, Jolla,California of San La 92093

AppliedPhysics Laboratory, University Washington, of Seattle,Washington 98105

channel (about m) in water axis 650 over4000m deep, order avoid in to

m-sequence a center with frequency 75 Hz anda digitlength 27 ms of of

[Metzgetet al., this meting].Measured receptions five bottomon

J. Acoust.Soc.Am., Vol. 97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995

129thMeeting: Acoustical Societyof America

laAO3. Signal generation and proceSSing R/P ATOC forthe Flip

laAO6. Are faster than predicted arrival times seeingArctic Ocean

warming?PeterN. Mikhalevsky (Sci.Appl. Intl. Corp.,McLean,VA

and ArthurB. Baggeroer (MIT, Cambridge, 02139) MA

The waveforms transmitted the during November Acoustic 1994 Ther-

mometry ofOcean Climate (ATOC) project Flip R/P measu,rement used an

Arrivaltimes M sequences of transmitted across Arcticin thespring the

of 1994during trans-Arctic the acoustic propagation (TAP)experiment [P.

N. Mikhalevsky, J.Acoust. Am.95,2851(A) Soc. (1994)] faster are than

modified order producetwocycle. digitoutput paper in to a per This

expansion. However,the if Doppler sufficiently it can treated is small be as

ronmental Research Development and Program through ARPA.]

laAO7. Long-distancelow-frequencymodal propagation into the

LincolnSea.Rich Pawlowicz (Instlof OceanSci., P.O. Box 6000,

Diego, CA 92152-5000), and Slobran Sozard(Univ. of Victoria,

creased ocean heating. output a coupled The of ocean-atmospher general

propagation experiment (TAp) recordeda vertical array by line deployed

analyzed. [eceived The phase astonishingly andappears vary is stable, to

trends. control isused estimate ambient processes The mn to the noise on

laAO8. of simplified Use coupled propagationthe mode for

laAOS. Stochastic modeling global and warming extraction trend

P.O. Drawer 719,Santa Barbara, 93102-0719),Henry Gray, CA L. and

odsfor determining whether significant termtrend present a a long is in

path case, + noise line models, where noise modeled a multivarithe is as

J.Acoust. Am., 97, 5,Pt. May soc. Vol. No. 2, 1995

129th Meeting: Acoustical of Society America 3234

laAO9, On the feasibility modalgroupdelay-based of tomography

(RSMAS-AMP, Univ.of Miami,4600Rickenbacker Cswy., Miami,FL

533-547(1978)] whoused coupled a mode model. [Work supported by

(range, center frequency, bandwidth) and which notbeexperimentally may

exponent) by ve"2131L, -5x 10 is therms given where -3 sound speed

fluctuation. Horizontal multipaths at thefocal begin range, rfv-3

rsrf ln(L2/hrl)14 forthe Mm, acoustic wavelength m.Since h-30

laAOll. Frequencyinterpolationmethod for increasingspeedof long-rangebroadband parabolic equation (PE) calculation,K. D.

Heaneyand W. A. Kuperman (Marine Phys.Lab., Scripps Inst. of

Acoustic Engineering Test is of main concern.

J. Acoust.Soc. Am., Vol. 97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995

RENAISSANCE WEST B, 8:30 TO 11:30 A.M.

Bioresponse Vibration and to Ultrasound:Progress Vibrotaction:From Periphery to Cognition to in

d. Acoust. Soc.Am.,Vol.97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995

129thMeeting: Acoustical Society America of

signaldurationwere both attributed an increase the time interval to in

between offset themasking the of stimulus theoffset thesignal. and of

durationand intensityof a forward maskingstimulus and to decrease a as

J. Acoust.Soc. Am., Vol. 97, No. 5, Pt. 2, May 1995

129th Meeting:Acoustical Societyof America

TUESDAY MORNING, 30 MAY 1995

EAST, 8:30 TO 11:35 A.M.

PhysicalAcoustics: Scatteringand Propagation

Naval SurfaceWarfareCenter, Code684, WhiteOak, SilverSpring,Maryland20903-5640

presented discussed. supported ONRand and [Work by AFOSR.]