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Organic compounds Carbon compounds that originate from living things such as plants and animals Examples : milk, butter, rice, wood Inorganic compounds Compounds that originate from non-living things Examples : carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide
Their molecules are made up of more carbon atoms Soluble in organic solvents such as petrol and alcohol
Flammable Generally have low melting points
Their molecules are made up of fewer carbon atoms Soluble in inorganic solvents such as water, acids and alkali Non-flammable
Generally have high melting points
HYDROCARBONS
Hydrocarbon a compound that consists of the elements carbon ( C ) and hydrogen ( H ) only. Examples : methane and candle wax
Characteristics of alcohol
Colourless liquid with a strong smell Highly volatile, it changes into vapour easily Soluble in water Combustible ; it burns in air with a clean blue flame to form carbon dioxide and water. When alcohol reacts with an organic acid, an ester and water are formed. This process called esterification.
Uses of alcohol
As organic solvent for substances such as paint, shellac, varnishes and nail polish. As an antiseptics to kill microorganisms As a fuel ethanol is a useful and clean fuel. Ethanol is mixed with petrol to produce gasohol that used in Brazil Making alcoholic drinks ethanol is used to make alcoholic drink.
Bladder Eyes
Heart rate increased, blood pressure raised, heart rhythm disturbed The lining of stomach is stripped, leading to ulcers Over- worked, produced more waste
Sensation in the soles of the feet decreases
4.6 NATURAL POLYMERS A polymer is a compound made up of a very long-chained molecule formed by many small molecules joined together in a long chain. The small molecules are called monomers. Two types of polymers are 1. Natural polymers 2. Synthetic polymers
Polymerisation is the process of joining many small molecules (monomers ) together in long chain to form very large molecules (polymers) Depolymerisation is the process of splitting a polymer into its monomers.
Natural polymers are polymers that are obtained from plants or animals. Examples : latex, cotton, wool and wood. Synthetic polymers are man-made polymers. Examples : plastics, polyester and nylon
Natural rubber
Natural rubber is a type of natural polymer consisting of long chains of monomers. It is obtained from a milky secretion known as latex.
Characteristics of natural rubber 1. elastic 2. flexible 3. impermeable to air 4. Waterproof 5. Does not conduct electricity and heat 6. Cannot withstand heat- melt when heated
When an acid such as ethanoic acid or formic acid added, coagulation will occur. How? The positive charged hydrogen ions of the acid will neutralise the negative charges of the layer of protein. These neutralised latex compounds will knock into one another to break open their layer of protein then join together to form rubber. Refer figure 4.10 page 103.
Vulcanisation of rubber
Vulcanisation- process of heating rubber and sulphur together to produce vulcanised rubber.